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Nag JK, Appasamy P, Malka H, Sedley S, Bar-Shavit R. New Target(s) for RNF43 Regulation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8083. [PMID: 39125653 PMCID: PMC11311281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on specific oncogenic pathways or present a genetic alteration that leads to a particular disturbance. Still, personalized and targeted biological therapy remains challenging, with current efforts generally yielding disappointing results. Carefully assessing onco-target molecular pathways can, however, potently assist with such efforts for the selection of patient populations that would best respond to a given drug treatment. RNF43, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates Wnt/frizzled (FZD) receptors by their ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation, controls a key pathway in cancer. Recently, additional target proteins of RNF43 were described, including p85 of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor that potently induces β-catenin stabilization, independent of Wnts. RNF43 mutations with impaired E3 ligase activity were found in several types of cancers (e.g., gastrointestinal system tumors and endometrial and ovarian cancer), pointing to a high dependency on FZD receptors and possibly PAR2 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The development of drugs toward these targets is essential for improved treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (J.K.N.); (P.A.); (H.M.); (S.S.)
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2
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Hu L, Chen W, Qian A, Li YP. Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and disease. Bone Res 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38987555 PMCID: PMC11237130 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wnts are secreted, lipid-modified proteins that bind to different receptors on the cell surface to activate canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, which control various biological processes throughout embryonic development and adult life. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathway underlies a wide range of human disease pathogeneses. In this review, we provide an update of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation, homeostasis, and diseases. The Wnt proteins, receptors, activators, inhibitors, and the crosstalk of Wnt signaling pathways with other signaling pathways are summarized and discussed. We mainly review Wnt signaling functions in bone formation, homeostasis, and related diseases, and summarize mouse models carrying genetic modifications of Wnt signaling components. Moreover, the therapeutic strategies for treating bone diseases by targeting Wnt signaling, including the extracellular molecules, cytosol components, and nuclear components of Wnt signaling are reviewed. In summary, this paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling regulates bone formation, homeostasis, and the efforts targeting Wnt signaling for treating bone diseases. Finally, the paper evaluates the important questions in Wnt signaling to be further explored based on the progress of new biological analytical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Jiménez-Ortega RF, Ortega-Meléndez AI, Patiño N, Rivera-Paredez B, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Velázquez-Cruz R. The Involvement of microRNAs in Bone Remodeling Signaling Pathways and Their Role in the Development of Osteoporosis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:505. [PMID: 39056698 PMCID: PMC11273958 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Bone remodeling, crucial for maintaining the balance between bone resorption and formation, relies on the coordinated activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. During osteoclastogenesis, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into the osteoclast lineage through the signaling pathways OPG/RANK/RANKL. On the other hand, during osteoblastogenesis, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into the osteoblast lineage through activation of the signaling pathways TGF-β/BMP/Wnt. Recent studies have shown that bone remodeling is regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs can regulate virtually all cellular processes through binding to miRNA-response elements (MRE) at the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the target mRNA. miRNAs are involved in controlling gene expression during osteogenic differentiation through the regulation of key signaling cascades during bone formation and resorption. Alterations of miRNA expression could favor the development of bone disorders, including osteoporosis. This review provides a general description of the miRNAs involved in bone remodeling and their significance in osteoporosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio F. Jiménez-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
- Unidad de Acupuntura Humana Rehabilitatoria, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec (UNEVE), Ecatepec de Morelos 55210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra I. Ortega-Meléndez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad ETAC Campus Coacalco, Coacalco de Berriozábal 55700, Mexico;
| | - Nelly Patiño
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo (UCiF), Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Hidalgo-Bravo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City 14389, Mexico;
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
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Hua Y, Wang C, Ge X, Lin Y. Enhancing Osteogenic Potential: Controlled Release of Dopamine D1 Receptor Agonist SKF38393 Compared to Free Administration. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1046. [PMID: 38791008 PMCID: PMC11117781 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder and is characterized by decreased bone density, which has a relationship with the quality of life among the aging population. Previous research has found that activation of the dopamine D1 receptor can improve bone mass formation. SKF38393 is an agonist of dopamine D1 receptors. However, as a small-molecule drug, SKF38393 is unstable and releases quickly. The aim of this study was to prototype polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/SKF38393 microspheres and assess their potential osteogenic effects compared to those under the free administration of SKF38393. The cytocompatibility of PLGA/SKF38393 was determined via CCK-8 and live/dead cell staining; the osteogenic effects in vitro were determined with ALP and alizarin red staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting; and the in vivo effects were assessed using 25 Balb/c mice. We also used a PCR array to explore the possible signaling pathway changes after employing PLGA/SKF38393. Our experiments demonstrated that the osteogenic effect of D1Rs activated by the PLGA/SKF38393 microsphere was better than that under free administration, both in vitro and in vivo. According to the PCR array, this result might be associated with six signaling pathways (graphical abstract). Ultimately, in this study, we prototyped PLGA/SKF38393, demonstrated its effectiveness, and preliminarily analyzed its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiyuan Ge
- Department of Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.H.); (C.W.)
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5
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Liu H, Liu L, Rosen CJ. PTH and the Regulation of Mesenchymal Cells within the Bone Marrow Niche. Cells 2024; 13:406. [PMID: 38474370 PMCID: PMC10930661 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a pivotal role in maintaining calcium homeostasis, largely by modulating bone remodeling processes. Its effects on bone are notably dependent on the duration and frequency of exposure. Specifically, PTH can initiate both bone formation and resorption, with the outcome being influenced by the manner of PTH administration: continuous or intermittent. In continuous administration, PTH tends to promote bone resorption, possibly by regulating certain genes within bone cells. Conversely, intermittent exposure generally favors bone formation, possibly through transient gene activation. PTH's role extends to various aspects of bone cell activity. It directly influences skeletal stem cells, osteoblastic lineage cells, osteocytes, and T cells, playing a critical role in bone generation. Simultaneously, it indirectly affects osteoclast precursor cells and osteoclasts, and has a direct impact on T cells, contributing to its role in bone resorption. Despite these insights, the intricate mechanisms through which PTH acts within the bone marrow niche are not entirely understood. This article reviews the dual roles of PTH-catabolic and anabolic-on bone cells, highlighting the cellular and molecular pathways involved in these processes. The complex interplay of these factors in bone remodeling underscores the need for further investigation to fully comprehend PTH's multifaceted influence on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Maine Medical Center, MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA;
| | - Linyi Liu
- Maine Medical Center, MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA;
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Maine Medical Center, MaineHealth Institute for Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA;
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Qin K, Yu M, Fan J, Wang H, Zhao P, Zhao G, Zeng W, Chen C, Wang Y, Wang A, Schwartz Z, Hong J, Song L, Wagstaff W, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Ho SH, Strelzow J, Reid RR, He TC, Shi LL. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk. Genes Dis 2024; 11:103-134. [PMID: 37588235 PMCID: PMC10425814 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 coreceptors and transducing the signal either through β-catenin in the canonical pathway or through a series of other proteins in the noncanonical pathway. Many of the individual components of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling have additional functions throughout the body, establishing the complex interplay between Wnt signaling and other signaling pathways. This crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways gives Wnt signaling a vital role in many cellular and organ processes. Dysregulation of this system has been implicated in many diseases affecting a wide array of organ systems, including cancer and embryological defects, and can even cause embryonic lethality. The complexity of this system and its interacting proteins have made Wnt signaling a target for many therapeutic treatments. However, both stimulatory and inhibitory treatments come with potential risks that need to be addressed. This review synthesized much of the current knowledge on the Wnt signaling pathway, beginning with the history of Wnt signaling. It thoroughly described the different variants of Wnt signaling, including canonical, noncanonical Wnt/PCP, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Further description involved each of its components and their involvement in other cellular processes. Finally, this review explained the various other pathways and processes that crosstalk with Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Qin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Interventional Neurology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523475, China
| | - Connie Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Annie Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zander Schwartz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lily Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Wagstaff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherwin H. Ho
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason Strelzow
