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Zhen C, Lu H, Jiang Y. Novel Promising Antifungal Target Proteins for Conquering Invasive Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911322. [PMID: 35783432 PMCID: PMC9243655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a serious clinical problem, but the antifungal arsenal is limited and has many disadvantages, such as drug resistance and toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop antifungal compounds that target novel target proteins of pathogenic fungi for treating IFIs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of novel promising target proteins for treating IFIs in pathogenic fungi and their inhibitors. Inhibitors of inositol phosphoramide (IPC) synthases (such as Aureobasidin A, Khafrefungin, Galbonolide A, and Pleofungin A) have potent antifungal activities by inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis. Disrupting glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis by Jawsamycin (an inhibitor of Spt14), M720 (an inhibitor of Mcd4), and APX001A (an inhibitor of Gwt1) is a promising strategy for treating IFIs. Turbinmicin is a natural-compound inhibitor of Sec14 and has extraordinary antifungal efficacy, broad-antifungal spectrum, low toxicity, and is a promising new compound for treating IFIs. CMLD013075 targets fungal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and has remarkable antifungal efficacy. Olorofim, as an inhibitor of dihydrolactate dehydrogenase, is a breakthrough drug treatment for IFIs. These novel target proteins and their inhibitors may overcome the limitations of currently available antifungal drugs and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of IFIs.
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Topological and enzymatic analysis of human Alg2 mannosyltransferase reveals its role in lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:117. [PMID: 35136180 PMCID: PMC8827073 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation starts with the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Alg2 mannosyltransferase adds both the α1,3- and α1,6-mannose (Man) onto ManGlcNAc2-pyrophosphate-dolichol (M1Gn2-PDol) in either order to generate the branched M3Gn2-PDol product. The well-studied yeast Alg2 interacts with ER membrane through four hydrophobic domains. Unexpectedly, we show that Alg2 structure has diverged between yeast and humans. Human Alg2 (hAlg2) associates with the ER via a single membrane-binding domain and is markedly more stable in vitro. These properties were exploited to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative kinetics assay for studying purified hAlg2. Under physiological conditions, hAlg2 prefers to transfer α1,3-Man onto M1Gn2 before adding the α1,6-Man. However, this bias is altered by an excess of GDP-Man donor or an increased level of M1Gn2 substrate, both of which trigger production of the M2Gn2(α-1,6)-PDol. These results suggest that Alg2 may regulate the LLO biosynthetic pathway by controlling accumulation of M2Gn2 (α-1,6) intermediate. Despite the conservation of N-glycosylation, human and yeast Alg2 structures have diverged with distinct ER-binding topologies. The human enzyme is more stable than the yeast orthologue, and its activity is modulated by the concentration of donor or acceptor substrate.
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Hedgehog Acyltransferase Promotes Uptake of Palmitoyl-CoA across the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4608-4619.e4. [PMID: 31875564 PMCID: PMC6948154 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of palmitate to the N terminus of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for Shh signaling. Shh palmitoylation is catalyzed on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat), an ER-resident enzyme. Palmitoyl-coenzyme A (CoA), the palmitate donor, is produced in the cytosol and is not permeable across membrane bilayers. It is not known how palmitoyl-CoA crosses the ER membrane to access the active site of Hhat. Here, we use fluorescent and radiolabeled palmitoyl-CoA probes to demonstrate that Hhat promotes the uptake of palmitoyl-CoA across the ER membrane in microsomes and semi-intact cells. Reconstitution of purified Hhat into liposomes provided further evidence that palmitoyl-CoA uptake activity is an intrinsic property of Hhat. Palmitoyl-CoA uptake was regulated by and could be uncoupled from Hhat enzymatic activity, implying that Hhat serves a dual function as a palmitoyl acyltransferase and a conduit to supply palmitoyl-CoA to the luminal side of the ER. Palmitoylation of hedgehog proteins by Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) occurs on the luminal side of the ER. However, the palmitoyl-CoA donor for the reaction is membrane impermeable. Asciolla and Resh show that Hhat serves a dual function as both an acyltransferase and a transporter that promotes palmitoyl-CoA uptake across the ER membrane.
