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Zhao L, Duan Y, Li Z, Li J, Li S. Unearthing the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Oxyresveratrol Based on Intrinsic Links between Pharmacological Effects: Implications for the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1063. [PMID: 39204169 PMCID: PMC11359039 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol is a stilbene compound with a simple chemical structure and various therapeutic potentials. This study summarized and analyzed the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of oxyresveratrol, identifying its prominent performance in neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, and anti-inflammatory activities in the intestines. By integrating the pharmacological effects of oxyresveratrol with insights from the network pharmacology and molecular docking of its interactions with targets linked to gut-liver-brain axis disorders, it has been shown that oxyresveratrol may hold promise for the treatment of gut-liver-brain axis-related disorders. The synergistic effect between various mechanisms has inspired further research and the development of oxyresveratrol's application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.L.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yan Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.L.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.L.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shunxiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.L.)
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha 410208, China
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2
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Das R, Karri R, Chalana A, Rai RK, Roy G. Uncovering the Role of Methylmercury on DNA Lesions at Cytotoxic Concentrations in Glutathione-Depleted Cells: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10455-10465. [PMID: 38743433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organomercurials (RHg+), especially methylmercury (MeHg+) and ethylmercury (EtHg+), are considered to be more neurotoxic than the inorganic counterpart (Hg2+). They cause massive DNA damage in cells, especially in neurons, where cellular glutathione (GSH) levels are significantly low. However, the mechanism by which RHg+ exerts massive DNA damage at cytotoxic concentrations in brain cells remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the effect of RHg+ on the structural and electronic properties of nucleosides and its effects on DNA damage. The direct interaction of RHg+ with the nucleoside significantly weakens N-glycosidic bonds, decreases the C-H bond energy of sugar moieties, and increases the electrophilicity of the C8-center of purine bases. As a consequence, RHg+-conjugated DNA molecules are extremely labile and highly sensitive to any nucleophiles/radicals present in GSH-depleted cells and, thus, undergo enhanced oxidative and unusual alkylative DNA damage. We also report a functional model of organomercurial lyase, which showed excellent cytoprotective effect against RHg+-induced cytotoxicity; this reverses the activity of glutathione reductase inhibited by MeHgCl and ceases oxidative and alkylating DNA damage. This intriguing finding provides new mechanistic insight into the mode of action of organomercurials in GSH-depleted cells and their adverse effects on individuals with neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Dadri, UP 201314, India
| | - Ramesh Karri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Dadri, UP 201314, India
- Ruhvenile Biomedical OPC Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Chalana
- Centre for Development of Biomaterials, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201306, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, AP 517619, India
| | - Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, AP 517619, India
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3
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Czarny P, Ziółkowska S, Kołodziej Ł, Watała C, Wigner-Jeziorska P, Bliźniewska-Kowalska K, Wachowska K, Gałecka M, Synowiec E, Gałecki P, Bijak M, Szemraj J, Śliwiński T. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Maintaining the Stability of Mitochondrial DNA Affect the Occurrence, Onset, Severity and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14752. [PMID: 37834200 PMCID: PMC10573273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key features of major depressive disorder (MDD, depression) is increased oxidative stress manifested by elevated levels of mtROS, a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can arise from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Thus, the current study explores possibility that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding the three enzymes that are thought to be implicated in the replication, repair or degradation of mtDNA, i.e., POLG, ENDOG and EXOG, have an impact on the occurrence, onset, severity and treatment of MDD. Five SNPs were selected: EXOG c.-188T > G (rs9838614), EXOG c.*627G > A (rs1065800), POLG c.-1370T > A (rs1054875), ENDOG c.-394T > C (rs2977998) and ENDOG c.-220C > T (rs2997922), while genotyping was performed on 538 DNA samples (277 cases and 261 controls) using TaqMan probes. All SNPs of EXOG and ENDOG modulated the risk of depression, but the strongest effect was observed for rs1065800, while rs9838614 and rs2977998 indicate that they might influence the severity of symptoms, and, to a lesser extent, treatment effectiveness. Although the SNP located in POLG did not affect occurrence of the disease, the result suggests that it may influence the onset and treatment outcome. These findings further support the hypothesis that mtDNA damage and impairment in its metabolism play a crucial role not only in the development, but also in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Sylwia Ziółkowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Łukasz Kołodziej
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.K.)
| | - Cezary Watała
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paulina Wigner-Jeziorska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Wachowska
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland; (K.B.-K.); (K.W.); (P.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Gałecka
- Department of Psychotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.K.)
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland; (K.B.-K.); (K.W.); (P.G.)
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (S.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.K.)
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4
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Caston RA, Fortini P, Chen K, Bauer J, Dogliotti E, Yin YW, Demple B. Maintenance of Flap Endonucleases for Long-Patch Base Excision DNA Repair in Mouse Muscle and Neuronal Cells Differentiated In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12715. [PMID: 37628896 PMCID: PMC10454756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After cellular differentiation, nuclear DNA is no longer replicated, and many of the associated proteins are downregulated accordingly. These include the structure-specific endonucleases Fen1 and DNA2, which are implicated in repairing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Two more such endonucleases, named MGME1 and ExoG, have been discovered in mitochondria. This category of nuclease is required for so-called "long-patch" (multinucleotide) base excision DNA repair (BER), which is necessary to process certain oxidative lesions, prompting the question of how differentiation affects the availability and use of these enzymes in mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrate that Fen1 and DNA2 are indeed strongly downregulated after differentiation of neuronal precursors (Cath.a-differentiated cells) or mouse myotubes, while the expression levels of MGME1 and ExoG showed minimal changes. The total flap excision activity in mitochondrial extracts of these cells was moderately decreased upon differentiation, with MGME1 as the predominant flap endonuclease and ExoG playing a lesser role. Unexpectedly, both differentiated cell types appeared to accumulate less oxidative or alkylation damage in mtDNA than did their proliferating progenitors. Finally, the overall rate of mtDNA repair was not significantly different between proliferating and differentiated cells. Taken together, these results indicate that neuronal cells maintain mtDNA repair upon differentiation, evidently relying on mitochondria-specific enzymes for long-patch BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Caston
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Paola Fortini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.)
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jack Bauer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.)
