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Dai Y, Zhang X, Ou Y, Zou L, Zhang D, Yang Q, Qin Y, Du X, Li W, Yuan Z, Xiao Z, Wen Q. Anoikis resistance--protagonists of breast cancer cells survive and metastasize after ECM detachment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:190. [PMID: 37537585 PMCID: PMC10399053 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer exhibits the highest global incidence among all tumor types. Regardless of the type of breast cancer, metastasis is a crucial cause of poor prognosis. Anoikis, a form of apoptosis initiated by cell detachment from the native environment, is an outside-in process commencing with the disruption of cytosolic connectors such as integrin-ECM and cadherin-cell. This disruption subsequently leads to intracellular cytoskeletal and signaling pathway alterations, ultimately activating caspases and initiating programmed cell death. Development of an anoikis-resistant phenotype is a critical initial step in tumor metastasis. Breast cancer employs a series of stromal alterations to suppress anoikis in cancer cells. Comprehensive investigation of anoikis resistance mechanisms can inform strategies for preventing and regressing metastatic breast cancer. The present review first outlines the physiological mechanisms of anoikis, elucidating the alterations in signaling pathways, cytoskeleton, and protein targets that transpire from the outside in upon adhesion loss in normal breast cells. The specific anoikis resistance mechanisms induced by pathological changes in various spatial structures during breast cancer development are also discussed. Additionally, the genetic loci of targets altered in the development of anoikis resistance in breast cancer, are summarized. Finally, the micro-RNAs and targeted drugs reported in the literature concerning anoikis are compiled, with keratocin being the most functionally comprehensive. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjun Ou
- Clinical Medicine School, Southwest Medicial Univercity, Luzhou, China
- Orthopaedics, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Linglin Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Duoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingfan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiuju Du
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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2
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Sheeley MP, Kiesel VA, Andolino C, Lanman NA, Donkin SS, Hursting SD, Wendt MK, Teegarden D. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D reduction of MCF10A-ras cell viability in extracellular matrix detached conditions is dependent on regulation of pyruvate carboxylase. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 109:109116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Hsu YJ, Yin YJ, Tsai KF, Jian CC, Liang ZW, Hsu CY, Wang CC. TGFBR3 supports anoikis through suppressing ATF4 signaling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276173. [PMID: 35912788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis and oncogenic transformation can cause loss of cell adhesion, and detached cells are eliminated by anoikis. Here, we reveal that transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3) acts as an anoikis mediator through the coordination of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In breast cancer, TGFBR3 is progressively lost, but elevated TGFBR3 is associated with a histologic subtype characterized by cellular adhesion defects. Dissecting the impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) deprivation, we demonstrate that ECM loss promotes TGFBR3 expression, which in turn differentiates cell aggregates to a prosurvival phenotype and drives the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We demonstrate that inhibition of TGFBR3 impairs epithelial anoikis by activating ATF4 signaling. These preclinical findings provide a rationale for therapeutic inhibition of ATF4 in the subgroup of breast cancer patients with low TGFBR3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jhen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jia Yin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cian-Chun Jian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wen Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Habib EB, Mathavarajah S, Dellaire G. Tinker, Tailor, Tumour Suppressor: The Many Functions of PRP4K. Front Genet 2022; 13:839963. [PMID: 35281802 PMCID: PMC8912934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.839963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA processing factor 4 kinase (PRP4K, also known as PRPF4B) is an essential kinase first identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is evolutionarily conserved from amoebae to animals. During spliceosomal assembly, PRP4K interacts with and phosphorylates PRPF6 and PRPF31 to facilitate the formation of the spliceosome B complex. However, over the past decade additional evidence has emerged that PRP4K has many diverse cellular roles beyond splicing that contribute to tumour suppression and chemotherapeutic responses in mammals. For example, PRP4K appears to play roles in regulating transcription and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a key pathway in maintaining chromosomes stability and the response of cancer cells to taxane-based chemotherapy. In addition, PRP4K has been revealed to be a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor that promotes aggressive cancer phenotypes when partially depleted. PRP4K is regulated by both the HER2 and estrogen receptor, and its partial loss increases resistance to the taxanes in multiple malignancies including cervical, breast and ovarian cancer. Moreover, ovarian and triple negative breast cancer patients harboring tumours with low PRP4K expression exhibit worse overall survival. The depletion of PRP4K also enhances both Yap and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, the latter promoting anoikis resistance in breast and ovarian cancer. Finally, PRP4K is negatively regulated during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that promotes increased cell motility, drug resistance and cancer metastasis. Thus, as we discuss in this review, PRP4K likely plays evolutionarily conserved roles not only in splicing but in a number of cellular pathways that together contribute to tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias B. Habib
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Graham Dellaire
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Graham Dellaire,
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Li B, Tang H, Bian X, Ma K, Chang J, Fu X, Zhang C. Calcium silicate accelerates cutaneous wound healing with enhanced re-epithelialization through EGF/EGFR/ERK-mediated promotion of epidermal stem cell functions. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab029. [PMID: 34604395 PMCID: PMC8484206 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal stem cells (hESCs) play an important role in re-epithelialization and thereby in facilitating wound healing, while an effective way to activate hESCs remains to be explored. Calcium silicate (CS) is a form of bioceramic that can alter cell behavior and promote tissue regeneration. Here, we have observed the effect of CS on hESCs and investigated its possible mechanism. METHODS Using a mouse full-thickness skin excision model, we explored the therapeutic effect of CS on wound healing and re-epithelialization. In vitro, hESCs were cultured with diluted CS ion extracts (CSIEs), and the proliferation, migration ability and stemness of hESCs were evaluated. The effects of CS on the epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway were also explored. RESULTS In vivo, CS accelerated wound healing and re-epithelialization. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CS upregulated cytokeratin 19 and integrin β1 expression, indicating that CS improved hESCs stemness. In vitro studies confirmed that CS improved the biological function of hESCs. And the possible mechanism could be due to the activation of the EGF/EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION CS can promote re-epithelialization and improve the biological functions of hESCs via activating the EGF/EGFR/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingmin Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Tang
- Faculty of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Bian
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