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Okai H, Ikema R, Nakamura H, Kato M, Araki M, Mizuno A, Ikeda A, Renbaum P, Segel R, Funato K. Cold‐sensitive phenotypes of a yeast null mutant of ARV1 support its role as a GPI flippase. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2431-2439. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Okai
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ryoko Ikema
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Mei Kato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Misako Araki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ayumi Mizuno
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Paul Renbaum
- Medical Genetics Institute Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Reeval Segel
- Medical Genetics Institute Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Kouichi Funato
- School of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
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5
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Enhanced Efflux Pump Expression in Candida Mutants Results in Decreased Manogepix Susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00261-20. [PMID: 32179530 PMCID: PMC7179633 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00261-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manogepix is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that inhibits glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized two efflux-mediated mechanisms in the fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis that resulted in decreased manogepix susceptibility. In C. albicans, a gain-of-function mutation in the transcription factor gene ZCF29 activated expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes CDR11 and SNQ2. Manogepix is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that inhibits glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized two efflux-mediated mechanisms in the fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis that resulted in decreased manogepix susceptibility. In C. albicans, a gain-of-function mutation in the transcription factor gene ZCF29 activated expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes CDR11 and SNQ2. In C. parapsilosis, a mitochondrial deletion activated expression of the major facilitator superfamily transporter gene MDR1.
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Abstract
At least 150 human proteins are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). The protein moiety of GPI-APs lacking transmembrane domains is anchored to the plasma membrane with GPI covalently attached to the C-terminus. The GPI consists of the conserved core glycan, phosphatidylinositol and glycan side chains. The entire GPI-AP is anchored to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer by insertion of fatty chains of phosphatidylinositol. Because of GPI-dependent membrane anchoring, GPI-APs have some unique characteristics. The most prominent feature of GPI-APs is their association with membrane microdomains or membrane rafts. In the polarized cells such as epithelial cells, many GPI-APs are exclusively expressed in the apical surfaces, whereas some GPI-APs are preferentially expressed in the basolateral surfaces. Several GPI-APs act as transcytotic transporters carrying their ligands from one compartment to another. Some GPI-APs are shed from the membrane after cleavage within the GPI by a GPI-specific phospholipase or a glycosidase. In this review, I will summarize the current understanding of GPI-AP biosynthesis in mammalian cells and discuss examples of GPI-dependent functions of mammalian GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- Yabumoto Department of Intractable Disease Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Antifungal therapy is a critical component of patient management for invasive fungal diseases. Yet, therapeutic choices are limited as only a few drug classes are available to treat systemic disease, and some infecting strains are resistant to one or more drug classes. The ideal antifungal inhibits a fungal-specific essential target not present in human cells to avoid off-target toxicities. The fungal cell wall is an ideal drug target because its integrity is critical to cell survival and a majority of biosynthetic enzymes and wall components is unique to fungi. Among currently approved antifungal agents and those in clinical development, drugs targeting biosynthetic enzymes of the cell wall show safe and efficacious antifungal properties, which validates the cell wall as a target. The echinocandins, which inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase, are recommended as first-line therapy for Candida infections. Newer cell wall-active drugs in clinical development encompass next-generation glucan synthase inhibitors including a novel echinocandin and an enfumafungin, an inhibitor of Gwt1, a key component of GPI anchor protein biosynthesis, and a classic inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis. As the cell wall is rich in potential drug discovery targets, it is primed to help deliver the next generation of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, 07110, USA.
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Kapoor M, Moloney M, Soltow QA, Pillar CM, Shaw KJ. Evaluation of Resistance Development to the Gwt1 Inhibitor Manogepix (APX001A) in Candida Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:e01387-19. [PMID: 31611349 PMCID: PMC7187586 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01387-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Manogepix (MGX) targets the conserved fungal Gwt1 enzyme required for acylation of inositol early in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis pathway. The prodrug fosmanogepix is currently in clinical development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. We determined that the median frequencies of spontaneous mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to MGX in Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis ranged from 3 × 10-8 to <1.85 × 10-8 Serial passage on agar identified mutants of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis with reduced susceptibility to MGX; however, this methodology did not result in C. glabrata mutants with reduced susceptibility. Similarly, serial passage in broth resulted in ≤2-fold changes in population MIC values for C. tropicalis, C. auris, and C. glabrata A spontaneous V163A mutation in the Gwt1 protein of C. glabrata and a corresponding C. albicans heterozygous V162A mutant were obtained. A C. glabrata V163A Gwt1 mutant generated using CRISPR, along with V162A and V168A mutants expressed in C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gwt1, respectively, all demonstrated reduced susceptibility to MGX versus control strains, suggesting the importance of this valine residue to MGX binding across different species. Cross-resistance to the three major classes of antifungals was evaluated, but no changes in susceptibility to amphotericin B or caspofungin were observed in any mutant. No change was observed in fluconazole susceptibility, with the exception of a single non-Gwt1 mutant, where a 4-fold increase in the fluconazole MIC was observed. MGX demonstrated a relatively low potential for resistance development, consistent with other approved antifungal agents and those in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Kapoor
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA
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Trzoss M, Covel JA, Kapoor M, Moloney MK, Soltow QA, Webb PJ, Shaw KJ. Synthesis of analogs of the Gwt1 inhibitor manogepix (APX001A) and in vitro evaluation against Cryptococcus spp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126713. [PMID: 31668974 PMCID: PMC6901109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fosmanogepix (APX001) is a first-in-class prodrug molecule that is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for invasive fungal infections. The active moiety manogepix (APX001A) inhibits the novel fungal protein Gwt1. Gwt1 catalyzes an early step in the GPI anchor biosynthesis pathway. Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of 292 new and 24 previously described analogs that were synthesized using a series of advanced intermediates to allow for rapid analoging. Several compounds demonstrated significantly (8- to 32-fold) improved antifungal activity against both Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii as compared to manogepix. Further in vitro characterization identified three analogs with a similar preliminary safety and in vitro profile to manogepix and superior activity against Cryptococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trzoss
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States.