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Scott MB, Styring AK, McCullagh JSO. Polyphenols: Bioavailability, Microbiome Interactions and Cellular Effects on Health in Humans and Animals. Pathogens 2022; 11:770. [PMID: 35890016 PMCID: PMC9324685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds have a variety of functions in plants including protecting them from a range of abiotic and biotic stresses such as pathogenic infections, ionising radiation and as signalling molecules. They are common constituents of human and animal diets, undergoing extensive metabolism by gut microbiota in many cases prior to entering circulation. They are linked to a range of positive health effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and disease-specific activities but the relationships between polyphenol bio-transformation products and their interactions in vivo are less well understood. Here we review the state of knowledge in this area, specifically what happens to dietary polyphenols after ingestion and how this is linked to health effects in humans and animals; paying particular attention to farm animals and pigs. We focus on the chemical transformation of polyphenols after ingestion, through microbial transformation, conjugation, absorption, entry into circulation and uptake by cells and tissues, focusing on recent findings in relation to bone. We review what is known about how these processes affect polyphenol bioactivity, highlighting gaps in knowledge. The implications of extending the use of polyphenols to treat specific pathogenic infections and other illnesses is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Scott
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - Amy K. Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - James S. O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
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Li F, He M, Li S, Bai Y. Combination of parathyroid hormone pretreatment and mechanical stretch promotes osteogenesis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e62-e71. [PMID: 34663539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parathyroid hormone (PTH) potentiates the mechanical loading induced bone formation in fracture healing and orthodontics. This study aimed to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs). METHODS Human PDLFs were cultured and subjected to uniaxial cyclic stretch at 0.5 Hz and 2000μ for 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. 10 nM PTH was preadministered for 30 minutes before loading. The expression of PTH1R and osteogenic biomarkers Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type 1, alkaline phosphatase was assessed via immunofluorescence staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, or Western blot. Transfection of siPTH1R was applied, and alterations of osteogenic biomarkers were examined by Western blot. The expression of essential Wnt signal components Wnt3a, β-catenin, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, Wnt5a, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 were examined, and the influence of dickkopf-related protein 1 on osteogenic biomarkers was evaluated. RESULTS The expression of PTH1R was instantaneously upregulated with PTH pretreatment and maintained a gradual increase until 24 hours. PTH synergistically enhanced the increase of Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type 1, and alkaline phosphatase under cyclic stretch, which was substantially attenuated by siPTH1R transfection. As for Wnt signal components, synergistic upregulation was detected on Wnt3a, β-catenin, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, whereas Wnt5a and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 increased relatively mildly. Blockage of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway by dickkopf-related protein 1 impaired the boost of osteogenic biomarkers under the combined action of PTH and cyclic stretch. CONCLUSIONS The combination of PTH pretreatment and cyclic stretch promotes osteogenesis of PDLFs synergistically, and the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is crucially involved in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengya He
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Institute of Dental Research and Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Mizoguchi T, Ono N. The diverse origin of bone-forming osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1432-1447. [PMID: 34213032 PMCID: PMC8338797 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are the only cells that can give rise to bones in vertebrates. Thus, one of the most important functions of these metabolically active cells is mineralized matrix production. Because osteoblasts have a limited lifespan, they must be constantly replenished by preosteoblasts, their immediate precursors. Because disruption of the regulation of bone-forming osteoblasts results in a variety of bone diseases, a better understanding of the origin of these cells by defining the mechanisms of bone development, remodeling, and regeneration is central to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, substantial new insights into the origin of osteoblasts-largely owing to rapid technological advances in murine lineage-tracing approaches and other single-cell technologies-have been obtained. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts involved in bone formation under various physiological, pathological, and therapeutic conditions can be obtained from numerous sources. The origins of osteoblasts include, but are not limited to, chondrocytes in the growth plate, stromal cells in the bone marrow, quiescent bone-lining cells on the bone surface, and specialized fibroblasts in the craniofacial structures, such as sutures and periodontal ligaments. Because osteoblasts can be generated from local cellular sources, bones can flexibly respond to regenerative and anabolic cues. However, whether osteoblasts derived from different cellular sources have distinct functions remains to be investigated. Currently, we are at the initial stage to aptly unravel the incredible diversity of the origins of bone-forming osteoblasts. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Rivas VN, Magdesian KG, Fagan S, Slovis NM, Luethy D, Javsicas LH, Caserto BG, Miller AD, Dahlgren AR, Peterson J, Hales EN, Peng S, Watson KD, Khokha MK, Finno CJ. A nonsense variant in Rap Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 5 (RAPGEF5) is associated with equine familial isolated hypoparathyroidism in Thoroughbred foals. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009028. [PMID: 32986719 PMCID: PMC7544121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic hypocalcemia in Thoroughbred (TB) foals causes tetany and seizures and is invariably fatal. Based upon the similarity of this disease with human familial hypoparathyroidism and occurrence only in the TB breed, we conducted a genetic investigation on two affected TB foals. Familial hypoparathyroidism was identified, and pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive (AR) mode of inheritance. We performed whole-genome sequencing of the two foals, their unaffected dams and four unaffected, unrelated TB horses. Both homozygosity mapping and an association analysis were used to prioritize potential genetic variants. Of the 2,808 variants that significantly associated with the phenotype using an AR mode of inheritance (P<0.02) and located within a region of homozygosity, 1,507 (54%) were located in a 9.7 Mb region on chr4 (44.9-54.6 Mb). Within this region, a nonsense variant (RAPGEF5 c.2624C>A,p.Ser875*) was significantly associated with the hypoparathyroid phenotype (Pallelic = 0.008). Affected foals were homozygous for the variant, with two additional affected foals subsequently confirmed in 2019. Necropsies of all affected foals failed to identify any histologically normal parathyroid glands. Because the nonsense mutation in RAPGEF5 was near the C-terminal end of the protein, the impact on protein function was unclear. Therefore, we tested the variant in our Xenopus overexpression model and demonstrated RAPGEF5 loss-of-function. This RAPGEF5 variant represents the first genetic variant for hypoparathyroidism identified in any domestic animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N. Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - K. Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sophia Fagan
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan M. Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Daniela Luethy
- Department of Clinical Studies–New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura H. Javsicas
- Rhinebeck Equine L.L.P., Rhinebeck, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew D. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna R. Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Hales
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sichong Peng
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine D. Watson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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11
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Sutkeviciute I, Clark LJ, White AD, Gardella TJ, Vilardaga JP. PTH/PTHrP Receptor Signaling, Allostery, and Structures. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:860-874. [PMID: 31699241 PMCID: PMC6857722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTHR) is the canonical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) and the key regulator of calcium homeostasis and bone turnover. PTHR function is critical for human health to maintain homeostatic control of ionized serum Ca2+ levels and has several unusual signaling features, such as endosomal cAMP signaling, that are well-studied but not structurally understood. In this review, we discuss how recently solved high resolution near-atomic structures of hormone-bound PTHR in its inactive and active signaling states and discovery of extracellular Ca2+ allosterism shed light on the structural basis for PTHR signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lisa J Clark
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alex D White
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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12
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Ardura JA, Portal-Núñez S, Alonso V, Bravo B, Gortazar AR. Handling Parathormone Receptor Type 1 in Skeletal Diseases: Realities and Expectations of Abaloparatide. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:756-766. [PMID: 31409530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders represent an elevated socioeconomic burden for developed aging societies. Osteoporosis (OP) has been treated with antiresorptive therapies or with teriparatide that was until recently the only anabolic therapy. However, approval of osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women with abaloparatide, which is an analog of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), has created a new alternative for OP management. The success of this new treatment is related to differential mechanisms of activation of PTH receptor type 1 (PTH1R) by abaloparatide and PTH. Here, we address the distinguishing mechanisms of PTH1R activation; the effects of PTH1R stimulation in osteoblast, osteocytes, and chondrocytes; the differences between PTH and abaloparatide actions on PTH1R; potential safety concerns; and future perspectives about abaloparatide use in other musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Ardura
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bravo
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha R Gortazar
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, 28925 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Cancer driver G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) induced β-catenin nuclear localization: the transcriptional junction. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 37:147-157. [PMID: 29222765 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the main signal-transmitting components in the cell membrane. Over the past several years, biochemical and structural analyses have immensely enhanced our knowledge of GPCR involvement in health and disease states. The present review focuses on GPCRs that are cancer drivers, involved in tumor growth and development. Our aim is to highlight the involvement of stabilized β-catenin molecular machinery with a specific array of GPCRs. We discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular path leading to β-catenin nuclear localization and transcriptional activity and their implications for future cancer therapy research.
