1
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Kazanietz MG, Cooke M. Protein kinase C signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus: Master kinases in transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105692. [PMID: 38301892 PMCID: PMC10907189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PKC is a multifunctional family of Ser-Thr kinases widely implicated in the regulation of fundamental cellular functions, including proliferation, polarity, motility, and differentiation. Notwithstanding their primary cytoplasmic localization and stringent activation by cell surface receptors, PKC isozymes impel prominent nuclear signaling ultimately impacting gene expression. While transcriptional regulation may be wielded by nuclear PKCs, it most often relies on cytoplasmic phosphorylation events that result in nuclear shuttling of PKC downstream effectors, including transcription factors. As expected from the unique coupling of PKC isozymes to signaling effector pathways, glaring disparities in gene activation/repression are observed upon targeting individual PKC family members. Notably, specific PKCs control the expression and activation of transcription factors implicated in cell cycle/mitogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune function. Additionally, PKCs isozymes tightly regulate transcription factors involved in stepwise differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward specific epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cell lineages. Aberrant PKC expression and/or activation in pathological conditions, such as in cancer, leads to profound alterations in gene expression, leading to an extensive rewiring of transcriptional networks associated with mitogenesis, invasiveness, stemness, and tumor microenvironment dysregulation. In this review, we outline the current understanding of PKC signaling "in" and "to" the nucleus, with significant focus on established paradigms of PKC-mediated transcriptional control. Dissecting these complexities would allow the identification of relevant molecular targets implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Li X, Kaur N, Albahrani M, Karpf AR, Black AR, Black JD. Crosstalk between protein kinase C α and transforming growth factor β signaling mediated by Runx2 in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103017. [PMID: 36791912 PMCID: PMC10036670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight coordination of growth regulatory signaling is required for intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Protein kinase C α (PKCα) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) are negative regulators of proliferation with tumor suppressor properties in the intestine. Here, we identify novel crosstalk between PKCα and TGFβ signaling. RNA-Seq analysis of nontransformed intestinal crypt-like cells and colorectal cancer cells identified TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1) as a target of PKCα signaling. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis confirmed that PKCα positively regulates TGFβR1 mRNA and protein expression in these cells. Effects on TGFβR1 were dependent on Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) signaling. Nascent RNA and promoter-reporter analysis indicated that PKCα induces TGFβR1 transcription, and Runx2 was identified as an essential mediator of the effect. PKCα promoted ERK-mediated activating phosphorylation of Runx2, which preceded transcriptional activation of the TGFβR1 gene and induction of Runx2 expression. Thus, we have identified a novel PKCα→ERK→Runx2→TGFβR1 signaling axis. In further support of a link between PKCα and TGFβ signaling, PKCα knockdown reduced the ability of TGFβ to induce SMAD2 phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of TGFβR1 decreased PKCα-induced upregulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 in intestinal cells. The physiological relevance of these findings is also supported by The Cancer Genome Atlas data showing correlation between PKCα, Runx2, and TGFβR1 mRNA expression in human colorectal cancer. PKCα also regulated TGFβR1 in endometrial cancer cells, and PKCα, Runx2, and TGFβR1 expression correlates in uterine tumors, indicating that crosstalk between PKCα and TGFβ signaling may be a common mechanism in diverse epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mustafa Albahrani
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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3
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Cooke M, Zhang X, Zhang S, Eruslanov E, Lal P, Daniel RE, Feldman MD, Abba MC, Kazanietz MG. PROTEIN KINASE C ALPHA IS A CENTRAL NODE FOR TUMORIGENIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL NETWORKS IN HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1372-1387. [PMID: 36818489 PMCID: PMC9933888 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is a hallmark of cancer. The different members of the PKC family control cellular events associated with cancer development and progression. Whereas the classical/conventional PKCα isozyme has been linked to tumor suppression in most cancer types, here we demonstrate that this kinase is required for the mitogenic activity of aggressive human prostate cancer cells displaying aberrantly high PKCα expression. Immunohistochemical analysis showed abnormal up-regulation of PKCα in human primary prostate tumors. Interestingly, silencing PKCα expression from aggressive prostate cancer cells impairs cell cycle progression, proliferation and invasion, as well as their tumorigenic activity in a mouse xenograft model. