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Chudzik A, Bromke MA, Gamian A, Paściak M. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of the genus Cutibacterium. mSphere 2024; 9:e0005424. [PMID: 38712970 PMCID: PMC11237483 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00054-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium are part of the human skin microbiota and are opportunistic microorganisms that become pathogenic in immunodeficient states. These lipophilic bacteria willingly inhabit areas of the skin where sebaceous glands are abundant; hence, there is a need to thoroughly understand their metabolism. Lipids are no longer considered only structural elements but also serve as signaling molecules and may have antigenic properties. Lipidomics remains a major research challenge, mainly due to the diverse physicochemical properties of lipids. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a large comparative lipidomic analysis of eight representatives of the Cutibacterium genus, including four phylotypes of C. acnes and two strains of C. granulosum, C. avidum, and C. namnetense. Lipidomic analysis was performed by liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes, allowing the detection of the widest range of metabolites. Fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS) corroborated the lipidomic data. As a result, 128 lipids were identified, among which it was possible to select marker compounds, some of which were characteristic even of individual C. acnes phylotypes. These include phosphatidylcholine PC 30:0, sphingomyelins (SM 33:1, SM 35:1), and phosphatidylglycerol with an alkyl ether substituent PG O-32:0. Moreover, cardiolipins and fatty acid amides were identified in Cutibacterium spp. for the first time. This comparative characterization of the cutibacterial lipidome with the search for specific molecular markers reveals its diagnostic potential for clinical microbiology. IMPORTANCE Cutibacterium (previously Propionibacterium) represents an important part of the human skin microbiota, and its role in clinical microbiology is growing due to opportunistic infections. Lipidomics, apart from protein profiling, has the potential to prove to be a useful tool for defining the cellular fingerprint, allowing for precise differentiation of microorganisms. In this work, we presented a comparative analysis of lipids found in eight strains of the genus Cutibacterium, including a few C. acnes phylotypes. Our results are one of the first large-scale comprehensive studies regarding the bacterial lipidome, which also enabled the selection of C. acnes phylotype-specific lipid markers. The increased role of lipids not only as structural components but also as diagnostic markers or potential antigens has led to new lipid markers that can be used as diagnostic tools for clinical microbiology. We believe that the findings in our paper will appeal to a wide range of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chudzik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz A Bromke
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Phosphoinositide phosphorylation sans kinase. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:604-606. [PMID: 35484248 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Raze D, Verwaerde C, Deloison G, Werkmeister E, Coupin B, Loyens M, Brodin P, Rouanet C, Locht C. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin (HBHA) Is Involved in Intracytosolic Lipid Inclusions Formation in Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2258. [PMID: 30333800 PMCID: PMC6176652 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) is an important virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a surface-displayed protein that serves as an adhesin for non-phagocytic cells and is involved in extra-pulmonary dissemination of the tubercle bacillus. It is also an important latency antigen useful for the diagnosis of latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. Using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy on mycobacteria that produce HBHA-green fluorescent protein chimera, we show here that HBHA can be found at two different locations and dynamically alternates between the mycobacterial surface and the interior of the cell, where it participates in the formation of intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). Compared to HBHA-producing mycobacteria, HBHA-deficient mutants contain significantly lower amounts of ILI when grown in vitro or within macrophages, and the sizes of their ILI are significantly smaller. Lipid-binding assays indicate that HBHA is able to specifically bind to phosphatidylinositol and in particular to 4,5 di-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, but not to neutral lipids, the main constituents of ILI. HBHA derivatives lacking the C-terminal methylated, lysine-rich repeat region fail to bind to these lipids and these derivatives also fail to complement the phenotype of HBHA-deficient mutants. These studies indicate that HBHA is a moonlighting protein that serves several functions depending on its location. When surface exposed, HBHA serves as an adhesin, and when intracellularly localized, it participates in the generation of ILI, possibly as a cargo to transport phospholipids from the plasma membrane to the ILI in the process of being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Raze
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claudie Verwaerde