| | - Y. Whitney Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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5
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Szymanski MR, Karlowicz A, Herrmann GK, Cen Y, Yin YW. Human EXOG Possesses Strong AP Hydrolysis Activity: Implication on Mitochondrial DNA Base Excision Repair. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23543-23550. [PMID: 36516439 PMCID: PMC10920074 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most oxidative damage on mitochondrial DNA is corrected by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction─deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) removal─in the multienzymatic reaction pathway has not been completely determined in mitochondria. Also unclear is how a logical order of enzymatic reactions is ensured. Here, we present structural and enzymatic studies showing that human mitochondrial EXOG (hEXOG) exhibits strong 5'-dRP removal ability. We show that, unlike the canonical dRP lyases that act on a single substrate, hEXOG functions on a variety of abasic sites, including 5'-dRP, its oxidized product deoxyribonolactone (dL), and the stable synthetic analogue tetrahydrofuran (THF). We determined crystal structures of hEXOG complexed with a THF-containing DNA and with a partial gapped DNA to 2.9 and 2.1 Å resolutions, respectively. The structures illustrate that hEXOG uses a controlled 5'-exonuclease activity to cleave the third phosphodiester bond away from the 5'-abasic site. This study provides a structural basis for hEXOG's broad spectrum of substrates. Further, we show that hEXOG can set the order of BER reactions by generating an ideal substrate for the subsequent reaction in BER and inhibit off-pathway reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal R Szymanski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Karlowicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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6
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Romesberg A, Van Houten B. Targeting Mitochondrial Function with Chemoptogenetics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2459. [PMID: 36289721 PMCID: PMC9599259 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ATP-generating organelles in eukaryotic cells that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged within nucleoids and, due to its close proximity to ROS production, endures oxidative base damage. This damage can be repaired by base excision repair (BER) within the mitochondria, or it can be degraded via exonucleases or mitophagy. Persistent mtDNA damage may drive the production of dysfunctional OXPHOS components that generate increased ROS, or OXPHOS components may be directly damaged by ROS, which then can cause more mtDNA damage and create a vicious cycle of ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. If mtDNA damage is left unrepaired, mtDNA mutations including deletions can result. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations has been associated with conditions ranging from the aging process to cancer and neurodegenerative conditions, but the sequence of events leading to mtDNA mutations and deletions is yet unknown. Researchers have utilized many systems and agents for generating ROS in mitochondria to observe the downstream effects on mtDNA, ROS, and mitochondrial function; yet, there are various drawbacks to these methodologies that limit their precision. Here, we describe a novel chemoptogenetic approach to target oxidative damage to mitochondria and mtDNA with a high spatial and temporal resolution so that the downstream effects of ROS-induced damage can be measured with a high precision in order to better understand the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Romesberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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7
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Karlowicz A, Dubiel AB, Czerwinska J, Bledea A, Purzycki P, Grzelewska M, McAuley RJ, Szczesny RJ, Brzuska G, Krol E, Szczesny B, Szymanski MR. In vitro reconstitution reveals a key role of human mitochondrial EXOG in RNA primer processing. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7991-8007. [PMID: 35819194 PMCID: PMC9371904 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of RNA primers is essential for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication. Several nucleases have been implicated in RNA primer removal in human mitochondria, however, no conclusive mechanism has been elucidated. Here, we reconstituted minimal in vitro system capable of processing RNA primers into ligatable DNA ends. We show that human 5'-3' exonuclease, EXOG, plays a fundamental role in removal of the RNA primer. EXOG cleaves short and long RNA-containing flaps but also in cooperation with RNase H1, processes non-flap RNA-containing intermediates. Our data indicate that the enzymatic activity of both enzymes is necessary to process non-flap RNA-containing intermediates and that regardless of the pathway, EXOG-mediated RNA cleavage is necessary prior to ligation by DNA Ligase III. We also show that upregulation of EXOG levels in mitochondria increases ligation efficiency of RNA-containing substrates and discover physical interactions, both in vitro and in cellulo, between RNase H1 and EXOG, Pol γA, Pol γB and Lig III but not FEN1, which we demonstrate to be absent from mitochondria of human lung epithelial cells. Together, using human mtDNA replication enzymes, we reconstitute for the first time RNA primer removal reaction and propose a novel model for RNA primer processing in human mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karlowicz
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Dubiel
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Czerwinska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Adela Bledea
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Purzycki
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Grzelewska
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ryan J McAuley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roman J Szczesny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Brzuska
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Michal R Szymanski
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Manils J, Marruecos L, Soler C. Exonucleases: Degrading DNA to Deal with Genome Damage, Cell Death, Inflammation and Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:2157. [PMID: 35883600 PMCID: PMC9316158 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA degradation might seem an unwanted event, it is essential in many cellular processes that are key to maintaining genomic stability and cell and organism homeostasis. The capacity to cut out nucleotides one at a time from the end of a DNA chain is present in enzymes called exonucleases. Exonuclease activity might come from enzymes with multiple other functions or specialized enzymes only dedicated to this function. Exonucleases are involved in central pathways of cell biology such as DNA replication, repair, and death, as well as tuning the immune response. Of note, malfunctioning of these enzymes is associated with immune disorders and cancer. In this review, we will dissect the impact of DNA degradation on the DNA damage response and its links with inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Manils
- Serra Húnter Programme, Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Marruecos
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Concepció Soler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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The Role of Phosphocreatine in the Perconditioning and Postconditioning of Isolated Rat Heart. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present study strives to assess the cardioprotective role of phosphocreatine as an agent for postconditioning and perconditioning of isolated rat heart.
Rat hearts (n=30) were perfused with a Langendorff apparatus and randomly assigned to three groups subjected to 20 minutes of global ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion: control group (untreated rat hearts), postconditioning group (hearts treated with 0.2 mmol/l of phosphocreatine during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion), and perconditioning group (hearts treated with 0.2 mmol/l of phosphocreatine during the first 5 minutes of ischemia). During the experimental protocol, cardiodynamic parameters were evaluated, while oxidative stress parameters such as superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, nitrites and index of lipid peroxidation were determined in coronary venous effluent.
Postconditioning and perconditioning with phosphocreatine improved contractile function, heart rate and coronary flow, while the examined oxidative stress parameters in coronary venous effluent were significantly reduced in groups of treated rat hearts. The results of this study indicate that phosphocreatine has the potential as a therapeutic agent for perconditioning and postconditioning the heart in ischemia reperfusion injury.
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10
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Roy A, Kandettu A, Ray S, Chakrabarty S. Mitochondrial DNA replication and repair defects: Clinical phenotypes and therapeutic interventions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148554. [PMID: 35341749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria is a unique cellular organelle involved in multiple cellular processes and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This semi-autonomous organelle contains its circular genome - mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), that undergoes continuous cycles of replication and repair to maintain the mitochondrial genome integrity. The majority of the mitochondrial genes, including mitochondrial replisome and repair genes, are nuclear-encoded. Although the repair machinery of mitochondria is quite efficient, the mitochondrial genome is highly susceptible to oxidative damage and other types of exogenous and endogenous agent-induced DNA damage, due to the absence of protective histones and their proximity to the main ROS production sites. Mutations in replication and repair genes of mitochondria can result in mtDNA depletion and deletions subsequently leading to mitochondrial genome instability. The combined action of mutations and deletions can result in compromised mitochondrial genome maintenance and lead to various mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair process, key proteins involved, and their altered function in mitochondrial disorders. The focus of this review will be on the key genes of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair machinery and the clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhipsa Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amoolya Kandettu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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11
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The fate of damaged mitochondrial DNA in the cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119233. [PMID: 35131372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a double membrane organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration and production of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material carried by mitochondria, which encodes some essential subunits of respiratory complexes independent of nuclear DNA. Normally, mtDNA binds to certain proteins to form a nucleoid that is stable in mitochondria. Nevertheless, a variety of physiological or pathological stresses can cause mtDNA damage, and the accumulation of damaged mtDNA in mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggers the occurrence of mitochondrial diseases in vivo. In response to mtDNA damage, cell initiates multiple pathways including mtDNA repair, degradation, clearance and release, to recover mtDNA, and maintain mitochondrial quality and cell homeostasis. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the fate of damaged mtDNA, focus on the pathways and mechanisms of removing damaged mtDNA in the cell.