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PKCα exerts a profound control of gene expression, particularly over genes and transcriptional networks associated with cell cycle progression and E2F transcription factors. PKCα RNAi depletion from PC3 prostate cancer cells led to a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, as well as a prominent down-regulation of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1. This PKCα-dependent gene expression profile was corroborated in silico using human prostate cancer databases. Our studies established PKCα as a multifunctional kinase that plays pleiotropic roles in prostate cancer, particularly by controlling genetic networks associated with tumor growth and progression. The identification of PKCα as a pro-tumorigenic kinase in human prostate cancer provides strong rationale for the development of therapeutic approaches towards targeting PKCα or its effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reba E. Daniel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D. Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin C. Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G. Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Black JD, Affandi T, Black AR, Reyland ME. PKCα and PKCδ: Friends and Rivals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102194. [PMID: 35760100 PMCID: PMC9352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC comprises a large family of serine/threonine kinases that share a requirement for allosteric activation by lipids. While PKC isoforms have significant homology, functional divergence is evident among subfamilies and between individual PKC isoforms within a subfamily. Here, we highlight these differences by comparing the regulation and function of representative PKC isoforms from the conventional (PKCα) and novel (PKCδ) subfamilies. We discuss how unique structural features of PKCα and PKCδ underlie differences in activation and highlight the similar, divergent, and even opposing biological functions of these kinases. We also consider how PKCα and PKCδ can contribute to pathophysiological conditions and discuss challenges to targeting these kinases therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
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Kaur N, Lum M, Lewis RE, Black AR, Black JD. A novel anti-proliferative PKCα-Ras-ERK signaling axis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102121. [PMID: 35697074 PMCID: PMC9270260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the serine/threonine kinase PKCα triggers MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-dependent G1→S cell cycle arrest in intestinal epithelial cells, characterized by downregulation of cyclin D1 and inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 1 (Id1) and upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1. Here, we use pharmacological inhibitors, genetic approaches, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and immunoprecipitation to further characterize anti-proliferative ERK signaling in intestinal cells. We show that PKCα signaling intersects the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK kinase cascade at the level of Ras small GTPases, and that anti-proliferative effects of PKCα require active Ras, Raf, MEK and ERK, core ERK pathway components that are also essential for pro-proliferative ERK signaling induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF). However, PKCα-induced anti-proliferative signaling differs from EGF signaling in that it is independent of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ras-GEFs), SOS1/2, and involves prolonged rather than transient ERK activation. PKCα forms complexes with A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf that dissociate upon pathway activation, and all three Raf isoforms can mediate PKCα-induced anti-proliferative effects. At least two PKCα-ERK pathways that collaborate to promote growth arrest were identified: one pathway requiring the Ras-GEF, RasGRP3, and H-Ras, leads to p21Cip1 upregulation, while additional pathway(s) mediate PKCα-induced cyclin D1 and Id1 downregulation. PKCα also induces ERK-dependent SOS1 phosphorylation, indicating possible negative crosstalk between anti-proliferative and growth-promoting ERK signaling. Importantly, the spatio-temporal activation of PKCα and ERK in the intestinal epithelium in vivo supports the physiological relevance of these pathways and highlights the importance of anti-proliferative ERK signaling to tissue homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michelle Lum
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Robert E Lewis
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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6
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Genetic Variants Associated with Neuropeptide Y Autoantibody Levels in Newly Diagnosed Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050869. [PMID: 35627254 PMCID: PMC9142038 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Autoantibodies to the leucine variant of neuropeptide Y (NPY-LA) have been found in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the association between the levels of NPY-LA and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to better understand the genetic regulatory mechanisms of autoimmunity in T1D and the functional impacts of increased NPY-LA levels. (2) NPY-LA measurements from serum and SNP genotyping were done on 560 newly diagnosed individuals with T1D. SNP imputation with the 1000 Genomes reference panel was followed by an association analysis between the SNPs and measured NPY-LA levels. Additionally, functional enrichment and pathway analyses were done. (3) Three loci (DGKH, DCAF5, and LINC02261) were associated with NPY-LA levels (p-value < 1.5 × 10−6), which indicates an association with neurologic and vascular disorders. SNPs associated with variations in expression levels were found in six genes (including DCAF5). The pathway analysis showed that NPY-LA was associated with changes in gene transcription, protein modification, immunological functions, and the MAPK pathway. (4) Conclusively, we found NPY-LA to be significantly associated with three loci (DGKH, DCAF5, and LINC02261), and based on our findings we hypothesize that the presence of NPY-LA is associated with the regulation of the immune system and possibly neurologic and vascular disorders.