| | - Jonathan A Covel
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Mili Kapoor
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Molly K Moloney
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Quinlyn A Soltow
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Peter J Webb
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Karen Joy Shaw
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 12730 High Bluff Dr #160, San Diego, CA 92130, United States.
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Hatamoto M, Aizawa R, Kobayashi Y, Fujimura M. A novel fungicide aminopyrifen inhibits GWT-1 protein in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:1-8. [PMID: 31027568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aminopyrifen, 4-phenoxybenzyl 2-amino-6-methylnicotinate, strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of a wild-type Neurospora crassa strain on Vogel's minimal medium containing 1.2% sucrose, with a 0.001 mg/L concentration required for 50% growth inhibition. Similar to micafungin, an inhibitor of beta-1, 3-glucan synthetase, aminopyrifen further inhibited the growth of N. crassa deletion mutants of MAP kinase cascade genes, such as mak-1 and mak-2, than the wild-type strain, suggesting that aminopyrifen perturbs cell wall-related processes. Furthermore, we found that three chitin synthase gene mutants (chs-1, chs-5, and chs-7) were highly sensitive to both chemicals; however, aminopyrifen, but not micafungin, induced a swollen germ tube from the conidia of chs-5 and chs-7 mutants on Vogel's medium containing 1.2% sucrose. To elucidate the target protein of aminopyrifen, we isolated mutants resistant to aminopyrifen after UV treatment of conidia of the wild-type strain or the chs-5 strain. The resistance mutations were localized to the gwt-1 gene that encodes an acyltransferase, GWT-1, which participates in the biosynthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) precursor, and were found to result in S180F and V178A alterations in the protein. These results strongly suggest that aminopyrifen works as an inhibitor targeting GWT-1, a protein involved in GPI-anchor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hatamoto
- Biological Section Research Department, Agro-Kanesho Co., Ltd., 9511-4 Yuki, Yuki-City, Ibaraki 307-0001, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Chemical Synthesis Section Research Department, Agro-Kanesho Co., Ltd., 852, Shimoyasumatsu, Tokorozawa-City, Saitama 359-0024, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan.
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Xu XX, Li ST, Wang N, Kitajima T, Yoko-O T, Fujita M, Nakanishi H, Gao XD. Structural and functional analysis of Alg1 beta-1,4 mannosyltransferase reveals the physiological importance of its membrane topology. Glycobiology 2019; 28:741-753. [PMID: 29939232 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the biosynthesis of a highly conserved dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (DLO) precursor Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-pyrophosphate-dolichol (PP-Dol) begins on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ends within the lumen. Two functionally distinguished heteromeric glycosyltransferase (GTase) complexes are responsible for the cytosolic DLO assembly. Alg1, a β-1, 4 mannosyltransferase (MTase) physically interacts with Alg2 and Alg11 proteins to form the multienzyme complex which catalyzes the addition of all five mannose to generate the Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol intermediate. Despite the fact that Alg1 plays a central role in the formation of the multi-MTase has been confirmed, the topological information of Alg1 including the molecular mechanism of membrane association are still poorly understood. Using a combination of bioinformatics and biological approaches, we have undertaken a structural and functional study on Alg1 protein, in which the enzymatic activities of Alg1 and its variants were monitored by a complementation assay using the GALpr-ALG1 yeast strain, and further confirmed by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based in vitro quantitative assay. Computational and experimental evidence confirmed Alg1 shares structure similarity with Alg13/14 complex, which has been defined as a membrane-associated GT-B GTase. Particularly, we provide clear evidence that the N-terminal transmembrane domain including the following positively charged amino acids and an N-terminal amphiphilic-like α helix domain exposed on the protein surface strictly coordinate the Alg1 orientation on the ER membrane. This work provides detailed membrane topology of Alg1 and further reveals its biological importance at the spatial aspect in coordination of cytosolic DLO biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Toshihiko Kitajima
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Takehiko Yoko-O
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 6, Higashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