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12
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Kelm JM, Samarbakhsh A, Pillai A, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Aruri H, Pandey DS, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ, Gavande NS. Recent Advances in the Development of Non-PIKKs Targeting Small Molecule Inhibitors of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850883. [PMID: 35463312 PMCID: PMC9020266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer patients receive DNA-damaging drugs or ionizing radiation (IR) during their course of treatment, yet the efficacy of these therapies is tempered by DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Aberrations in DNA repair and the DDR are observed in many cancer subtypes and can promote de novo carcinogenesis, genomic instability, and ensuing resistance to current cancer therapy. Additionally, stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks present a unique challenge to the double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair system. Of the various inducible DNA lesions, DSBs are the most lethal and thus desirable in the setting of cancer treatment. In mammalian cells, DSBs are typically repaired by the error prone non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or the high-fidelity homology directed repair (HDR) pathway. Targeting DSB repair pathways using small molecular inhibitors offers a promising mechanism to synergize DNA-damaging drugs and IR while selective inhibition of the NHEJ pathway can induce synthetic lethality in HDR-deficient cancer subtypes. Selective inhibitors of the NHEJ pathway and alternative DSB-repair pathways may also see future use in precision genome editing to direct repair of resulting DSBs created by the HDR pathway. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the development of inhibitors of the non-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (non-PIKKs) members of the NHEJ, HDR and minor backup SSA and alt-NHEJ DSB-repair pathways. The inhibitors described within this review target the non-PIKKs mediators of DSB repair including Ku70/80, Artemis, DNA Ligase IV, XRCC4, MRN complex, RPA, RAD51, RAD52, ERCC1-XPF, helicases, and DNA polymerase θ. While the DDR PIKKs remain intensely pursued as therapeutic targets, small molecule inhibition of non-PIKKs represents an emerging opportunity in drug discovery that offers considerable potential to impact cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Kelm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Amirreza Samarbakhsh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Athira Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Hariprasad Aruri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Deepti S. Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - John J. Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Navnath S. Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Navnath S. Gavande, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-0235
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13
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Nadalutti CA, Ayala-Peña S, Santos JH. Mitochondrial DNA damage as driver of cellular outcomes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C136-C150. [PMID: 34936503 PMCID: PMC8799395 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00389.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are primarily involved in energy production through the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Increasing evidence has shown that mitochondrial function impacts a plethora of different cellular activities, including metabolism, epigenetics, and innate immunity. Like the nucleus, mitochondria own their genetic material, but this organellar genome is circular, present in multiple copies, and maternally inherited. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 37 genes that are solely involved in OXPHOS. Maintenance of mtDNA, through replication and repair, requires the import of nuclear DNA-encoded proteins. Thus, mitochondria completely rely on the nucleus to prevent mitochondrial genetic alterations. As most cells contain hundreds to thousands of mitochondria, it follows that the shear number of organelles allows for the buffering of dysfunction-at least to some extent-before tissue homeostasis becomes impaired. Only red blood cells lack mitochondria entirely. Impaired mitochondrial function is a hallmark of aging and is involved in a number of different disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, and autoimmunity. Although alterations in mitochondrial processes unrelated to OXPHOS, such as fusion and fission, contribute to aging and disease, maintenance of mtDNA integrity is critical for proper organellar function. Here, we focus on how mtDNA damage contributes to cellular dysfunction and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A. Nadalutti
- 1Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology
Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sylvette Ayala-Peña
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Janine H. Santos
- 1Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology
Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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14
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Shackelford RE, Li Y, Ghali GE, Kevil CG. Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1820. [PMID: 34829691 PMCID: PMC8614844 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that exerts numerous physiologic and pathophysiologic effects. Recently, a role for H2S in DNA repair has been identified, where H2S modulates cell cycle checkpoint responses, the DNA damage response (DDR), and mitochondrial and nuclear genomic stability. In addition, several DNA repair proteins modulate cellular H2S concentrations and cellular sulfur metabolism and, in turn, are regulated by cellular H2S concentrations. Many DDR proteins are now pharmacologically inhibited in targeted cancer therapies. As H2S and the enzymes that synthesize it are increased in many human malignancies, it is likely that H2S synthesis inhibition by these therapies is an underappreciated aspect of these cancer treatments. Moreover, both H2S and DDR protein activities in cancer and cardiovascular diseases are becoming increasingly apparent, implicating a DDR-H2S signaling axis in these pathophysiologic processes. Taken together, H2S and DNA repair likely play a central and presently poorly understood role in both normal cellular function and a wide array of human pathophysiologic processes. Here, we review the role of H2S in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E. Shackelford
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (Y.L.); (C.G.K.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (Y.L.); (C.G.K.)
| | - Ghali E. Ghali
- Head & Neck Oncologic/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA;
| | - Christopher G. Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; (Y.L.); (C.G.K.)
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15
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Elbanna M, Chowdhury NN, Rhome R, Fishel ML. Clinical and Preclinical Outcomes of Combining Targeted Therapy With Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:749496. [PMID: 34733787 PMCID: PMC8558533 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.749496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, radiation medicine is currently focused on the precise delivery of highly conformal radiation treatments. However, the tremendous developments in targeted therapy are yet to fulfill their full promise and arguably have the potential to dramatically enhance the radiation therapeutic ratio. The increased ability to molecularly profile tumors both at diagnosis and at relapse and the co-incident progress in the field of radiogenomics could potentially pave the way for a more personalized approach to radiation treatment in contrast to the current ‘‘one size fits all’’ paradigm. Few clinical trials to date have shown an improved clinical outcome when combining targeted agents with radiation therapy, however, most have failed to show benefit, which is arguably due to limited preclinical data. Several key molecular pathways could theoretically enhance therapeutic effect of radiation when rationally targeted either by directly enhancing tumor cell kill or indirectly through the abscopal effect of radiation when combined with novel immunotherapies. The timing of combining molecular targeted therapy with radiation is also important to determine and could greatly affect the outcome depending on which pathway is being inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Elbanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nayela N Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ryan Rhome
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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16
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Pomegranate Extract (POMx) Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis of Oral Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071117. [PMID: 34356350 PMCID: PMC8301084 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effect of pomegranate polyphenolic extract POMx in oral cancer cells has rarely been explored, especially where its impact on mitochondrial functioning is concerned. Here, we attempt to evaluate the proliferation modulating function and mechanism of POMx against human oral cancer (Ca9-22, HSC-3, and OC-2) cells. POMx induced ATP depletion, subG1 accumulation, and annexin V/Western blotting-detected apoptosis in these three oral cancer cell lines but showed no toxicity to normal oral cell lines (HGF-1). POMx triggered mitochondrial membrane potential (MitoMP) disruption and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) generation associated with the differential downregulation of several antioxidant gene mRNA/protein expressions in oral cancer cells. POMx downregulated mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and mitochondrial biogenesis gene mRNA/protein expression in oral cancer cells. Moreover, POMx induced both PCR-based mitochondrial DNA damage and γH2AX-detected nuclear DNA damage in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, POMx provides antiproliferation and apoptosis of oral cancer cells through mechanisms of mitochondrial impairment.
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17
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Rong Z, Tu P, Xu P, Sun Y, Yu F, Tu N, Guo L, Yang Y. The Mitochondrial Response to DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669379. [PMID: 34055802 PMCID: PMC8149749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane organelles in eukaryotic cells that provide energy by generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. They are crucial to many aspects of cellular metabolism. Mitochondria contain their own DNA that encodes for essential proteins involved in the execution of normal mitochondrial functions. Compared with nuclear DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more prone to be affected by DNA damaging agents, and accumulated DNA damages may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and drive the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Therefore, understanding better how mtDNA damages are repaired will facilitate developing therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the mtDNA repair system. We also discuss other mitochondrial events promoted by excessive DNA damages and inefficient DNA repair, such as mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitophagy, which serve as quality control events for clearing damaged mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Rong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peipei Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peiqi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Na Tu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lixia Guo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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18
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Chimienti G, Picca A, Fracasso F, Russo F, Orlando A, Riezzo G, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Lezza AMS. The Age-Sensitive Efficacy of Calorie Restriction on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and mtDNA Damage in Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041665. [PMID: 33562258 PMCID: PMC7915472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is the most efficacious treatment to delay the onset of age-related changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the sensitivity of mitochondrial markers to CR and the age-related boundaries of CR efficacy are not fully elucidated. We used liver samples from ad libitum-fed (AL) rats divided in: 18-month-old (AL-18), 28-month-old (AL-28), and 32-month-old (AL-32) groups, and from CR-treated (CR) 28-month-old (CR-28) and 32-month-old (CR-32) counterparts to assay the effect of CR on several mitochondrial markers. The age-related decreases in citrate synthase activity, in TFAM, MFN2, and DRP1 protein amounts and in the mtDNA content in the AL-28 group were prevented in CR-28 counterparts. Accordingly, CR reduced oxidative mtDNA damage assessed through the incidence of oxidized purines at specific mtDNA regions in CR-28 animals. These findings support the anti-aging effect of CR up to 28 months. Conversely, the protein amounts of LonP1, Cyt c, OGG1, and APE1 and the 4.8 Kb mtDNA deletion content were not affected in CR-28 rats. The absence of significant differences between the AL-32 values and the CR-32 counterparts suggests an age-related boundary of CR efficacy at this age. However, this only partially curtails the CR benefits in counteracting the generalized aging decline and the related mitochondrial involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go F. Vito 8, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.R.); (A.O.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.R.); (A.O.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Riezzo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis”, Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.R.); (A.O.); (G.R.)