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Popova AN, Vorotelyak EA. The Problem of Terminal Differentiation and Apoptosis during Human Keratinocytes’ Cryostorage in Suspension. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Lu P, Foley J, Zhu C, McNamara K, Sirinukunwattana K, Vennam S, Varma S, Fehri H, Srivastava A, Zhu S, Rittscher J, Mallick P, Curtis C, West R. Transcriptome and genome evolution during HER2-amplified breast neoplasia. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:73. [PMID: 34266469 PMCID: PMC8281634 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The acquisition of oncogenic drivers is a critical feature of cancer progression. For some carcinomas, it is clear that certain genetic drivers occur early in neoplasia and others late. Why these drivers are selected and how these changes alter the neoplasia’s fitness is less understood. Methods Here we use spatially oriented genomic approaches to identify transcriptomic and genetic changes at the single-duct level within precursor neoplasia associated with invasive breast cancer. We study HER2 amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as an event that can be both quantified and spatially located via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry on fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Results By combining the HER2-FISH with the laser capture microdissection (LCM) Smart-3SEQ method, we found that HER2 amplification in DCIS alters the transcriptomic profiles and increases diversity of copy number variations (CNVs). Particularly, interferon signaling pathway is activated by HER2 amplification in DCIS, which may provide a prolonged interferon signaling activation in HER2-positive breast cancer. Multiple subclones of HER2-amplified DCIS with distinct CNV profiles are observed, suggesting that multiple events occurred for the acquisition of HER2 amplification. Notably, DCIS acquires key transcriptomic changes and CNV events prior to HER2 amplification, suggesting that pre-amplified DCIS may create a cellular state primed to gain HER2 amplification for growth advantage. Conclusion By using genomic methods that are spatially oriented, this study identifies several features that appear to generate insights into neoplastic progression in precancer lesions at a single-duct level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01451-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph Foley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine McNamara
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Korsuk Sirinukunwattana
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute/Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sujay Vennam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Fehri
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Big Data Institute/Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arunima Srivastava
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shirley Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parag Mallick
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Dolinschek R, Hingerl J, Benge A, Zafiu C, Schüren E, Ehmoser EK, Lössner D, Reuning U. Constitutive activation of integrin αvβ3 contributes to anoikis resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:503-522. [PMID: 33155399 PMCID: PMC7858284 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer involves the shedding of single tumor cells or spheroids from the primary tumor into ascites, followed by their survival, and transit to the sites of metastatic colonization within the peritoneal cavity. During their flotation, anchorage-dependent epithelial-type tumor cells gain anoikis resistance, implicating integrins, including αvß3. In this study, we explored anoikis escape, cisplatin resistance, and prosurvival signaling as a function of the αvß3 transmembrane conformational activation state in cells suspended in ascites. A high-affinity and constitutively signaling-competent αvß3 variant, which harbored unclasped transmembrane domains, was found to confer delayed anoikis onset, enhanced cisplatin resistance, and reduced cell proliferation in ascites or 3D-hydrogels, involving p27kip upregulation. Moreover, it promoted EGF-R expression and activation, prosurvival signaling, implicating FAK, src, and PKB/Akt. This led to the induction of the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and survivin suppressing caspase activation, compared to a signaling-incapable αvß3 variant displaying firmly associated transmembrane domains. Dissecting the mechanistic players for αvß3-dependent survival and peritoneal metastasis of ascitic ovarian cancer spheroids is of paramount importance to target their anchorage independence by reversing anoikis resistance and blocking αvß3-triggered prosurvival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Dolinschek
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Research Unit, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Julia Hingerl
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Research Unit, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Anke Benge
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Research Unit, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment, University for Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schüren
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Research Unit, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- Department for Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University for Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Lössner
- Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ute Reuning
- Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Research Unit, Technische Universität München, Germany
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9
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Kleiser S, Nyström A. Interplay between Cell-Surface Receptors and Extracellular Matrix in Skin. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1170. [PMID: 32796709 PMCID: PMC7465455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin consists of the epidermis and dermis, which are connected by a specialized basement membrane-the epidermal basement membrane. Both the epidermal basement membrane and the underlying interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) created by dermal fibroblasts contain distinct network-forming macromolecules. These matrices play various roles in order to maintain skin homeostasis and integrity. Within this complex interplay of cells and matrices, cell surface receptors play essential roles not only for inside-out and outside-in signaling, but also for establishing mechanical and biochemical properties of skin. Already minor modulations of this multifactorial cross-talk can lead to severe and systemic diseases. In this review, major epidermal and dermal cell surface receptors will be addressed with respect to their interactions with matrix components as well as their roles in fibrotic, inflammatory or tumorigenic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Kleiser
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Gupta P, Gupta N, Fofaria NM, Ranjan A, Srivastava SK. HER2-mediated GLI2 stabilization promotes anoikis resistance and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:68-81. [PMID: 30409762 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis is a multi-step process and requires cells to overcome anoikis. Anoikis is defined as cell-death that occurs due to loss of cell adhesion. During the course of cancer progression, tumor cells acquire resistance to anoikis. However, mechanisms of anoikis resistance are not clear. Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast tumors are known to be highly aggressive and metastatic. The mechanisms correlating HER2 with metastasis are poorly understood. We observed increased anoikis resistance in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. In addition, we identified that HER2 overexpression was also associated with increased sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling especially GLI2, and that inhibition of SHH pathway suppressed anoikis resistance. GSK3β is known to facilitate proteasome-mediated degradation of GLI2. Moreover, we observed that silencing of GLI2 resulted in reduced migration and invasion of HER2 overexpressing cells. Anoikis resistant HER2 overexpressing cells also showed increased rate and extent of metastasis in vivo, as compared to wild type anoikis resistant cells. Taken together, this study indicates a novel role of HER2/GSK3β/GLI2 axis in anoikis resistance and metastasis, and that GLI2 could be a potential target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Nehal Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA.