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Ota T, Kanai K, Nishimura H, Yoshida S, Yoshimoto H, Kobayashi O. An efficient method for isolating mating-competent cells from bottom-fermenting yeast using mating pheromone-supersensitive mutants. Yeast 2018; 35:129-139. [PMID: 29077225 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crossbreeding is an effective approach to construct novel yeast strains with preferred characteristics; however, it is difficult to crossbreed strains of brewer's yeast, especially the bottom-fermenting yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus, because of the relative inefficiency of the available methods to obtain mating-competent cells (MCCs). Here, we describe a productive method for the isolation of MCCs without artificial genetic modification. We focused on the characteristics of two mating pheromone-supersensitive mutants, Δbar1 and Δsst2, that show a growth defect in the presence of the mating pheromone. When MCCs secreting α-factor and a-factor were spotted on to a lawn of MATa Δbar1 and MATα Δsst2, a halo was observed around the respective MCCs. This plate assay was successful in identifying MCCs from bottom-fermenting yeast strains. Furthermore, by selecting for cells that caused the growth defect in pheromone-supersensitive cells on cultures plates, 40 α/α-type and six a/a-type meiotic segregants of bottom-fermenting yeast strains were successfully isolated and crossed with tester strains to verify their mating type. This method of isolation is expected to be applicable to other industrial yeast strains, including wine, sake and distiller's yeasts, and will enable MCCs without genetic modifications to be obtained. As a result, it will be a useful tool for more convenient and efficient crossbreeding of industrial yeast strains that can be applied to practical brewing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ota
- Kirin Company Ltd, Research Laboratories for Alcoholic Beverage Technologies, 1-17-1 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8628, Japan
| | - Keiko Kanai
- Kirin Company Ltd, Integrated Beverage Analysis Center, 1-17-1 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8628, Japan
| | - Hisami Nishimura
- Kirin Company Ltd, Research Laboratories for Alcoholic Beverage Technologies, 1-17-1 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Kirin Company Ltd, Research Laboratories for Wine Technologies, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, 251-0057, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshimoto
- Kirin Company Ltd, Research Laboratories for Alcoholic Beverage Technologies, 1-17-1 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8628, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Kirin Company Ltd, Research Laboratories for Alcoholic Beverage Technologies, 1-17-1 Namamugi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8628, Japan
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Eisenhaber B, Sinha S, Wong WC, Eisenhaber F. Function of a membrane-embedded domain evolutionarily multiplied in the GPI lipid anchor pathway proteins PIG-B, PIG-M, PIG-U, PIG-W, PIG-V, and PIG-Z. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:874-880. [PMID: 29764287 PMCID: PMC6056205 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1456294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant homology relationships among proteins with many transmembrane regions (TMs) are difficult to detect as they are clouded by the TMs’ hydrophobic compositional bias and mutational divergence in connecting loops. In the case of several GPI lipid anchor biosynthesis pathway components, the hidden evolutionary signal can be revealed with dissectHMMER, a sequence similarity search tool focusing on fold-critical, high complexity sequence segments. We find that a sequence module with 10 TMs in PIG-W, described as acyl transferase, is homologous to PIG-U, a transamidase subunit without characterized molecular function, and to mannosyltransferases PIG-B, PIG-M, PIG-V and PIG-Z. We conclude that this new, membrane-embedded domain named BindGPILA functions as the unit for recognizing, binding and stabilizing the GPI lipid anchor in a modification-competent form as this appears the only functional aspect shared among all proteins. Thus, PIG-U's likely molecular function is shuttling/presenting the anchor in a productive conformation to the transamidase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Eisenhaber
- a Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671 , Republic of Singapore
| | - Swati Sinha
- a Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671 , Republic of Singapore
| | - Wing-Cheong Wong
- a Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671 , Republic of Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- a Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671 , Republic of Singapore.,b School of Computer Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553 , Republic of Singapore
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14
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Debelyy MO, Waridel P, Quadroni M, Schneiter R, Conzelmann A. Chemical crosslinking and mass spectrometry to elucidate the topology of integral membrane proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186840. [PMID: 29073188 PMCID: PMC5658093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we made an attempt to obtain partial structural information on the topology of multispan integral membrane proteins of yeast by isolating organellar membranes, removing peripheral membrane proteins at pH 11.5 and introducing chemical crosslinks between vicinal amino acids either using homo- or hetero-bifunctional crosslinkers. Proteins were digested with specific proteases and the products analysed by mass spectrometry. Dedicated software tools were used together with filtering steps optimized to remove false positive crosslinks. In proteins of known structure, crosslinks were found only between loops residing on the same side of the membrane. As may be expected, crosslinks were mainly found in very abundant proteins. Our approach seems to hold to promise to yield low resolution topological information for naturally very abundant or strongly overexpressed proteins with relatively little effort. Here, we report novel XL-MS-based topology data for 17 integral membrane proteins (Akr1p, Fks1p, Gas1p, Ggc1p, Gpt2p, Ifa38p, Ist2p, Lag1p, Pet9p, Pma1p, Por1p, Sct1p, Sec61p, Slc1p, Spf1p, Vph1p, Ybt1p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo O. Debelyy
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MD); (AC)
| | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center of Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, Center of Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Conzelmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MD); (AC)
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15
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Ni T, Li R, Xie F, Zhao J, Huang X, An M, Zang C, Cai Z, Zhang D, Jiang Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-Aminonicotinamide Derivatives as Antifungal Agents. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:319-326. [PMID: 28071858 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Based on the structures of the reported compounds G884 [N-(3-(pentan-2-yloxy)phenyl)nicotinamide], E1210 [3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine], and 10 b [2-amino-N-((5-(3-fluorophenoxy)thiophen-2-yl)methyl)nicotinamide], which inhibit the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in fungi, a series of novel 2-aminonicotinamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity. Most of these compounds were found to exhibit potent in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with MIC80 values ranging from 0.0313 to 4.0 μg mL-1 . In particular, compounds 11 g [2-amino-N-((5-(((2-fluorophenyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)methyl)nicotinamide] and 11 h [2-amino-N-((5-(((3-fluorophenyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)methyl)nicotinamide] displayed excellent activity against C. albicans, with MIC80 values of 0.0313 μg mL-1 , and exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans, with a MIC80 range of 0.0313-2.0 μg mL-1 . Further studies by electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy indicated that compound 11 g targets the cell wall and decreases GPI anchor content on the cell surface of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjunhong Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fei Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Maomao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chengxu Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhan Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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16
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17
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Chemogenetic E-MAP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Identification of Membrane Transporters Operating Lipid Flip Flop. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006160. [PMID: 27462707 PMCID: PMC4962981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While most yeast enzymes for the biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and ergosterol are known, genes for several postulated transporters allowing the flopping of biosynthetic intermediates and newly made lipids from the cytosolic to the lumenal side of the membrane are still not identified. An E-MAP measuring the growth of 142'108 double mutants generated by systematically crossing 543 hypomorphic or deletion alleles in genes encoding multispan membrane proteins, both on media with or without an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, was generated. Flc proteins, represented by 4 homologous genes encoding presumed FAD or calcium transporters of the ER, have a severe depression of sphingolipid biosynthesis and elevated detergent sensitivity of the ER. FLC1, FLC2 and FLC3 are redundant in granting a common function, which remains essential even when the severe cell wall defect of flc mutants is compensated by osmotic support. Biochemical characterization of some other genetic interactions shows that Cst26 is the enzyme mainly responsible for the introduction of saturated very long chain fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol and that the GPI lipid remodelase Cwh43, responsible for introducing ceramides into GPI anchors having a C26:0 fatty acid in sn-2 of the glycerol moiety can also use lyso-GPI protein anchors and various base resistant lipids as substrates. Furthermore, we observe that adjacent deletions in several chromosomal regions show strong negative genetic interactions with a single gene on another chromosome suggesting the presence of undeclared suppressor mutations in certain chromosomal regions that need to be identified in order to yield meaningful E-map data. All living cells define their boundaries by lipid-containing membranes, which are impermeable to ions and water-soluble metabolic intermediates, and thus allow maintaining constant conditions inside the cells and stopping metabolic intermediates from diffusing away. Membranes are formed by amphiphilic lipids that have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic component. Such lipids form flat double-layered sheets (bilayers) wherein the hydrophilic components of the constituent lipids are directed towards the aqueous surroundings, the hydrophobic ones populate the center of the bilayer. Membranes grow when enzymes resident in the bilayer synthesize new amphiphilic lipids. These enzymes have their active site on one side of the membrane and insert the newly made lipids in only one of the two layers. To ensure symmetric growth of membranes, cells need flippases catalyzing the transfer of lipids from one into the other layer. To identify unknown flippases we performed a chemogenetic interaction screen able to bring to light functions of unknown proteins through their genetic interaction with genes of known function. The data point to Flc proteins as potential lipid flippases of the endoplasmic reticulum, reveal novel lipid modifying activities of Cst26 and Cwh43 and suggest that undeclared suppressor mutations in certain chromosomal regions can generate false genetic interactions.
