1
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Sikder MM, Uyama T, Sasaki S, Kawai K, Araki N, Ueda N. PLAAT1 expression triggers fragmentation of mitochondria in an enzyme activity-dependent manner. J Biochem 2023; 175:101-113. [PMID: 37818970 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A and acyltransferase (PLAAT) family is a protein family consisting of five members (PLAAT1-5), which acts as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes with phospholipase A1/A2 and N-acyltransferase activities. Since we previously reported that the overexpression of PLAAT3 in mammalian cells causes the specific disappearance of peroxisomes, in the present study we examined a possible effect of PLAAT1 on organelles. We prepared HEK293 cells expressing mouse PLAAT1 in a doxycycline-dependent manner and found that the overexpression of PLAAT1 resulted in the transformation of mitochondria from the original long rod shape to a round shape, as well as their fragmentation. In contrast, the overexpression of a catalytically inactive point mutant of PLAAT1 did not generate any morphological change in mitochondria, suggesting the involvement of catalytic activity. PLAAT1 expression also caused the reduction of peroxisomes, while the levels of the marker proteins for ER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes were almost unchanged. In PLAAT1-expressing cells, the level of dynamin-related protein 1 responsible for mitochondrial fission was increased, whereas those of optic atrophy 1 and mitofusin 2, both of which are responsible for mitochondrial fusion, were reduced. These results suggest a novel role of PLAAT1 in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mamun Sikder
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Sumire Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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2
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Chen J, Cai B, Tian C, Jiang D, Shi H, Huang Y, Zhu C, Li G, Deng S. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Analysis Reveals Liver Lipid Metabolism Divergent Adaptive Response to Low- and High-Salinity Stress in Spotted Scat ( Scatophagus argus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091503. [PMID: 37174540 PMCID: PMC10177406 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) can tolerate a wide range of salinity fluctuations. It is a good model for studying environmental salinity adaptation. Lipid metabolism plays an important role in salinity adaptation in fish. To elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism in the osmoregulation, the liver transcriptome was analyzed after 22 d culture with a salinity of 5 ppt (Low-salinity group: LS), 25 ppt (Control group: Ctrl), and 35 ppt (High-salinity group: HS) water by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in spotted scat. RNA-seq analysis showed that 1276 and 2768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the LS vs. Ctrl and HS vs. Ctrl, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the pathways of steroid hormone biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the LS vs. Ctrl. The genes of steroid biosynthesis (sqle, dhcr7, and cyp51a1), steroid hormone biosynthesis (ugt2a1, ugt2a2, ugt2b20, and ugt2b31), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (cept1, pla2g4a, and ptdss2) were significantly down-regulated in the LS vs. Ctrl. The pathways related to lipid metabolisms, such as fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, were significantly enriched in the HS vs. Ctrl. The genes of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (scd1, hacd3, fads2, pecr, and elovl1) and adipocytokine signaling pathway (g6pc1, socs1, socs3, adipor2, pck1, and pparα) were significantly up-regulated in the HS vs. Ctrl. These results suggest that the difference in liver lipid metabolism is important to adapt to low- and high-salinity stress in spotted scat, which clarifies the molecular regulatory mechanisms of salinity adaptation in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Bosheng Cai
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Siping Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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3
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Mock ED, Gagestein B, van der Stelt M. Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101194. [PMID: 36150527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, anandamide), N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) and their oxygenated metabolites are a lipid messenger family with numerous functions in health and disease, including inflammation, anxiety and energy metabolism. The NAEs exert their signaling role through activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, GPR55, GPR110, GPR119), ion channels (TRPV1) and nuclear receptors (PPAR-α and PPAR-γ) in the brain and periphery. The biological role of the oxygenated NAEs, such as prostamides, hydroxylated anandamide and DHEA derivatives, are less studied. Evidence is accumulating that NAEs and their oxidative metabolites may be aberrantly regulated or are associated with disease severity in obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer, neuroinflammation and liver cirrhosis. Here, we comprehensively review NAE biosynthesis and degradation, their metabolism by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases and cytochrome P450s and the biological functions of these signaling lipids. We discuss the latest findings and therapeutic potential of modulating endogenous NAE levels by inhibition of their degradation, which is currently under clinical evaluation for neuropsychiatric disorders. We also highlight NAE biosynthesis inhibition as an emerging topic with therapeutic opportunities in endocannabinoid and NAE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Gagestein
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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4
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Wehlin A, Cornaciu I, Marquez JA, Perrakis A, von Castelmur E. Crystal structure of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase 4 (PLAAT4) catalytic domain. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107903. [PMID: 36210037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A and Acyltransferase 4 (PLAAT4) is a class II tumor suppressor, that also plays a role as a restrictor of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection through restriction of parasitic vacuole size. The catalytic N-terminal domain (NTD) interacts with the C-terminal domain (CTD), which is important for sub-cellular targeting and enzymatic function. The dynamics of the NTD main (L1) loop and the L2(B6) loop adjacent to the active site, have been shown to be important regulators of enzymatic activity. Here, we present the crystal structure of PLAAT4 NTD, determined from severely intergrown crystals using automated, laser-based crystal harvesting and data reduction technologies. The structure showed the L1 loop in two distinct conformations, highlighting a complex network of interactions likely influencing its conformational flexibility. Ensemble refinement of the crystal structure recapitulates the major correlated motions observed in solution by NMR. Our analysis offers useful insights on millisecond dynamics based on the crystal structure, complementing NMR studies which preclude structural information at this time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wehlin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Irina Cornaciu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France; ALPX S.A.S. 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - José Antonio Marquez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France; ALPX S.A.S. 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonore von Castelmur
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden.