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7
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Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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8
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Cooke M, Casado-Medrano V, Ann J, Lee J, Blumberg PM, Abba MC, Kazanietz MG. Differential Regulation of Gene Expression in Lung Cancer Cells by Diacyglycerol-Lactones and a Phorbol Ester Via Selective Activation of Protein Kinase C Isozymes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6041. [PMID: 30988374 PMCID: PMC6465381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite our extensive knowledge on the biology of protein kinase C (PKC) and its involvement in disease, limited success has been attained in the generation of PKC isozyme-specific modulators acting via the C1 domain, the binding site for the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and the phorbol ester tumor promoters. Synthetic efforts had recently led to the identification of AJH-836, a DAG-lactone with preferential affinity for novel isozymes (nPKCs) relative to classical PKCs (cPKCs). Here, we compared the ability of AJH-836 and a prototypical phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA) to induce changes in gene expression in a lung cancer model. Gene profiling analysis using RNA-Seq revealed that PMA caused major changes in gene expression, whereas AJH-836 only induced a small subset of genes, thus providing a strong indication for a major involvement of cPKCs in their control of gene expression. MMP1, MMP9, and MMP10 were among the genes most prominently induced by PMA, an effect impaired by RNAi silencing of PKCα, but not PKCδ or PKCε. Comprehensive gene signature analysis and bioinformatics efforts, including functional enrichment and transcription factor binding site analyses of dysregulated genes, identified major differences in pathway activation and transcriptional networks between PMA and DAG-lactones. In addition to providing solid evidence for the differential involvement of individual PKC isozymes in the control of gene expression, our studies emphasize the importance of generating targeted C1 domain ligands capable of differentially regulating PKC isozyme-specific function in cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martin C Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CP1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Dükel M, Tavsan Z, Erdogan D, Erkan Gök D, Ayar Kayali H. Protein kinase C Inhibitors selectively modulate dynamics of cell adhesion molecules and cell death in human colon cancer cells. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:83-97. [PMID: 30289336 PMCID: PMC6527378 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1530933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of colon cancer, Protein Kinase Cs (PKCs) are involved in regulation of many genes controlling several cellular mechanisms. Here, we examined the changes in cell adhesion molecules and PKCs for colorectal cancer progression. We identified that PKCs affected expression of EpCAM, claudins, tetraspanins. Treatment with low concentrations of PKC inhibitors resulted in decreased cell viability. In addition, immunoblotting and qRT-PCR analysis showed that apoptosis was inhibited while autophagy was induced by PKC inhibition in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed decreased levels of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl, confirming the ROS-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results reveal that PKC signalling modulates not only cell adhesion dynamics but also cell death-related mechanisms. Abbreviations: PKC: Protein Kinase C; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; FBS: fetal bovine serum; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); CAM: cell adhesion molecule; ROS: reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Dükel
- a Moleculer Biology and Genetic Department, Faculty of Art and Science , Mehmet Akif Ersoy University , Burdur , Turkey.,b Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Zehra Tavsan
- b Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Duygu Erdogan
- c Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute , Dokuz Eylül University , Izmir , Turkey
| | | | - Hulya Ayar Kayali
- b Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center , Izmir , Turkey.,d Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Science Faculty , Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir , Turkey
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10
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Hsu AH, Lum MA, Shim KS, Frederick PJ, Morrison CD, Chen B, Lele SM, Sheinin YM, Daikoku T, Dey SK, Leone G, Black AR, Black JD. Crosstalk between PKCα and PI3K/AKT Signaling Is Tumor Suppressive in the Endometrium. Cell Rep 2018; 24:655-669. [PMID: 30021163 PMCID: PMC6118133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are commonly recognized as oncoproteins based on their activation by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. However, accumulating evidence indicates that PKCs can be inhibitory in some cancers, with recent findings propelling a shift in focus to understanding tumor suppressive functions of these enzymes. Here, we report that PKCα acts as a tumor suppressor in PI3K/AKT-driven endometrial cancer. Transcriptional suppression of PKCα is observed in human endometrial tumors in association with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. In murine models, loss of PKCα is rate limiting for endometrial tumor initiation. PKCα tumor suppression involves PP2A-family-dependent inactivation of AKT, which can occur even in the context of genetic hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling by coincident mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA, and/or PIK3R1. Together, our data point to PKCα as a crucial tumor suppressor in the endometrium, with deregulation of a PKCα→PP2A/PP2A-like phosphatase signaling axis contributing to robust AKT activation and enhanced endometrial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Hsu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michelle A Lum