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14
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Sharma A, Desando G, Petretta M, Chawla S, Bartolotti I, Manferdini C, Paolella F, Gabusi E, Trucco D, Ghosh S, Lisignoli G. Investigating the Role of Sustained Calcium Release in Silk-Gelatin-Based Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Constructs for Enhancing the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1518-1533. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Giovanna Desando
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio RAMSES, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Mauro Petretta
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio RAMSES, Bologna 40136, Italy
- RegenHu Ltd, Villaz St. Pierre CH-1690, Switzerland
| | - Shikha Chawla
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Cristina Manferdini
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolella
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Elena Gabusi
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Diego Trucco
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna 40136, Italy
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15
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A serine in exon 11 determines the full transcriptional activity of TCF-4 in lung carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:675-681. [PMID: 30527807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of T cell factor-4 (TCF-4) is causally linked to the development of lung carcinoma, while the mechanism of sequence-dependent TCF-4 activity is still obscure. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), here, we demonstrated that sequences of exon 11 in TCF-4 were present in lung carcinoma cells but not in normal lung epithelial cells. Loss of exon 11 in TCF-4 inhibited TCF-4-induced cell growth of lung carcinoma and prolonged the survival time of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistically, loss of exon 11 in TCF-4 attenuated the binding activity between TCF-4 protein and its canonical binding site, inhibited TOP/FOP luciferase activity and suppressed mRNA expression of Wnt signaling targets. By performing truncated and site-directed mutations, we further demonstrated that the 16th amino acid serine in exon 11 was responsible for TCF-4-mediated Wnt signaling. In vivo experiments indicated that a mutation of the 16th amino acid serine in exon 11 of TCF-4 could mimic the anti-tumor effect of Wnt signaling inhibitor. Taken together, we identified a serine determining the transcriptional activity of TCF-4 in lung carcinoma cells, and sequencing of TCF-4 mRNA might be an effective strategy to evaluate the Wnt pathway activation and prognosis in lung cancer.
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16
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Moorer MC, Riddle RC. Regulation of Osteoblast Metabolism by Wnt Signaling. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018; 33:318-330. [PMID: 30112869 PMCID: PMC6145954 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2018.33.3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the achievement of peak bone mass, affecting the commitment of mesenchymal progenitors to the osteoblast lineage and the anabolic capacity of osteoblasts depositing bone matrix. Recent studies suggest that this evolutionarily-conserved, developmental pathway exerts its anabolic effects in part by coordinating osteoblast activity with intermediary metabolism. These findings are compatible with the cloning of the gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein related receptor-5 (LRP5) Wnt co-receptor from a diabetes-susceptibility locus and the now well-established linkage between Wnt signaling and metabolism. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of Wnt signaling in whole-body metabolism and review the literature regarding the impact of Wnt signaling on the osteoblast's utilization of three different energy sources: fatty acids, glucose, and glutamine. Special attention is devoted to the net effect of nutrient utilization and the mode of regulation by Wnt signaling. Mechanistic studies indicate that the utilization of each substrate is governed by a unique mechanism of control with β-catenin-dependent signaling regulating fatty acid β-oxidation, while glucose and glutamine utilization are β-catenin-independent and downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, respectively. The emergence of these data has provided a new context for the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling influences bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Wein MN, Kronenberg HM. Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Parathyroid Hormone. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031237. [PMID: 29358318 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net loss of bone mass, despite accelerating bone formation by osteoblasts. Intermittent treatment with PTH analogs represents the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved bone anabolic osteoporosis treatment strategy. Functional PTH receptors are present on cells of the osteoblast lineage, ranging from early skeletal stem cells to matrix-embedded osteocytes. In addition, bone remodeling by osteoclasts liberates latent growth factors present within bone matrix. Here, we will provide an overview of the multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms through which PTH influences bone homeostasis. Notably, net skeletal effects of continuous versus intermittent can differ significantly. Where possible, we will highlight mechanisms through which continuous hyperparathyroidism leads to bone loss, and through which intermittent hyperparathyroidism boosts bone mass. Given the therapeutic usage of intermittent PTH (iPTH) treatment for osteoporosis, particular attention will be paid toward mechanisms underlying the bone anabolic effects of once daily PTH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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18
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Schulte G, Wright SC. Frizzleds as GPCRs - More Conventional Than We Thought! Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:828-842. [PMID: 30049420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, WNT/β-catenin and planar cell polarity signaling has formed the basis for what we understand to be the primary output of the interaction between WNTs and their cognate receptors known as Frizzleds (FZDs). In the shadow of these pathways, evidence for the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins in WNT signaling has grown substantially over the years - redefining the complexity of the WNT signaling network. Moreover, the distinct characteristics of FZD paralogs are becoming better understood, and we can now apply concepts valid for classical GPCRs to grasp FZDs as molecular machines at the interface of ligand binding and intracellular effects. This review discusses recent developments in the field of WNT/FZD signaling in the context of GPCR pharmacology, and identifies remaining mysteries with an emphasis on structural and kinetic components that support this dogma shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum 6D, Tomtebodavägen 16, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shane C Wright
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum 6D, Tomtebodavägen 16, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Hyperstimulation of CaSR in human MSCs by biomimetic apatite inhibits endochondral ossification via temporal down-regulation of PTH1R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6135-E6144. [PMID: 29915064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805159115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult bone injuries, periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) form bone via endochondral ossification (EO), whereas those from bone marrow (BM)/endosteum form bone primarily through intramembranous ossification (IMO). We hypothesized that this phenomenon is influenced by the proximity of MSCs residing in the BM to the trabecular bone microenvironment. Herein, we investigated the impact of the bone mineral phase on human BM-derived MSCs' choice of ossification pathway, using a biomimetic bone-like hydroxyapatite (BBHAp) interface. BBHAp induced hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and temporal down-regulation of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), leading to inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs even in the presence of chondroinductive factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Interestingly rescuing PTH1R expression using human PTH fragment (1-34) partially restored chondrogenesis in the BBHAp environment. In vivo studies in an ectopic site revealed that the BBHAp interface inhibits EO and strictly promotes IMO. Furthermore, CaSR knockdown (CaSR KD) disrupted the bone-forming potential of MSCs irrespective of the absence or presence of the BBHAp interface. Our findings confirm the expression of CaSR in human BM-derived MSCs and unravel a prominent role for the interplay between CaSR and PTH1R in regulating MSC fate and the choice of pathway for bone formation.
