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2-Hexadecenal Regulates ROS Production and Induces Apoptosis in Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:77-86. [PMID: 36418741 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Hexadecenal (2-HD)-a biologically active long-chain fatty aldehyde formed in organism enzymatically or nonenzymatically in the reaction of free-radical destruction of sphingolipids under the action of hypochlorous acid, producing by myeloperoxidase. This research aimed to study 2-HD effects on polymorphonuclear leukocytes' (PMNLs) functions. It has been shown that at submicromolar concentrations, 2-HD causes an elevation in ROS production by PMNLs. It has been found that such effect is associated with signal transduction pathways modification and expressed in elevation of NADPH oxidase, MPO, and JNK-MAPK contributions to this process. At higher concentrations, 2-HD induces apoptosis, which correlates with a significant increase in free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm, a decrease in ROS production, and a decline in mitochondrial potential. Both of these processes are accompanied by cytoskeleton reorganization.
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2
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Endothelial Cell Protein Targeting by Myeloperoxidase-Derived 2-Chlorofatty Aldehyde. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050940. [PMID: 35624804 PMCID: PMC9138145 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important cellular mediators of injury and repair in diseases including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and sepsis. Myeloperoxidase-derived (MPO)-oxidants released from neutrophils are potential mediators of endothelial injury in disease. MPO-derived HOCl attacks plasmalogen phospholipid to liberate 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD). Both 2-ClFALD and its oxidation product, 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA), are electrophilic lipids, and both probably react with proteins through several mechanisms. In the present study, we investigate protein modification specifically by 2-ClFALD under non-reducing conditions (e.g., without stabilizing Schiff base bonds), which likely reflects nucleophilic targeting of the electrophilic chlorinated carbon. Protein modification by the ω-alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), 2-ClHDyA, was compared to that with the ω-alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA), 2-ClHyA, in multiple cell lines, which demonstrated 2-ClFALD preferentially modifies proteins compared to 2-ClFA. The 2-ClHDyA modified proteins from EA.hy926 cells and human lung microvascular endothelial cells analyzed by shotgun proteomics and over-representation analysis included adherens junction, cell adhesion molecule binding, and cell substrate junction enrichment categories. It is possible that proteins in these groups may have roles in previously described 2-ClFALD-elicited endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Azcona JA, Tang S, Berry E, Zhang FF, Garvey R, Falck JR, Schwartzman ML, Yi T, Jeitner TM, Guo AM. Neutrophil-derived Myeloperoxidase and Hypochlorous Acid Critically Contribute to 20-HETE Increases that Drive Post-Ischemic Angiogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:204-216. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Amunugama K, Kolar GR, Ford DA. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase Derived Chlorolipid Production During Bacteria Exposure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701227. [PMID: 34489949 PMCID: PMC8416994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells recruited to the sites of infection and inflammation. During neutrophil activation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released and converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl reacts with plasmalogen phospholipids to liberate 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD), which is metabolized to 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD are linked with inflammatory diseases and induce endothelial dysfunction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) and neutrophil chemotaxis. Here we examine the neutrophil-derived chlorolipid production in the presence of pathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and non-pathogenic E. coli strain JM109. Neutrophils cocultured with CFT073 E. coli strain and JM109 E. coli strain resulted in 2-ClFALD production. 2-ClFA was elevated only in CFT073 coculture. NETosis is more prevalent in CFT073 cocultures with neutrophils compared to JM109 cocultures. 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD were both shown to have significant bactericidal activity, which is more severe in JM109 E. coli. 2-ClFALD metabolic capacity was 1000-fold greater in neutrophils compared to either strain of E. coli. MPO inhibition reduced chlorolipid production as well as bacterial killing capacity. These findings indicate the chlorolipid profile is different in response to these two different strains of E. coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grant R. Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Research Microscopy and Histology Core, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. The lipid biology of sepsis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100090. [PMID: 34087197 PMCID: PMC8243525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as the dysregulated immune response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the globe. Despite the significant progress in delineating the underlying mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, there are currently no effective treatments or specific diagnostic biomarkers in the clinical setting. The perturbation of cell signaling mechanisms, inadequate inflammation resolution, and energy imbalance, all of which are altered during sepsis, are also known to lead to defective lipid metabolism. The use of lipids as biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity may aid in early diagnosis and guide clinical decision making. In addition, identifying the link between specific lipid signatures and their role in sepsis pathology may lead to novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on dysregulated lipid metabolism both in experimental and human sepsis focused on bioactive lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol as well as the enzymes regulating their levels during sepsis. We highlight not only their potential roles in sepsis pathogenesis but also the possibility of using these respective lipid compounds as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Prasch J, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Kollroser M, Rechberger GN, Koyani CN, Trummer C, Rech L, Rainer PP, Hammer A, Malle E, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-Derived 2-Chlorohexadecanal Is Generated in Mouse Heart during Endotoxemia and Induces Modification of Distinct Cardiomyocyte Protein Subsets In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239235. [PMID: 33287422 PMCID: PMC7730634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in critically ill patients and associated with cardiac dysfunction, a complication linked to immunological and metabolic aberrations. Cardiac neutrophil infiltration and subsequent release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) leads to the formation of the oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is able to chemically modify plasmalogens (ether-phospholipids) abundantly present in the heart. This reaction gives rise to the formation of reactive lipid species including aldehydes and chlorinated fatty acids. During the present study, we tested whether endotoxemia increases MPO-dependent lipid oxidation/modification in the mouse heart. In hearts of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice, we observed significantly higher infiltration of MPO-positive cells, increased fatty acid content, and formation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), an MPO-derived plasmalogen modification product. Using murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes as in vitro model, we show that exogenously added HOCl attacks the cellular plasmalogen pool and gives rise to the formation of 2-ClHDA. Addition of 2-ClHDA to HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in conversion to 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid and 2-chlorohexadecanol, indicating fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated redox metabolism. However, a recovery of only 40% indicated the formation of non-extractable (protein) adducts. To identify protein targets, we used a clickable alkynyl analog, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA). After Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 5-tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) and two dimensional-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE), we were able to identify 51 proteins that form adducts with 2-ClHDyA. Gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed an overrepresentation of heat shock and chaperone, energy metabolism, and cytoskeletal proteins as major targets. Our observations in a murine endotoxemia model demonstrate formation of HOCl-modified lipids in the heart, while pathway analysis in vitro revealed that the chlorinated aldehyde targets specific protein subsets, which are central to cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Prasch
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Gerald N. Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N. Koyani
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Christopher Trummer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Doran SF, Jian MY, Ahmad I, Kojima K, Ford DA, Matalon S, Mobley JA. Vascular permeability disruption explored in the proteomes of mouse lungs and human microvascular cells following acute bromine exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L337-L359. [PMID: 32579402 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromine (Br2) is an organohalide found in nature and is integral to many manufacturing processes. Br2 is toxic to living organisms, and high concentrations can prove fatal. To meet industrial demand, large amounts of purified Br2 are produced, transported, and stored worldwide, providing a multitude of interfaces for potential human exposure through either accidents or terrorism. To identify the key mechanisms associated with acute Br2 exposure, we have surveyed the lung proteomes of C57BL/6 male mice and human lung-derived microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) at 24 h following exposure to Br2 in concentrations likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents. Global discovery proteomics applications combined with systems biology analysis identified robust and highly significant changes in proteins associated with three biological processes: 1) exosome secretion, 2) inflammation, and 3) vascular permeability. We focused on the latter, conducting physiological studies on isolated perfused lungs harvested from mice 24 h after Br2 exposure. These experiments revealed significant increases in the filtration coefficient (Kf) indicating increased permeability of the pulmonary vasculature. Similarly, confluent monolayers of Br2 and Br-lipid-treated HMECs exhibited differential levels of zona occludens-1 that were found to be dissociated from cell wall localization, an increase in phosphorylation and internalization of E-cadherin, as well as increased actin stress fiber formation, all of which are consistent with increased permeability. Taken as a whole, our discovery proteomics and systems analysis workflow, combined with physiological measurements of permeability, revealed both profound and novel biological changes that contribute to our current understanding of Br2 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ming-Yuan Jian