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kang-Sup Shim
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter J Frederick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Carl D Morrison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yuri M Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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11
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Lum MA, Barger CJ, Hsu AH, Leontieva OV, Black AR, Black JD. Protein Kinase Cα (PKCα) Is Resistant to Long Term Desensitization/Down-regulation by Prolonged Diacylglycerol Stimulation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6331-46. [PMID: 26769967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.696211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained activation of PKCα is required for long term physiological responses, such as growth arrest and differentiation. However, studies with pharmacological agonists (e.g. phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)) indicate that prolonged stimulation leads to PKCα desensitization via dephosphorylation and/or degradation. The current study analyzed effects of chronic stimulation with the physiological agonist diacylglycerol. Repeated addition of 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) resulted in sustained plasma membrane association of PKCα in a pattern comparable with that induced by PMA. However, although PMA potently down-regulated PKCα, prolonged activation by DiC8 failed to engage known desensitization mechanisms, with the enzyme remaining membrane-associated and able to support sustained downstream signaling. DiC8-activated PKCα did not undergo dephosphorylation, ubiquitination, or internalization, early events in PKCα desensitization. Although DiC8 efficiently down-regulated novel PKCs PKCδ and PKCϵ, differences in Ca(2+) sensitivity and diacylglycerol affinity were excluded as mediators of the selective resistance of PKCα. Roles for Hsp/Hsc70 and Hsp90 were also excluded. PMA, but not DiC8, targeted PKCα to detergent-resistant membranes, and disruption of these domains with cholesterol-binding agents demonstrated a role for differential membrane compartmentalization in selective agonist-induced degradation. Chronic DiC8 treatment failed to desensitize PKCα in several cell types and did not affect PKCβI; thus, conventional PKCs appear generally insensitive to desensitization by sustained diacylglycerol stimulation. Consistent with this conclusion, prolonged (several-day) membrane association/activation of PKCα is seen in self-renewing epithelium of the intestine, cervix, and skin. PKCα deficiency affects gene expression, differentiation, and tumorigenesis in these tissues, highlighting the importance of mechanisms that protect PKCα from desensitization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lum
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950 and the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Carter J Barger
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950 and
| | - Alice H Hsu
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950 and
| | - Olga V Leontieva
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Adrian R Black
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950 and the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Jennifer D Black
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5950 and the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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An N, Yang X, Cheng S, Wang G, Zhang K. Developmental genes significantly afflicted by aberrant promoter methylation and somatic mutation predict overall survival of late-stage colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18616. [PMID: 26691761 PMCID: PMC4686889 DOI: 10.1038/srep18616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is an exceedingly complicated process, which involves multi-level dysregulations, including genomics (majorly caused by somatic mutation and copy number variation), DNA methylomics, and transcriptomics. Therefore, only looking into one molecular level of cancer is not sufficient to uncover the intricate underlying mechanisms. With the abundant resources of public available data in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, an integrative strategy was conducted to systematically analyze the aberrant patterns of colorectal cancer on the basis of DNA copy number, promoter methylation, somatic mutation and gene expression. In this study, paired samples in each genomic level were retrieved to identify differentially expressed genes with corresponding genetic or epigenetic dysregulations. Notably, the result of gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes with corresponding aberrant promoter methylation or somatic mutation were both functionally concentrated upon developmental process, suggesting the intimate association between development and carcinogenesis. Thus, by means of random walk with restart, 37 significant development-related genes were retrieved from a priori-knowledge based biological network. In five independent microarray datasets, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses both confirmed that the expression of these genes was significantly associated with overall survival of Stage III/IV colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Peking Union Medical College & Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Peking Union Medical College & Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Peking Union Medical College & Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Guiqi Wang