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20
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Nag JK, Kancharla A, Maoz M, Turm H, Agranovich D, Gupta CL, Uziely B, Bar-Shavit R. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a novel coreceptor of protease-activated receptor-2 in the dynamics of cancer-associated β-catenin stabilization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38650-38667. [PMID: 28418856 PMCID: PMC5503561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) plays a central role in cancer; however, the molecular machinery of PAR2-instigated tumors remains to be elucidated. We show that PAR2 is a potent inducer of β-catenin stabilization, a core process in cancer biology, leading to its transcriptional activity. Novel association of low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6), a known coreceptor of Frizzleds (Fz), with PAR2 takes place following PAR2 activation. The association between PAR2 and LRP6 was demonstrated employing co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and confocal microscopy analysis. The association was further supported by ZDOCK protein-protein server. PAR2-LRP6 interaction promotes rapid phosphorylation of LRP6, which results in the recruitment of Axin. Confocal microscopy of PAR2-driven mammary gland tumors in vivo, as well as in vitro confirms the association between PAR2 and LRP6. Indeed, shRNA silencing of LRP6 potently inhibits PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization, demonstrating its critical role in the induced path. We have previously shown a novel link between protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and β-catenin stabilization, both in a transgenic (tg) mouse model with overexpression of human PAR1 (hPar1) in the mammary glands, and in cancer epithelial cell lines. Unlike in PAR1-Gα13 axis, both Gα12 and Gα13 are equally involved in PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization. Disheveled (DVL) is translocated to the cell nucleus through the DVL-PDZ domain. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel PAR2-LRP6-Axin interaction as a key axis of PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization in cancer. This newly described axis enhances our understanding of cancer biology, and opens new avenues for future development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Arun Kancharla
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Turm
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Daniel Agranovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
| | - Beatrice Uziely
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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21
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Baron R, Gori F. Targeting WNT signaling in the treatment of osteoporosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 40:134-141. [PMID: 29753194 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widespread chronic disease characterized by low bone density, altered microstructure and bone fragility, leading to low impact fractures in affected individuals. The discovery of a few mutations that cause extremely rare human diseases has identified the WNT signaling pathway as a candidate for therapeutic intervention aimed at increasing bone mass and strength. In particular, inhibition of sclerostin, a WNT antagonist secreted by osteocytes, has proven in clinical trials to be a very efficient osteo-anabolic approach. One year of monthly administration of antibodies to sclerostin rapidly decreases bone resorption and increases bone formation and bone density at all sites, decreasing markedly fracture risk in treated patients. Their effect is however limited in time and cardiovascular adverse events have been reported in one clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baron
- Harvard Medical School, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francesca Gori
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Ma L, Wu J, Jin QH. The association between parathyroid hormone 1‑34 and the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8799-8807. [PMID: 29039525 PMCID: PMC5779958 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1‑34 on cartilage degeneration, and the association between PTH 1‑34 and factors associated with the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway following anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscectomy‑induced osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. A total of 64 Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: Sham‑operated rats with normal saline (NS)‑treatment (n=16); anterior cruciate ligament transection with partial medial meniscectomy (ACLT + MMx) rats with NS‑treatment (n=16); sham‑operated rats treated with PTH 1‑34 (n=16); and ACLT + MMx rats treated with PTH 1‑34 (n=16). PTH (15 µg/kg/day) was administered via subcutaneous injection 5 days per week from the first postoperative day for 2 or 6 weeks. Staining with hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O, and a scoring system modified by Mankin were used to assess the histopathological features of cartilage. The present study detected the expression of PTH 1 receptor (PTH1R), sclerostin, dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1), β‑catenin and runt‑related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in cartilage by immunohistochemical analysis to determine the association between PTH 1‑34 and factors associated with the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was performed to detect the mRNA expression levels of PTH1R and β‑catenin in cartilage. Histological analysis demonstrated that cartilage degeneration was present post‑surgery and gradually increased over time. PTH 1‑34 reduced the Mankin scores in ACLT + MMx rats compared with the NS‑treated ACLT + MMx rats. Immunohistochemistry and RT‑qPCR analysis demonstrated that, in cartilage, PTH 1‑34 treatment increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of PTH1R and β‑catenin, and decreased protein levels of sclerostin, DKK1 and RUNX2 in ACLT + MMx rats compared with the NS‑treated ACLT + MMx group. The present study demonstrated that PTH 1‑34 upregulated the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway and that PTH1‑34 downregulated RUNX2 through an alternative pathway to the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, in a rat model of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Orthopedics Ward 3, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Orthopedics Ward 3, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Qun Hua Jin
- Orthopedics Ward 3, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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23
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Yang Y, Lei H, Qiang YW, Wang B. Ixazomib enhances parathyroid hormone-induced β-catenin/T-cell factor signaling by dissociating β-catenin from the parathyroid hormone receptor. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1792-1803. [PMID: 28495797 PMCID: PMC5491187 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor ixazomib (Izb) dissociates β-catenin from the PTH receptor to enhance PTH stimulation of β-catenin/TCF signaling through the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These findings provide a rationale for the use of Izb as an adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis with PTH. The anabolic action of PTH in bone is mostly mediated by cAMP/PKA and Wnt-independent activation of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling. β-Catenin switches the PTH receptor (PTHR) signaling from cAMP/PKA to PLC/PKC activation by binding to the PTHR. Ixazomib (Izb) was recently approved as the first orally administered proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of multiple myeloma; it acts in part by inhibition of pathological bone destruction. Proteasome inhibitors were reported to stabilize β-catenin by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, how Izb affects PTHR activation to regulate β-catenin/TCF signaling is poorly understood. In the present study, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology, we show that Izb reverses β-catenin–mediated PTHR signaling switch and enhances PTH-induced cAMP generation and cAMP response element–luciferase activity in osteoblasts. Izb increases active forms of β-catenin and promotes β-catenin translocation, thereby dissociating β-catenin from the PTHR at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, Izb facilitates PTH-stimulated GSK3β phosphorylation and β-catenin phosphorylation. Thus Izb enhances PTH stimulation of β-catenin/TCF signaling via cAMP-dependent activation, and this effect is due to its separating β-catenin from the PTHR. These findings provide evidence that Izb may be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PTH for the treatment of osteoporosis and other resorptive bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Hong Lei
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Wei Qiang
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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24
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081320. [PMID: 27529230 PMCID: PMC5000717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest signal-conveying receptor family and mediate many physiological processes, their role in tumor biology is underappreciated. Numerous lines of evidence now associate GPCRs and their downstream signaling targets in cancer growth and development. Indeed, GPCRs control many features of tumorigenesis, including immune cell-mediated functions, proliferation, invasion and survival at the secondary site. Technological advances have further substantiated GPCR modifications in human tumors. Among these are point mutations, gene overexpression, GPCR silencing by promoter methylation and the number of gene copies. At this point, it is imperative to elucidate specific signaling pathways of “cancer driver” GPCRs. Emerging data on GPCR biology point to functional selectivity and “biased agonism”; hence, there is a diminishing enthusiasm for the concept of “one drug per GPCR target” and increasing interest in the identification of several drug options. Therefore, determining the appropriate context-dependent conformation of a functional GPCR as well as the contribution of GPCR alterations to cancer development remain significant challenges for the discovery of dominant cancer genes and the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Ahn SH, Park SY, Baek JE, Lee SY, Baek WY, Lee SY, Lee YS, Yoo HJ, Kim H, Lee SH, Im DS, Lee SK, Kim BJ, Koh JM. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (GPR120) Stimulates Bone Formation and Suppresses Bone Resorption in the Presence of Elevated n-3 Fatty Acid Levels. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2621-35. [PMID: 27145004 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) has been reported to be a receptor for n-3 fatty acids (FAs). Although n-3 FAs are beneficial for bone health, a role of FFA4 in bone metabolism has been rarely investigated. We noted that FFA4 was more abundantly expressed in both mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts than their respective precursors and that it was activated by docosahexaenoic acid. FFA4 knockout (Ffar4(-/-)) and wild-type mice exhibited similar bone masses when fed a normal diet. Because fat-1 transgenic (fat-1(Tg+)) mice endogenously converting n-6 to n-3 FAs contain high n-3 FA levels, we crossed Ffar4(-/-) and fat-1(Tg+) mice over two generations to generate four genotypes of mice littermates: Ffar4(+/+);fat-1(Tg-), Ffar4(+/+);fat-1(Tg+), Ffar4(-/-);fat-1(Tg-), and Ffar4(-/-);fat-1(Tg+). Female and male littermates were included in ovariectomy- and high-fat diet-induced bone loss models, respectively. Female fat-1(Tg+) mice decreased bone loss after ovariectomy both by promoting osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption than their wild-type littermates, only when they had the Ffar4(+/+) background, but not the Ffar4(-/-) background. In a high-fat diet-fed model, male fat-1(Tg+) mice had higher bone mass resulting from stimulated bone formation and reduced bone resorption than their wild-type littermates, only when they had the Ffar4(+/+) background, but not the Ffar4(-/-) background. In vitro studies supported the role of FFA4 as n-3 FA receptor in bone metabolism. In conclusion, FFA4 is a dual-acting factor that increases osteoblastic bone formation and decreases osteoclastic bone resorption, suggesting that it may be an ideal target for modulating metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Ji-Eun Baek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Su-Youn Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Hyeonmok Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.H.A.), Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 402-751, South Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences (S.-Y.P., J.-E.B., S.-Youn.L., W.-.Y.B., S.-Young.L., Y.-S.L.) and Biomedical Research Center (H.J.Y.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (H.K., S.H.L., B.-J.K., J.-M.K.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention and College of Pharmacy (D.-S.I.), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea; and UConn Center on Aging (S.-K.L.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1601
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26
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Guo S, Chen H. T cell factor-4 functions as a co-activator to promote NF-κB-dependent MMP-15 expression in lung carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24025. [PMID: 27046058 PMCID: PMC4820775 DOI: 10.1038/srep24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both TCF-4 and MMP-15 are closely linked to the development of lung cancer, while the regulatory role of TCF-4 in MMP-15 expression is still obscure. Here we found that expression of TCF-4 and MMP-15 was increased in lung cancer cells or tissues versus the normal ones. With gain-or loss-of -function studies, we demonstrated that TCF-4 positively regulated MMP-15 expression in mRNA and protein levels. With reporter gene assay, we found that TCF-4 regulated MMP-15 expression via a potential NF-κB binding element locating at -2833/-2824 in the mouse MMP-15 promoter. With ChIP and immunoblotting assays, we identified that TCF-4 functioned as a co-activator to potentiate the binding between p65 and MMP-15 promoter. Functionally, TCF-4 silence attenuated the migration activity of LLC cells, while additional overexpression of MMP-15 rescued this effect in cell scratch test and transwell migration assay. In xenograft model, TCF-4 silence-improved tumor lesions in lungs and survival time of LLC-tumor bearing mice were abolished by MMP-15 overexpression. In conclusion, we are the first to identify TCF-4 as a co-activator of NF-κB p65 to promote MMP-15 transcription and potentiate the migration activity of the lung cancer cells. Our findings shed light on the therapeutic strategies of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
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27
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Estus TL, Choudhary S, Pilbeam CC. Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of PTH-stimulated β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts by bone marrow macrophages. Bone 2016; 85:123-30. [PMID: 26851123 PMCID: PMC4835216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), in the presence of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) produced PGE2, secrete an inhibitory factor in response to Rankl that blocks PTH-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation. This study was to determine if the inhibitory factor also blocks PTH-stimulated Wnt signaling. Primary calvarial osteoblasts (POBs) were co-cultured with conditioned medium (CM) from Rankl-treated wild type (WT) BMMs, which make the inhibitory factor, and Cox2 knockout (KO) BMMs, which do not. PTH induced cAMP production was blocked by WT CM but not by KO CM. In the presence of KO CM, PTH induced phosphorylation at β-catenin serine sites, ser552 and ser675, previously shown to be phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). Phosphorylation was blocked by WT CM and by H89, a PKA inhibitor. PTH did not increase total β-catenin. PTH-stimulated transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor response element activity in POBs was blocked by WT CM and by serum amyloid A (SAA), the human recombinant analog of murine Saa3, which has recently been shown to be the inhibitory factor. In POBs cultured with Cox2 KO CM, PTH increased expression of multiple genes associated with the anabolic actions of PTH and decreased expression of Wnt antagonists. This differential regulation of gene expression was not seen in POBs cultured with WT CM. These data highlight the ability of PTH to phosphorylate β-catenin directly via PKA and demonstrate the ability of a Cox2-dependent inhibitory factor, secreted by Rankl-stimulated BMMs, to abrogate PTH stimulated β-catenin signaling. Our results suggest that PTH can stimulate a novel negative feedback of its anabolic actions by stimulating Rankl and Cox2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Estus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States; New England Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States.
| | - Shilpa Choudhary
- New England Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States.
| | - Carol C Pilbeam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States; New England Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, CT, United States.
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29
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Amso Z, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:579-640. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Abstract
PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and maintenance of bone health. PTH and Vitamin D form a tightly controlled feedback cycle, PTH being a major stimulator of vitamin D synthesis in the kidney while vitamin D exerts negative feedback on PTH secretion. The major function of PTH and major physiologic regulator is circulating ionized calcium. The effects of PTH on gut, kidney, and bone serve to maintain serum calcium within a tight range. PTH has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D has a stimulatory effect on both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, playing a key role in providing adequate mineral for normal bone formation. Both hormones act in concert with the more recently discovered FGF23 and klotho, hormones involved predominantly in phosphate metabolism, which also participate in this closely knit feedback circuit. Of great interest are recent studies demonstrating effects of both PTH and vitamin D on the cardiovascular system. Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and kidney failure. Both hormones have direct effects on the endothelium, heart, and other vascular structures. How these effects of PTH and vitamin D interface with the regulation of bone formation are the subject of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jalal Khundmiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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31
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Liu S, Zhu W, Li S, Ma J, Zhang H, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang B, Li Z, Liang X, Shi W. Bovine parathyroid hormone enhances osteoclast bone resorption by modulating V-ATPase through PTH1R. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:284-92. [PMID: 26647715 PMCID: PMC4716795 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar-type H+ adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) plays an important role in cellular acidification and bone resorption by osteoclasts. However, the direct effect of bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) on V-ATPase has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of bPTH on V-ATPase and osteoclasts. Osteoclasts from bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes of C57BL/6 mice were cultured with or without bPTH. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the V-ATPase a3-subunit and d2-subunit (by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis), V-ATPase activity (using the V type ATPase Activity Assay kit) and the bone resorption function of osteoclasts (by bone resorption assay) were examined following treatment with various concentrations of bPTH (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 ng/ml) alone or with bPTH and its inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, the expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors in osteoclasts was also detected. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of V-ATPase a3-subunit and d2-subunit increased in a dose-dependent manner, paralleling the level of bPTH present. In addition, an increase in the concentration of bPTH was accompanied by the increased resorption capability of osteoclasts, whereas bone resorption was inhibited in the presence of bafilomycin A1. In addition, we confirmed the existence of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) in osteoclasts using three different methods (RT-qPCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining). We found that bPTH enhanced the bone resorption capability of osteoclasts by modulating the expression of V-ATPase subunits, intracellular acidification and V-ATPase activity. Thus, we propose that PTH has a direct effect on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and that this effect is mediated through PTH1R, thus contributing to bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huitao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghe Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Wu PF, Liang JY, Yu F, Zhou ZB, Tang JY, Li KH. MiR-125b inhibits stromal cell proliferation in giant cell tumor of bone by targeting parathyroid hormone 1 receptor. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:705-9. [PMID: 26351562 PMCID: PMC4556765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES miR-125b has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many tumors, but its role in giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of miR-125b in GCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of miR-125b in GCT tissues were determined using RT-PCR. The cell proliferation was surveyed by direct cell counting, MTS and CCK-8, and the apoptotic cells were evaluated by Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodine staining assay. The target gene expression was determined using RT-PCR and western blot. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) 3'-UTR was cloned into luciferase reporter plasmid to confirm direct targeting. RESULTS We found that miR-125b was significantly down-regulated in GCT tissues. Using both gain- and loss-of-function analyses, we further revealed that miR-125b suppressed GCT stromal cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we revealed that PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor is a direct and functional target of miR-125b. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that miR-125b acts as a tumor suppressor through suppression of the PTH1R/RANKL signaling pathway. These findings contribute to our understanding of the functions of miR-125b in GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie-Yu Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zheng-Bing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ju-Yu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Kang-Hua Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China,Corresponding author: Kang-Hua Li. Department of Orthopaedics, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Fax: 86-731-89753005;