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James A Mobley
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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8
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McHowat J, Shakya S, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty Aldehyde Elicits Endothelial Cell Activation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:460. [PMID: 32457656 PMCID: PMC7225355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation and dysfunction are hallmarks of inflammation. Neutrophil-vascular endothelium interactions have significant effects on vascular wall physiology and pathology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived products released from activated neutrophils can mediate the inflammatory response and contribute to endothelial dysfunction. 2-Chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD) is the direct oxidation product of MPO-derived hypochlorous acid (HOCl) targeting plasmalogen phospholipids. The role of 2-ClFALD in endothelial dysfunction is poorly understood and may be dependent on the vascular bed. This study compared the role of 2-ClFALD in eliciting endothelial dysfunction in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC), and human kidney endothelial cells (HKEC). Profound increases in selectin surface expression as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 surface expression were observed in HCAEC and HLMVEC. The surface expression of these adherence molecules resulted in robust adherence of neutrophils and platelets to 2-ClFALD treated endothelial cells. In contrast to HCAEC and HLMVEC, 2-ClFALD-treated HKEC had substantially reduced adherence molecule surface expression with no resulting increase in platelet adherence. 2-ClFALD-treated HKEC did have an increase in neutrophil adherence. All three endothelial cell lines treated with 2-ClFALD displayed a time-dependent loss of barrier function. Further studies revealed 2-ClHDyA localizes to ER and Golgi when using a synthetic alkyne analog of 2-ClFALD in HCAEC and HLMVEC. These findings indicate 2-ClFALDs promote endothelial cell dysfunction with disparate degrees of responsiveness depending on the vascular bed of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shubha Shakya
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Pike DP, Vogel MJ, McHowat J, Mikuzis PA, Schulte KA, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids are biomarkers of sepsis mortality and mediators of barrier dysfunction in rats. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1115-1127. [PMID: 32376642 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as the systemic, dysregulated host immune response to an infection that leads to injury to host organ systems and, often, death. Complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts elicit microcirculatory dysfunction. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for combating pathogens, but MPO-derived hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can react with host molecular species as well. Plasmalogens are targeted by HOCl, leading to the production of 2-chlorofatty acids (2-CLFAs). 2-CLFAs are associated with human sepsis mortality, decrease in vitro endothelial barrier function, and activate human neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Here, we sought to examine 2-CLFAs in an in vivo rat sepsis model. Intraperitoneal cecal slurry sepsis with clinically relevant rescue therapies led to ∼73% mortality and evidence of microcirculatory dysfunction. Plasma concentrations of 2-CLFAs assessed 8 h after sepsis induction were lower in rats that survived sepsis than in nonsurvivors. 2-CLFA levels were elevated in kidney, liver, spleen, lung, colon, and ileum in septic animals. In vivo, exogenous 2-CLFA treatments increased kidney permeability, and in in vitro experiments, 2-CLFA also increased epithelial surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and decreased epithelial barrier function. Collectively, these studies support a role of free 2-CLFAs as biomarkers of sepsis mortality, potentially mediated, in part, by 2-CLFA-elicited endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Michael J Vogel
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Paul A Mikuzis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Kevin A Schulte
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104. mailto:
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Palladino END, Hartman CL, Albert CJ, Ford DA. The chlorinated lipidome originating from myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogens: Metabolism, clearance, and biological properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 641:31-38. [PMID: 29378164 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase produces the two-electron oxidant HOCl, which targets plasmalogen phospholipids liberating 2-chlorofatty aldehyde. 2-Chlorofatty aldehyde has four known fates: 1) oxidation to 2-chlorofatty acid; 2) reduction to 2-chlorofatty alcohol; 3) Schiff base adduct formation with proteins and amines; and 4) reactivity with glutathione through nucleophilic attack of the α-chlorinated carbon. 2-Chlorofatty acid does not undergo conventional fatty acid β-oxidation due to the presence of the α-chlorinated carbon; however, 2-chlorofatty acid does undergo sequential ω-oxidation and β-oxidation from the ω-end, ultimately resulting in 2-chloroadipic acid urinary excretion. Recent studies have demonstrated that 2-chlorofatty acid clearance is increased by treatment with the PPAR-α agonist WY14643, which increases the enzymatic machinery responsible for hepatic ω-oxidation. Furthermore, 2-chlorofatty acid has been shown to be a PPAR-α agonist, and thus accelerates its own clearance. The roles of 2-chlorofatty aldehyde and 2-chlorofatty acid on leukocyte and endothelial function have been explored by several groups, suggesting that chlorinated lipids induce endothelial cell dysfunction, neutrophil chemotaxis, monocyte apoptosis, and alterations in vascular tone. Thus, the chlorinated lipidome, produced in response to leukocyte activation, is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to modulate host response in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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11
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de-Madaria E, Molero X, Bonjoch L, Casas J, Cárdenas-Jaén K, Montenegro A, Closa D. Oleic acid chlorohydrin, a new early biomarker for the prediction of acute pancreatitis severity in humans. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:1. [PMID: 29330618 PMCID: PMC5768584 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis still represents a challenge for clinicians. Experimental studies have revealed the generation of specific halogenated lipids, in particular oleic acid chlorohydrin, in the early stages of acute pancreatitis. We hypothesized that the levels of circulating oleic acid chlorohydrin might be a useful early prognostic biomarker in acute pancreatitis in humans. METHODS In a prospective, multicenter cohort study, plasma samples collected within 24 h after presentation in the emergency room from 59 patients with acute pancreatitis and from 9 healthy subjects were assessed for oleic acid chlorohydrin levels. RESULTS Pancreatitis was mild in 30 patients, moderately severe in 16 and severe in 13. Oleic acid chlorohydrin levels within 24 h after presentation were significantly higher in patients that later progressed to moderate and severe acute pancreatitis. Using 7.49 nM as the cutoff point, oleic acid chlorohydrin distinguished mild from moderately severe-to-severe pancreatitis with high sensitivity/specificity (96.6/90.0%) and positive/negative predictive values (90.3/96.4%). Using 32.40 nM as the cutoff value sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were all 100% for severe acute pancreatitis. It was found to be a better prognostic marker than BISAP score, hematocrit at 48 h, SIRS at admission, persistent SIRS or C-reactive protein at 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Oleic acid chlorohydrin concentration in plasma is elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis on admission and correlates with a high degree with the final severity of the disease, indicating that it has potential to serve as an early prognostic marker for acute pancreatitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique de-Madaria
- Pancreatic Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL - Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Molero
- Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Bonjoch
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, c/Rosselló 161, 7°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- RUBAM, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karina Cárdenas-Jaén
- Pancreatic Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL - Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrea Montenegro
- Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases Research Group, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Closa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, c/Rosselló 161, 7°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Hartman CL, Duerr MA, Albert CJ, Neumann WL, McHowat J, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids induce Weibel-Palade body mobilization. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:113-122. [PMID: 29167411 PMCID: PMC5748502 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of multiple inflammatory diseases. Leukocyte interactions with the endothelium have significant effects on vascular wall biology and pathophysiology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived oxidant products released from leukocytes are potential mediators of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. 2-Chlorofatty acids (2-ClFAs) are produced as a result of MPO-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogen phospholipids. Chlorinated lipids have been shown to be associated with multiple inflammatory diseases, but their impact on surrounding endothelial cells has not been examined. This study tested the biological properties of the 2-ClFA molecular species 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA) on endothelial cells. A synthetic alkyne analog of 2-ClHA, 2-chlorohexadec-15-ynoic acid (2-ClHyA), was used to examine the subcellular localization of 2-ClFA in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Click chemistry experiments revealed that 2-ClHyA localizes to Weibel-Palade bodies. 2-ClHA and 2-ClHyA promote the release of P-selectin, von Willebrand factor, and angiopoietin-2 from endothelial cells. Functionally, 2-ClHA and 2-ClHyA cause neutrophils to adhere to and platelets to aggregate on the endothelium, as well as increase permeability of the endothelial barrier which has been tied to the release of angiopoietin-2. These findings suggest that 2-ClFAs promote endothelial cell dysfunction, which may lead to broad implications in inflammation, thrombosis, and blood vessel stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Mark A Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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13