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.P.)
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (F.F.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5443309
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19
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PGC-1ɑ Mediated-EXOG, a Specific Repair Enzyme for Mitochondrial DNA, Plays an Essential Role in the Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity of PC12 Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2336-2352. [PMID: 33515431 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria harbor small circular genomes (mtDNA) that encode 13 oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins, and types of damage to mtDNA may contribute to neuronal damage. Recent studies suggested that regulation of mtDNA repair proteins may be a potential strategy for treating neuronal damage. The mtDNA repair system contains its own repair enzymes and is independent from the nuclear DNA repair system. Endo/exonuclease G-like(EXOG) is a mitochondria-specific 5-exo/endonuclease required for repairing endogenous single-strand breaks (SSBs) in mtDNA. However, whether EXOG plays a key role in neuronal damage induced by rotenone remains unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of EXOG on mtDNA repair and mitochondrial functional maintenance in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. Our results indicated that rotenone influenced the expression and location of EXOG in PC12 cells. Meanwhile, after rotenone exposure, the expression was reduced for proteins responsible for mtDNA repair, including DNA polymerase γ (POLG), high-temperature requirement protease A2 (HtrA2), and the heat-shock factor 1-single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (HSF1-SSBP1) complex. Further analysis demonstrated that EXOG knockdown led to reduced mtDNA copy number and mtDNA transcript level and increased mtDNA deletion, which further aggravated the mtDNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction under rotenone stress. In turn, EXOG overexpression protected PC12 cells from mtDNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by rotenone. As a result, EXOG knockdown reduced cell viability and tyrosine hydroxylase expression, while EXOG overexpression alleviated rotenone's effect on cell viability and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in PC12 cells. Further, we observed that EXOG influenced mtDNA repair by regulating protein expression of the HSF1-SSBP1 complex and POLG. Furthermore, our study showed that PGC-1α upregulation with ZLN005 led to increased protein levels of EXOG, POLG, HSF1, and SSBP1, all of which contribute to mtDNA homeostasis. Therefore, PGC-1α may be involved in mtDNA repair through interacting with multiple mtDNA repair proteins, especially with the help of EXOG. In summary, EXOG regulation by PGC-1α plays an essential role in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. EXOG represents a protective effect strategy in PC12 cells exposed to rotenone.
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20
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p53 is required for nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA damage-induced degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:104. [PMID: 33473103 PMCID: PMC7817838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While the consequences of nuclear DNA damage have been well studied, the exact consequences of acute and selective mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage are less understood. DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drugs are known to activate p53-dependent apoptosis in response to sustained nuclear DNA damage. While it is recognized that whole-cell exposure to these drugs also damages mtDNA, the specific contribution of mtDNA damage to cellular degeneration is less clear. To examine this, we induced selective mtDNA damage in neuronal axons using microfluidic chambers that allow for the spatial and fluidic isolation of neuronal cell bodies (containing nucleus and mitochondria) from the axons (containing mitochondria). Exposure of the DNA damaging drug cisplatin selectively to only the axons induced mtDNA damage in axonal mitochondria, without nuclear damage. We found that this resulted in the selective degeneration of only the targeted axons that were exposed to DNA damage, where ROS was induced but mitochondria were not permeabilized. mtDNA damage-induced axon degeneration was not mediated by any of the three known axon degeneration pathways: apoptosis, axon pruning, and Wallerian degeneration, as Bax-deficiency, or Casp3-deficiency, or Sarm1-deficiency failed to protect the degenerating axons. Strikingly, p53, which is essential for degeneration after nuclear DNA damage, was also not required for degeneration induced with mtDNA damage. This was most evident when the p53-deficient neurons were globally exposed to cisplatin. While the cell bodies of p53-deficient neurons were protected from degeneration in this context, the axons farthest from the cell bodies still underwent degeneration. These results highlight how whole cell exposure to DNA damage activates two pathways of degeneration; a faster, p53-dependent apoptotic degeneration that is triggered in the cell bodies with nuclear DNA damage, and a slower, p53-independent degeneration that is induced with mtDNA damage.
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21
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Fontana GA, Gahlon HL. Mechanisms of replication and repair in mitochondrial DNA deletion formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11244-11258. [PMID: 33021629 PMCID: PMC7672454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with diverse human pathologies including cancer, aging and mitochondrial disorders. Large-scale deletions span kilobases in length and the loss of these associated genes contributes to crippled oxidative phosphorylation and overall decline in mitochondrial fitness. There is not a united view for how mtDNA deletions are generated and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. This review discusses the role of replication and repair in mtDNA deletion formation as well as nucleic acid motifs such as repeats, secondary structures, and DNA damage associated with deletion formation in the mitochondrial genome. We propose that while erroneous replication and repair can separately contribute to deletion formation, crosstalk between these pathways is also involved in generating deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele A Fontana
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hailey L Gahlon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 44 632 3731;
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22
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Wu CC, Lin JL, Yuan HS. Structures, Mechanisms, and Functions of His-Me Finger Nucleases. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:935-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Dual Host-Intracellular Parasite Transcriptome of Enucleated Cells Hosting Leishmania amazonensis: Control of Half-Life of Host Cell Transcripts by the Parasite. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00261-20. [PMID: 32817329 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00261-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enucleated cells or cytoplasts (cells whose nucleus is removed in vitro) represent an unexplored biological model for intracellular infection studies due to the abrupt interruption of nuclear processing and new RNA synthesis by the host cell in response to pathogen entry. Using enucleated fibroblasts hosting the protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis, we demonstrate that parasite multiplication and biogenesis of large parasitophorous vacuoles in which parasites multiply are independent of the host cell nucleus. Dual RNA sequencing of both host cytoplast and intracellular parasite transcripts identified host transcripts that are more preserved or degraded upon interaction with parasites and also parasite genes that are differentially expressed when hosted by nucleated or enucleated cells. Cytoplasts are suitable host cells, which persist in culture for more than 72 h and display functional enrichment of transcripts related to mitochondrial functions and mRNA translation. Crosstalk between nucleated host de novo gene expression in response to intracellular parasitism and the parasite gene expression to counteract or benefit from these host responses induces a parasite transcriptional profile favoring parasite multiplication and aerobic respiration, and a host-parasite transcriptional landscape enriched in host cell metabolic functions related to NAD, fatty acid, and glycolytic metabolism. Conversely, interruption of host nucleus-parasite cross talk by infection of enucleated cells generates a host-parasite transcriptional landscape in which cytoplast transcripts are enriched in phagolysosome-related pathway, prosurvival, and SerpinB-mediated immunomodulation. In addition, predictive in silico analyses indicated that parasite transcript products secreted within cytoplasts interact with host transcript products conserving the host V-ATPase proton translocation function and glutamine/proline metabolism. The collective evidence indicates parasite-mediated control of host cell transcripts half-life that is beneficial to parasite intracellular multiplication and escape from host immune responses. These findings will contribute to improved drug targeting and serve as database for L. amazonensis-host cell interactions.