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Peking Union Medical College & Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
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13
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Zhang N, Subbaramaiah K, Yantiss RK, Zhou XK, Chin Y, Scherl EJ, Bosworth BP, Benezra R, Dannenberg AJ. Id1 expression in endothelial cells of the colon is required for normal response to injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2983-93. [PMID: 26348574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID)-1 is important for angiogenesis during embryogenesis and tumor development. Whether ID1 expression in endothelial cells of the colon is required for normal response to injury is unknown. We demonstrate that Id1 is up-regulated in colonic endothelial cells in an experimental model of colitis and in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Because prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-α are also elevated in colitis, we determined whether these factors could induce ID1 transcription in cultured endothelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated ID1 transcription via early growth response 1 protein (Egr-1). By contrast, the induction of ID1 by prostaglandin E2 was mediated by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). To determine whether the increased ID1 levels in the endothelial cells of inflamed mucosa were an adaptive response that modulated the severity of tissue injury, Id1 was conditionally depleted in the endothelium of mice, which sensitized the mice to more severe chemical colitis, including more severe diarrhea, bleeding, and histological injury, and shorter colon compared with control mice. Moreover, depletion of Id1 in the vasculature was associated with increased CD31(+) aggregates and increased vascular permeability in inflamed mucosa compared with those in Id1 wild-type control mice. These results suggest that endothelial ID1 up-regulation in inflamed colonic mucosa is an adaptive response that modulates the severity of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Rhonda K Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Yvette Chin
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellen J Scherl
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Brian P Bosworth
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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14
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Rosenberg T, Thomassen M, Jensen SS, Larsen MJ, Sørensen KP, Hermansen SK, Kruse TA, Kristensen BW. Acute hypoxia induces upregulation of microRNA-210 expression in glioblastoma spheroids. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:25-35. [PMID: 25586423 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tumor hypoxia and presence of tumor stem cells are related to therapeutic resistance and tumorigenicity in glioblastomas. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify microRNAs deregulated in acute hypoxia and to identify possible associated changes in stem cell markers. MATERIALS & METHODS Glioblastoma spheroid cultures were grown in either 2 or 21% oxygen. Subsequently, miRNA profiling was performed and expression of ten stem cell markers was examined. RESULTS MiRNA-210 was significantly upregulated in hypoxia in patient-derived spheroids. The stem cell markers displayed a complex regulatory pattern. CONCLUSION MiRNA-210 appears to be upregulated in hypoxia in immature glioblastoma cells. This miRNA may represent a therapeutic target although it is not clear from the results whether this miRNA may be related to specific cancer stem cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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15
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Garg R, Benedetti LG, Abera MB, Wang H, Abba M, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and cancer: what we know and what we do not. Oncogene 2014; 33:5225-37. [PMID: 24336328 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes represent one of the most extensively studied signaling kinases. PKCs signal through multiple pathways and control the expression of genes relevant for cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastatic dissemination. Despite the vast amount of information concerning the mechanisms that control PKC activation and function in cellular models, the relevance of individual PKC isozymes in the progression of human cancer is still a matter of controversy. Although the expression of PKC isozymes is altered in multiple cancer types, the causal relationship between such changes and the initiation and progression of the disease remains poorly defined. Animal models developed in the last years helped to better understand the involvement of individual PKCs in various cancer types and in the context of specific oncogenic alterations. Unraveling the enormous complexity in the mechanisms by which PKC isozymes have an impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis is key for reassessing their potential as pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L G Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Abera