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Meyer NJ, Reilly JP, Feng R, Christie JD, Hazen SL, Albert CJ, Franke JD, Hartman CL, McHowat J, Ford DA. Myeloperoxidase-derived 2-chlorofatty acids contribute to human sepsis mortality via acute respiratory distress syndrome. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96432. [PMID: 29212955 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation and poor survival. Since neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity leads to increased plasma 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA) levels, we hypothesized that plasma concentrations of 2-ClFAs would associate with ARDS and mortality in subjects with sepsis. In sequential consenting patients with sepsis, free 2-ClFA levels were significantly associated with ARDS, and with 30-day mortality, for each log increase in free 2-chlorostearic acid. Plasma MPO was not associated with either ARDS or 30-day mortality but was correlated with 2-ClFA levels. Addition of plasma 2-ClFA levels to the APACHE III score improved prediction for ARDS. Plasma 2-ClFA levels correlated with plasma levels of angiopoietin-2, E selectin, and soluble thrombomodulin. Endothelial cells treated with 2-ClFA responded with increased adhesion molecule surface expression, increased angiopoietin-2 release, and dose-dependent endothelial permeability. Our results suggest that 2-ClFAs derived from neutrophil MPO-catalyzed oxidation contribute to pulmonary endothelial injury and have prognostic utility in sepsis-associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala J Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and
| | - John P Reilly
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and
| | - Rui Feng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason D Christie
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Jacob D Franke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
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14
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Sousa BC, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. Chemistry and analysis of HNE and other prominent carbonyl-containing lipid oxidation compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:294-308. [PMID: 28192230 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of lipid oxidation generates a diverse array of small aldehydes and carbonyl-containing compounds, which may occur in free form or esterified within phospholipids and cholesterol esters. These aldehydes mostly result from fragmentation of fatty acyl chains following radical oxidation, and the products can be subdivided into alkanals, alkenals (usually α,β-unsaturated), γ-substituted alkenals and bis-aldehydes. Isolevuglandins are non-fragmented di-carbonyl compounds derived from H2-isoprostanes, and oxidation of the ω-3-fatty acid docosahexenoic acid yield analogous 22 carbon neuroketals. Non-radical oxidation by hypochlorous acid can generate α-chlorofatty aldehydes from plasmenyl phospholipids. Most of these compounds are reactive and have generally been considered as toxic products of a deleterious process. The reactivity is especially high for the α,β-unsaturated alkenals, such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde, and for γ-substituted alkenals, of which 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal are best known. Nevertheless, in recent years several previously neglected aldehydes have been investigated and also found to have significant reactivity and biological effects; notable examples are 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 4-hydroxy-dodecadienal. This has led to substantial interest in the biological effects of all of these lipid oxidation products and their roles in disease, including proposals that HNE is a second messenger or signalling molecule. However, it is becoming clear that many of the effects elicited by these compounds relate to their propensity for forming adducts with nucleophilic groups on proteins, DNA and specific phospholipids. This emphasizes the need for good analytical methods, not just for free lipid oxidation products but also for the resulting adducts with biomolecules. The most informative methods are those utilizing HPLC separations and mass spectrometry, although analysis of the wide variety of possible adducts is very challenging. Nevertheless, evidence for the occurrence of lipid-derived aldehyde adducts in biological and clinical samples is building, and offers an exciting area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebiana C Sousa
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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15