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Chen S, Feng J, Bao Q, Li A, Zhang B, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Guo Q, Jing J, Lin S, Zong Z. Adverse Effects of Osteocytic Constitutive Activation of ß-Catenin on Bone Strength and Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1184-94. [PMID: 25639729 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts has been demonstrated to increase bone mass, showing promise for the treatment of low bone volume conditions such as osteoporosis. However, the possible side effects of manipulating this pathway have not been fully addressed. Previously, we reported that the constitutive activation of ß-catenin in osteoblasts impaired vertebral linear growth. In the present study, β-catenin was constitutively activated in osteocytes by crossing Catnb+/lox(exon 3) mice with dentin matrix protein 1(DMP1)-Cre transgenic mice, and the effects of this activation on bone mass, bone growth and bone strength were then observed. DMP1-Cre was found to be predominantly expressed in osteocytes, with weak expression in a small portion of osteoblasts and growth plate chondrocytes. After the activation, the cancellous bone mass was dramatically increased, almost filling the entire bone marrow cavity in long bones. However, bone strength decreased significantly. Thinner and more porous cortical bone along with impaired mineralization were responsible for the decrease in bone strength. Furthermore, the mice showed shorter stature with impaired linear growth of the long bones. Moreover, the concentration of serum phosphate decreased significantly after the activation of ß-catenin, and a high inorganic phosphate (Pi) diet could partially rescue the phenotype of decreased mineralization level and impaired linear growth. Taken together, the constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteocytes may increase cancellous bone mass; however, the activation also had adverse effects on bone strength and bone growth. These adverse effects should be addressed before the adoption of any therapeutic clinical application involving adjustment of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Qingshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Disruption of β-catenin binding to parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor inhibits PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:27-32. [PMID: 26047699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The type I parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) mediates PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) actions on extracellular mineral ion homeostasis and bone remodeling. These effects depend in part on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Sequences located within or at the carboxyl-terminus of PTH1R control its activation and trafficking. β-catenin regulates PTH1R signaling and promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy through binding to the intracellular carboxyl-terminal region of the receptor. How the interaction of PTH1R with β-catenin affects PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 is unknown. In the present study, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, which do not express the PTH1R, were used to investigate whether the disruption of β-catenin binding to PTH1R affects PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. We demonstrated that β-catenin interacted with wild-type PTH1R but this interaction was markedly reduced with mutant PTH1R (L584A/L585A). PTH stimulated less cAMP formation and increased more intracellular calcium in HEK293 cells transfected with wild-type PTH1R compared with mutant PTH1R, indicating β-catenin switches PTH1R signaling from Gαs activation to Gαq signaling. In addition, ERK1/2 activation in HEK293 cells transfected with PTH1R exhibited time and concentration dependence. PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 activation was mostly mediated through Gαq/PLC signaling pathway. Importantly, transfection of mutant PTH1R decreased PTH-induced ERK1/2 activation by inhibiting Gαq-mediated signaling. This study shows for the first time that the interference of β-catenin binding to PTH1R inhibits PTH-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Yang Y, Blair HC, Shapiro IM, Wang B. The Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib Suppresses Parathyroid Hormone-induced Osteoclastogenesis through a RANKL-mediated Signaling Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16918-28. [PMID: 25979341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) induces osteoclast formation and activity by increasing the ratio of RANKL/OPG in osteoblasts. The proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) has been used as an effective therapy for multiple myeloma via the inhibition of pathologic bone destruction. However, the effect of combination of PTH and CFZ on osteoclastogenesis is unknown. We now report that CFZ inhibits PTH-induced RANKL expression and secretion without affecting PTH inhibition of OPG expression, and it does so by blocking HDAC4 proteasomal degradation in osteoblasts. Furthermore, we used different types of culture systems, including co-culture, indirect co-culture, and transactivation, to assess the effect of CFZ on PTH action to induce osteoclastogenesis. Our results demonstrated that CFZ blocks PTH-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption by its additional effect to inhibit RANKL-mediated IκB degradation and NF-κB activation in osteoclasts. This study showed for the first time that CFZ targets both osteoblasts and osteoclasts to suppress PTH-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. These findings warrant further investigation of this novel combination in animal models of osteoporosis and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Departments of Medicine and
| | - Harry C Blair
- the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Bin Wang
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Departments of Medicine and
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Chandra A, Lin T, Zhu J, Tong W, Huo Y, Jia H, Zhang Y, Liu XS, Cengel K, Xia B, Qin L. PTH1-34 blocks radiation-induced osteoblast apoptosis by enhancing DNA repair through canonical Wnt pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:157-67. [PMID: 25336648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal radiotherapy for cancer patients has detrimental effects on bones within the radiation field and the primary clinical signs of bone damage include the loss of functional osteoblasts. We reported previously that daily injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH, 1-34) alleviates radiation-induced osteopenia in a preclinical radiotherapy model by improving osteoblast survival. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, we irradiated osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells and calvarial organ culture and demonstrated an anti-apoptosis effect of PTH1-34 on these cultures. Inhibitor assay indicated that PTH exerts its radioprotective action mainly through protein kinase A/β-catenin pathway. γ-H2AX foci staining and comet assay revealed that PTH efficiently promotes the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in irradiated osteoblasts via activating the β-catenin pathway. Interestingly, Wnt3a alone also blocked cell death and accelerated DNA repair in primary osteoprogenitors, osteoblastic and osteocytic cells after radiation through the canonical signaling. Further investigations revealed that both Wnt3a and PTH increase the amount of Ku70, a core protein for initiating the assembly of DSB repair machinery, in osteoblasts after radiation. Moreover, down-regulation of Ku70 by siRNA abrogated the prosurvival effect of PTH and Wnt3a on irradiated osteoblasts. In summary, our results identify a novel role of PTH and canonical Wnt signaling in regulating DSB repair machinery and apoptosis in osteoblasts and shed light on using PTH1-34 or Wnt agonist as possible therapy for radiation-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiao Lin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - Wei Tong
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 Hubei, China
| | - Yanying Huo
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, and
| | - Haoruo Jia
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Surgery, and the Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Keith Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Bing Xia
- the Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, and
| | - Ling Qin
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
