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Lu Z, Yang D, Qin S, Mo C, Zhang L, Ou Y, Li S. Testis-specific protein Y-encoded 1 regulates androgen receptor expression through the MAPK/ERK pathway in male hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1087-1095. [PMID: 36261201 PMCID: PMC9994500 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.10.20220455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the mechanism of testis-specific protein Y-encoded 1 (TSPY1) in male hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS This experimental study was carried out at Guangxi Medical University's First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China, between January 2016 and December 2019. The expression of TSPY1, androgen receptor (AR), messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs), and proteins were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The co-localization and interaction of TSPY1 and AR were observed by immunofluorescence assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells overexpressing and silencing TSPY1 were constructed, and the expression and phosphorylation levels of TSPY1, AR, and mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway-related key molecules ERK1/2, p38, and JNK were also detected. RESULTS The expression levels of TSPY1, AR mRNAs, and proteins were highly positively correlated in HCC cells in different metastatic potentials with a high correlation coefficient of R=0.929 and R=0.884. Testis-specific protein Y-encoded 1 and AR were then co-localized in the nucleus of HCC cells, and TSPY1 and AR can interact with each other. In addition, the expression of AR and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were enhanced in TSPY1 overexpressed Huh7 cells. They were reduced in HCCLM3 cells with TSPY1 knockdown expression. In addition, in response to blocking MAPK/ERK signaling activity, AR was reduced in expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that there was a positive correlation between TSPY1 expression and AR in male HCC cells, and high TSPY1 expression stimulates AR expression, MAPK/ERK signaling pathway may be involved in its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolu Lu
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Dongmei Yang
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shanzi Qin
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Cuiju Mo
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Linyan Zhang
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yingying Ou
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shan Li
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
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Yang K, Fan M, Wang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Gill PS, Ha T, Liu L, Hall JV, Williams DL, Li C. Lactate induces vascular permeability via disruption of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells during sepsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8965. [PMID: 35476437 PMCID: PMC9045716 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating lactate levels are a critical biomarker for sepsis and are positively correlated with sepsis-associated mortality. We investigated whether lactate plays a biological role in causing endothelial barrier dysfunction in sepsis. We showed that lactate causes vascular permeability and worsens organ dysfunction in CLP sepsis. Mechanistically, lactate induces ERK-dependent activation of calpain1/2 for VE-cadherin proteolytic cleavage, leading to the enhanced endocytosis of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells. In addition, we found that ERK2 interacts with VE-cadherin and stabilizes VE-cadherin complex in resting endothelial cells. Lactate-induced ERK2 phosphorylation promotes ERK2 disassociation from VE-cadherin. In vivo suppression of lactate production or genetic depletion of lactate receptor GPR81 mitigates vascular permeability and multiple organ injury and improves survival outcome in polymicrobial sepsis. Our study reveals that metabolic cross-talk between glycolysis-derived lactate and the endothelium plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yana Wang
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - P. Spencer Gill
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jennifer V. Hall
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are prototypical classical isoforms of the calpain family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Their substrate proteins participate in a wide range of cellular processes, including transcription, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Dysregulated calpain activity has been implicated in tumorigenesis, suggesting that calpains may be promising therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review covers clinical and basic research studies implicating calpain-1 and calpain-2 expression and activity in tumorigenesis and metastasis. We highlight isoform specific functions and provide an overview of substrates and cancer-related signalling pathways affected by calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage. We also discuss efforts to develop clinically relevant calpain specific inhibitors and spotlight the challenges facing inhibitor development. EXPERT OPINION Rationale for targeting calpain-1 and calpain-2 in cancer is supported by pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating that calpain inhibition has the potential to attenuate carcinogenesis and block metastasis of aggressive tumors. The wide range of substrates and cleavage products, paired with inconsistencies in model systems, underscores the need for more complete understanding of physiological substrates and how calpain cleavage alters their function in cellular processes. The development of isoform specific calpain inhibitors remains an important goal with therapeutic potential in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shapovalov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Danielle Harper