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11
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Du S, Miao J, Zhu Z, Xu E, Shi L, Ai S, Wang F, Kang X, Chen H, Lu X, Guan W, Xia X. NADPH oxidase 4 regulates anoikis resistance of gastric cancer cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of EGFR. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:948. [PMID: 30237423 PMCID: PMC6148243 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix. In cancer cells, anoikis resistance is essential for cancer cell survival in blood circulation and distant metastasis. However, the mechanisms behind anoikis resistance of gastric cancer remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are upregulated in suspension gastric cell cultures compared with adherent cultures. Silencing of NOX4 decreases ROS generation and downregulates EGFR, sensitizing cells to anoikis. NOX4 overexpression upregulates ROS and EGFR levels and promotes anoikis resistance. NOX4 depletion inhibits gastric cancer survival in blood circulation and attenuates distant metastasis. NOX4 expression is correlated with EGFR expression in patients. In conclusion, induction of NOX4 expression by detachment promotes anoikis resistance of gastric cancer through ROS generation and downstream upregulation of EGFR, which is critical for the metastatic progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangce Du
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ji Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhouting Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - En Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Linsen Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xing Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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12
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Gudipaty SA, Conner CM, Rosenblatt J, Montell DJ. Unconventional Ways to Live and Die: Cell Death and Survival in Development, Homeostasis, and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:311-332. [PMID: 30089222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Balancing cell death and survival is essential for normal development and homeostasis and for preventing diseases, especially cancer. Conventional cell death pathways include apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death controlled by a well-defined biochemical pathway, and necrosis, the lysis of acutely injured cells. New types of regulated cell death include necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, phagoptosis, and entosis. Autophagy can promote survival or can cause death. Newly described processes of anastasis and resuscitation show that, remarkably, cells can recover from the brink of apoptosis or necroptosis. Important new work shows that epithelia achieve homeostasis by extruding excess cells, which then die by anoikis due to loss of survival signals. This mechanically regulated process both maintains barrier function as cells die and matches rates of proliferation and death. In this review, we describe these unconventional ways in which cells have evolved to die or survive, as well as the contributions that these processes make to homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna A Gudipaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Christopher M Conner
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;
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13
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Zhou Y, Xu Z, Quan D, Zhang F, Zhang H, Xiao T, Hou S, Qiao H, Harismendy O, Wang JYJ, Suo G. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 promotes spheroid survival and mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:6152-6165. [PMID: 29995872 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells aggregate into spheroids when deprived of matrix, and the proclivity for spheroid formation and survival is a hallmark of normal and tumorigenic mammary stem cells. We show here that Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1) is a spheroid promoter by in silico identification of this transcription factor as highly connected to top shRNA-hits deduced from re-iterative selections for shRNAs enriched in MCF10A spheroids. NRF1-promoted spheroid survival is linked to its stimulation of mitochondrial OXPHOS, cell migration, invasion, and mesenchymal transition. Conversely, NRF1 knockdown in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells reduced spheroids, migration, invasion, and mesenchymal marker expression. NRF1 knockdown also reduced tumor burden in mammary fat pads and lungs of orthotopic- or tail vein-transplanted mice. With the Luminal A subtype of breast cancer, higher NRF1 expression is associated with lower survival. These results show that NRF1, an activator of mitochondrial metabolism, supports mammary spheroid survival and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Daniel Quan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tongqian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shulan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Jean Y J Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0820, USA
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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14
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Vidak M, Jovcevska I, Samec N, Zottel A, Liovic M, Rozman D, Dzeroski S, Juvan P, Komel R. Meta-Analysis and Experimental Validation Identified FREM2 and SPRY1 as New Glioblastoma Marker Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051369. [PMID: 29734672 PMCID: PMC5983642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain malignancy. Although some potential glioblastoma biomarkers have already been identified, there is a lack of cell membrane-bound biomarkers capable of distinguishing brain tissue from glioblastoma and/or glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which are responsible for the rapid post-operative tumor reoccurrence. In order to find new GB/GSC marker candidates that would be cell surface proteins (CSP), we have performed meta-analysis of genome-scale mRNA expression data from three data repositories (GEO, ArrayExpress and GLIOMASdb). The search yielded ten appropriate datasets, and three (GSE4290/GDS1962, GSE23806/GDS3885, and GLIOMASdb) were used for selection of new GB/GSC marker candidates, while the other seven (GSE4412/GDS1975, GSE4412/GDS1976, E-GEOD-52009, E-GEOD-68848, E-GEOD-16011, E-GEOD-4536, and E-GEOD-74571) were used for bioinformatic validation. The selection identified four new CSP-encoding candidate genes—CD276, FREM2, SPRY1, and SLC47A1—and the bioinformatic validation confirmed these findings. A review of the literature revealed that CD276 is not a novel candidate, while SLC47A1 had lower validation test scores than the other new candidates and was therefore not considered for experimental validation. This validation revealed that the expression of FREM2—but not SPRY1—is higher in glioblastoma cell lines when compared to non-malignant astrocytes. In addition, FREM2 gene and protein expression levels are higher in GB stem-like cell lines than in conventional glioblastoma cell lines. FREM2 is thus proposed as a novel GB biomarker and a putative biomarker of glioblastoma stem cells. Both FREM2 and SPRY1 are expressed on the surface of the GB cells, while SPRY1 alone was found overexpressed in the cytosol of non-malignant astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vidak
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Ivana Jovcevska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Neja Samec
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Alja Zottel
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mirjana Liovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Saso Dzeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Peter Juvan
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Radovan Komel
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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15
