1
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Burger N, Mittenbühler MJ, Xiao H, Shin S, Bozi LHM, Wei S, Sprenger HG, Sun Y, Zhu Y, Darabedian N, Petrocelli JJ, Muro PL, Che J, Chouchani ET. A comprehensive landscape of the zinc-regulated human proteome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574225. [PMID: 38260676 PMCID: PMC10802333 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that regulates a wide range of physiological processes, principally through Zn 2+ binding to protein cysteine residues. Despite being critical for modulation of protein function, for the vast majority of the human proteome the cysteine sites subject to regulation by Zn 2+ binding remain undefined. Here we develop ZnCPT, a comprehensive and quantitative mapping of the zinc-regulated cysteine proteome. We define 4807 zinc-regulated protein cysteines, uncovering protein families across major domains of biology that are subject to either constitutive or inducible modification by zinc. ZnCPT enables systematic discovery of zinc-regulated structural, enzymatic, and allosteric functional domains. On this basis, we identify 52 cancer genetic dependencies subject to zinc regulation, and nominate malignancies sensitive to zinc-induced cytotoxicity. In doing so, we discover a mechanism of zinc regulation over Glutathione Reductase (GSR) that drives cell death in GSR-dependent lung cancers. We provide ZnCPT as a resource for understanding mechanisms of zinc regulation over protein function.
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2
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Termathe M, Leidel SA. Urm1: A Non-Canonical UBL. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020139. [PMID: 33499055 PMCID: PMC7911844 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Urm1 (ubiquitin related modifier 1) is a molecular fossil in the class of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). It encompasses characteristics of classical UBLs, such as ubiquitin or SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier), but also of bacterial sulfur-carrier proteins (SCP). Since its main function is to modify tRNA, Urm1 acts in a non-canonical manner. Uba4, the activating enzyme of Urm1, contains two domains: a classical E1-like domain (AD), which activates Urm1, and a rhodanese homology domain (RHD). This sulfurtransferase domain catalyzes the formation of a C-terminal thiocarboxylate on Urm1. Thiocarboxylated Urm1 is the sulfur donor for 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U), a chemical nucleotide modification at the wobble position in tRNA. This thio-modification is conserved in all domains of life and optimizes translation. The absence of Urm1 increases stress sensitivity in yeast triggered by defects in protein homeostasis, a hallmark of neurological defects in higher organisms. In contrast, elevated levels of tRNA modifying enzymes promote the appearance of certain types of cancer and the formation of metastasis. Here, we summarize recent findings on the unique features that place Urm1 at the intersection of UBL and SCP and make Urm1 an excellent model for studying the evolution of protein conjugation and sulfur-carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Termathe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry and Photobiocatalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Sebastian A. Leidel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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3
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Pabis M, Termathe M, Ravichandran KE, Kienast SD, Krutyhołowa R, Sokołowski M, Jankowska U, Grudnik P, Leidel SA, Glatt S. Molecular basis for the bifunctional Uba4-Urm1 sulfur-relay system in tRNA thiolation and ubiquitin-like conjugation. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105087. [PMID: 32901956 PMCID: PMC7527816 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of tRNA bases by sulfur is crucial to tune translation and to optimize protein synthesis. In eukaryotes, the ubiquitin‐related modifier 1 (Urm1) pathway is responsible for the synthesis of 2‐thiolated wobble uridine (U34). During the key step of the modification cascade, the E1‐like activating enzyme ubiquitin‐like protein activator 4 (Uba4) first adenylates and thiocarboxylates the C‐terminus of its substrate Urm1. Subsequently, activated thiocarboxylated Urm1 (Urm1‐COSH) can serve as a sulfur donor for specific tRNA thiolases or participate in ubiquitin‐like conjugation reactions. Structural and mechanistic details of Uba4 and Urm1 have remained elusive but are key to understand the evolutionary branch point between ubiquitin‐like proteins (UBL) and sulfur‐relay systems. Here, we report the crystal structures of full‐length Uba4 and its heterodimeric complex with its substrate Urm1. We show how the two domains of Uba4 orchestrate recognition, binding, and thiocarboxylation of the C‐terminus of Urm1. Finally, we uncover how the catalytic domains of Uba4 communicate efficiently during the reaction cycle and identify a mechanism that enables Uba4 to protect itself against self‐conjugation with its own product, namely activated Urm1‐COSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pabis
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martin Termathe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Keerthiraju E Ravichandran
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra D Kienast
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Sokołowski
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Grudnik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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4
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Li YJ, Du L, Wang J, Vega R, Lee TD, Miao Y, Aldana-Masangkay G, Samuels ER, Li B, Ouyang SX, Colayco SA, Bobkova EV, Divlianska DB, Sergienko E, Chung TDY, Fakih M, Chen Y. Allosteric Inhibition of Ubiquitin-like Modifications by a Class of Inhibitor of SUMO-Activating Enzyme. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:278-288.e6. [PMID: 30581133 PMCID: PMC6524651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) post-translational modifications are potential targets for therapeutics. However, the only known mechanism for inhibiting a Ubl-activating enzyme is through targeting its ATP-binding site. Here we identify an allosteric inhibitory site in the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-activating enzyme (E1). This site was unexpected because both it and analogous sites are deeply buried in all previously solved structures of E1s of ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubl). The inhibitor not only suppresses SUMO E1 activity, but also enhances its degradation in vivo, presumably due to a conformational change induced by the compound. In addition, the lead compound increased the expression of miR-34b and reduced c-Myc levels in lymphoma and colorectal cancer cell lines and a colorectal cancer xenograft mouse model. Identification of this first-in-class inhibitor of SUMO E1 is a major advance in modulating Ubl modifications for therapeutic aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li Du