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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The Relationship Between Glutamate Dynamics and Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2793-2807. [PMID: 32102922 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1655-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal dynamics of excitatory neurotransmission must be tightly regulated to achieve efficient synaptic communication. By limiting spillover, glutamate transporters are believed to prevent excessive activation of extrasynaptically located receptors that can impair synaptic plasticity. While glutamate transporter expression is reduced in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, the contributions of transporter dysfunction to disease pathophysiology remain ambiguous as the fundamental relationship between glutamate dynamics and plasticity, and the mechanisms linking these two phenomena, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined electrophysiology and real-time high-speed imaging of extracellular glutamate transients during LTP induction and characterized the sensitivity of the relationship between glutamate dynamics during theta burst stimulation (TBS) and the resulting magnitude of LTP consolidation, both in control conditions and following selective and nonselective glutamate transporter blockade. Glutamate clearance times were negatively correlated with LTP magnitude following nonselective glutamate transporter inhibition but not following selective blockade of a majority of GLT-1, the brain's most abundant glutamate transporter. Although glutamate transporter inhibition reduced the postsynaptic population response to TBS, calcium responses to TBS were greatly exaggerated. The source of excess calcium was dependent on NMDARs, L-type VGCCs, GluA2-lacking AMPARs, and internal calcium stores. Surprisingly, inhibition of L-type VGCCs, but not GluA2-lacking AMPARs or ryanodine receptors, was required to restore robust LTP. In all, these data provide a detailed understanding of the relationship between glutamate dynamics and plasticity and uncover important mechanisms by which poor glutamate uptake can negatively impact LTP consolidation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Specific patterns of neural activity can promote long-term changes in the strength of synaptic connections through a phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is well accepted to represent the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory, and many forms of plasticity are initiated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. While essential for rapid cellular communication in the brain, excessive levels of extracellular glutamate can negatively impact brain function. In this study, we demonstrate that pharmacological manipulations that increase the availability of extracellular glutamate during neural activity can have profoundly negative consequences on synaptic plasticity. We identify mechanisms through which excess glutamate can negatively influence synaptic plasticity, and we discuss the relevance of these findings to neurodegenerative diseases and in the aging brain.
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Wan L, Ren L, Chen L, Wang G, Liu X, Wang BH, Wang Y. M-Calpain Activation Facilitates Seizure Induced KCC2 Down Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:287. [PMID: 30186110 PMCID: PMC6110871 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), a major chloride transporter that maintains GABAA receptor inhibition in mature mammalian neurons, is down-regulated in the hippocampus during epileptogenesis. Impaired KCC2 function accelerates or facilitates seizure onset. Calpain, with two main subtypes of m- and μ-calpain, is a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease that mediates the nonlysosomal degradation of KCC2. Although recent studies have demonstrated that calpain inhibitors exert antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects in animal models of acute and chronic epilepsy, whether calpain activation affects seizure induction through KCC2 degradation remains unknown. Our results showed that: (1) Blockade of calpain by non-selective calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 prevented convulsant stimulation induced KCC2 downregulation, and reduced the incidence and the severity of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures. (2) m-calpain, but not μ-calpain, inhibitor mimicked MDL-28170 effect on preventing KCC2 downregulation. (3) Phosphorylation of m-calpain has been significantly enhanced during seizure onset, which was partly mediated by the calcium independent MAPK/ERK signaling pathway activation. (4) MAPK/ERK signaling blockade also had similar effect as total calpain blockade on both KCC2 downregulation and animal seizure induction. The results indicate that upregulated m-calpain activation by MAPK/ERK during convulsant stimulation down regulates both cytoplasm- and membrane KCC2, and in turn facilitates seizure induction. This finding may provide a foundation for the development of highly effective antiepileptic drugs targeting of m-calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science & State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li W, Liu BD, Liao K, Liu Y, Wan ZJ, Dong YF, Cao QQ, Zhu Q, Gu X. Alteration of Androgen Receptor Protein Stability by Triptolide in LNCaP Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54030039. [PMID: 30344270 PMCID: PMC6122114 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Although triptolide was effective for prostate cancer (PCa), the mechanism is still unclear. Androgen receptor (AR) plays a large role in the development and progression of PCa, even after castration. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of triptolide on AR protein stability and the possible mechanism. Materials and Methods: By blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX), the effect of triptolide on AR protein stability was investigated with western blot assay. The potential role of calpains in triptolide reduced AR protein stability was investigated with calpain inhibitor and Ca2+ chelator. Results: Triptolide down-regulated AR protein level when protein synthesis was blocked by CHX, demonstrating the decrease of AR protein stability. The AR protein level was restored when the cells were co-treated with triptolide and calpain inhibitor or Ca2+ chelator, indicating the important role of calpains. Conclusions: The results indicate that triptolide can activate calpain via promoting intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, and thus decrease the stability of AR protein, subsequently resulting in the breakdown of the AR protein in LNCaP cells. This work provides an experimental basis and evidence to elucidate the anti-PCa mechanisms of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Bi-De Liu
- People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, China.