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Coupin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marc Loyens
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carine Rouanet
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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4
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Pal R, Hameed S, Sabareesh V, Kumar P, Singh S, Fatima Z. Investigations into Isoniazid Treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Insights into Its Lipid Composition. J Pathog 2018; 2018:1454316. [PMID: 30018826 PMCID: PMC6029481 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1454316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the earlier studies involving the effect of isoniazid (INH) treatment have solely focused on the fatty acyl (FA) category of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) lipids. This motivated us with the major interest to examine the impact of INH on various other categories of MTB lipids. Towards this, we chose to interpret our mass spectral data (LC-ESI-MS) by a standalone software, MS-LAMP, in which "Mtb LipidDB" was integrated. Analysis by MS-LAMP revealed that INH treatment can alter the composition of "glycerolipids (GLs)" and "glycerophospholipids (GPLs)" categories of MTB lipids, in addition to the variations to FA category. Interpretation by "MycoMass" database yielded similar results as that of Mtb LipidDB, except that significant alterations to polyketides (PKs) category also were observed. Probing biosynthetic pathways of certain key lipids belonging to any of GLs, GPLs, and PKs categories can be attractive target(s) for drug discovery or can be useful to identify means to overcome drug resistance or to obtain insights into the causal factors of virulence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report hinting at the influence of INH on GLs, GPLs, and PKs of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar 122413, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar 122413, India
| | - Varatharajan Sabareesh
- 2Advanced Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- 3Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- 3Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Manesar 122413, India
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5
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Rahlwes KC, Ha SA, Motooka D, Mayfield JA, Baumoel LR, Strickland JN, Torres-Ocampo AP, Nakamura S, Morita YS. The cell envelope-associated phospholipid-binding protein LmeA is required for mannan polymerization in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17407-17417. [PMID: 28855252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.804377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the distinguishing, multilaminate cell envelope surrounding mycobacteria is critical to their survival and pathogenesis. The prevalence of phosphatidylinositol mannosides in the cell envelope suggests an important role in the mycobacterial life cycle. Indeed, deletion of the pimE gene (ΔpimE) encoding the first committed step in phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis results in the formation of smaller colonies than wild-type colonies on Middlebrook 7H10 agar. To further investigate potential contributors to cell-envelope mannan biosynthesis while taking advantage of this colony morphology defect, we isolated spontaneous suppressor mutants of ΔpimE that reverted to wild-type colony size. Of 22 suppressor mutants, 6 accumulated significantly shorter lipomannan or lipoarabinomannan. Genome sequencing of these mutants revealed mutations in genes involved in the lipomannan/lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis, such as those encoding the arabinosyltransferase EmbC and the mannosyltransferase MptA. Furthermore, we identified three mutants carrying a mutation in a previously uncharacterized gene, MSMEG_5785, that we designated lmeA Complementation of these suppressor mutants with lmeA restored the original ΔpimE phenotypes and deletion of lmeA in wild-type M. smegmatis resulted in smaller lipomannan, as observed in the suppressor mutants. LmeA carries a predicted N-terminal signal peptide, and density gradient fractionation and detergent extractability experiments indicated that LmeA localizes to the cell envelope. Using a lipid ELISA, we found that LmeA binds to plasma membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. LmeA is widespread throughout the Corynebacteriales; therefore, we concluded that LmeA is an evolutionarily conserved cell-envelope protein critical for controlling the mannan chain length of lipomannan/lipoarabinomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Stephanie A Ha
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- the Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jacob A Mayfield
- the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02445
| | - Lisa R Baumoel
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Justin N Strickland
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ana P Torres-Ocampo
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Shota Nakamura
- the Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasu S Morita
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003,
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6