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24
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Zilio N, Ulrich HD. Exploring the SSBreakome: genome-wide mapping of DNA single-strand breaks by next-generation sequencing. FEBS J 2020; 288:3948-3961. [PMID: 32965079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the genome-wide distribution of DNA lesions is key to understanding damage signalling and DNA repair in the context of genome and chromatin structure. Analytical tools based on high-throughput next-generation sequencing have revolutionized our progress with such investigations, and numerous methods are now available for various base lesions and modifications as well as for DNA double-strand breaks. Considering that single-strand breaks are by far the most common type of lesion and arise not only from exposure to exogenous DNA-damaging agents, but also as obligatory intermediates of DNA replication, recombination and repair, it is surprising that our insight into their genome-wide patterns, that is the 'SSBreakome', has remained rather obscure until recently, due to a lack of suitable mapping technology. Here we briefly review classical methods for analysing single-strand breaks and discuss and compare in detail a series of recently developed high-resolution approaches for the genome-wide mapping of these lesions, their advantages and limitations and how they have already provided valuable insight into the impact of this type of damage on the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zilio
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Yang SK, Zhang HR, Shi SP, Zhu YQ, Song N, Dai Q, Zhang W, Gui M, Zhang H. The Role of Mitochondria in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Glimpse of Various Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3346-3361. [PMID: 30479205 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181126165139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a polysystem autoimmune disease that adversely affects human health. Various organs can be affected, including the kidney or brain. Traditional treatment methods for SLE primarily rely on glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors. Unfortunately, these therapeutic agents cannot prevent a high recurrence rate after SLE remission. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. METHODS A systematic search of the published literature regarding the abnormal structure and function of mitochondria in SLE and therapies targeting mitochondria was performed in several databases. RESULTS Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in the pathogenesis of SLE, including influencing mitochondrial DNA damage, mitochondrial dynamics change, abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism, mitophagy, oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis and NETosis. Further investigation of mitochondrial pathophysiological roles will result in further clarification of SLE. Specific lupus-induced organ damage also exhibits characteristic mitochondrial changes. CONCLUSION This review aimed to summarize the current research on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in SLE, which will necessarily provide potential novel therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kun Yang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu-Peng Shi
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Gui
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Wu CC, Lin JL, Yang-Yen HF, Yuan HS. A unique exonuclease ExoG cleaves between RNA and DNA in mitochondrial DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:5405-5419. [PMID: 30949702 PMCID: PMC6547421 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of sufficient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential for maintaining mitochondrial functions in mammalian cells. During mtDNA replication, RNA primers must be removed before the nascent circular DNA strands rejoin. This process involves mitochondrial RNase H1, which removes most of the RNA primers but leaves two ribonucleotides attached to the 5′ end of nascent DNA. A subsequent 5′-exonuclease is required to remove the residual ribonucleotides, however, it remains unknown if any mitochondrial 5′-exonuclease could remove two RNA nucleotides from a hybrid duplex DNA. Here, we report that human mitochondrial Exonuclease G (ExoG) may participate in this particular process by efficiently cleaving at RNA–DNA junctions to remove the 5′-end RNA dinucleotide in an RNA/DNA hybrid duplex. Crystal structures of human ExoG bound respectively with DNA, RNA/DNA hybrid and RNA–DNA chimeric duplexes uncover the underlying structural mechanism of how ExoG specifically recognizes and cleaves at RNA–DNA junctions of a hybrid duplex with an A-form conformation. This study hence establishes the molecular basis of ExoG functioning as a unique 5′-exonuclease to mediate the flap-independent RNA primer removal process during mtDNA replication to maintain mitochondrial genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyuan-Chuan Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Jason L J Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Hsin-Fang Yang-Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Hanna S Yuan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10048, ROC
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +886 2 27884151;
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27
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Shi W, Gong L, Yu H. Double control regions of some flatfish mitogenomes evolve in a concerted manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:11-17. [PMID: 31785298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) typically contain 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a single control region (CR). Flatfish mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from three different genera in Bothidae (bothids) contain double CRs that evolved in a concerted manner. How these double CRs maintained identical sequences throughout the evolutionary process is an interesting issue. In the present study, over four hundred arrays of the double CRs of mitogenomes from three bothids (Arnoglossus tenuis, Lophonectes gallus and Psettina iijimae) were performed. Interesting variations between double CRs were observed in P. iijimae mitogenomes, and the networks of CR sequences from P. iijimae indicated a high possibility of genetic information exchange between CRs. No recombination product was detected in our results, indicating that the mechanism of the concerted evolution between the double CRs of P. iijimae was not recombination. We speculate that mismatch repair, a mitochondrial DNA repair mechanism, is a potential explanation for the concerted evolution between these double CRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China
| | - Li Gong
- National engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, 316022 Zhoushan, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China.
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Immunometabolic disorders in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:513-518. [PMID: 31839766 PMCID: PMC6906972 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.85251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease connected with complex and unclear disorders of the immune system, which causes inflammation of body tissues and internal organs. It leads to the formation of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and immune complexes. Numerous immune system disorders and dysfunctions in the biochemical processes can occur in the course of the disease, and a wide range of abnormalities associated with cellular respiratory processes and mitochondrial function have been documented. The following paper presents the current understanding of the contribution of these disorders to the pathogenesis of lupus.
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29
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da Silva Sergio LP, Mencalha AL, de Souza da Fonseca A, de Paoli F. DNA repair and genomic stability in lungs affected by acute injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109412. [PMID: 31514069 PMCID: PMC9170240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary injury, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, has a high incidence in elderly individuals and high mortality in its most severe degree, becoming a challenge to public health due to pathophysiological complications and increased economic burden. Acute pulmonary injury can develop from sepsis, septic shock, and pancreatitis causing reduction of alveolar airspace due to hyperinflammatory response. Oxidative stress acts directly on the maintenance of inflammation, resulting in tissue injury, as well as inducing DNA damages. Once the DNA is damaged, enzymatic DNA repair mechanisms act on lesions in order to maintain genomic stability and, consequently, contribute to cell viability and homeostasis. Although palliative treatment based on mechanical ventilation and antibiotic using have a kind of efficacy, therapies based on modulation of DNA repair and genomic stability could be effective for improving repair and recovery of lung tissue in patients with acute pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Philippe da Silva Sergio
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro, 20211040, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25964004, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Paoli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer - s/n, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036900, Brazil
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Abstract
Over the last decade, several theoretical models have been put forth to describe how animals respond to adverse environments and how this response changes under different physiological demands across life history stages. These models capture the context- and condition-dependent nature of stress responses. Yet, application of the models has been limited thus far in part because each model addresses different aspects of the problems facing the field of stress biology. Thus, there is a need for a unifying theoretical model that incorporates changes in physiological demand with life history stages and age, intricate relationships among physiological systems, and biphasic nature of stress responses. Here, I propose a new integrative framework, the Damage-Fitness Model. In this model, regulators, such as DNA repair mechanisms and glucocorticoids, work together as anti-damage mechanisms to minimize damage at both the cellular and organismal level. When the anti-damage regulators are insufficient or inappropriate, persistent damage accumulates. Previous studies indicate that these damage directly impact reproductive performance, disease risk, and survival. The types of regulators, the threshold at which they are initiated, and the magnitude of the responses are shaped by developmental and current environments. This model unites existing theoretical models by shifting our focus from physiological responses to downstream consequences of the stress responses, circumventing context specificity. Discussions include (1) how the proposed model relates to existing models, (2) steps to test the new model, and (3) how this model can be used to better assess the health of individuals and a population. Lay summary The field of stress physiology faces a challenge of characterizing dynamic cellular, physiological, and behavioral responses when animals encounter a stressor. This paper proposes a new theoretical model which links stress avoidance, damage repair and accumulation, and fitness components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wada
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
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31
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Young MJ, Jayaprakash AD, Young CKJ. Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms in the Human Cell Lines HepaRG and SJCRH30. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133245. [PMID: 31269646 PMCID: PMC6651321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of two commonly used human cell lines, HepaRG and SJCRH30, were determined. HepaRG originates from a liver tumor obtained from a patient with hepatocarcinoma and hepatitis C while SJCRH30 originates from a rhabdomyosarcoma patient tumor. In comparison to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence, HepaRG and SJCRH30 mtDNA each contain 14 nucleotide variations. In addition to an insertion of a cytosine at position 315 (315insC), the mtDNA sequences from both cell types share six common polymorphisms. Heteroplasmic variants were identified in both cell types and included the identification of the 315insC mtDNA variant at 42 and 75% heteroplasmy in HepaRG and SJCRH30, respectively. Additionally, a novel heteroplasmic G13633A substitution in the HepaRG ND5 gene was detected at 33%. Previously reported cancer-associated mtDNA variants T195C and T16519C were identified in SJCRH30, both at homoplasmy (100%), while HepaRG mtDNA harbors a known prostate cancer-associated T6253C substitution at near homoplasmy, 95%. Based on our sequencing analysis, HepaRG mtDNA is predicted to lie within haplogroup branch H15a1 while SJCRH30 mtDNA is predicted to localize to H27c. The catalog of polymorphisms and heteroplasmy reported here should prove useful for future investigations of mtDNA maintenance in HepaRG and SJCRH30 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