| | - Kai Liao
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
| | - Zi-Jin Wan
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Yu-Fen Dong
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Cao
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Qian Zhu
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Xiao Gu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Uo T, Plymate SR, Sprenger CC. Allosteric alterations in the androgen receptor and activity in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R335-R348. [PMID: 28808043 PMCID: PMC6812555 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved to generate biological complexity in their proteome and transcriptome from a limited number of genes. This concept holds true for the androgen receptor, which displays a diversity of inclusion/exclusion events in its structural motifs as a mechanism of resistance to the most forefront anti-androgen therapies. More than 20 androgen receptor variants that lack various portions of ligand-binding domain have been identified in human prostate cancer (PCa) samples. Most of the variants are inactive on their own, with a few exceptions displaying constitutive activity. The full-length receptor and one or more variants can be co-expressed in the same cell under many circumstances, which raises the question of how these variants physically and functionally interact with the full-length receptor or one another in the course of PCa progression. To address this issue, in this review, we will characterize and discuss androgen receptor variants, including the novel variants discovered in the last couple of years (i) individually, (ii) with respect to their physical and functional interaction with one another and (iii) in clinical relevance. Here, we also introduce the very recent understanding of AR-Vs obtained through successful development of some AR-V-specific antibodies as well as identification of novel AR-Vs by data mining approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical CenterVA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia C Sprenger
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Hu J, Wang G, Sun T. Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692259. [PMID: 28475016 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy to intercept androgen receptor signal pathway is an indispensable treatment for most advanced prostate cancer patients to delay cancer progression. However, the emerging of castration-resistant prostate cancer reminds us the alteration of androgen receptor, which includes androgen receptor mutation, the formation of androgen receptor variants, and androgen receptor distribution in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the process of androgen receptor and also its variants' formation, translocation, and function alteration by protein modification or interaction with other pathways. We dissect the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspective to provide clues for battling prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Liu L, Lou N, Li X, Xu G, Ruan H, Xiao W, Qiu B, Bao L, Yuan C, Huang X, Wang K, Cao Q, Chen K, Yang H, Zhang X. Calpain and AR-V7: Two potential therapeutic targets to overcome acquired docetaxel resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3651-3659. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Saavedra A, Fernández-García S, Cases S, Puigdellívol M, Alcalá-Vida R, Martín-Flores N, Alberch J, Ginés S, Malagelada C, Pérez-Navarro E. Chelerythrine promotes Ca2+-dependent calpain activation in neuronal cells in a PKC-independent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:922-935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ghosh PM. WOMEN IN CANCER PROFILE: From physics to cancer biology and everywhere in between. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:P15-P21. [PMID: 27605444 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita M Ghosh
- Research ServiceVA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Gene/protein expression of CAPN1/2-CAST system members is associated with ERK1/2 kinases activity as well as progression and clinical outcome in human laryngeal cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13185-13203. [PMID: 27456359 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the involvement of calpains (CAPNs), a family of cysteine proteases, in cancer development and progression, as well as the insufficient response to cancer therapies. The contribution of CAPNs and regulatory calpastatin (CAST) and ERK1/2 kinases to aggressiveness, disease course, and outcome in laryngeal cancer remains elusive. This study was aimed to evaluate the CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 enzyme system mRNA/protein level and to investigate whether they can promote the dynamic of tumor growth and prognosis. The mRNA expression of marker genes was determined in 106 laryngeal cancer (SCLC) cases and 73 non-cancerous adjacent mucosa (NCLM) controls using quantitative real-time PCR. The level of corresponding proteins was analyzed by Western Blot. SLUG expression, as indicator of pathological advancement was determined using IHC staining. Significant increases of CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 levels of mRNA/protein were noted in SCLC compared to NCLM (p < 0.05). As a result, a higher level of CAPN1 and ERK1 genes was related to larger tumor size, more aggressive and deeper growth according to TFG scale and SLUG level (p < 0.05). There were also relationships of CAPN1/2 and ERK1 with incidences of local/nodal recurrences (p < 0.05). An inverse association for CAPN1/2, CAST, and ERK1/2 transcripts was determined with regard to overall survival (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher CAPN1 and phospho-ERK1 protein level was related to higher grade and stage (p < 0.05) and was found to promote worse prognosis. This is the first study to show that activity of CAPN1/2- CAST-ERK1/2 axis may be an indicator of tumor phenotype and unfavorable outcome in SCLC.