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Oshone R, Ngom M, Chu F, Mansour S, Sy MO, Champion A, Tisa LS. Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in Frankia strains isolated from Casuarina trees. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:633. [PMID: 28821232 PMCID: PMC5563000 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soil salinization is a worldwide problem that is intensifying because of the effects of climate change. An effective method for the reclamation of salt-affected soils involves initiating plant succession using fast growing, nitrogen fixing actinorhizal trees such as the Casuarina. The salt tolerance of Casuarina is enhanced by the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis that they form with the actinobacterium Frankia. Identification and molecular characterization of salt-tolerant Casuarina species and associated Frankia is imperative for the successful utilization of Casuarina trees in saline soil reclamation efforts. In this study, salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive Casuarina associated Frankia strains were identified and comparative genomics, transcriptome profiling, and proteomics were employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of salt and osmotic stress tolerance. Results Salt-tolerant Frankia strains (CcI6 and Allo2) that could withstand up to 1000 mM NaCl and a salt-sensitive Frankia strain (CcI3) which could withstand only up to 475 mM NaCl were identified. The remaining isolates had intermediate levels of salt tolerance with MIC values ranging from 650 mM to 750 mM. Comparative genomic analysis showed that all of the Frankia isolates from Casuarina belonged to the same species (Frankia casuarinae). Pangenome analysis revealed a high abundance of singletons among all Casuarina isolates. The two salt-tolerant strains contained 153 shared single copy genes (most of which code for hypothetical proteins) that were not found in the salt-sensitive(CcI3) and moderately salt-tolerant (CeD) strains. RNA-seq analysis of one of the two salt-tolerant strains (Frankia sp. strain CcI6) revealed hundreds of genes differentially expressed under salt and/or osmotic stress. Among the 153 genes, 7 and 7 were responsive to salt and osmotic stress, respectively. Proteomic profiling confirmed the transcriptome results and identified 19 and 8 salt and/or osmotic stress-responsive proteins in the salt-tolerant (CcI6) and the salt-sensitive (CcI3) strains, respectively. Conclusion Genetic differences between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive Frankia strains isolated from Casuarina were identified. Transcriptome and proteome profiling of a salt-tolerant strain was used to determine molecular differences correlated with differential salt-tolerance and several candidate genes were identified. Mechanisms involving transcriptional and translational regulation, cell envelop remodeling, and previously uncharacterized proteins appear to be important for salt tolerance. Physiological and mutational analyses will further shed light on the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Casuarina associated Frankia isolates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4056-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediet Oshone
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824-2617, USA
| | - Mariama Ngom
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Centre de Recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824-2617, USA
| | - Samira Mansour
- Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismalia, Egypt
| | - Mame Ourèye Sy
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Sénégal.,Laboratoire Campus de Biotechnologies Végétales, Département de Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Antony Champion
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Centre de Recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Sénégal.,UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Louis S Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824-2617, USA.
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Turskaya AL, Ul’danova AA, Stepanov AV, Bukin YS, Verkhoturov VV, Gaida BK, Markova YA. Formation of Pectobacterium carotovorum biofilms depending of the carbon source. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Larrouy-Maumus G, Marino LB, Madduri AVR, Ragan TJ, Hunt DM, Bassano L, Gutierrez MG, Moody DB, Pavan FR, de Carvalho LPS. Cell-Envelope Remodeling as a Determinant of Phenotypic Antibacterial Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:352-360. [PMID: 27231718 PMCID: PMC4877114 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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The mechanisms that lead to phenotypic
antibacterial tolerance in bacteria remain poorly understood. We investigate
whether changes in NaCl concentration toward physiologically higher
values affect antibacterial efficacy against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb), the causal agent of human tuberculosis.
Indeed, multiclass phenotypic antibacterial tolerance is observed
during Mtb growth in physiologic saline. This includes changes in
sensitivity to ethionamide, ethambutol, d-cycloserine, several
aminoglycosides, and quinolones. By employing organism-wide metabolomic
and lipidomic approaches combined with phenotypic tests, we identified
a time-dependent biphasic adaptive response after exposure of Mtb
to physiological levels of NaCl. A first rapid, extensive, and reversible
phase was associated with changes in core and amino acid metabolism.