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18
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Kinoshita T, Fujita M. Biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins: special emphasis on GPI lipid remodeling. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:6-24. [PMID: 26563290 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r063313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) act as membrane anchors of many eukaryotic cell surface proteins. GPIs in various organisms have a common backbone consisting of ethanolamine phosphate (EtNP), three mannoses (Mans), one non-N-acetylated glucosamine, and inositol phospholipid, whose structure is EtNP-6Manα-2Manα-6Manα-4GlNα-6myoinositol-P-lipid. The lipid part is either phosphatidylinositol of diacyl or 1-alkyl-2-acyl form, or inositol phosphoceramide. GPIs are attached to proteins via an amide bond between the C-terminal carboxyl group and an amino group of EtNP. Fatty chains of inositol phospholipids are inserted into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. More than 150 different human proteins are GPI anchored, whose functions include enzymes, adhesion molecules, receptors, protease inhibitors, transcytotic transporters, and complement regulators. GPI modification imparts proteins with unique characteristics, such as association with membrane microdomains or rafts, transient homodimerization, release from the membrane by cleavage in the GPI moiety, and apical sorting in polarized cells. GPI anchoring is essential for mammalian embryogenesis, development, neurogenesis, fertilization, and immune system. Mutations in genes involved in remodeling of the GPI lipid moiety cause human diseases characterized by neurological abnormalities. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has >60 GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). GPI is essential for growth of yeast. In this review, we discuss biosynthesis of GPI-APs in mammalian cells and yeast with emphasis on the lipid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Krüger AT, Engel J, Buettner FFR, Routier FH. Aspergillus fumigatus Cap59-like protein A is involved in α1,3-mannosylation of GPI-anchors. Glycobiology 2015; 26:30-8. [PMID: 26369907 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) attaches a variety of eukaryotic proteins to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. In fungi, these proteins may also be transferred to the cell wall, to which they are covalently linked via a remnant of the GPI-anchor. They play crucial physiological roles in cell-cell interactions, adhesion or cell wall biogenesis. The biosynthesis of GPI-anchors in the endoplasmic reticulum, their transfer to proteins, early remodelling and transport to the Golgi apparatus has been fairly well described. In contrast, almost nothing is known about the genes and enzymes involved in adding glycan side chains to GPI after protein attachment. In this study, we characterized an α1,3-mannosyltransferase involved in maturation of GPI-anchors from the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. This enzyme shows homology to Cryptococcus neoformans Cap59p, a putative glycosyltransferase involved in capsule formation and virulence, and was thus named Cap59-like protein A (ClpA). Targeted deletion of the clpA gene in A. fumigatus led to absence of α1,3-mannose from mature GPI-anchors. The enzyme was further located to the Golgi-like apparatus of A. fumigatus and was shown to be active in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tina Krüger
- Department of Cellular Chemistry OE 4330, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Engel
- Department of Cellular Chemistry OE 4330, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Department of Cellular Chemistry OE 4330, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Department of Cellular Chemistry OE 4330, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Bavdek A, Vazquez HM, Conzelmann A. Enzyme-coupled assays for flip-flop of acyl-Coenzyme A in liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2960-6. [PMID: 26325346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-Coenzyme A is made in the cytosol. Certain enzymes using acyl-CoA seem to operate in the lumen of the ER but no corresponding flippases for acyl-CoA or an activated acyl have been described. In order to test the ability of purified candidate flippases to operate the transport of acyl-CoA through lipid bilayers in vitro we developed three enzyme-coupled assays using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) obtained by detergent removal. The first assay uses liposomes encapsulating a water-soluble acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase plus glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). It measures formation of [(3)H]lyso-phosphatidic acid inside liposomes after [(3)H]palmitoyl-CoA has been added from outside. Two other tests use empty liposomes containing [(3)H]palmitoyl-CoA in the inner membrane leaflet, to which either soluble acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase plus glycerol-3-phosphate or alkaline phosphatase are added from outside. Here one can follow the appearance of [(3)H]lyso-phosphatidic acid or of dephosphorylated [(3)H]acyl-CoA, respectively, both being made outside the liposomes. Although the liposomes may retain small amounts of detergent, all these tests show that palmitoyl-CoA crosses the lipid bilayer only very slowly and that the lipid composition of liposomes barely affects the flip-flop rate. Thus, palmitoyl-CoA cannot cross the membrane spontaneously implying that in vivo some transport mechanism is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Bavdek
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Hector M Vazquez
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Conzelmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland.