| | | | - Carolyn K J Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
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32
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Wheeler JH, Young CKJ, Young MJ. Analysis of Human Mitochondrial DNA Content by Southern Blotting and Nonradioactive Probe Hybridization. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 80:e75. [PMID: 30982231 PMCID: PMC6581606 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single cell can contain several thousand copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome or mtDNA. Tools for assessing mtDNA content are necessary for clinical and toxicological research, as mtDNA depletion is linked to genetic disease and drug toxicity. For instance, mtDNA depletion syndromes are typically fatal childhood disorders that are characterized by severe declines in mtDNA content in affected tissues. Mitochondrial toxicity and mtDNA depletion have also been reported in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Further, cell culture studies have demonstrated that exposure to oxidative stress stimulates mtDNA degradation. Here we outline a Southern blot and nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled probe hybridization method to estimate mtDNA content in human genomic DNA samples. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H. Wheeler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Carolyn K. J. Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Matthew J. Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
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33
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Bermúdez-Guzmán L, Leal A. DNA repair deficiency in neuropathogenesis: when all roads lead to mitochondria. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:14. [PMID: 31110700 PMCID: PMC6511134 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DNA repair enzymes can cause two neurological clinical manifestations: a developmental impairment and a degenerative disease. Polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) is an enzyme that is actively involved in DNA repair in both single and double strand break repair systems. Mutations in this protein or others in the same pathway are responsible for a complex group of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum. Besides, mitochondrial dysfunction also has been consolidated as a hallmark of brain degeneration. Here we provide evidence that supports a shared role between mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA repair defects in the pathogenesis of the nervous system. As models, we analyze PNKP-related disorders, focusing on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and ataxia. A better understanding of the molecular dynamics of this relationship could provide improved diagnosis and treatment for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bermúdez-Guzmán
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Leal
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Biology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
- Neuroscience Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Ahmad A, Vieira JDC, de Mello AH, de Lima TM, Ariga SK, Barbeiro DF, Barbeiro HV, Szczesny B, Törö G, Druzhyna N, Randi EB, Marcatti M, Toliver-Kinsky T, Kiss A, Liaudet L, Salomao R, Soriano FG, Szabo C. The PARP inhibitor olaparib exerts beneficial effects in mice subjected to cecal ligature and puncture and in cells subjected to oxidative stress without impairing DNA integrity: A potential opportunity for repurposing a clinically used oncological drug for the experimental therapy of sepsis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104263. [PMID: 31071432 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is involved in the pathogenesis of cell dysfunction, inflammation and organ failure during septic shock. The goal of the current study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the clinically approved PARP inhibitor olaparib in experimental models of oxidative stress in vitro and in sepsis in vivo. In mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) organ injury markers, circulating and splenic immune cell distributions, circulating mediators, DNA integrity and survival was measured. In U937 cells subjected to oxidative stress, cellular bioenergetics, viability and DNA integrity were measured. Olaparib was used to inhibit PARP. The results show that in adult male mice subjected to CLP, olaparib (1-10 mg/kg i.p.) improved multiorgan dysfunction. Olaparib treatment reduced the degree of bacterial CFUs. Olaparib attenuated the increases in the levels of several circulating mediators in the plasma. In the spleen, the number of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were reduced in response to CLP; this reduction was inhibited by olaparib treatment. Treg but not Th17 lymphocytes increased in response to CLP; these cell populations were reduced in sepsis when the animals received olaparib. The Th17/Treg ratio was lower in CLP-olaparib group than in the CLP control group. Analysis of miRNA expression identified a multitude of changes in spleen and circulating white blood cell miRNA levels after CLP; olaparib treatment selectively modulated these responses. Olaparib extended the survival rate of mice subjected to CLP. In contrast to males, in female mice olaparib did not have significant protective effects in CLP. In aged mice olaparib exerted beneficial effects that were less pronounced than the effects obtained in young adult males. In in vitro experiments in U937 cells subjected to oxidative stress, olaparib (1-100 μM) inhibited PARP activity, protected against the loss of cell viability, preserved NAD+ levels and improved cellular bioenergetics. In none of the in vivo or in vitro experiments did we observe any adverse effects of olaparib on nuclear or mitochondrial DNA integrity. In conclusion, olaparib improves organ function and extends survival in septic shock. Repurposing and eventual clinical introduction of this clinically approved PARP inhibitor may be warranted for the experimental therapy of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Juliana de Camargo Vieira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aline Haas de Mello
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Thais Martins de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Suely Kubo Ariga
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Denise Frediani Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hermes Vieira Barbeiro
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Gábor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Nadiya Druzhyna
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Elisa B Randi
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - András Kiss
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burns, Lausanne University Hospital Medical Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Reinaldo Salomao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Su Y, Sun C, Chen Y, Liu S, Jing N, Li S. Toxic trans-crotonaldehyde in mitochondria intercepted by oxyresveratrol contributing to anticancer. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1014-1020. [PMID: 31012998 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how the toxic trans-crotonaldehyde (TCA) in mitochondria or aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) at different pHs was intercepted by oxyresveratrol (Oxy-Res) contributing to anticancer. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed. UV-vis spectra showed that the Oxy-Res red shifted the peak of the toxic TCA from 316 nm to 325 nm, while the peaks of the Oxy-Res shifted from 329 nm with 290 nm and 300 nm to 325 nm with 303 nm. In the mitochondria, the Oxy-Res blue shifted the peaks of the toxic TCA from 325 nm with 303 nm to 321 nm with 301 nm. Raman spectra revealed that the Oxy-Res caused shifting of the CHO of the toxic TCA from 1,689 cm-1 to 1,671 cm-1 with band decline. The CC of the toxic TCA at 1641 cm-1 was split into 1,639 cm-1 and 1,642 cm-1 with band decline. The bands of the Oxy-Res at 1634 cm-1 , 1,617 cm-1 , and 1,595 cm-1 disappeared. In the mitochondria, the CC of the toxic TCA at 1641 cm-1 splitting disappeared. In ALDH, with the decrease of pH from 7.8 to 6.5, the CHO of the toxic TCA did not red shift from 1,689 cm-1 to 1,674 cm-1 up to pH 6.5. There was no change in the CC of the toxic TCA at 1640 cm-1 in ALDH at different pHs. The conclusion of the study was that the CHO of the toxic TCA was intercepted by the Oxy-Res under the action of ALDH in the mitochondria, particularly at pH 7.8. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Su
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Chengyu Sun
- College of Information and Control Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Shichang Liu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Jing
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
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Lu QZ, Li X, Ouyang J, Li JQ, Chen G. Further application of hyperbaric oxygen in prostate cancer. Med Gas Res 2019; 8:167-171. [PMID: 30713670 PMCID: PMC6352573 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.248268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been used as an adjuvant treatment for multiple pathological states, which involves hypoxic conditions. Over the past 50 years, HBOT has been recommended and used in a wide variety of medical conditions, clinically in the treatment of ischemic or nonhealing wounds and radiation-injured tissue, and in the treatment of malignancy. The mechanism of this treatment is providing oxygen under pressure which is higher than the atmosphere thus increasing tissue oxygen concentration. When cells get enough oxygen in the microenvironment, they become active and replicate effectively. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among male around the world. It is estimated that more than 29,000 men died from metastatic prostate cancer in 2014. With the development of the prostate-specific antigen-based screening technology, prostate cancer incidence has increased markedly over time. According to the survey, the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer have surpassed bladder cancer and renal carcinoma, becoming the most common cancer in urology in Chinese adults. Nowadays, the main solution to deal with prostate cancer is still the surgical ways, including laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Nevertheless, the complications of the surgical treatment have not been completely avoided. HBOT has gained great clinical recognition over the decade. It has been demonstrated that HBOT has considerable effects on carcinoma, especially on decreasing complications and improving mortality. So, it is important to combine the HBOT with patients who suffer from prostate cancer. This review illuminates the effect and underlying mechanism of the HBOT in prostate cancer for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhong Lu
- Department Department of Urology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department Department of Urology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department Department of Urology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Quan Li
- Department Department of Urology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department Department of Urology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
The mitochondrial genome encodes proteins essential for the oxidative phosphorylation and, consequently, for proper mitochondrial function. Its localization and, possibly, structural organization contribute to higher DNA damage accumulation, when compared to the nuclear genome. In addition, the mitochondrial genome mutates at rates several times higher than the nuclear, although the causal relationship between these events are not clearly established. Maintaining mitochondrial DNA stability is critical for cellular function and organismal fitness, and several pathways contribute to that, including damage tolerance and bypass, degradation of damaged genomes and DNA repair. Despite initial evidence suggesting that mitochondria lack DNA repair activities, most DNA repair pathways have been at least partially characterized in mitochondria from several model organisms, including humans. In this chapter, we review what is currently known about how the main DNA repair pathways operate in mitochondria and contribute to mitochondrial DNA stability, with focus on the enzymology of mitochondrial DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca R Alencar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio M P F Batalha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Freire