In a second phase, Mtb responded with a substantial remodelling of
plasma membrane and outer lipid membrane composition. We demonstrate
that phenotypic tolerance at physiological concentrations of NaCl
is the result of changes in plasma and outer membrane lipid remodeling
and not changes in core metabolism. Altogether, these results indicate
that physiologic saline-induced antibacterial tolerance is kinetically
coupled to cell envelope changes and demonstrate that metabolic changes
and growth arrest are not the cause of phenotypic tolerance observed
in Mtb exposed to physiologic concentrations of NaCl. Importantly,
this work uncovers a role for bacterial cell envelope remodeling in
antibacterial tolerance, alongside well-documented allterations in
respiration, metabolism, and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis, MRC Centre for Molecular
Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo B. Marino
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 4801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ashoka V. R. Madduri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Lucrezia Bassano
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis, MRC Centre for Molecular
Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Fernando R. Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 4801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Sato H, Frank DW. Intoxication of host cells by the T3SS phospholipase ExoU: PI(4,5)P2-associated, cytoskeletal collapse and late phase membrane blebbing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103127. [PMID: 25061861 PMCID: PMC4111512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is associated with hospital-acquired infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and morbidity of immunocompromised individuals. A subpopulation of P. aeruginosa encodes a protein, ExoU, which exhibits acute cytotoxicity. Toxicity is directly related to the phospholipase A2 activity of the protein after injection into the host cytoplasm via a type III secretion system. ExoU enzymatic activity requires eukaryotic cofactors, ubiquitin or ubiquitin-modified proteins. When administered extracellularly, ExoU is unable to intoxicate epithelial cells in culture, even in the presence of the cofactor. Injection or transfection of ExoU is necessary to observe the acute cytotoxic response. Biochemical approaches indicate that ExoU possesses high affinity to a multifunctional phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PI(4,5)P2 and that it is capable of utilizing this phospholipid as a substrate. In eukaryotic cells, PI(4,5)P2 is mainly located in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and anchors adaptor proteins that are involved in cytoskeletal structures, focal adhesions, and plasma membranes. Time-lapse fluorescent microscopy analyses of infected live cells demonstrate that ExoU intoxication correlates with intracellular damage in the early phases of infection, such as disruption of focal adhesions, cytoskeletal collapse, actin depolymerization, and cell rounding. At later time points, a membrane blebbing phenotype was prominent prior to the loss of the plasma membrane integrity and barrier function. Membrane blebbing appears to accelerate membrane rupture and the release of intracellular markers. Our data suggest that in eukaryotic host cells, intracellular ExoU targets and hydrolyzes PI(4,5)P2 on the plasma membrane, causing a subsequent disruption of cellular structures and membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dara W. Frank
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Michell RH. Inositol lipids: from an archaeal origin to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate faults in human disease. FEBS J 2013; 280:6281-94. [PMID: 23902363 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The last couple of decades have seen an extraordinary transformation in our knowledge and understanding of the multifarious biological roles of inositol phospholipids. Herein, I briefly consider two topics. The first is the role that recently acquired biochemical and genomic information - especially from archaeons - has played in illuminating the possible evolutionary origins of the biological employment of inositol in lipids, and some questions that these studies raise about the 'classical' biosynthetic route to phosphatidylinositol. The second is the growing recognition of the importance in eukaryotic cells of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate only entered our phosphoinositide consciousness quite recently, but it is speedily gathering a plethora of roles in diverse cellular processes and diseases thereof. These include: control of endolysosomal vesicular trafficking and of the activity of ion channels and pumps in the endolysosomal compartment; control of constitutive and stimulated protein traffic to and from plasma membrane subdomains; control of the nutrient and stress-sensing target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway (TORC1); and regulation of key genes in some central metabolic pathways.