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21
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Kim SJ, Zemelis S, Keegstra K, Brandizzi F. The cytoplasmic localization of the catalytic site of CSLF6 supports a channeling model for the biosynthesis of mixed-linkage glucan. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:537-47. [PMID: 25557048 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) is a significant cell wall carbohydrate in grasses and an important carbon source for human consumption and biofuel production. MLG biosynthesis depends on the biochemical activity of membrane spanning glucan synthases encoded by the CSLH and CSLF cellulose synthase-like gene families. CSLF proteins are the best characterized to date but relatively little information is known about their topology with respect to the biosynthetic membranes. In this study, we report on the topology of CSLF6 protein derived from the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon (BdCSLF6) when it is expressed in heterologous systems. Using live cell imaging and immuno-electron microscopy analyses of tobacco epidermal cells expressing BdCSLF6, we demonstrate that a functional yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion of BdCSLF6 is localized to the Golgi apparatus and that the Golgi localization of BdCSLF6 is sufficient for MLG biosynthesis. By implementing protease protection assays of BdCSLF6 expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, we also demonstrate that the catalytic domain, the N-terminus and the C- terminus of the protein are exposed in the cytosol. Furthermore, we found that BdCSLF6 is capable of producing MLG not only in tobacco cells but also in Pichia, which generally does not produce MLG. Together, these results support the conclusion that BdCSLF6 can produce both of the linkages present in the (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan chain of MLG and that the product is channelled at the Golgi into the secretory pathway for deposition into the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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22
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Mann PA, McLellan CA, Koseoglu S, Si Q, Kuzmin E, Flattery A, Harris G, Sher X, Murgolo N, Wang H, Devito K, de Pedro N, Genilloud O, Kahn JN, Jiang B, Costanzo M, Boone C, Garlisi CG, Lindquist S, Roemer T. Chemical Genomics-Based Antifungal Drug Discovery: Targeting Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Precursor Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:59-72. [PMID: 26878058 PMCID: PMC4739577 DOI: 10.1021/id5000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steadily increasing antifungal drug resistance and persistent high rates of fungal-associated mortality highlight the dire need for the development of novel antifungals. Characterization of inhibitors of one enzyme in the GPI anchor pathway, Gwt1, has generated interest in the exploration of targets in this pathway for further study. Utilizing a chemical genomics-based screening platform referred to as the Candida albicans fitness test (CaFT), we have identified novel inhibitors of Gwt1 and a second enzyme in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) cell wall anchor pathway, Mcd4. We further validate these targets using the model fungal organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae and demonstrate the utility of using the facile toolbox that has been compiled in this species to further explore target specific biology. Using these compounds as probes, we demonstrate that inhibition of Mcd4 as well as Gwt1 blocks the growth of a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens and exposes key elicitors of pathogen recognition. Interestingly, a strong chemical synergy is also observed by combining Gwt1 and Mcd4 inhibitors, mirroring the demonstrated synthetic lethality of combining conditional mutants of GWT1 and MCD4. We further demonstrate that the Mcd4 inhibitor M720 is efficacious in a murine infection model of systemic candidiasis. Our results establish Mcd4 as a promising antifungal target and confirm the GPI cell wall anchor synthesis pathway as a promising antifungal target area by demonstrating that effects of inhibiting it are more general than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Mann
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Catherine A. McLellan
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sandra Koseoglu
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qian Si
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Elena Kuzmin
- Banting and
Best Department of Medical Research, Terrance Donnally Centre of Cellular
and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Flattery
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guy Harris
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xinwei Sher
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kristine Devito
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nuria de Pedro
- Fundación
Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores
en Andalucı́a, Medina, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud , Avenida Conocimiento 34, 18016 Grenada, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación
Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores
en Andalucı́a, Medina, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud , Avenida Conocimiento 34, 18016 Grenada, Spain
| | - Jennifer Nielsen Kahn
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bo Jiang
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Costanzo
- Banting and
Best Department of Medical Research, Terrance Donnally Centre of Cellular
and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlie Boone
- Banting and
Best Department of Medical Research, Terrance Donnally Centre of Cellular
and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles G. Garlisi
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Terry Roemer
- Merck Research
Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Lee H, Kim H. Membrane topology of transmembrane proteins: determinants and experimental tools. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:268-76. [PMID: 24938127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane topology refers to the two-dimensional structural information of a membrane protein that indicates the number of transmembrane (TM) segments and the orientation of soluble domains relative to the plane of the membrane. Since membrane proteins are co-translationally translocated across and inserted into the membrane, the TM segments orient themselves properly in an early stage of membrane protein biogenesis. Each membrane protein must contain some topogenic signals, but the translocation components and the membrane environment also influence the membrane topology of proteins. We discuss the factors that affect membrane protein orientation and have listed available experimental tools that can be used in determining membrane protein topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunsang Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea.