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Pysz MA, Hao F, Hizli AA, Lum MA, Swetzig WM, Black AR, Black JD. Differential regulation of cyclin D1 expression by protein kinase C α and ϵ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22268-83. [PMID: 24914206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular accumulation of cyclin D1, a key regulator of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, is subject to tight control. Our previous studies have identified PKCα as a negative regulator of cyclin D1 in the intestinal epithelium. However, treatment of non-transformed IEC-18 ileal crypt cells with PKC agonists has a biphasic effect on cyclin D1 expression. Initial PKCα-mediated down-regulation is followed by recovery and subsequent accumulation of the cyclin to levels markedly higher than those seen in untreated cells. Using protein overexpression strategies, siRNA, and pharmacological inhibitors, we now demonstrate that the recovery and hyperinduction of cyclin D1 reflect the combined effects of (a) loss of negative signals from PKCα due to agonist-induced PKCα down-regulation and (b) positive effects of PKCϵ. PKCϵ-mediated up-regulation of cyclin D1 requires sustained ERK stimulation and transcriptional activation of the proximal cyclin D1 (CCDN1) promoter, without apparent involvement of changes in protein stability or translation. PKCϵ also up-regulates cyclin D1 expression in colon cancer cells, through mechanisms that parallel those in IEC-18 cells. Although induction of cyclin D1 by PKCϵ is dependent on non-canonical NF-κB activation, the NF-κB site in the proximal promoter is not required. Instead, cyclin D1 promoter activity is regulated by a novel interaction between NF-κB and factors that associate with the cyclic AMP-response element adjacent to the NF-κB site. The differential effects of PKCα and PKCϵ on cyclin D1 accumulation are likely to contribute to the opposing tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting activities of these PKC family members in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth A Pysz
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Fang Hao
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - A Asli Hizli
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Michelle A Lum
- From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198 and
| | - Wendy M Swetzig
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Adrian R Black
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198 and
| | - Jennifer D Black
- the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263From the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198 and
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17
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, which can be further classified into three PKC isozymes subfamilies: conventional or classic, novel or nonclassic, and atypical. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Because of their key roles in cell signaling, PKC isozymes also have the potential to be promising therapeutic targets for several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, and multiple types of cancer. This review primarily focuses on the activation, mechanism, and function of PKC isozymes during cancer development and progression.
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18
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Protein kinase Cα suppresses Kras-mediated lung tumor formation through activation of a p38 MAPK-TGFβ signaling axis. Oncogene 2013; 33:2134-44. [PMID: 23604119 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) can activate both pro- and anti-tumorigenic signaling depending upon cellular context. Here, we investigated the role of PKCα in lung tumorigenesis in vivo. Gene expression data sets revealed that primary human non-small lung cancers (NSCLC) express significantly decreased PKCα levels, indicating that loss of PKCα expression is a recurrent event in NSCLC. We evaluated the functional relevance of PKCα loss during lung tumorigenesis in three murine lung adenocarcinoma models (LSL-Kras, LA2-Kras and urethane exposure). Genetic deletion of PKCα resulted in a significant increase in lung tumor number, size, burden and grade, bypass of oncogene-induced senescence, progression from adenoma to carcinoma and a significant decrease in survival in vivo. The tumor promoting effect of PKCα loss was reflected in enhanced Kras-mediated expansion of bronchio-alveolar stem cells (BASCs), putative tumor-initiating cells, both in vitro and in vivo. LSL-Kras/Prkca(-/-) mice exhibited a decrease in phospho-p38 MAPK in BASCs in vitro and in tumors in vivo, and treatment of LSL-Kras BASCs with a p38 inhibitor resulted in increased colony size indistinguishable from that observed in LSL-Kras/Prkca(-/-) BASCs. In addition, LSL-Kras/Prkca(-/-) BASCs exhibited a modest but reproducible increase in TGFβ1 mRNA, and addition of exogenous TGFβ1 to LSL-Kras BASCs results in enhanced growth similar to untreated BASCs from LSL-Kras/Prkca(-/-) mice. Conversely, a TGFβR1 inhibitor reversed the effects of PKCα loss in LSL-Kras/Prkca(-/-) BASCs. Finally, we identified the inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) Id1-3 and the Wilm's Tumor 1 as potential downstream targets of PKCα-dependent tumor suppressor activity in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that PKCα suppresses tumor initiation and progression, at least in part, through a PKCα-p38MAPK-TGFβ signaling axis that regulates tumor cell proliferation and Kras-induced senescence. Our results provide the first direct evidence that PKCα exhibits tumor suppressor activity in the lung in vivo.