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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12
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High throughput phenotypic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis strains' metabolism using biolog phenotype microarrays. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52673. [PMID: 23326347 PMCID: PMC3542357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major human and animal disease of major importance worldwide. Genetically, the closely related strains within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which cause disease are well-characterized but there is an urgent need better to understand their phenotypes. To search rapidly for metabolic differences, a working method using Biolog Phenotype MicroArray analysis was developed. Of 380 substrates surveyed, 71 permitted tetrazolium dye reduction, the readout over 7 days in the method. By looking for ≥5-fold differences in dye reduction, 12 substrates differentiated M. tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium bovis AF2122/97. H37Rv and a Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis could also be distinguished in this way, as could field strains of M. bovis; even pairs of strains within one spoligotype could be distinguished by 2 to 3 substrates. Cluster analysis gave three clear groups: H37Rv, Beijing, and all the M. bovis strains. The substrates used agreed well with prior knowledge, though an unexpected finding that AF2122/97 gave greater dye reduction than H37Rv with hexoses was investigated further, in culture flasks, revealing that hexoses and Tween 80 were synergistic for growth and used simultaneously rather than in a diauxic fashion. Potential new substrates for growth media were revealed, too, most promisingly N-acetyl glucosamine. Osmotic and pH arrays divided the mycobacteria into two groups with different salt tolerance, though in contrast to the substrate arrays the groups did not entirely correlate with taxonomic differences. More interestingly, these arrays suggested differences between the amines used by the M. tuberculosis complex and enteric bacteria in acid tolerance, with some hydrophobic amino acids being highly effective. In contrast, γ-aminobutyrate, used in the enteric bacteria, had no effect in the mycobacteria. This study proved principle that Phenotype MicroArrays can be used with slow-growing pathogenic mycobacteria and already has generated interesting data worthy of further investigation.
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Bohdanowicz M, Grinstein S. Role of Phospholipids in Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Macropinocytosis. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:69-106. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis are fundamental processes that enable cells to sample their environment, eliminate pathogens and apoptotic bodies, and regulate the expression of surface components. While a great deal of effort has been devoted over many years to understanding the proteins involved in these processes, the important contribution of phospholipids has only recently been appreciated. This review is an attempt to collate and analyze the rapidly emerging evidence documenting the role of phospholipids in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. A primer on phospholipid biosynthesis, catabolism, subcellular distribution, and transport is presented initially, for reference, together with general considerations of the effects of phospholipids on membrane curvature and charge. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the critical functions of phospholipids in the internalization processes and in the maturation of the resulting vesicles and vacuoles as they progress along the endo-lysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bohdanowicz
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Mendes V, Maranha A, Alarico S, Empadinhas N. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:834-44. [PMID: 22678749 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogenesis is closely associated with a unique cell envelope rich in complex carbohydrates and unique lipids, among which are the mycolic acids. Mycobacteria also synthesize unique intracellular polymethylated polysaccharides (PMPSs), namely methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs), which are acylated with short-chain fatty acids, and methylmannose polysaccharides (MMPs). Since PMPSs modulate the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in vitro, the possibility of a similar role in vivo and the regulation of mycolic acids assembly have been anticipated. Unlike MGLPs, MMPs have been identified in M. smegmatis and other fast-growing mycobacteria but not in M. tuberculosis, implying an essential role for MGLPs in this pathogen and turning the biosynthetic enzymes into attractive drug targets. The genome of M. tuberculosis was decoded 14 years ago but only recently has the identity of the genes involved in MGLPs biosynthesis been investigated. Two gene clusters (Rv1208-Rv1213 and Rv3030-Rv3037c) containing a few genes considered to be essential for M. tuberculosis growth, have initially been proposed to coordinate MGLPs biosynthesis. Among these genes, only the product of Rv1208 for the first step in the MGLPs pathway has, so far, been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure been determined. However, recent results indicate that at least three additional clusters may be involved in this pathway. The functional assignment of authentic roles to some of these M. tuberculosis H37Rv genes sheds new light on the intricacy of MGLPs biogenesis and renewed interest on their biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Mendes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Wang X, Wang Y, Peng D, Huang W, Zhou X, Fu G. Changes in the inositol lipid signal system and effects