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Kwegyir-Afful AK, Ramalingam S, Purushottamachar P, Ramamurthy VP, Njar VC. Galeterone and VNPT55 induce proteasomal degradation of AR/AR-V7, induce significant apoptosis via cytochrome c release and suppress growth of castration resistant prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 6:27440-60. [PMID: 26196320 PMCID: PMC4695001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Galeterone (Gal) is a first-in-class multi-target oral small molecule that will soon enter pivotal phase III clinical trials in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. Gal disrupts androgen receptor (AR) signaling via inhibition of CYP17, AR antagonism and AR degradation. Resistance to current therapy is attributed to up-regulation of full-length AR (fAR), splice variants AR (AR-Vs) and AR mutations. The effects of gal and VNPT55 were analyzed on f-AR and AR-Vs (AR-V7/ARv567es) in LNCaP, CWR22Rv1 and DU145 (transfected with AR-Vs) human PC cells in vitro and CRPC tumor xenografts. Galeterone/VNPT55 decreased fAR/AR-V7 mRNA levels and implicates Mdm2/CHIP enhanced ubiquitination of posttranslational modified receptors, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. Gal and VNPT55 also induced significant apoptosis in PC cells via increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, cytochrome-c release with concomitant cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. More importantly, gal and VNPT55 exhibited strong in vivo anti-CRPC activities, with no apparent host toxicities. This study demonstrate that gal and VNPT55 utilize cell-based mechanisms to deplete both fAR and AR-Vs. Importantly, the preclinical activity profiles, including profound apoptotic induction and inhibition of CRPC xenografts suggest that these agents offer considerable promise as new therapeutics for patients with CRPC and those resistant to current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Kwegyir-Afful
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Senthilmurugan Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vidya P. Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
| | - Vincent C.O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
- Marlene Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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Zhang WC, Zheng XJ, Du LJ, Sun JY, Shen ZX, Shi C, Sun S, Zhang Z, Chen XQ, Qin M, Liu X, Tao J, Jia L, Fan HY, Zhou B, Yu Y, Ying H, Hui L, Liu X, Yi X, Liu X, Zhang L, Duan SZ. High salt primes a specific activation state of macrophages, M(Na). Cell Res 2015; 25:893-910. [PMID: 26206316 PMCID: PMC4528058 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt is positively associated with the risk of many diseases. However, little is known about the mechanisms. Here we showed that high salt increased proinflammatory molecules, while decreased anti-inflammatory and proendocytic molecules in both human and mouse macrophages. High salt also potentiated lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation and suppressed interleukin 4-induced macrophage activation. High salt induced the proinflammatory aspects by activating p38/cFos and/or Erk1/2/cFos pathways, while inhibited the anti-inflammatory and proendocytic aspects by Erk1/2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway. Consistent with the in vitro results, high-salt diet increased proinflammatory gene expression of mouse alveolar macrophages. In mouse models of acute lung injury, high-salt diet aggravated lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary macrophage activation and inflammation in lungs. These results identify a novel macrophage activation state, M(Na), and high salt as a potential environmental risk factor for lung inflammation through the induction of M(Na).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lin-Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-Yong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhu-Xia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chaoji Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiao-qing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Mu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng-yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xianghua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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15
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Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs)--which are expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines and clinical samples--lack the C-terminal ligand-binding domain and are constitutively active. AR-Vs are, therefore, resistant to traditional androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). AR-Vs are induced by several mechanisms, including ADT, and might contribute to the progression of CRPC and resistance to ADT. AR-Vs could represent a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer, especially in CRPC.