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Polyzos SA, Makras P, Efstathiadou Z, Anastasilakis AD. Investigational parathyroid hormone receptor analogs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:145-57. [PMID: 25316089 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.973021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, acting through multiple signaling pathways, exerts an osteoanabolic effect on the skeleton that surpasses the effect of other antiosteoporotic agents. However, its efficacy is limited by the coupling effect and relatively common adverse events. Thus, the development of more sophisticated PTH receptor analogs seems imperative. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the role of PTH signaling pathway in bone remodeling. The authors also summarize investigational analogs targeting this pathway, which may be potential treatments for osteoporosis. EXPERT OPINION β-arrestins are multifunctional cytoplasmic molecules that are decisive for regulating intracellular PTH signaling. Recently, in preclinical studies, arrestin analogs have achieved the anabolic bone effect of PTH without an accompanying increase in bone resorption. However, it is not yet known whether these analogs have adverse effects and there are no clinical data for their efficacy to date. On the other hand, several molecules derived either from PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) molecules have been developed. Alternative routes of PTH 1 - 34 delivery (oral, transdermal), the PTH analog ostabolin and the N-terminal PTHrP analogs PTHrP 1 - 36 and abaloparatide, have recently been or are currently being tested in clinical trials and are more likely to become available for use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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Yukata K, Xie C, Li TF, Takahata M, Hoak D, Kondabolu S, Zhang X, Awad HA, Schwarz EM, Beck CA, Jonason JH, O'Keefe RJ. Aging periosteal progenitor cells have reduced regenerative responsiveness to bone injury and to the anabolic actions of PTH 1-34 treatment. Bone 2014; 62:79-89. [PMID: 24530870 PMCID: PMC4085793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A stabilized tibia fracture model was used in young (8-week old) and aged (1-year old) mice to define the relative bone regenerative potential and the relative responsiveness of the periosteal progenitor population with aging and PTH 1-34 (PTH) systemic therapy. Bone regeneration was assessed through gene expressions, radiographic imaging, histology/histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing. Radiographs and microCT showed increased calcified callus tissue and enhanced bone healing in young compared to aged mice. A key mechanism involved reduced proliferation, expansion, and differentiation of periosteal progenitor cell populations in aged mice. The experiments showed that PTH increased calcified callus tissue and torsional strength with a greater response in young mice. Histology and quantitative histomorphometry confirmed that PTH increased callus tissue area due primarily to an increase in bone formation, since minimal changes in cartilage and mesenchyme tissue area occurred. Periosteum examined at 3, 5, and 7 days showed that PTH increased cyclin D1 expression, the total number of cells in the periosteum, and width of the periosteal regenerative tissue. Gene expression showed that aging delayed differentiation of both bone and cartilage tissues during fracture healing. PTH resulted in sustained Col10a1 expression consistent with delayed chondrocyte maturation, but otherwise minimally altered cartilage gene expression. In contrast, PTH 1-34 stimulated expression of Runx2 and Osterix, but resulted in reduced Osteocalcin. β-Catenin staining was present in mesenchymal chondroprogenitors and chondrocytes in early fracture healing, but was most intense in osteoblastic cells at later times. PTH increased active β-catenin staining in the osteoblast populations of both young and aged mice, but had a lesser effect in cartilage. Altogether the findings show that reduced fracture healing in aging involves decreased proliferation and differentiation of stem cells lining the bone surface. While PTH 1-34 enhances the proliferation and expansion of the periosteal stem cell population and accelerates bone formation and fracture healing, the effects are proportionately reduced in aged mice compared to young mice. β-Catenin is induced by PTH in early and late fracture healing and is a potential target of PTH 1-34 effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Yukata
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Chao Xie
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tian-Fang Li
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Donna Hoak
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sirish Kondabolu
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Xinping Zhang
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Hani A Awad
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher A Beck
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Regis J O'Keefe
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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López-Herradón A, Portal-Núñez S, García-Martín A, Lozano D, Pérez-Martínez FC, Ceña V, Esbrit P. Inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway by high glucose can be reversed by parathyroid hormone-related protein in osteoblastic cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1908-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yano F, Saito T, Ogata N, Yamazawa T, Iino M, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. β-catenin regulates parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor signals and chondrocyte hypertrophy through binding to the intracellular C-terminal region of the receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:429-35. [PMID: 23124878 DOI: 10.1002/art.37779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms of action and functional relevance of β-catenin in chondrocytes, by examining the role of β-catenin as a novel protein that interacts with the intracellular C-terminal portion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor type 1 (PTHR-1). METHODS The β-catenin-PTHR-1 binding region was determined with deletion and mutagenesis analyses of the PTHR1 C-terminus, using a mammalian two-hybrid assay. Physical interactions between these 2 molecules were examined with an in situ proximity ligation assay and immunostaining. To assess the effects of gain- and loss-of-function of β-catenin, transfection experiments were performed to induce overexpression of the constitutively active form of β-catenin (ca-β-catenin) and to block β-catenin activity with small interfering RNA, in cells cotransfected with either wild-type PTHR1 or mutant forms (lacking binding to β-catenin). Activation of the G protein α subunits G(αs) and G(αq) in the cells was determined by measurement of the intracellular cAMP accumulation and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, while activation of canonical Wnt pathways was assessed using a TOPflash reporter assay. RESULTS In differentiated chondrocytes, β-catenin physically interacted and colocalized with the cell membrane-specific region of PTHR-1 (584-589). Binding of β-catenin to PTHR-1 caused suppression of the G(αs)/cAMP pathway and enhancement of the G(αq)/Ca(2+) pathway, without affecting the canonical Wnt pathway. Inhibition of Col10a1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by PTH was restored by overexpression of ca-β-catenin, even after blockade of the canonical Wnt pathway, and Col10a1 mRNA expression was further decreased by knockout of β-catenin (via the Cre recombinase) in chondrocytes from β-catenin-floxed mice. Mutagenesis analyses to block the binding of β-catenin to PTHR1 caused an inhibition of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers. CONCLUSION β-catenin binds to the PTHR-1 C-tail and switches the downstream signaling pathway from G(αs)/cAMP to G(αq)/Ca(2+), which is a possible mechanism by which chondrocyte hypertrophy may be regulated through the PTH/PTHrP signal independent of the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Voronkov A, Krauss S. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and small molecule inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:634-64. [PMID: 23016862 PMCID: PMC3529405 DOI: 10.2174/138161213804581837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that dates back to the first metazoans and it is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells, embryonic development and adult organs. Deregulation of components involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases including a number of cancers and degenerative diseases. The key mediator of Wnt signaling, β-catenin, serves several cellular functions. It functions in a dynamic mode at multiple cellular locations, including the plasma membrane, where β-catenin contributes to the stabilization of intercellular adhesive complexes, the cytoplasm where β-catenin levels are regulated and the nucleus where β-catenin is involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin interactions. Central effectors of β-catenin levels are a family of cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins, known as Wnt morphogens. Through the LRP5/6-Frizzled receptor complex, Wnts regulate the location and activity of the destruction complex and consequently intracellular β- catenin levels. However, β-catenin levels and their effects on transcriptional programs are also influenced by multiple other factors including hypoxia, inflammation, hepatocyte growth factor-mediated signaling, and the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The broad implications of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development, in the adult body and in disease render the pathway a prime target for pharmacological research and development. The intricate regulation of β-catenin at its various locations provides alternative points for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Voronkov
- SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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Panda DK, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Defective postnatal endochondral bone development by chondrocyte-specific targeted expression of parathyroid hormone type 2 receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1489-501. [PMID: 23092913 PMCID: PMC3532463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00254.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human parathyroid hormone type 2 receptor (PTH2R) is activated by PTH and by tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39), the latter likely acting as its natural ligand. Although the receptor is expressed at highest levels in the nervous system, we have observed that both PTH2R and TIP39 are expressed in the newborn mouse growth plate, with the receptor localizing in the resting zone and the ligand TIP39 localizing exclusively in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. To address the role of PTH2R in postnatal skeletal growth and development, Col2a1-hPTH2R (PTH2R-Tg) transgenic mice were generated. The mice were viable and of nearly normal size at birth. Expression of the transgene in the growth plate was limited to chondrocytes. We found that chondrocyte proliferation was decreased, as determined by in vivo BrdU labeling of proliferating chondrocytes and CDK4 and p21 expression in the growth plate of Col2a1-hPTH2R transgenic mice. Similarly, the differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes was delayed, as characterized by decreased Sox9 expression and weaker immunostaining for the chondrocyte differentiation markers collagen type II and type X and proteoglycans. As well, there was altered expression of Gdf5, Wdr5, and β-catenin, factors implicated in chondrocyte maturation, proliferation, and differentiation.These effects impacted on the process of endochondral ossification, resulting in delayed formation of the secondary ossification center, and diminished trabecular bone volume. The findings substantiate a role for PTH2R signaling in postnatal growth plate development and subsequent bone mass acquisition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/pathology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Collagen Type II/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Growth Plate/metabolism