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadja C de Souza-Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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38
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Zhao L. Mitochondrial DNA degradation: A quality control measure for mitochondrial genome maintenance and stress response. Enzymes 2019; 45:311-341. [PMID: 31627882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in bioenergetics, and fulfill a plethora of functions in cell signaling, programmed cell death, and biosynthesis of key protein cofactors. Mitochondria harbor their own genomic DNA, which encodes protein subunits of the electron transport chain and a full set of transfer and ribosomal RNAs. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential for cellular and organismal functions, and defects in mitochondrial genome maintenance have been implicated in common human diseases and mitochondrial disorders. mtDNA repair and degradation are known pathways to cope with mtDNA damage; however, molecular factors involved in this process have remained unclear. Such knowledge is fundamental to the understanding of mitochondrial genomic maintenance and pathology, because mtDNA degradation may contribute to the etiology of mtDNA depletion syndromes and to the activation of the innate immune response by fragmented mtDNA. This article reviews the current literature regarding the importance of mitochondrial DNA degradation in mtDNA maintenance and stress response, and the recent progress in uncovering molecular factors involved in mtDNA degradation. These factors include key components of the mtDNA replication machinery, such as DNA polymerase γ, helicase Twinkle, and exonuclease MGME1, as well as a major DNA-packaging protein, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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Chimienti G, Picca A, Sirago G, Fracasso F, Calvani R, Bernabei R, Russo F, Carter CS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Marzetti E, Lezza AMS. Increased TFAM binding to mtDNA damage hot spots is associated with mtDNA loss in aged rat heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:447-453. [PMID: 29969715 PMCID: PMC6319621 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The well-known age-related mitochondrial dysfunction deeply affects heart because of the tissue's large dependence on mitochondrial ATP provision. Our study revealed in aged rat heart a significant 25% decrease in mtDNA relative content, a significant 29% increase in the 4.8 Kb mtDNA deletion relative content, and a significant inverse correlation between such contents as well as a significant 38% decrease in TFAM protein amount. The TFAM-binding activity to specific mtDNA regions increased at those encompassing the mtDNA replication origins, D-loop and Ori-L. The same mtDNA regions were screened for different kinds of oxidative damage, namely Single Strand Breaks (SSBs), Double Strand Breaks (DSBs), abasic sites (AP sites) and oxidized bases as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8oxoG). A marked increase in the relative content of mtDNA strand damage (SSBs, DSBs and AP sites) was found in the D-loop and Ori-L regions in the aged animals, unveiling for the first time in vivo an age-related, non-stochastic accumulation of oxidative lesions in these two regions that appear as hot spots of mtDNA damage. The use of Formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) demonstrated also a significant age-related accumulation of oxidized purines particularly in the D-loop and Ori-L regions. The detected increased binding of TFAM to the mtDNA damage hot spots in aged heart suggests a link between TFAM binding to mtDNA and loss of mitochondrial genome likely through hindrance of repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Fracasso
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Digestive Diseases - I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Christy S Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vito Pesce
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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40
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Wang J, Dong W. Oxidative stress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Gene 2018; 678:177-183. [PMID: 30098433 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the progress of modern medicine, oxygen therapy has become a crucial measure for the treatment of premature infants. As an environmental stimulus, in the normal development of lungs, oxygen plays a very important regulatory role. However, the problem is that long-term exposure to hyperoxia can interfere with the development of lungs, leading to irreversible developmental abnormalities. Now, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is increasing year by year. The existing related research shows that although BPD is a multi-factor triggered disease, its main risk factors are the premature exposure to hyperoxia and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As for premature infants, especially very premature babies and those with very low birth weight, prolonged exposure to high oxygen can affect and alter the normal developmental trajectories of lung tissue and vascular beds, triggering developmental disorders, such as BPD. In the relevant studies about human BPD, a large number of them support that ROS is associated with impaired lung development. Neonates, due to the damage in the development of alveolar, are specific to hyperoxia-induced inflammatory damage. This review while focusing on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of BPD, suggests that antioxidant measures may be effective to guard against BPD of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Dong
- Department of Newborn Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Peeva V, Blei D, Trombly G, Corsi S, Szukszto MJ, Rebelo-Guiomar P, Gammage PA, Kudin AP, Becker C, Altmüller J, Minczuk M, Zsurka G, Kunz WS. Linear mitochondrial DNA is rapidly degraded by components of the replication machinery. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1727. [PMID: 29712893 PMCID: PMC5928156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging gene therapy approaches that aim to eliminate pathogenic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rely on efficient degradation of linearized mtDNA, but the enzymatic machinery performing this task is presently unknown. Here, we show that, in cellular models of restriction endonuclease-induced mtDNA double-strand breaks, linear mtDNA is eliminated within hours by exonucleolytic activities. Inactivation of the mitochondrial 5'-3'exonuclease MGME1, elimination of the 3'-5'exonuclease activity of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase POLG by introducing the p.D274A mutation, or knockdown of the mitochondrial DNA helicase TWNK leads to severe impediment of mtDNA degradation. We do not observe similar effects when inactivating other known mitochondrial nucleases (EXOG, APEX2, ENDOG, FEN1, DNA2, MRE11, or RBBP8). Our data suggest that rapid degradation of linearized mtDNA is performed by the same machinery that is responsible for mtDNA replication, thus proposing novel roles for the participating enzymes POLG, TWNK, and MGME1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Peeva
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Blei
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Genevieve Trombly
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Corsi
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0001 0462 7212grid.1006.7Present Address: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Maciej J. Szukszto
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Pedro Rebelo-Guiomar
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK ,0000 0001 1503 7226grid.5808.5Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, Porto, 4200-135 Portugal
| | - Payam A. Gammage
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Alexei P. Kudin
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eCologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, Cologne, D-50931 Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eCologne Center for Genomics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, Cologne, D-50931 Germany ,0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eInstitute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, Cologne, D-50931 Germany
| | - Michal Minczuk
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Gábor Zsurka
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, D-53105 Germany
| | - Wolfram S. Kunz
- 0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0001 2240 3300grid.10388.32Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, D-53105 Germany
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42
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Wiehe RS, Gole B, Chatre L, Walther P, Calzia E, Ricchetti M, Wiesmüller L. Endonuclease G promotes mitochondrial genome cleavage and replication. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18309-18326. [PMID: 29719607 PMCID: PMC5915074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a nuclear-encoded endonuclease, mostly localised in mitochondria. In the nucleus EndoG participates in site-specific cleavage during replication stress and genome-wide DNA degradation during apoptosis. However, the impact of EndoG on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether EndoG is involved in the regulation of mtDNA replication and removal of aberrant copies. We applied the single-cell mitochondrial Transcription and Replication Imaging Protocol (mTRIP) and PCR-based strategies on human cells after knockdown/knockout and re-expression of EndoG. Our analysis revealed that EndoG stimulates both mtDNA replication initiation and mtDNA depletion, the two events being interlinked and dependent on EndoG's nuclease activity. Stimulation of mtDNA replication by EndoG was independent of 7S DNA processing at the replication origin. Importantly, both mtDNA-directed activities of EndoG were promoted by oxidative stress. Inhibition of base excision repair (BER) that repairs oxidative stress-induced DNA damage unveiled a pronounced effect of EndoG on mtDNA removal, reminiscent of recently discovered links between EndoG and BER in the nucleus. Altogether with the downstream effects on mitochondrial transcription, protein expression, redox status and morphology, this study demonstrates that removal of damaged mtDNA by EndoG and compensatory replication play a critical role in mitochondria homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Gole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075, Germany
- Present address: Centre for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor, SI-2000, Slovenia
| | - Laurent Chatre
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institute Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France
- Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Unit of Stem Cells and Development, CNRS UMR 3738, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Enrico Calzia
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Miria Ricchetti
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institute Pasteur, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France
- Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Unit of Stem Cells and Development, CNRS UMR 3738, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes ranging from energy metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+) handling to stress responses, cell survival and death. Malfunction of the organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuromuscular, cancer, premature aging and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). Mitochondria contain their own genome organized into DNA-protein complexes, called "mitochondrial nucleoids," along with multiprotein machineries, which promote mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, transcription and repair. Although the mammalian organelle possesses almost all known nuclear DNA repair pathways, including base excision repair, mismatch repair and recombinational repair, the proximity of mtDNA to the main sites of ROS production and the lack of protective histones may result in increased susceptibility to various types of mtDNA damage. These include accumulation of mtDNA point mutations and/or deletions and decreased mtDNA copy number, which will impair mitochondrial function and finally, may lead to CVD including HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marín-García
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Avenue, Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA.