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16
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Umemura M, Baljinnyam E, Feske S, De Lorenzo MS, Xie LH, Feng X, Oda K, Makino A, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Iwatsubo M, Chen S, Goydos JS, Ishikawa Y, Iwatsubo K. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) regulates melanoma proliferation and cell migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89292. [PMID: 24586666 PMCID: PMC3931742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major mechanism of Ca2+ import from extracellular to intracellular space, involving detection of Ca2+ store depletion in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins, which then translocate to plasma membrane and activate Orai Ca2+ channels there. We found that STIM1 and Orai1 isoforms were abundantly expressed in human melanoma tissues and multiple melanoma/melanocyte cell lines. We confirmed that these cell lines exhibited SOCE, which was inhibited by knockdown of STIM1 or Orai1, or by a pharmacological SOCE inhibitor. Inhibition of SOCE suppressed melanoma cell proliferation and migration/metastasis. Induction of SOCE was associated with activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and was inhibited by inhibitors of calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) or Raf-1, suggesting that SOCE-mediated cellular functions are controlled via the CaMKII/Raf-1/ERK signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that SOCE contributes to melanoma progression, and therefore may be a new potential target for treatment of melanoma, irrespective of whether or not Braf mutation is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Umemura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (MU)
| | - Erdene Baljinnyam
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariana S. De Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xianfeng Feng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Oda
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Makino
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mizuka Iwatsubo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Suzie Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullen Laboratory of Cancer Research in the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James S. Goydos
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kousaku Iwatsubo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KI); (MU)
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17
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Liu T, Mendes DE, Berkman CE. Prolonged androgen deprivation leads to overexpression of calpain 2: implications for prostate cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:467-72. [PMID: 24297527 PMCID: PMC3898865 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer progression from androgen dependence to independence may lead to developing more effective treatments against prostate cancer. Herein, our previous in vitro model was employed to assess the effects of continuous androgen-deprivation on developing the metastatic phenotype from androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). The results indicated that long-term androgen deprivation resulted in overexpression of calpain 2 and increased expression of filamin A (FlnA), but not for calpain 1. The enhanced activity of calpain 2 was confirmed by the accumulation of cleaved FlnA fragments, which could be effectively blocked by calpeptin (an inhibitor of calpain 2). Therefore, the combination of calpain 2 inhibitor and androgen deprivation may provide new therapeutic strategy for patients to prevent or postpone prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Desiree E Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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18
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Seo J, Jo SA, Hwang S, Byun CJ, Lee HJ, Cho DH, Kim D, Koh YH, Jo I. Trichostatin A epigenetically increases calpastatin expression and inhibits calpain activity and calcium-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cell toxicity. FEBS J 2013; 280:6691-701. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Seo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Ewha Womans University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development; College of Pharmacy; Wonkwang University; Iksan South Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science; BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
| | - Soojin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Ewha Womans University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
| | | | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science; BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
| | - Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Neuroscience; Konkuk University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
| | - Dueon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development; College of Pharmacy; Wonkwang University; Iksan South Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Division of Brain Disease; Center for Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Health; Osong South Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Ewha Womans University Medical School; Seoul South Korea
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19
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On the origins of the androgen receptor low molecular weight species. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:259-69. [PMID: 23860689 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP), a commonly diagnosed malignancy, is readily treated by androgen ablation. This treatment temporarily halts the disease, but castration-resistant neoplasms that are refractory to current therapies emerge. While these neoplasms are no longer dependent on physiological levels of androgens, they remain reliant on the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). There are multiple mechanisms by which CaP cells circumvent androgen ablation therapies. These include AR mutations that broaden ligand specificity, AR overexpression, AR activation by growth factors and cytokines, overexpression of AR co-activators, altered steroid metabolism, and a locus-wide histone transcriptional activation of some AR targets. This review focuses on a more recently described mechanism: the expression of low molecular weight AR species that are missing the ligand-binding domain and function independently of ligand to drive proliferation. The etiology, biological activity, unique features, predictive value, and therapeutic implication of these androgen receptor isoforms are discussed in depth.
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20