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Khan IA, Yoo BH, Rak J, Rosen KV. Mek activity is required for ErbB2 expression in breast cancer cells detached from the extracellular matrix. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105383-105396. [PMID: 29285258 PMCID: PMC5739645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellullar matrix (ECM) triggers their growth arrest and apoptosis. Conversely, carcinoma cells can grow without adhesion to the ECM. This capacity for anchorage-independent growth is thought to be critical for tumor progression. ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein is overproduced by a significant fraction of breast cancers and promotes anchorage-independent tumor cell growth by poorly understood mechanisms. In an effort to understand them we found that in order to produce ErbB2, detached breast cancer cells require the activity of an ErbB2 effector protein kinase Mek and that Mek-driven ErbB2 expression is neccesary for anchorage-independent growth of such cells. We observed that Mek inhibition does not alter ErbB2 mRNA levels in detached cancer cells and that ErbB2 protein loss induced by this inhibition can be blocked by a lysosomal inhibitor. We also noticed that an increase of the density of cancer cells detached from the ECM downregulates a Mek effector protein kinase Erk and causes ErbB2 loss. Those cells that survive after ErbB2 loss display resistance to trastuzumab, an anti-ErbB2 antibody used for ErbB2-positive breast cancer treatment. Thus, Mek-induced ErbB2 stabilization in detached breast cancer cells is critical for their ability to grow anchorage-independently and their trastuzumab sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Byong H Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kirill V Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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16
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Loss of PRP4K drives anoikis resistance in part by dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor endosomal trafficking. Oncogene 2017; 37:174-184. [PMID: 28892043 PMCID: PMC5770602 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis acts as a critical barrier to metastasis by inducing cell death upon cancer cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby preventing tumor cell dissemination to secondary sites. The induction of anoikis requires the lysosomal-mediated downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) leading to termination of pro-survival signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that depletion of pre-mRNA splicing factor 4 kinase (PRP4K; also known as PRPF4B) causes dysregulation of EGFR trafficking and anoikis resistance. We also report a novel cytoplasmic localization of PRP4K at the late endosome, and demonstrate both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization in breast, lung and ovarian cancer tissue. Mechanistically, depletion of PRP4K leads to reduced EGFR degradation following cell detachment from the ECM and correlates with increased TrkB, vimentin and Zeb1 expression. As a result, PRP4K loss promotes sustained growth factor signaling and increased cellular resistance to anoikis in vitro and in a novel zebrafish xenotransplantation model of anoikis sensitivity, as well as increased metastasis in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. Thus, PRP4K may serve as a potential biomarker of anoikis sensitivity in ovarian and other epithelial cancers.
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17
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Regulation of anoikis resistance by NADPH oxidase 4 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:370-381. [PMID: 28081539 PMCID: PMC5294491 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal cells are sensitive to anoikis, which is a cell detachment-induced apoptosis. However, cancer cells acquire anoikis resistance that is essential for successful metastasis. This study aimed to demonstrate the function and potential mechanism of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and EGFR activation in regulating anoikis resistance in lung cancer. METHODS Cells were cultured either in the attached or suspended condition. Cell viability was measured by cell counting and live and dead cell staining. Expression levels of NOX4 and EGFR were measured by PCR and immunoblotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Effects of NOX4 overexpression or NOX4 knockdown by si-NOX4 on anoikis sensitivity were explored. Levels of NOX4 and EGFR in lung cancer tissues were evaluated by IHC staining. RESULTS NOX4 was upregulated but EGFR decreased in suspended cells compared with attached cells. Accordingly, ROS levels were increased in suspended cells, resulting in the activation of Src and EGFR. NOX4 knockdown decreased activation of Src and EGFR, and thus sensitised cells to anoikis. NOX4 overexpression increased EGFR levels and attenuated anoikis. NOX4 expression is upregulated and is positively correlated with EGFR levels in the lung cancer patient tissues. CONCLUSIONS NOX4 upregulation confers anoikis resistance by ROS-mediated activation of EGFR and Src, and by maintaining EGFR levels, which is critical for cell survival.
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18
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Wang Y, Li D, Luo J, Tian G, Zhao LY, Liao D. Intrinsic cellular signaling mechanisms determine the sensitivity of cancer cells to virus-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37213. [PMID: 27849011 PMCID: PMC5111159 DOI: 10.1038/srep37213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes exhibit different sensitivities to apoptosis stimuli, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain partly understood. We constructed a novel recombinant adenovirus expressing Ad12 E1A (Ad-E1A12) that can strongly induce apoptosis. Ad-E1A12 infection of epithelial cancer cells displayed dramatic detachment and apoptosis, whereas cancer cells of mesenchymal phenotypes with metastatic propensity were markedly more resistant to this virus. Notably, forced detachment of epithelial cells did not further sensitize them to Ad-E1A12-induced apoptosis, suggesting that cell detachment is a consequence rather than the cause of Ad-E1A12-induced apoptosis. Ad-E1A12 increased phosphorylation of AKT1 and ribosomal protein S6 through independent mechanisms in different cell types. Ad-E1A12–induced AKT1 phosphorylation was PI3K-dependent in epithelial cancer cells, and mTOR-dependent in mesenchymal cancer cells. Epithelial cancer cells upon Ad-E1A12-induced detachment could not sustain AKT activation due to AKT1 degradation, but AKT1 activation was maintained in mesenchymal cancer cells. Expression of epithelial cell-restricted miR-200 family in mesenchymal cells limited mTOR signaling and sensitized them to Ad-E1A12-induced cell killing. Thus, epithelial cancer cells rely on the canonical PI3K-AKT signaling pathway for survival, while mesenchymal cancer cells deploy the PI3K-independent mTORC2-AKT axis in response to strong death stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agriculture Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Guimei Tian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Y Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daiqing Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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19
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Protein disulfide isomerases in the endoplasmic reticulum promote anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:241-252. [PMID: 27161215 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer cells are exposed to stress of detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cultured breast cancer cells that survive this stress and are capable of anchorage-independent proliferation form mammospheres. The purpose of this study was to explore a link between mammosphere growth, ECM gene expression, and the protein quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We compared the mRNA and protein levels of ER folding factors in SUM159PT and MCF10DCIS.com breast cancer cells grown as mammospheres versus adherent conditions. Publicly available gene expression data for mammospheres formed by primary breast cancer cells and for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were analyzed to assess the status of ECM/ER folding factor genes in clinically relevant samples. Knock-down of selected protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members was performed to examine their roles in SUM159PT mammosphere growth. We found that cells grown as mammospheres had elevated expression of ECM genes and ER folding quality control genes. CTC gene expression data for an index patient indicated that upregulation of ECM and ER folding factor genes occurred at the time of acquired therapy resistance and disease progression. Knock-down of PDI, ERp44, or ERp57, three members of the PDI family with elevated protein levels in mammospheres, in SUM159PT cells partially inhibited the mammosphere growth. Thus, breast cancer cell survival and growth under detachment conditions require enhanced assistance of the ER protein folding machinery. Targeting ER folding factors, in particular members of the PDI family, may improve the therapeutic outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.