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44
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Van Houten B, Santa-Gonzalez GA, Camargo M. DNA repair after oxidative stress: current challenges. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018; 7:9-16. [PMID: 29159324 PMCID: PMC5693256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species damage cellular macromolecules including DNA. Cells have a robust base excision repair pathway to deal with this damage in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. However, mitochondria lack nucleotide excision repair. Evidence suggests that chronic oxidative stress can induce protective pathways lowering genotoxicity. Understanding oxidant injury to DNA and its repair is critical for our understanding the pathophysiology of a wide range of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Van Houten
- Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gloria A Santa-Gonzalez
- University Research Center and Biology Institute, Genetics, Regeneration and Cancer Laboratory, SIU Lab 432, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Camargo
- University Research Center and Biology Institute, Genetics, Regeneration and Cancer Laboratory, SIU Lab 432, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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45
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Zhou T, Prather ER, Garrison DE, Zuo L. Interplay between ROS and Antioxidants during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020417. [PMID: 29385043 PMCID: PMC5855639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR), present in myocardial infarction or extremity injuries, is a major clinical issue and leads to substantial tissue damage. Molecular mechanisms underlying IR injury in striated muscles involve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS accumulation results in cellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and initiation of cell death by activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Elevated ROS levels can also decrease myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity, thereby compromising muscle contractile function. Low levels of ROS can act as signaling molecules involved in the protective pathways of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). By scavenging ROS, antioxidant therapies aim to prevent IR injuries with positive treatment outcomes. Novel therapies such as postconditioning and pharmacological interventions that target IPC pathways hold great potential in attenuating IR injuries. Factors such as aging and diabetes could have a significant impact on the severity of IR injuries. The current paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the multifaceted roles of ROS in IR injuries, with a focus on cardiac and skeletal muscle, as well as recent advancement in ROS-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyang Zhou
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Evan R Prather
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Davis E Garrison
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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46
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Szczesny B, Marcatti M, Ahmad A, Montalbano M, Brunyánszki A, Bibli SI, Papapetropoulos A, Szabo C. Mitochondrial DNA damage and subsequent activation of Z-DNA binding protein 1 links oxidative stress to inflammation in epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:914. [PMID: 29343810 PMCID: PMC5772643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report identifies mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a target and active mediator that links low-level oxidative stress to inflammatory response in pulmonary epithelial cells. Extrusion of mtDNA into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid occurs as an early event in mice subjected to cigarette smoke injury, concomitantly with the depletion of mtDNA in the lung tissue. In cultured lung epithelial cells, prolonged, low-level oxidative stress damages the mtDNA, without any detectable damage to the nuclear DNA. In turn, cellular depletion of the mtDNA occurs, together with a transient remodeling of cellular bioenergetics and morphology - all without any detectable impairment in overall cell viability. Damaged mtDNA first enters the cytoplasm, where it binds to Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) and triggers inflammation via the TANK-binding kinase 1 /interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathway. Fragments of the mtDNA are subsequently released into the extracellular space via exosomes. MtDNA-containing exosomes are capable of inducing an inflammatory response in naïve (non-oxidatively stressed) epithelial cells. In vivo, administration of isolated mtDNA into the in lungs of naïve mice induces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, without histopathologic evidence of tissue injury. We propose that mtDNA-specific damage, and subsequent activation of the ZBP1 pathway, is a mechanism that links prolonged, low-level oxidative stress to autocrine and paracrine inflammation during the early stages of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Akbar Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mauro Montalbano
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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47
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Conti A, D’Elia C, Cheng M, Santoni M, Piva F, Brunelli M, Lopez-Beltran A, Giulietti M, Scarpelli M, Pycha A, Galosi AB, Artibani W, Cheng L, Montironi R, Battelli N, Lusuardi L. Oligometastases in Genitourinary Tumors: Recent Insights and Future Molecular Diagnostic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The mitochondrial genome is a matrilineally inherited DNA that encodes numerous essential subunits of the respiratory chain in all metazoans. As such mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence integrity is vital to organismal survival, but it has a limited cadre of DNA repair activities, primarily base excision repair (BER). We have known that the mtDNA is significantly oxidized by both endogenous and exogenous sources, but this does not lead to the expected preferential formation of transversion mutations, which suggest a robust base excision repair (BER) system. This year, two different groups reported compelling evidence that what was believed to be exclusively nuclear DNA repair polymerase, POLB, is located in the mitochondria and plays a significant role in mitochondrial BER, mtDNA integrity and mitochondrial function. In this commentary, we review the findings and highlight remaining questions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Kaufman
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA.
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh PA USA.
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49
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Young MJ. Off-Target Effects of Drugs that Disrupt Human Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 29214156 PMCID: PMC5702650 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Development of severe mitochondrial toxicity has been well documented in patients infected with HIV and administered NRTIs. In vitro biochemical experiments have demonstrated that the replicative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma, Polg, is a sensitive target for inhibition by metabolically active forms of NRTIs, nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs). Once incorporated into newly synthesized daughter strands NtRTIs block further DNA polymerization reactions. Human cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that cell lines and mice exposed to NRTIs display mtDNA depletion. Further complicating NRTI off-target effects on mtDNA maintenance, two additional DNA polymerases, Pol beta and PrimPol, were recently reported to localize to mitochondria as well as the nucleus. Similar to Polg, in vitro work has demonstrated both Pol beta and PrimPol incorporate NtRTIs into nascent DNA. Cell culture and biochemical experiments have also demonstrated that antiviral ribonucleoside drugs developed to treat hepatitis C infection act as off-target substrates for POLRMT, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase and primase. Accompanying the above-mentioned topics, this review examines: (1) mtDNA maintenance in human health and disease, (2) reports of DNA polymerases theta and zeta (Rev3) localizing to mitochondria, and (3) additional drugs with off-target effects on mitochondrial function. Lastly, mtDNA damage may induce cell death; therefore, the possibility of utilizing compounds that disrupt mtDNA maintenance to kill cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
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50
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Ecological significance of mitochondrial toxicants. Toxicology 2017; 391:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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