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Palladino END, Wang WY, Albert CJ, Langhi C, Baldán Á, Ford DA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α accelerates α-chlorofatty acid catabolism. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:317-324. [PMID: 28007964 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes are generated from myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogens, and are subsequently oxidized to α-chlorofatty acids (α-ClFAs). The catabolic pathway for α-ClFA is initiated by ω-oxidation. Here, we examine PPAR-α activation as a mechanism to increase α-ClFA catabolism. Pretreating both HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes with the PPAR-α agonist, pirinixic acid (Wy 14643), increased the production of α-chlorodicarboxylic acids (α-ClDCAs) in cells treated with exogenous α-ClFA. Additionally, α-ClDCA production in Wy 14643-pretreated wild-type mouse hepatocytes was accompanied by a reduction in cellular free α-ClFA. The dependence of PPAR-α-accelerated α-ClFA catabolism was further demonstrated by both impaired metabolism in mouse PPAR-α-/- hepatocytes and decreased clearance of plasma α-ClFA in PPAR-α-/- mice. Furthermore, Wy 14643 treatments decreased plasma 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid levels in wild-type mice. Additional studies showed that α-ClFA increases PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ activities, as well as mRNA expression of the PPAR-α target genes, CD36, CPT1a, Cyp4a10, and CIDEC. Collectively, these results indicate that PPAR-α accelerates important pathways for the clearance of α-ClFA, and α-ClFA may, in part, accelerate its catabolism by serving as a ligand for PPAR-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Cédric Langhi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ángel Baldán
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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16
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Teng N, Maghzal GJ, Talib J, Rashid I, Lau AK, Stocker R. The roles of myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease and its potential implication in plaque rupture. Redox Rep 2016; 22:51-73. [PMID: 27884085 PMCID: PMC6837458 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1256119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathophysiological process underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). Acute complications of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction, are caused by the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which are characterized by thin, highly inflamed, and collagen-poor fibrous caps. Several lines of evidence mechanistically link the heme peroxidase myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammation as well as acute and chronic manifestations of atherosclerosis. MPO and MPO-derived oxidants have been shown to contribute to the formation of foam cells, endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis, the activation of latent matrix metalloproteinases, and the expression of tissue factor that can promote the development of vulnerable plaque. As such, detection, quantification and imaging of MPO mass and activity have become useful in cardiac risk stratification, both for disease assessment and in the identification of patients at risk of plaque rupture. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of MPO in CAD with a focus on its possible roles in plaque rupture and recent advances to quantify and image MPO in plasma and atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Teng
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia.,b Department of Cardiology , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Jihan Talib
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Imran Rashid
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Antony K Lau
- b Department of Cardiology , Prince of Wales Hospital , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.,c Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- a Vascular Biology Division , Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst , New South Wales , Australia.,d School of Medical Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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17
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Fuchs B. Analytical methods for (oxidized) plasmalogens: Methodological aspects and applications. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:599-617. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Mahieu MA, Guild CP, Albert CJ, Kondos GT, Carr JJ, Edmundowicz D, Ford DA, Ramsey-Goldman R. Alpha-chlorofatty Acid and coronary artery or aorta calcium scores in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. A pilot study. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:1834-42. [PMID: 25086078 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alpha-chlorofatty acid (α-ClFA) is one product of myeloperoxidase activity in vivo during atherogenesis and may be a biomarker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated if serum α-ClFA is associated with subclinical CVD as measured by coronary artery and aorta calcium scores (CAC and AC, respectively) in women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This pilot project analyzed baseline data from 173 women with SLE and 186 women without SLE participating in a 5-year longitudinal investigation of the Study of Lupus Vascular and Bone Long-term Endpoints (SOLVABLE). Data collection included demographic information, CVD and SLE risk factors, and laboratory assessments. Alpha-ClFA was measured in stored serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CAC and AC were measured by computed tomography. Outcome measures were CAC and AC present (CAC > 0 or AC > 0) versus absent (CAC = 0 or AC = 0). Associations between risk factors and CAC or AC were tested with descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Women with SLE had higher α-ClFA levels than women without SLE (42.0 fmol/25 µl ± 37.3 vs 34.5 fmol/25 µl ± 21.9; p = 0.020). In analyses including individual CVD risk factors, having SLE was independently associated with the presence of CAC (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.72 to 6.78) but not AC. Alpha-ClFA was not associated with the presence of CAC or AC in patients with SLE. CONCLUSION SLE, but not serum α-ClFA, was associated with the presence of CAC in this pilot project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Mahieu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