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20
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Khan IA, Yoo BH, Masson O, Baron S, Corkery D, Dellaire G, Attardi LD, Rosen KV. ErbB2-dependent downregulation of a pro-apoptotic protein Perp is required for oncogenic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:5759-5769. [PMID: 27109096 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of breast cancer cells to resist anoikis, apoptosis caused by detachment of the non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for breast tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. ErbB2, an oncoprotein that is often overproduced in breast tumors, can block breast cancer cell anoikis via mechanisms that are understood only in part. In an effort to understand them better we found that detachment of the non-malignant human breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates a protein Perp in these cells. Perp is a component of the desmosomes, multiprotein complexes involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. Perp can cause apoptosis via unknown mechanisms. We demonstrated that Perp upregulation by cell detachment is driven by detachment-induced loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We also found that Perp knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) rescues detached cells from death which indicates that Perp contributes to their anoikis. We observed that ErbB2, when overexpressed in detached breast epithelial cells, causes Perp downregulation. Furthermore, ErbB2-directed RNAi or treatment with lapatinib, an ErbB2/EGFR small-molecule inhibitor used for breast cancer therapy, upregulated Perp in ErbB2-positive human breast and ovarian carcinoma cells. We established that ErbB2 downregulates Perp by activating an ErbB2 effector protein kinase Mek that blocks detachment-induced EGFR loss in a manner that requires the presence of a signaling protein Sprouty-2. Finally, we observed that restoration of the wild-type Perp levels in ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells increases their anoikis susceptibility and blocks their clonogenicity in the absence of adhesion to the ECM. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of ErbB2-mediated mechanism of anoikis resistance of ErbB2-overproducing breast epithelial cells. This mechanism allows such cells to grow without adhesion to the ECM and is driven by ErbB2-induced activation of Mek, subsequent EGFR upregulation and further EGFR-dependent Perp loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - B H Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - O Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - S Baron
- Department of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D Corkery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - G Dellaire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - L D Attardi
- Department of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K V Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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21
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Papadakis ES, Barker CR, Syed H, Reeves T, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Troppmair J, Blaydes JP, Cutress RI. The Bag-1 inhibitor, Thio-2, reverses an atypical 3D morphology driven by Bag-1L overexpression in a MCF-10A model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e215. [PMID: 27043661 PMCID: PMC4848832 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary MCF-10A cells seeded on reconstituted basement membrane form spherical structures with a hollow central lumen, termed acini, which are a physiologically relevant model of mammary morphogenesis. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1 (Bag-1) is a multifunctional protein overexpressed in breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ. When present in the nucleus Bag-1 is predictive of clinical outcome in breast cancer. Bag-1 exists as three main isoforms, which are produced by alternative translation initiation from a single mRNA. The long isoform of Bag-1, Bag-1L, contains a nuclear localisation sequence not present in the other isoforms. When present in the nucleus Bag-1L, but not the other Bag-1 isoforms, can interact with and modulate the activities of estrogen-, androgen- and vitamin D-receptors. Overexpression of Bag-1 mRNA in MCF-10A is known to produce acini with luminal filling reminiscent of ductal carcinoma in situ. As this mRNA predominantly overexpresses the short isoform of Bag-1, Bag-1S, we set out to examine whether the nuclear Bag-1L isoform is sufficient to drive premalignant change by developing a Bag-1L-overexpressing MCF-10A model. Two clones differentially overexpressing Bag-1L were grown in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures and compared with an established model of HER2-driven transformation. In 2D cultures, Bag-1L overexpression reduced proliferation but did not affect growth factor responsiveness or clonogenicity. Acini formed by Bag-1L-overexpressing cells exhibited reduced luminal clearing when compared with controls. An abnormal branching morphology was also observed which correlated with the level of Bag-1L overexpression, suggesting further malignant change. Treatment with Thio-2, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bag-1, reduced the level of branching. In summary, 3D cultures of MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Bag-1L demonstrate a premalignant phenotype with features of ductal carcinoma in situ. Using this model to test the small-molecule Bag-1 inhibitor, Thio-2, reveals its potential to reverse the atypical branched morphology of acini that characterizes this premalignant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Papadakis
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - C R Barker
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - H Syed
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - T Reeves
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - J P Blaydes
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R I Cutress
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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22
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Sysa-Shah P, Tocchetti CG, Gupta M, Rainer PP, Shen X, Kang BH, Belmonte F, Li J, Xu Y, Guo X, Bedja D, Gao WD, Paolocci N, Rath R, Sawyer DB, Naga Prasad SV, Gabrielson K. Bidirectional cross-regulation between ErbB2 and β-adrenergic signalling pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 109:358-73. [PMID: 26692570 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Despite the observation that ErbB2 regulates sensitivity of the heart to doxorubicin or ErbB2-targeted cancer therapies, mechanisms that regulate ErbB2 expression and activity have not been studied. Since isoproterenol up-regulates ErbB2 in kidney and salivary glands and β2AR and ErbB2 complex in brain and heart, we hypothesized that β-adrenergic receptors (AR) modulate ErbB2 signalling status. METHODS AND RESULTS ErbB2 transfection of HEK293 cells up-regulates β2AR, and β2AR transfection of HEK293 up-regulates ErbB2. Interestingly, cardiomyocytes isolated from myocyte-specific ErbB2-overexpressing (ErbB2(tg)) mice have amplified response to selective β2-agonist zinterol, and right ventricular trabeculae baseline force generation is markedly reduced with β2-antagonist ICI-118 551. Consistently, receptor binding assays and western blotting demonstrate that β2ARs levels are markedly increased in ErbB2(tg) myocardium and reduced by EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib. Intriguingly, acute treatment of mice with β1- and β2-AR agonist isoproterenol resulted in myocardial ErbB2 increase, while inhibition with either β1- or β2-AR antagonist did not completely prevent isoproterenol-induced ErbB2 expression. Furthermore, inhibition of ErbB2 kinase predisposed mice hearts to injury from chronic isoproterenol treatment while significantly reducing isoproterenol-induced pAKT and pERK levels, suggesting ErbB2's role in transactivation in the heart. CONCLUSION Our studies show that myocardial ErbB2 and βAR signalling are linked in a feedback loop with βAR activation leading to increased ErbB2 expression and activity, and increased ErbB2 activity regulating β2AR expression. Most importantly, ErbB2 kinase activity is crucial for cardioprotection in the setting of β-adrenergic stress, suggesting that this mechanism is important in the pathophysiology and treatment of cardiomyopathy induced by ErbB2-targeting antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Sysa-Shah