on the secretion of TNF-α by macrophages in severely scalded mice. Burns 2011; 37:1378-85. [PMID: 21855216 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM In order to study the mechanism of abnormal macrophage (Mϕ) function in pro-inflammatory cytokine changes after burn, the inositol lipid signal system and its role in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion by peritoneal Mϕs was observed in severely scalded mice. METHODS Eighteen percent total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness scalded mice were used as animal model in this experiment. Peritoneal Mϕs stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in vitro were collected at different time intervals (0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 after burn hour (PBH)), The activities of phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC), inositol-1, 4,5, -triphosphate (IP(3)), protein kinase C (PKC), diacylglycerol (DAG) and TNF-α and the level of Ca(2+) concentration in peritoneal Mϕs were measured, and the effects of specific PKC inhibitor H-7 and calmodulin antagonist W-7 on the production of TNF-α were also observed. RESULTS After scald, increased activities of TNF-α and PLC of Mϕ were observed and peaked at 12 PBH. The activities of DAG and IP(3) and the concentration of Ca(2+) were markedly increased and reached their peaks at 24 PBH simultaneously. Membrane PKC activity was up-regulated after scald and showed a positive correlation with the change of DAG (r=0.83, P<0.05). There was also positive correlation between IP(3) and Ca(2+) activity (r=0.946, P<0.01). When 12 PBH was chosen as the time point for in vitro intervention with the pre-treatment by H-7, both membrane PKC and TNF-α activity decreased significantly. There was no obvious change of TNF-α activity with the application of W-7. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the abnormal activity of TNF-α of Mϕs might be regulated by the inositol lipid signal system following severe burn. The DAG-PKC signal pathway showed closer relationship than IP(3)-Ca(2+) in TNF-α production and could be the optimal target in the prevention and treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Wang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Morita YS, Fukuda T, Sena CB, Yamaryo-Botte Y, McConville MJ, Kinoshita T. Inositol lipid metabolism in mycobacteria: Biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:630-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vibrio cholerae requires the type VI secretion system virulence factor VasX to kill Dictyostelium discoideum. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2941-9. [PMID: 21555399 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01266-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is recognized as an important virulence mechanism in several Gram-negative pathogens. In Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, a minimum of three gene clusters--one main cluster and two auxiliary clusters--are required to form a functional T6SS apparatus capable of conferring virulence toward eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. Despite an increasing understanding of the components that make up the T6SS apparatus, little is known about the regulation of these genes and the gene products delivered by this nanomachine. VasH is an important regulator of the V. cholerae T6SS. Here, we present evidence that VasH regulates the production of a newly identified protein, VasX, which in turn requires a functional T6SS for secretion. Deletion of vasX does not affect export or enzymatic function of the structural T6SS proteins Hcp and VgrG-1, suggesting that VasX is dispensable for the assembly of the physical translocon complex. VasX localizes to the bacterial membrane and interacts with membrane lipids. We present VasX as a novel virulence factor of the T6SS, as a V. cholerae mutant lacking vasX exhibits a phenotype of attenuated virulence toward Dictyostelium discoideum.
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Michell RH. Inositol and its derivatives: Their evolution and functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 51:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Morii H, Ogawa M, Fukuda K, Taniguchi H, Koga Y. A revised biosynthetic pathway for phosphatidylinositol in Mycobacteria. J Biochem 2010; 148:593-602. [PMID: 20798167 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last decade, it has been believed that phosphatidylinositol (PI) in mycobacteria is synthesized from free inositol and CDP-diacylglycerol by PI synthase in the presence of ATP. The role of ATP in this process, however, is not understood. Additionally, the PI synthase activity is extremely low compared with the PI synthase activity of yeast. When CDP-diacylglycerol and [(14)C]1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate were incubated with the cell wall components of Mycobacterium smegmatis, both phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) and PI were formed, as identified by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. PI was formed from PIP by incubation with the cell wall components. Thus, mycobacterial PI was synthesized from CDP-diacylglycerol and myo-inositol 1-phosphate via PIP, which was dephosphorylated to PI. The gene-encoding PIP synthase from four species of mycobacteria was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and PIP synthase activity was confirmed. A very low, but significant level of free [(3)H]inositol was incorporated into PI in mycobacterial cell wall preparations, but not in recombinant E. coli cell homogenates. This activity could be explained by the presence of two minor PI metabolic pathways: PI/inositol exchange reaction and phosphorylation of inositol by ATP prior to entering the PIP synthase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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