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McGrath MJ, Binge LC, Sriratana A, Wang H, Robinson PA, Pook D, Fedele CG, Brown S, Dyson JM, Cottle DL, Cowling BS, Niranjan B, Risbridger GP, Mitchell CA. Regulation of the transcriptional coactivator FHL2 licenses activation of the androgen receptor in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5066-79. [PMID: 23801747 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that progression from localized prostate cancer to incurable castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is driven by continued androgen receptor (AR), signaling independently of androgen. Thus, there remains a strong rationale to suppress AR activity as the single most important therapeutic goal in CRPC treatment. Although the expression of ligand-independent AR splice variants confers resistance to AR-targeted therapy and progression to lethal castrate-resistant cancer, the molecular regulators of AR activity in CRPC remain unclear, in particular those pathways that potentiate the function of mutant AR in CRPC. Here, we identify FHL2 as a novel coactivator of ligand-independent AR variants that are important in CRPC. We show that the nuclear localization of FHL2 and coactivation of the AR is driven by calpain cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein filamin, a pathway that shows differential activation in prostate epithelial versus prostate cancer cell lines. We further identify a novel FHL2-AR-filamin transcription complex, revealing how deregulation of this axis promotes the constitutive, ligand-independent activation of AR variants, which are present in CRPC. Critically, the calpain-cleaved filamin fragment and FHL2 are present in the nucleus only in CRPC and not benign prostate tissue or localized prostate cancer. Thus, our work provides mechanistic insight into the enhanced AR activation, most notably of the recently identified AR variants, including AR-V7 that drives CRPC progression. Furthermore, our results identify the first disease-specific mechanism for deregulation of FHL2 nuclear localization during cancer progression. These results offer general import beyond prostate cancer, given that nuclear FHL2 is characteristic of other human cancers where oncogenic transcription factors that drive disease are activated like the AR in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J McGrath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia
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21
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Gao W, Liu J, Hu M, Huang M, Cai S, Zeng Z, Lin B, Cao X, Chen J, Zeng JZ, Zhou H, Zhang XK. Regulation of proteolytic cleavage of retinoid X receptor-α by GSK-3β. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1208-15. [PMID: 23389291 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that an N-terminally truncated retinoid X receptor-α (tRXRα) produced in cancer cells acts to promote cancer cell growth and survival through AKT activation. However, how RXRα is cleaved and how the cleavage is regulated in cancer cells remain undefined. In this study, we demonstrated that calpain II could cleave RXRα protein in vitro, generating two truncated RXRα products. The cleavage sites in RXRα were mapped by Edman N-terminal sequencing to Gly(90)↓Ser(91) and Lys(118)↓Val(119). Transfection of the resulting cleavage product RXRα/90, but not RXRα/118, resulted in activation of AKT in cancer cells, similar to the effect of tRXRα. In support of the role of calpain II in cancer cells, transfection of calpain II expression vector or its activation by ionomycin enhanced the production of tRXRα, whereas treatment of cells with calpain inhibitors reduced the levels of tRXRα. Co-immunoprecipitation assays also showed an interaction between calpain II and RXRα. In studying the regulation of tRXRα production, we observed that treatment of cells with lithium chloride or knockdown of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) significantly increased the production of tRXRα. Conversely, overexpression of GSK-3β reduced tRXRα expression. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitory effect of GSK-3β on tRXRα production was due to its suppression of calpain II expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GSK-3β plays an important role in regulating tRXRα production by calpain II in cancer cells, providing new insights into the development of new strategies and agents for the prevention and treatment of tRXRα-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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22
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Lonergan PE, Tindall DJ. Truncated Androgen Receptor Splice Variants in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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23
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Mooso BA, Vinall RL, Tepper CG, Savoy RM, Cheung JP, Singh S, Siddiqui S, Wang Y, Bedolla RG, Martinez A, Mudryj M, Kung HJ, deVere White RW, Ghosh PM. Enhancing the effectiveness of androgen deprivation in prostate cancer by inducing Filamin A nuclear localization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:759-77. [PMID: 22993077 PMCID: PMC3540117 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As prostate cancer (CaP) is regulated by androgen receptor (AR) activity, metastatic CaP is treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Despite initial response, patients on ADT eventually progress to castration-resistant CaP (CRPC), which is currently incurable. We previously showed that cleavage of the 280 kDa structural protein Filamin A (FlnA) to a 90 kDa fragment, and nuclear localization of the cleaved product, sensitized CRPC cells to ADT. Hence, treatment promoting FlnA nuclear localization would enhance androgen responsiveness. Here, we show that FlnA nuclear localization induced apoptosis in CRPC cells during ADT, identifying it as a treatment tool in advanced CaP. Significantly, the natural product genistein combined polysaccharide (GCP) had a similar effect. Investigation of the mechanism of GCP-induced apoptosis showed that GCP induced FlnA cleavage and nuclear localization and that apoptosis resulting from GCP treatment was mediated by FlnA nuclear localization. Two main components of GCP are genistein and daidzein: the ability of GCP to induce G2 arrest was due to genistein whereas sensitivity to ADT stemmed from daidzein; hence, both were needed to mediate GCP's effects. FlnA cleavage is regulated by its phosphorylation; we show that ADT enhanced FlnA phosphorylation, which prevented its cleavage, whereas GCP inhibited FlnA phosphorylation, thereby sensitizing CaP cells to ADT. In a mouse model of CaP recurrence, GCP, but not vehicle, impeded relapse following castration, indicating that GCP, when administered with ADT, interrupted the development of CRPC. These results demonstrate the efficacy of GCP in promoting FlnA nuclear localization and enhancing androgen responsiveness in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Mooso