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24
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KINOSHITA T. Biosynthesis and deficiencies of glycosylphosphatidylinositol. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2014; 90:130-43. [PMID: 24727937 PMCID: PMC4055706 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.90.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
At least 150 different human proteins are anchored to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). GPI preassembled in the endoplasmic reticulum is attached to the protein's carboxyl-terminus as a post-translational modification by GPI transamidase. Twenty-two PIG (for Phosphatidyl Inositol Glycan) genes are involved in the biosynthesis and protein-attachment of GPI. After attachment to proteins, both lipid and glycan moieties of GPI are structurally remodeled in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Four PGAP (for Post GPI Attachment to Proteins) genes are involved in the remodeling of GPI. GPI-anchor deficiencies caused by somatic and germline mutations in the PIG and PGAP genes have been found and characterized. The characteristics of the 26 PIG and PGAP genes and the GPI deficiencies caused by mutations in these genes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh KINOSHITA
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Kinoshita, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan (e-mail: )
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25
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Kinoshita T, Maeda Y, Fujita M. Transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2473-8. [PMID: 23380706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review on the transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), we focus on events that occur in the endoplasmic reticulum after the transfer of GPI to proteins. These events include structural remodeling of both the lipid and glycan moieties of GPI, recruitment of GPI-APs into ER exit sites, association with the cargo receptor, p24 protein complex, and packaging into COPII coated transport vesicles. Similarities with the transport of Wnt proteins are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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26
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Adaptation of low-resolution methods for the study of yeast microsomal polytopic membrane proteins: a methodological review. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:35-42. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20120212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most integral membrane proteins of yeast with two or more membrane-spanning sequences have not yet been crystallized and for many of them the side on which the active sites or ligand-binding domains reside is unknown. Also, bioinformatic topology predictions are not yet fully reliable. However, so-called low-resolution biochemical methods can be used to locate hydrophilic loops or individual residues of polytopic membrane proteins at one or the other side of the membrane. The advantages and limitations of several such methods for topological studies with yeast ER integral membrane proteins are discussed. We also describe new tools that allow us to better control and validate results obtained with SCAM (substituted cysteine accessibility method), an approach that determines the position of individual residues with respect to the membrane plane, whereby only minimal changes in the primary sequence have to be introduced into the protein of interest.
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27
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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McLellan CA, Whitesell L, King OD, Lancaster AK, Mazitschek R, Lindquist S. Inhibiting GPI anchor biosynthesis in fungi stresses the endoplasmic reticulum and enhances immunogenicity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1520-8. [PMID: 22724584 DOI: 10.1021/cb300235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In fungi, the anchoring of proteins to the plasma membrane via their covalent attachment to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is essential and thus provides a valuable point of attack for the development of antifungal therapeutics. Unfortunately, studying the underlying biology of GPI-anchor synthesis is difficult, especially in medically relevant fungal pathogens because they are not genetically tractable. Compounding difficulties, many of the genes in this pathway are essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we report the discovery of a new small molecule christened gepinacin (for GPI acylation inhibitor) which selectively inhibits Gwt1, a critical acyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of fungal GPI anchors. After delineating the target specificity of gepinacin using genetic and biochemical techniques, we used it to probe key, therapeutically relevant consequences of disrupting GPI anchor metabolism in fungi. We found that, unlike all three major classes of antifungals in current use, the direct antimicrobial activity of this compound results predominantly from its ability to induce overwhelming stress to the endoplasmic reticulum. Gepinacin did not affect the viability of mammalian cells nor did it inhibit their orthologous acyltransferase. This enabled its use in co-culture experiments to examine Gwt1's effects on host-pathogen interactions. In isolates of Candida albicans, the most common fungal pathogen in humans, exposure to gepinacin at sublethal concentrations impaired filamentation and unmasked cell wall β-glucan to stimulate a pro-inflammatory cytokine response in macrophages. Gwt1 is a promising antifungal drug target, and gepanacin is a useful probe for studying how disrupting GPI-anchor synthesis impairs viability and alters host-pathogen interactions in genetically intractable fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. McLellan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Oliver D. King
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, Massachusetts
02472, United States
| | - Alex K. Lancaster
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Richard B. Simches
Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 5.210, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Fujita M, Kinoshita T. GPI-anchor remodeling: Potential functions of GPI-anchors in intracellular trafficking and membrane dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1050-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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