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianghai Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ramir Vega
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Terry D Lee
- Department of Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yunan Miao
- Department of Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Grace Aldana-Masangkay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Samuels
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Baozong Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - S Xiaohu Ouyang
- SUMO Biosciences, Inc., 2265 E Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Sharon A Colayco
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Bobkova
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela B Divlianska
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas D Y Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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5
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Hepowit NL, de Vera IMS, Cao S, Fu X, Wu Y, Uthandi S, Chavarria NE, Englert M, Su D, Sӧll D, Kojetin DJ, Maupin-Furlow JA. Mechanistic insight into protein modification and sulfur mobilization activities of noncanonical E1 and associated ubiquitin-like proteins of Archaea. FEBS J 2017; 283:3567-3586. [PMID: 27459543 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we provide the first detailed biochemical study of a noncanonical E1-like enzyme with broad specificity for cognate ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins that mediates Ubl protein modification and sulfur mobilization to form molybdopterin and thiolated tRNA. Isothermal titration calorimetry and in vivo analyses proved useful in discovering that environmental conditions, ATP binding, and Ubl type controlled the mechanism of association of the Ubl protein with its cognate E1-like enzyme (SAMP and UbaA of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii, respectively). Further analysis revealed that ATP hydrolysis triggered the formation of thioester and peptide bonds within the Ubl:E1-like complex. Importantly, the thioester was an apparent precursor to Ubl protein modification but not sulfur mobilization. Comparative modeling to MoeB/ThiF guided the discovery of key residues within the adenylation domain of UbaA that were needed to bind ATP as well as residues that were specifically needed to catalyze the downstream reactions of sulfur mobilization and/or Ubl protein modification. UbaA was also found to be Ubl-automodified at lysine residues required for early (ATP binding) and late (sulfur mobilization) stages of enzyme activity revealing multiple layers of autoregulation. Cysteine residues, distinct from the canonical E1 'active site' cysteine, were found important in UbaA function supporting a model that this noncanonical E1 is structurally flexible in its active site to allow Ubl~adenylate, Ubl~E1-like thioester and cysteine persulfide(s) intermediates to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Hepowit
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Shiyun Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xian Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yifei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikita E Chavarria
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Markus Englert
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dieter Sӧll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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6
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Alontaga AY, Ambaye ND, Li YJ, Vega R, Chen CH, Bzymek KP, Williams JC, Hu W, Chen Y. Observation of an E2 (Ubc9)-homodimer by crystallography. Data Brief 2016; 7:195-200. [PMID: 27408909 PMCID: PMC4927773 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications by the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO), in particular the formation of poly-SUMO-2 and -3 chains, regulates essential cellular functions and its aberration leads to life-threatening diseases (Geoffroy and Hay, 2009) [1]. It was shown previously that the non-covalent interaction between SUMO and the conjugating enzyme (E2) for SUMO, known as Ubc9, is required for poly-SUMO-2/3 chain formation (Knipscheer et al., 2007) [2]. However, the structure of SUMO-Ubc9 non-covalent complex, by itself, could not explain how the poly-SUMO-2/3 chain forms and consequently a Ubc9 homodimer, although never been observed, was proposed for poly-SUMO-2/3 chain formation (Knipscheer et al., 2007) [2]. Here, we solved the crystal structure of a heterotrimer containing a homodimer of Ubc9 and the RWD domain from RWDD3. The asymmetric Ubc9 homodimer is mediated by the N-terminal region of one Ubc9 molecule and a surface near the catalytic Cys of the second Ubc9 molecule (Fig. 1A). This N-terminal surface of Ubc9 that is involved in the homodimer formation also interacts with the RWD domain, the ubiquitin-fold domain of the SUMO activating enzyme (E1), SUMO, and the E3 ligase, RanBP2 (Knipscheer et al., 2007; Tong et al.. 1997; Tatham et al., 2005; Reverter and Lima, 2005; Capili and Lima, 2007; Wang et al., 2009, 2010; Wang and Chen, 2010; Alontaga et al., 2015) [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. The existence of the Ubc9 homodimer in solution is supported by previously published solution NMR studies of rotational correlation time and chemical shift perturbation (Alontaga et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 1999) [10], [11]. Site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analysis suggests that this dimeric arrangement of Ubc9 is likely important for poly-SUMO chain formation (Fig. 1B and C). The asymmetric Ubc9 homodimer described for the first time in this work could provide the critical missing link in the poly-SUMO chain formation mechanism. The data presented here are related to the research article entitled, "RWD domain as an E2 (Ubc9) interaction module" (Alontaga et al., 2015) [10]. The data of the crystal structure has been deposited to RCSB protein data bank with identifier: 4Y1L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