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ruth L. Vinall
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | - Jean P. Cheung
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sheetal Singh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Yu Wang
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Roble G. Bedolla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Anthony Martinez
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
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24
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Yamashita S, Lai KP, Chuang KL, Xu D, Miyamoto H, Tochigi T, Pang ST, Li L, Arai Y, Kung HJ, Yeh S, Chang C. ASC-J9 suppresses castration-resistant prostate cancer growth through degradation of full-length and splice variant androgen receptors. Neoplasia 2012; 14:74-83. [PMID: 22355276 PMCID: PMC3281944 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early studies suggested androgen receptor (AR) splice variants might contribute to the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) into castration resistance. However, the therapeutic strategy to target these AR splice variants still remains unresolved. Through tissue survey of tumors from the same patients before and after castration resistance, we found that the expression of AR3, a major AR splice variant that lacks the AR ligand-binding domain, was substantially increased after castration resistance development. The currently used antiandrogen, Casodex, showed little growth suppression in CWR22Rv1 cells. Importantly, we found that AR degradation enhancer ASC-J9 could degrade both full-length (fAR) and AR3 in CWR22Rv1 cells as well as in C4-2 and C81 cells with addition of AR3. The consequences of such degradation of both fAR and AR3 might then result in the inhibition of AR transcriptional activity and cell growth in vitro. More importantly, suppression of AR3 specifically by short-hairpin AR3 or degradation of AR3 by ASC-J9 resulted in suppression of AR transcriptional activity and cell growth in CWR22Rv1-fARKD (fAR knockdown) cells in which DHT failed to induce, suggesting the importance of targeting AR3. Finally, we demonstrated the in vivo therapeutic effects of ASC-J9 by showing the inhibition of PCa growth using the xenografted model of CWR22Rv1 cells orthotopically implanted into castrated nude mice with undetectable serum testosterone. These results suggested that targeting both fAR- and AR3-mediated PCa growth by ASC-J9 may represent the novel therapeutic approach to suppress castration-resistant PCa. Successful clinical trials targeting both fAR and AR3 may help us to battle castration-resistant PCa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yamashita
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuo-Pao Lai
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kun-Lung Chuang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University/Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Defeng Xu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tatsuo Tochigi
- Department of Urology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - See-Tong Pang
- Department of Urology and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University/Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lei Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yoichi Arai
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Abstract
Alternative splicing is an important mechanism for increasing functional diversity from a limited set of genes. Deregulation of this process is common in diverse pathologic conditions. The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid receptor transcription factor with functions critical for normal male development as well as the growth and survival of normal and cancerous prostate tissue. Studies of AR function in androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and prostate cancer (PCa) have demonstrated loss-of-function AR alterations in AIS and gain-of-function AR alterations in PCa. Over the past two decades, AR gene alterations have been identified in various individuals with AIS, which disrupt normal AR splicing patterns and yield dysfunctional AR protein variants. Recently, altered AR splicing patterns have been identified as a mechanism of PCa progression and resistance to androgen depletion therapy. Several studies have described the synthesis of alternatively spliced transcripts encoding truncated AR isoforms that lack the ligand-binding domain, which is the ultimate target of androgen depletion. Many of these truncated AR isoforms function as constitutively active, ligand-independent transcription factors that can support androgen-independent expression of AR target genes, as well as the androgen-independent growth of PCa cells. In this review, we will summarize the various alternatively spliced AR variants that have been discovered, with a focus on their role and origin in the pathologic conditions of AIS and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dehm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Androgen receptor and its splice variants in prostate cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3971-81. [PMID: 21748469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that becomes active upon binding to androgens via its ligand-binding domain (LBD) or in response to signaling cascades initiated by growth factors and cytokines. The activity of AR requires regions within the N-terminal domain (NTD) in a manner that is distinct from the activation of related steroid hormone receptors. Unequivocal evidence has been amassed to consider that the AR axis is the most critical pathway for the progression of prostate cancer. Qualitatively distinct insights into AR pathobiology have been garnered including that AR-regulated gene expression is stage-specifically modulated during disease progression and that the ligand requirement for AR activity could be rendered dispensable because of the expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that are devoid of LBD. The recent appreciation of the clinical challenge that stems from non-gonadal androgens that are not inhibited by traditional hormonal therapies has been tangibly translated into the development of more potent drugs that can potentially lead towards achieving an androgen-free environment. The pre-clinical evidence that proves that AR NTD is a druggable target also forecasts a further paradigm shift in the management of advanced prostate cancer. These advancements together with the identification of more robust AR antagonists and their promising clinical outcome have renewed the hope that targeting the AR pathway remains a sound strategy in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Here, we address these developments with a greater emphasis on the rapidly growing literature on AR splice variants.