- Growth Plate/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/metabolism
- Otosclerosis/metabolism
- Otosclerosis/pathology
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Kumar Panda
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Liu L, Alonso V, Guo L, Tourkova I, Henderson SE, Almarza AJ, Friedman PA, Blair HC. Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) directly regulates osteogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43312-21. [PMID: 23109343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone formation requires synthesis, secretion, and mineralization of matrix. Deficiencies in these processes produce bone defects. The absence of the PDZ domain protein Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) in mice, or its mutation in humans, causes osteomalacia believed to reflect renal phosphate wasting. We show that NHERF1 is expressed by mineralizing osteoblasts and organizes Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) and the PTH receptor. NHERF1-null mice display reduced bone formation and wide mineralizing fronts despite elimination of phosphate wasting by dietary supplementation. Bone mass was normal, reflecting coordinated reduction of bone resorption and formation. NHERF1-null bone had decreased strength, consistent with compromised matrix quality. Mesenchymal stem cells from NHERF1-null mice showed limited osteoblast differentiation but enhanced adipocyte differentiation. PTH signaling and Na(+)/H(+) exchange were dysregulated in these cells. Osteoclast differentiation from monocytes was unaffected. Thus, NHERF1 is required for normal osteoblast differentiation and matrix synthesis. In its absence, compensatory mechanisms maintain bone mass, but bone strength is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Hiremath M, Dann P, Fischer J, Butterworth D, Boras-Granic K, Hens J, Van Houten J, Shi W, Wysolmerski J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein activates Wnt signaling to specify the embryonic mammary mesenchyme. Development 2012; 139:4239-49. [PMID: 23034629 DOI: 10.1242/dev.080671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates cell fate and specifies the mammary mesenchyme during embryonic development. Loss of PTHrP or its receptor (Pthr1) abolishes the expression of mammary mesenchyme markers and allows mammary bud cells to revert to an epidermal fate. By contrast, overexpression of PTHrP in basal keratinocytes induces inappropriate differentiation of the ventral epidermis into nipple-like skin and is accompanied by ectopic expression of Lef1, β-catenin and other markers of the mammary mesenchyme. In this study, we document that PTHrP modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the mammary mesenchyme using a Wnt signaling reporter, TOPGAL-C. Reporter expression is completely abolished by loss of PTHrP signaling and ectopic reporter activity is induced by overexpression of PTHrP. We also demonstrate that loss of Lef1, a key component of the Wnt pathway, attenuates the PTHrP-induced abnormal differentiation of the ventral skin. To characterize further the contribution of canonical Wnt signaling to embryonic mammary development, we deleted β-catenin specifically in the mammary mesenchyme. Loss of mesenchymal β-catenin abolished expression of the TOPGAL-C reporter and resulted in mammary buds with reduced expression of mammary mesenchyme markers and impaired sexual dimorphism. It also prevented the ectopic, ventral expression of mammary mesenchyme markers caused by overexpression of PTHrP in basal keratinocytes. Therefore, we conclude that a mesenchymal, canonical Wnt pathway mediates the PTHrP-dependent specification of the mammary mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti Hiremath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Fei Y, Hurley MM. Role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and Wnt signaling in anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone on bone formation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3539-45. [PMID: 22378151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis poses enormous health and economic burden worldwide. One of the very few anabolic agents for osteoporosis is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although great progress has been made since the FDA approved PTH in 2002, the detailed mechanisms of the bone anabolic effects of intermittent PTH treatment is still not well understood. PTH bone anabolic effect is regulated by extracellular factors. Maximal bone anabolic effect of PTH requires fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling, which might be mediated by transcription factor activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Maximal bone anabolic effect of PTH also requires Wnt signaling. Particularly, Wnt antagonists such as sclerostin, dickkopf 1 (DKK1) and secreted frizzled related protein 1 (sFRP1) are promising targets to increase bone formation. Interestingly, FGF2 signaling modulates Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in bone. Therefore, multiple signaling pathways utilized by PTH are cross talking and working together to promote bone formation. Extensive studies on the mechanisms of action of PTH will help to identify new pathways that regulate bone formation, to improve available agents to stimulate bone formation, and to identify potential new anabolic agents for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fei
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Emami-Nemini A, Gohla A, Urlaub H, Lohse MJ, Klenk C. The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Vav2 Is a Negative Regulator of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor/Gq Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:217-25. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Datta NS, Samra TA, Abou-Samra AB. Parathyroid hormone induces bone formation in phosphorylation-deficient PTHR1 knockin mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1183-8. [PMID: 22338074 PMCID: PMC3361988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00380.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Activation of G protein-coupled receptors by agonists leads to receptor phosphorylation, internalization of ligand receptor complexes, and desensitization of hormonal response. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor 1, PTHR1, is well characterized and known to regulate cellular responsiveness in vitro. However, the role of PTHR1 phosphorylation in bone formation is yet to be investigated. We have previously demonstrated that impaired internalization and sustained cAMP stimulation of phosphorylation-deficient (PD) PTHR1 leads to exaggerated cAMP response to subcutaneous PTH infusion in a PD knockin mouse model. To understand the physiological role of receptor internalization on PTH bone anabolic action, we examined bone parameters of wild-type (WT) and PD knockin female and male mice following PTH treatment. We found a decrease in total and diaphyseal bone mineral density in female but not in male PD mice compared with WT controls at 3-6 mo of age. This effect was attenuated at older age groups. PTH administration displayed increased bone volume and trabecular thickness in the vertebrae and distal femora of both WT and PD animals. These results suggest that PTHR1 phosphorylation does not play a major role in the anabolic action of PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita S Datta
- Wayne State Univ. School of Medicine, Dept. Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, 1107 Elliman Bldg., 421 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Ke J, Zhang C, Harikumar KG, Zylstra-Diegel CR, Wang L, Mowry LE, Miller LJ, Williams BO, Xu HE. Modulation of β-catenin signaling by glucagon receptor activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33676. [PMID: 22438981 PMCID: PMC3306284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon receptor (GCGR) is a member of the class B G protein–coupled receptor family. Activation of GCGR by glucagon leads to increased glucose production by the liver. Thus, glucagon is a key component of glucose homeostasis by counteracting the effect of insulin. In this report, we found that in addition to activation of the classic cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, activation of GCGR also induced β-catenin stabilization and activated β-catenin–mediated transcription. Activation of β-catenin signaling was PKA-dependent, consistent with previous reports on the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTH1R) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1R) receptors. Since low-density-lipoprotein receptor–related protein 5 (Lrp5) is an essential co-receptor required for Wnt protein mediated β-catenin signaling, we examined the role of Lrp5 in glucagon-induced β-catenin signaling. Cotransfection with Lrp5 enhanced the glucagon-induced β-catenin stabilization and TCF promoter–mediated transcription. Inhibiting Lrp5/6 function using Dickkopf-1(DKK1) or by expression of the Lrp5 extracellular domain blocked glucagon-induced β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we showed that Lrp5 physically interacted with GCGR by immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. Together, these results reveal an unexpected crosstalk between glucagon and β-catenin signaling, and may help to explain the metabolic phenotypes of Lrp5/6 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Ke
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JK); (HEX)
| | - Chenghai Zhang
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cassandra R. Zylstra-Diegel
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Liren Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Mowry
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- VARI/SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JK); (HEX)
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Redlich K, Smolen JS. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:234-50. [PMID: 22378270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal changes. Chronic inflammation can also perturb bone metabolism and promote increased bone loss. Inflammatory diseases can arise all over the body, including in the musculoskeletal system (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), the intestine (for example, inflammatory bowel disease), the oral cavity (for example, periodontitis) and the lung (for example, cystic fibrosis). Wherever inflammatory diseases occur, systemic effects on bone will ensue, as well as increased fracture risk. Here, we discuss the cellular and signalling pathways underlying, and strategies for therapeutically interfering with, the inflammatory loss of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Redlich
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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