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carlo G Tocchetti
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Manveen Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Kang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frances Belmonte
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Dong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rutwik Rath
- Cardiovascular Services, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- Cardiovascular Services, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, MRB 807, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Pratap J. Role of Runx2 in crosstalk between Mek/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling in MCF-10A cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2208-17. [PMID: 25147082 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways integrates extracellular cues to regulate mammary epithelial cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The runt-related transcription factor, Runx2, is expressed in normal mammary epithelium and promotes differentiation, however, its function in regulation of the MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk is not known. We determined the function of Runx2 expression in growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, key downstream kinases in MAPK and PI3K pathway crosstalk in MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. The Runx2-mediated alterations in cell signaling and associated changes in phenotype were determined by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry approaches. The results revealed that ectopic Runx2 expression differentially downregulates the growth factor (EGF vs. IGF or insulin)-induced pErk1/2 and pAkt levels. Additionally, the ectopic Runx2 expression increases FOXO1 levels, cell cycle G1 stage and promotes survival of MCF-10A cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Runx2 expression increases EGF-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR) and relieves Mek/Erk-mediated negative regulation of pEGFR and pAkt levels. Altogether, our results identify functions of Runx2 in MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk in MCF-10A cells that could be critical in understanding the mammary epithelial cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Gui Y, Yeganeh M, Donates YC, Tobelaim WS, Chababi W, Mayhue M, Yoshimura A, Ramanathan S, Saucier C, Ilangumaran S. Regulation of MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:5718-28. [PMID: 25728680 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is considered as a tumor suppressor protein in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previously, we have shown that SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes displayed increased responsiveness to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) due to enhanced signaling via the MET receptor tyrosine kinase. As aberrant MET activation occurs in many tumors including HCC, here we elucidated the mechanisms of SOCS1-mediated regulation. SOCS1 attenuated HGF-induced proliferation of human and mouse HCC cell lines and their growth as tumors in NOD.scid.gamma mice. Tumors formed by SOCS1 expressing HCC cells showed significantly reduced MET expression, indicating that SOCS1 not only attenuates MET signaling but also regulates MET expression. Mechanistically, SOCS1 interacted with MET via the Src homology 2 domain and this interaction was promoted by MET tyrosine kinase activity. The SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression does not require the juxtamembrane Y1003 residue implicated in Cbl-mediated downmodulation. Moreover, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, but not the inhibitors of lysosomal degradation bafilomycin and chloroquine, reversed the SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression, indicating that this process is distinct from Cbl-mediated downmodulation. Accordingly, SOCS1 promoted polyubiquitination of MET via K48-dependent but not K63-mediated ubiquitin chain elongation. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated downmodulation of Cbl did not abolish SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression in HCC cells. SOCS1-dependent ubiquitination of endogenous MET receptor occurred rapidly following HGF stimulation in HCC cells, leading to proteasomal degradation of phosphorylated MET receptor. These findings indicate that SOCS1 mediates its tumor suppressor functions, at least partly, by binding to MET and interfering with downstream signaling pathways as well as by promoting the turnover of the activated MET receptor. We propose that loss of this control mechanism due to epigenetic repression of SOCS1 could contribute to oncogenic MET signaling in HCC and other cancers, and that MET inhibitors might be useful in treating these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gui
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Yeganeh
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Y-C Donates
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - W-S Tobelaim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - W Chababi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Saucier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Rayavarapu RR, Heiden B, Pagani N, Shaw MM, Shuff S, Zhang S, Schafer ZT. The role of multicellular aggregation in the survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells during extracellular matrix detachment. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8722-33. [PMID: 25681438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer cells from the site of the primary tumor to distant sites in the body represents the most deadly manifestation of cancer. In order for metastasis to occur, cancer cells need to evade anoikis, which is defined as apoptosis caused by loss of attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM). Signaling from ErbB2 has previously been linked to the evasion of anoikis in breast cancer cells but the precise molecular mechanisms by which ErbB2 blocks anoikis have yet to be unveiled. In this study, we have identified a novel mechanism by which anoikis is inhibited in ErbB2-expressing cells: multicellular aggregation during ECM-detachment. Our data demonstrate that disruption of aggregation in ErbB2-positive cells is sufficient to induce anoikis and that this anoikis inhibition is a result of aggregation-induced stabilization of EGFR and consequent ERK/MAPK survival signaling. Furthermore, these data suggest that ECM-detached ErbB2-expressing cells may be uniquely susceptible to targeted therapy against EGFR and that this sensitivity could be exploited for specific elimination of ECM-detached cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju R Rayavarapu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Brendan Heiden
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Nicholas Pagani
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Melissa M Shaw
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Sydney Shuff
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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26