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7
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Puntambekar SS, Nyayanit D, Saxena P, Gadgil CJ. Identification of Unintuitive Features of Sumoylation through Mathematical Modeling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9458-68. [PMID: 26861881 PMCID: PMC4850286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is a multistep, multienzymatic post-translational modification in which a small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) is attached to the target. We present the first mathematical model for sumoylation including enzyme mechanism details such as autosumoylation of E2 and multifunctional nature of SENP. Simulations and analysis reveal three nonobvious properties for the long term response, modeled as an open system: (i) the steady state sumoylation level is robust to variation in several enzyme properties; (ii) even when autosumoylation of E2 results in equal or higher activity, the target sumoylation levels are lower; and (iii) there is an optimal SENP concentration at which steady state target sumoylation level is maximum. These results are qualitatively different for a short term response modeled as a closed system, where e.g. sumoylation always decreases with increasing SENP levels. Simulations with multiple targets suggest that the available SUMO is limiting, indicating a possible explanation for the experimentally observed low fractional sumoylation. We predict qualitative differences in system responses at short post-translational and longer transcriptional time scales. We thus use this mechanism-based model to explain system properties and generate testable hypotheses for existence and mechanism of unexpected responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha S Puntambekar
- From the Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune-411008, and
| | - Dimpal Nyayanit
- From the Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune-411008, and
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune-411008, and the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Chetan J Gadgil
- From the Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Campus, Pune-411008, and the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110020, India
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8
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Koehnke J, Bent AF, Zollman D, Smith K, Houssen WE, Zhu X, Mann G, Lebl T, Scharff R, Shirran S, Botting CH, Jaspars M, Schwarz-Linek U, Naismith JH. The Cyanobactin Heterocyclase Enzyme: A Processive Adenylase That Operates with a Defined Order of Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Koehnke J, Bent AF, Zollman D, Smith K, Houssen WE, Zhu X, Mann G, Lebl T, Scharff R, Shirran S, Botting CH, Jaspars M, Schwarz-Linek U, Naismith JH. The cyanobactin heterocyclase enzyme: a processive adenylase that operates with a defined order of reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13991-6. [PMID: 24214017 PMCID: PMC3995012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesko Koehnke
- Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST (UK)
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10
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Alontaga AY, Bobkova E, Chen Y. Biochemical analysis of protein SUMOylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 10:Unit10.29. [PMID: 22870855 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1029s99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) polypeptides to other proteins, is among the most important post-translational modifications that regulate the functional properties of a large number of proteins. SUMOylation is broadly involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, hormone response, signal transduction, DNA repair, and nuclear transport. SUMO modification has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infection. Attachment of a SUMO protein to another protein is carried out in multiple steps catalyzed by three enzymes. This unit describes and discusses the in vitro biochemical methods used for investigating each step of the SUMOylation process. In addition, a high-throughput screening protocol is included for the identification of inhibitors of SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Y Alontaga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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11
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Vranych CV, Merino MC, Zamponi N, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. SUMOylation in Giardia lamblia: A Conserved Post-Translational Modification in One of the Earliest Divergent Eukaryotes. Biomolecules 2012; 2:312-30. [PMID: 24970140 PMCID: PMC4030834 DOI: 10.3390/biom2030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are able to regulate protein function and cellular processes in a rapid and reversible way. SUMOylation, the post-translational modification of proteins by the addition of SUMO, is a highly conserved process that seems to be present in modern cells. However, the mechanism of protein SUMOylation in earlier divergent eukaryotes, such as Giardia lamblia, is only starting to become apparent. In this work, we report the presence of a single SUMO gene encoding to SUMO protein in Giardia. Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant Giardia SUMO protein revealed the cytoplasmic localization of native SUMO in wild-type trophozoites. Moreover, the over-expression of SUMO protein showed a mainly cytoplasmic localization, though also neighboring the plasma membrane, flagella, and around and even inside the nuclei. Western blot assays revealed a number of SUMOylated proteins in a range between 20 and 120 kDa. The genes corresponding to putative enzymes involved in the SUMOylation pathway were also explored. Our results as a whole suggest that SUMOylation is a process conserved in the eukaryotic lineage, and that its study is significant for understanding the biology of this interesting parasite and the role of post-translational modification in its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia V Vranych
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
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