| | - Camelia P Guild
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - George T Kondos
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - James J Carr
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Daniel Edmundowicz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - David A Ford
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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19
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Wang WY, Albert CJ, Ford DA. Alpha-chlorofatty acid accumulates in activated monocytes and causes apoptosis through reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:526-32. [PMID: 24371082 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myeloperoxidase-enriched monocytes play important roles in inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that α-chlorofatty aldehydes are produced as a result of plasmalogen targeting by myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid in activated monocytes. Here, we show α-chlorofatty acid (α-ClFA), a stable metabolite of α-chlorofatty aldehydes, accumulates in activated monocytes and mediates the molecular effects of α-ClFA on monocytes/macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that α-ClFA is elevated 5-fold in phorbol myristate-stimulated human monocytes rising to ≈20 μmol/L when compared with unstimulated cells. Using human THP-1 monocytes and RAW 264.7 cells as in vitro models, we tested the hypothesis that α-ClFA is a cell death mediator that could potentially participate in pathophysiological roles of monocytes in diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Indeed, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid, the 16-carbon molecular species of α-ClFA, caused significant apoptosis of primary monocytes. Similarly, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid also caused apoptosis in THP-1 human monocytes and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as determined by annexin V-propidium iodide staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, respectively. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid treatment also increased caspase-3 activity and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in THP-1 cells. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid likely elicits apoptosis by increasing both reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress because antioxidants and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein block such induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The stable chlorinated lipid, α-ClFA, accumulates in activated primary human monocytes and elicits monocyte apoptosis through increased reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress, providing a new insight into chlorinated lipids and monocytes in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yi Wang
- From the Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO
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Wang WY, Albert CJ, Ford DA. Approaches for the analysis of chlorinated lipids. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:148-52. [PMID: 24056259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes are key cellular mediators of human diseases through their role in inflammation. Identifying unique molecules produced by leukocytes may provide new biomarkers and mechanistic insights into the role of leukocytes in disease. Chlorinated lipids are generated as a result of myeloperoxidase-containing leukocyte-derived hypochlorous acid targeting the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens. The initial product of this reaction is α-chlorofatty aldehyde. α-Chlorofatty aldehyde is both oxidized to α-chlorofatty acid and reduced to α-chlorofatty alcohol by cellular metabolism. This review focuses on the separation techniques and quantitative analysis for these chlorinated lipids. For α-chlorofatty acid, the negative charge of carboxylic acids is exploited to detect the chlorinated lipid species of these acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. In contrast, α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty alcohol are converted to pentafluorobenzyl oxime and pentafluorobenzoyl ester derivatives, which are detected by negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. These two detection methods coupled with the use of stable isotope internal standards and either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography provide highly sensitive analytical approaches to measure these novel lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Kettle AJ, Albrett AM, Chapman AL, Dickerhof N, Forbes LV, Khalilova I, Turner R. Measuring chlorine bleach in biology and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:781-93. [PMID: 23872351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorine bleach, or hypochlorous acid, is the most reactive two-electron oxidant produced in appreciable amounts in our bodies. Neutrophils are the main source of hypochlorous acid. These champions of the innate immune system use it to fight infection but also direct it against host tissue in inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils contain a rich supply of the enzyme myeloperoxidase. It uses hydrogen peroxide to convert chloride to hypochlorous acid. SCOPE OF REVIEW We give a critical appraisal of the best methods to measure production of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils. Robust ways of detecting it inside neutrophil phagosomes where bacteria are killed are also discussed. Special attention is focused on reaction-based fluorescent probes but their visual charm is tempered by stressing their current limitations. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of biomarker assays that capture the footprints of chlorine in various pathologies are evaluated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Detection of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils is best achieved by measuring accumulation of taurine chloramine. Formation of hypochlorous acid inside neutrophil phagosomes can be tracked using mass spectrometric analysis of 3-chlorotyrosine and methionine sulfoxide in bacterial proteins, or detection of chlorinated fluorescein on ingestible particles. Reaction-based fluorescent probes can also be used to monitor hypochlorous acid during phagocytosis. Specific biomarkers of its formation during inflammation include 3-chlorotyrosine, chlorinated products of plasmalogens, and glutathione sulfonamide. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These methods should bring new insights into how chlorine bleach is produced by peroxidases, reacts within phagosomes to kill bacteria, and contributes to inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Wacker BK, Albert CJ, Ford BA, Ford DA. Strategies for the analysis of chlorinated lipids in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:92-9. [PMID: 22713364 PMCID: PMC3636505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl reacts with the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens yielding α-chlorofatty aldehydes. These chlorinated aldehydes can be purified using thin-layer chromatography, which is essential for subsequent analysis of extracts from some tissues such as myocardium. The α-chlorofatty aldehyde 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) is quantified after conversion to its pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivative using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and negative-ion chemical ionization detection. 2-ClHDA accumulates in activated human neutrophils and monocytes, as well as in atherosclerotic lesions and infarcted myocardium. Metabolites of 2-ClHDA have also been identified, including the oxidation product, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA), and the reduction product, 2-chlorohexadecanol. 2-ClHA can be quantified using LC-MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection. 2-ClHA can be ω-oxidized by hepatocytes and subsequently β-oxidized from the ω-end, leading to the production of the dicarboxylic acid, 2-chloroadipic acid. This dicarboxylic acid is excreted in the urine and can also be quantified using LC-MS methods with SRM detection. Quantitative analyses of these novel chlorinated lipids are essential to identify the role of these lipids in leukocyte-mediated injury and disease.
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Üllen A, Fauler G, Bernhart E, Nusshold C, Reicher H, Leis HJ, Malle E, Sattler W. Phloretin ameliorates 2-chlorohexadecanal-mediated brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1770-81. [PMID: 22982051 PMCID: PMC3485557 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a chlorinated fatty aldehyde, is formed via attack on ether-phospholipids by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of activated leukocytes. 2-ClHDA levels are elevated in atherosclerotic lesions, myocardial infarction, and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatory conditions are accompanied by accumulation of neutrophils (an ample source of myeloperoxidase) in the brain. Microvessel damage by inflammatory mediators and/or reactive oxidants can induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, a pathological condition leading to cerebral edema, brain hemorrhage, and neuronal death. In this in vitro study we investigated the impact of 2-ClHDA on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), which constitute the morphological basis of the BBB. We show that exogenously added 2-ClHDA is subject to rapid uptake and metabolism by BMVEC. Using C16 structural analogues of 2-ClHDA we found that the cytotoxic potential decreases in the following order: 2-ClHDA>hexadecanal>palmitic acid>2-ClHDA-dimethylacetal. 2-ClHDA induces loss of barrier function, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis via activation of caspase 3, and altered intracellular redox balance. Finally we investigated potential protective effects of several natural polyphenols on in vitro BBB function. Of the compounds tested, phloretin almost completely abrogated 2-ClHDA-induced BMVEC barrier dysfunction and cell death. These data suggest that 2-ClHDA has the potential to induce BBB breakdown under inflammatory conditions and that phloretin confers protection in this experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Leis
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Fax: +43 316 380 9615.
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