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Buchheit CL, Angarola BL, Steiner A, Weigel KJ, Schafer ZT. Anoikis evasion in inflammatory breast cancer cells is mediated by Bim-EL sequestration. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1275-86. [PMID: 25526094 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and highly invasive type of breast cancer, and patients diagnosed with IBC often face a very poor prognosis. IBC is characterized by the lack of primary tumor formation and the rapid accumulation of cancerous epithelial cells in the dermal lymphatic vessels. Given that normal epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival, a comprehensive examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC cell survival in the lymphatic vessels is of paramount importance to our understanding of IBC pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to normal mammary epithelial cells, IBC cells evade ECM-detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis). ErbB2 and EGFR knockdown in KPL-4 and SUM149 cells, respectively, causes decreased colony growth in soft agar and increased caspase activation following ECM detachment. ERK/MAPK signaling was found to operate downstream of ErbB2 and EGFR to protect cells from anoikis by facilitating the formation of a protein complex containing Bim-EL, LC8, and Beclin-1. This complex forms as a result of Bim-EL phosphorylation on serine 59, and thus Bim-EL cannot localize to the mitochondria and cause anoikis. These results reveal a novel mechanism that could be targeted with innovative therapeutics to induce anoikis in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Buchheit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - B L Angarola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - A Steiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - K J Weigel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Z T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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27
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Buchheit CL, Weigel KJ, Schafer ZT. Cancer cell survival during detachment from the ECM: multiple barriers to tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:632-41. [PMID: 25098270 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival. However, during tumour progression and metastasis, cancerous epithelial cells must adapt to and survive in the absence of ECM. During the past 20 years, several cellular changes, including anoikis, have been shown to regulate cell viability when cells become detached from the ECM. In this Opinion article, we review in detail how cancer cells can overcome or take advantage of these specific processes. Gaining a better understanding of how cancer cells survive during detachment from the ECM will be instrumental in designing chemotherapeutic strategies that aim to eliminate ECM-detached metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Buchheit
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Kelsey J Weigel
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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28
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Moreno-Layseca P, Streuli CH. Signalling pathways linking integrins with cell cycle progression. Matrix Biol 2014; 34:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Walsh AM, Lazzara MJ. Regulation of EGFR trafficking and cell signaling by Sprouty2 and MIG6 in lung cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4339-48. [PMID: 23868981 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration and specificity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and signaling are determinants of cellular decision processes and are tightly regulated by receptor dephosphorylation, internalization and degradation. In addition, regulatory proteins that are upregulated or activated post-transcriptionally upon receptor activation may initiate feedback loops that play crucial roles in spatiotemporal regulation of signaling. We examined the roles of Sprouty2 (SPRY2) and mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), two feedback regulators of EGFR trafficking and signaling, in lung cancer cells with or without EGFR-activating mutations. These mutations are of interest because they confer unusual cellular sensitivity to EGFR inhibition through a mechanism involving an impairment of EGFR endocytosis. We found that the endocytosis of wild-type and mutant EGFR was promoted by SPRY2 knockdown and antagonized by MIG6 knockdown. SPRY2 knockdown also significantly reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, EGFR expression, and EGFR recycling. In a cell line expressing mutant EGFR, this effect on ERK led to a marked increase in cell death response to EGFR inhibition. The effects of SPRY2 knockdown on EGFR endocytosis and recycling were primarily the result of the concomitant change in EGFR expression, but this was not true for the observed changes in ERK phosphorylation. Thus, our study demonstrates that SPRY2 and MIG6 are important regulators of wild-type and mutant EGFR trafficking and points to an EGFR expression-independent function of SPRY2 in the regulation of ERK activity that may impact cellular sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors, especially in the context of EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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30
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Paoli P, Giannoni E, Chiarugi P. Anoikis molecular pathways and its role in cancer progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3481-3498. [PMID: 23830918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are vital steps during cancer progression and metastatic colonization, the ability of cancer cells to resist anoikis has now attracted main attention from the scientific community. Cancer cells develop anoikis resistance due to several mechanisms, including change in integrins' repertoire allowing them to grow in different niches, activation of a plethora of inside-out pro-survival signals as over-activation of receptors due to sustained autocrine loops, oncogene activation, growth factor receptor overexpression, or mutation/upregulation of key enzymes involved in integrin or growth factor receptor signaling. In addition, tumor microenvironment has also been acknowledged to contribute to anoikis resistance of bystander cancer cells, by modulating matrix stiffness, enhancing oxidative stress, producing pro-survival soluble factors, triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal ability, as well as leading to metabolic deregulations of cancer cells. All these events help cancer cells to inhibit the apoptosis machinery and sustain pro-survival signals after detachment, counteracting anoikis and constituting promising targets for anti-metastatic pharmacological therapy. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education, DENOTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy.
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31
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Prediction of novel genes associated with negative regulators of toll-like receptors-induced inflammation based on endotoxin tolerance. Inflammation 2013; 35:1889-99. [PMID: 22843012 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposure of innate immune cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has caused them to be refractory to further endotoxin stimulation, also termed endotoxin tolerance (ET). Bacterial LPS signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which was thought to enable the innate immune system to deal with invasive pathogens and to restrain systemic inflammation efficiently. We established a robust model of ET and determined the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in cultured human monocytes. Then, microarray assay was applied to assess gene expression in this model. The results showed that 356 non-tolerizable genes were differentially expressed at a high level in tolerant monocytes. The genes selected were classified into several categories based on gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway database. And then literature annotations, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and functional consistency were applied to analyze the non-tolerizable genes. Finally, the microarray results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR of seven representative genes, including the two candidate genes, Spry2 and Smurf2, which were supposed to play a critical role in TLRs-induced inflammation based on literature retrieval. Our results would provide useful information for further analysis of regulating TLRs-induced inflammation, and would facilitate the study of associated mechanisms.