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19
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Black AR, Black JD. Protein kinase C signaling and cell cycle regulation. Front Immunol 2013; 3:423. [PMID: 23335926 PMCID: PMC3547298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between T cell proliferation and the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases has been recognized for about 30 years. However, despite the wealth of information on PKC-mediated control of, T cell activation, understanding of the effects of PKCs on the cell cycle machinery in this cell type remains limited. Studies in other systems have revealed important cell cycle-specific effects of PKC signaling that can either positively or negatively impact proliferation. The outcome of PKC activation is highly context-dependent, with the precise cell cycle target(s) and overall effects determined by the specific isozyme involved, the timing of PKC activation, the cell type, and the signaling environment. Although PKCs can regulate all stages of the cell cycle, they appear to predominantly affect G0/G1 and G2. PKCs can modulate multiple cell cycle regulatory molecules, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), cdk inhibitors and cdc25 phosphatases; however, evidence points to Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors and D-type cyclins as key mediators of PKC-regulated cell cycle-specific effects. Several PKC isozymes can target Cip/Kip proteins to control G0/G1 → S and/or G2 → M transit, while effects on D-type cyclins regulate entry into and progression through G1. Analysis of PKC signaling in T cells has largely focused on its roles in T cell activation; thus, observed cell cycle effects are mainly positive. A prominent role is emerging for PKCθ, with non-redundant functions of other isozymes also described. Additional evidence points to PKCδ as a negative regulator of the cell cycle in these cells. As in other cell types, context-dependent effects of individual isozymes have been noted in T cells, and Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors and D-type cyclins appear to be major PKC targets. Future studies are anticipated to take advantage of the similarities between these various systems to enhance understanding of PKC-mediated cell cycle regulation in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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20
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Nakagawa R, Vukovic M, Cosimo E, Michie AM. Modulation of PKC-α promotes lineage reprogramming of committed B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1005-15. [PMID: 22531924 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During hematopoietic lineage development, hematopoietic stem cells sequentially commit toward myeloid or lymphoid lineages in a tightly regulated manner, which under normal circumstances is irreversible. However, studies have established that targeted deletion of the B-lineage specific transcription factor, paired box gene 5 (Pax5), enables B cells to differentiate toward other hematopoietic lineages, in addition to generating progenitor B-cell lymphomas. Our previous studies showed that subversion of protein kinase C (PKC)-α in developing B cells transformed B-lineage cells. Here, we demonstrate that PKC-α modulation in committed CD19(+) B lymphocytes also promoted lineage conversion toward myeloid, NK-, and T-cell lineages upon Notch ligation. This occurred via a reduction in Pax5 expression resulting from a downregulation of E47, a product of the E2A gene. T-cell lineage commitment was indicated by the expression of T-cell associated genes Ptcra, Cd3e, and gene rearrangement at the Tcrb gene locus. Importantly, the lineage-converted T cells carried Igh gene rearrangements reminiscent of their B-cell origin. Our findings suggest that modulation of PKC-α induces hematopoietic-lineage plasticity in committed B-lineage cells by perturbing expression of critical B-lineage transcription factors, and deregulation of PKC-α activity/expression represents a potential mechanism for lineage trans-differentiation during malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinako Nakagawa
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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