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Sivanandam A, Murthy S, Chinnakannu K, Bai VU, Kim SH, Barrack ER, Menon M, Reddy GPV. Calmodulin protects androgen receptor from calpain-mediated breakdown in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1889-96. [PMID: 21506119 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although inactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) by androgen-ablation or anti-androgen treatment has been frontline therapy for disseminated prostate cancer for over 60 years, it is not curative because castration-resistant prostate cancer cells retain AR activity. Therefore, curative strategy should include targeted elimination of AR protein. Since AR binds to calmodulin (CaM), and since CaM-binding proteins are targets of calpain (Cpn)-mediated proteolysis, we studied the role of CaM and Cpn in AR breakdown in prostate cancer cells. Whereas the treatment of prostate cancer cells individually with anti-CaM drug or calcimycin, which increases intracellular Ca(++) and activates Cpn, led to minimal AR breakdown, combined treatment led to a precipitous decrease in AR protein levels. This decrease in AR protein occurred without noticeable changes in AR mRNA levels, suggesting an increase in AR protein turnover rather than inhibition of AR mRNA expression. Thus, CaM inactivation seems to sensitize AR to Cpn-mediated breakdown in prostate cancer cells. Consistent with this possibility, purified recombinant human AR (rhAR) underwent proteolysis in the presence of purified Cpn, and the addition of purified CaM to the incubation blocked rhAR proteolysis. Together, these observations demonstrate that AR is a Cpn target and AR-bound CaM plays an important role in protecting AR from Cpn-mediated breakdown in prostate cancer cells. These observations raise an intriguing possibility that anti-CaM drugs in combination with Cpn-activating agents may offer a curative strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer, which relies on AR for growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sivanandam
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Abstract
The calpains are a conserved family of cysteine proteinases that catalyse the controlled proteolysis of many specific substrates. Calpain activity is implicated in several fundamental physiological processes, including cytoskeletal remodelling, cellular signalling, apoptosis and cell survival. Calpain expression is altered during tumorigenesis, and the proteolysis of numerous substrates, such as inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB (IκB), focal adhesion proteins (including, focal adhesion kinase and talin) and proto-oncogenes (for example, MYC), has been implicated in tumour pathogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the increased expression of certain family members might influence the response to cancer therapies, providing justification for the development of novel calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- University of Nottingham, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Storr SJ, Woolston CM, Barros FFT, Green AR, Shehata M, Chan SY, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Calpain-1 expression is associated with relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab following adjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1773-80. [PMID: 21140455 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The calpain family, and their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin, has been implicated in cancer progression, and recent in vitro data have indicated a role in trastuzumab resistance. The aims of our study were to examine expression levels of calpastatin, calpain-1 and calpain-2 in breast tumours from patients treated with trastuzumab following adjuvant chemotherapy to determine their potential as biomarkers to predict therapeutic response. The expression of calpastatin, calpain-1 and calpain-2 was determined, using immunohistochemistry (IHC), in tumours from a series of 93 patients with primary breast cancer treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab followed by trastuzumab to complete 1 year of therapy. IHC was performed using tissue microarrays constructed from cores taken from intratumour and peripheral tumour areas. Expression was correlated with clinicopathologic variables and patient outcome. Calpastatin expression was correlated with Nottingham prognostic index (p = 0.003) and lymph node status (p = 0.007). Trastuzumab resistance was defined as disease relapse during therapy. Calpain-1 expression is associated with relapse-free survival (p = 0.001) and remained significant in multivariate analysis accounting for confounding pathological and treatment variables (hazard ratio 4.60, 95% confidence interval 1.05-20.25; p = 0.043). Calpain-1 may be a useful biomarker to predict relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy. A larger verification study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Chen H, Libertini SJ, George M, Dandekar S, Tepper CG, Al-Bataina B, Kung HJ, Ghosh PM, Mudryj M. Genome-wide analysis of androgen receptor binding and gene regulation in two CWR22-derived prostate cancer cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:857-73. [PMID: 20634343 PMCID: PMC3539310 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma (CaP) is a heterogeneous multifocal disease where gene expression and regulation are altered not only with disease progression but also between metastatic lesions. The androgen receptor (AR) regulates the growth of metastatic CaPs; however, sensitivity to androgen ablation is short lived, yielding to emergence of castrate-resistant CaP (CRCaP). CRCaP prostate cancers continue to express the AR, a pivotal prostate regulator, but it is not known whether the AR targets similar or different genes in different castrate-resistant cells. In this study, we investigated AR binding and AR-dependent transcription in two related castrate-resistant cell lines derived from androgen-dependent CWR22-relapsed tumors: CWR22Rv1 (Rv1) and CWR-R1 (R1). Expression microarray analysis revealed that R1 and Rv1 cells had significantly different gene expression profiles individually and in response to androgen. In contrast, AR chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with promoter DNA microarrays (ChIP-on-chip) studies showed that they have a similar AR-binding profile. Coupling of the microarray study with ChIP-on-chip analysis identified direct AR targets. The most prominent function of transcripts that were direct AR targets was transcriptional regulation, although only one transcriptional regulator, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ, was commonly regulated in both lines. Our results indicate that the AR regulates the expression of different transcripts in the two lines, and demonstrate the versatility of the AR-regulated gene expression program in prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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