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Caneba CA, Bellance N, Yang L, Pabst L, Nagrath D. Pyruvate uptake is increased in highly invasive ovarian cancer cells under anoikis conditions for anaplerosis, mitochondrial function, and migration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1036-52. [PMID: 22895781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00151.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis resistance, or the ability for cells to live detached from the extracellular matrix, is a property of epithelial cancers. The "Warburg effect," or the preference of cancer cells for glycolysis for their energy production even in the presence of oxygen, has been shown to be evident in various tumors. Since a cancer cell's metastatic ability depends on microenvironmental conditions (nutrients, stromal cells, and vascularization) and is highly variable for different organs, their cellular metabolic fluxes and nutrient demand may show considerable differences. Moreover, a cancer cell's metastatic ability, which is dependent on the stage of cancer, may further create metabolic alterations depending on its microenvironment. Although recent studies have aimed to elucidate cancer cell metabolism under detached conditions, the nutrient demand and metabolic activity of cancer cells under nonadherent conditions remain poorly understood. Additionally, less is known about metabolic alterations in ovarian cancer cells with varying invasive capability under anoikis conditions. We hypothesized that the metabolism of highly invasive ovarian cancer cells in detachment would differ from less invasive ovarian cancer cells and that ovarian cancer cells will have altered metabolism in detached vs. attached conditions. To assess these metabolic differences, we integrated a secretomics-based metabolic footprinting (MFP) approach with mitochondrial bioenergetics. Interestingly, MFP revealed higher pyruvate uptake and oxygen consumption in more invasive ovarian cancer cells than their less invasive counterparts. Furthermore, ATP production was higher in more invasive vs. less invasive ovarian cancer cells in detachment. We found that pyruvate has an effect on highly invasive ovarian cancer cells' migration ability. Our results are the first to demonstrate that higher mitochondrial activity is related to higher ovarian cancer invasiveness under detached conditions. Importantly, our results bring insights regarding the metabolism of cancer cells under nonadherent conditions and could lead to the development of therapies for modulating cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Caneba
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Human Diseases, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Anoikis resistance: an essential prerequisite for tumor metastasis. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:306879. [PMID: 22505926 PMCID: PMC3296207 DOI: 10.1155/2012/306879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistep process including dissociation of cancer cells from primary sites, survival in the vascular system, and proliferation in distant target organs. As a barrier to metastasis, cells normally undergo an apoptotic process known as “anoikis,” a form of cell death due to loss of contact with the extracellular matrix or neighboring cells. Cancer cells acquire anoikis resistance to survive after detachment from the primary sites and travel through the circulatory and lymphatic systems to disseminate throughout the body. Because recent technological advances enable us to detect rare circulating tumor cells, which are anoikis resistant, currently, anoikis resistance becomes a hot topic in cancer research. Detailed molecular and functional analyses of anoikis resistant cells may provide insight into the biology of cancer metastasis and identify novel therapeutic targets for prevention of cancer dissemination. This paper comprehensively describes recent investigations of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying anoikis and anoikis resistance in relation to intrinsic and extrinsic death signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, growth factor receptors, energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species, membrane microdomains, and lipid rafts.
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Guadamillas MC, Cerezo A, Del Pozo MA. Overcoming anoikis--pathways to anchorage-independent growth in cancer. J Cell Sci 2012; 124:3189-97. [PMID: 21940791 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.072165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoikis (or cell-detachment-induced apoptosis) is a self-defense strategy that organisms use to eliminate 'misplaced' cells, i.e. cells that are in an inappropriate location. Occasionally, detached or misplaced cells can overcome anoikis and survive for a certain period of time in the absence of the correct signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). If cells are able to adapt to their new environment, then they have probably become anchorage-independent, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Anoikis resistance and anchorage-independency allow tumor cells to expand and invade adjacent tissues, and to disseminate through the body, giving rise to metastasis. Thus, overcoming anoikis is a crucial step in a series of changes that a tumor cell undergoes during malignant transformation. Tumor cells have developed a variety of strategies to bypass or overcome anoikis. Some strategies consist of adaptive cellular changes that allow the cells to behave as they would in the correct environment, so that induction of anoikis is aborted. Other strategies aim to counteract the negative effects of anoikis induction by hyperactivating survival and proliferative cascades. The recently discovered processes of autophagy and entosis also highlight the contribution of these mechanisms to rendering the cells in a dormant state until they receive a signal initiated at the ECM, thereby circumventing anoikis. In all situations, the final outcome is the ability of the tumor to grow and metastasize. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying anoikis resistance could help to counteract tumor progression and prevent metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Guadamillas
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Grassian AR, Metallo CM, Coloff JL, Stephanopoulos G, Brugge JS. Erk regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux through PDK4 modulates cell proliferation. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1716-33. [PMID: 21852536 DOI: 10.1101/gad.16771811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment leads to metabolic impairments that limit cellular energy production. Characterization of the metabolic alterations induced by ECM detachment revealed a dramatic decrease in uptake of glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate, and a consequent decrease in flux through glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. However, flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is disproportionally decreased, concomitant with increased expression of the PDH inhibitory kinase, PDH kinase 4 (PDK4), and increased carbon secretion. Overexpression of ErbB2 maintains PDH flux by suppressing PDK4 expression in an Erk-dependent manner, and Erk signaling also regulates PDH flux in ECM-attached cells. Additionally, epidermal growth factor (EGF), a potent inducer of Erk, positively regulates PDH flux through decreased PDK4 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of PDK4 in ECM-detached cells suppresses the ErbB2-mediated rescue of ATP levels, and in attached cells, PDK4 overexpression decreases PDH flux, de novo lipogenesis, and cell proliferation. Mining of microarray data from human tumor data sets revealed that PDK4 mRNA is commonly down-regulated in tumors compared with their tissues of origin. These results identify a novel mechanism by which ECM attachment, growth factors, and oncogenes modulate the metabolic fate of glucose by controlling PDK4 expression and PDH flux to influence proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Grassian
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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