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5
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Defunctionalizing intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes with engineered phospholipase A/acyltransferases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4413. [PMID: 35906209 PMCID: PMC9338259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles vitally achieve multifaceted functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate individual organelles are powerful in probing their physiological roles. However, many of them are either slow in action, limited to certain organelles, or rely on toxic agents. Here, we design a generalizable molecular tool utilizing phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAATs) for rapid defunctionalization of organelles via remodeling of the membrane phospholipids. In particular, we identify catalytically active PLAAT truncates with minimal unfavorable characteristics. Chemically-induced translocation of the optimized PLAAT to the mitochondria surface results in their rapid deformation in a phospholipase activity dependent manner, followed by loss of luminal proteins as well as dissipated membrane potential, thus invalidating the functionality. To demonstrate wide applicability, we then adapt the molecular tool in peroxisomes, and observe leakage of matrix-resident functional proteins. The technique is compatible with optogenetic control, viral delivery and operation in primary neuronal cultures. Due to such versatility, the PLAAT strategy should prove useful in studying organelle biology of diverse contexts.
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6
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Liang L, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Heike K, Taketomi Y, Sugimoto N, Yamaguchi M, Shitara H, Nishito Y, Kobayashi T, Hirabayashi T, Murakami M. Group IVE cytosolic phospholipase A 2 limits psoriatic inflammation by mobilizing the anti-inflammatory lipid N-acylethanolamine. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22301. [PMID: 35478358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101958r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder characterized by keratinocyte hyper-proliferation and Th17-type immune responses. However, the roles of bioactive lipids and the regulation of their biosynthesis in this chronic skin disease are not fully understood. Herein, we show that group IVE cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ε/PLA2G4E) plays a counterregulatory role against psoriatic inflammation by producing the anti-inflammatory lipid N-acylethanolamine (NAE). Lipidomics analysis of mouse skin revealed that NAE species and their precursors (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and glycerophospho-N-acylethanolamine) were robustly increased in parallel with the ongoing process of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis, accompanied by a marked upregulation of cPLA2 ε in epidermal keratinocytes. Genetic deletion of cPLA2 ε exacerbated IMQ-induced ear swelling and psoriatic marker expression, with a dramatic reduction of NAE-related lipids in IMQ-treated, and even normal, skin. Stimulation of cultured human keratinocytes with psoriatic cytokines concomitantly increased PLA2G4E expression and NAE production, and supplementation with NAEs significantly attenuated the cytokine-induced upregulation of the psoriatic marker S100A9. Increased expression of cPLA2 ε was also evident in the epidermis of psoriatic patients. These findings reveal for the first time the in vivo role of cPLA2 ε, which is highly induced in the keratinocytes of the psoriatic skin, promotes the biosynthesis of NAE-related lipids, and contributes to limiting psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyiyun Liang
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Heike
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Wimmer I, Berger J. Plasmalogens, platelet-activating factor and beyond - Ether lipids in signaling and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105061. [PMID: 32861763 PMCID: PMC7116601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-based ether lipids including ether phospholipids form a specialized branch of lipids that in mammals require peroxisomes for their biosynthesis. They are major components of biological membranes and one particular subgroup, the plasmalogens, is widely regarded as a cellular antioxidant. Their vast potential to influence signal transduction pathways is less well known. Here, we summarize the literature showing associations with essential signaling cascades for a wide variety of ether lipids, including platelet-activating factor, alkylglycerols, ether-linked lysophosphatidic acid and plasmalogen-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. The available experimental evidence demonstrates links to several common players like protein kinase C, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, ether lipid levels have repeatedly been connected to some of the most abundant neurological diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and more recently also neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. Thus, we critically discuss the potential role of these compounds in the etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases with an emphasis on signaling processes. Finally, we review the emerging interest in plasmalogens as treatment target in neurological diseases, assessing available data and highlighting future perspectives. Although many aspects of ether lipid involvement in cellular signaling identified in vitro still have to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties and contributions of these lipids to health and disease that will trigger further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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8
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Cao D, Li J, Huang B, Zhang J, Pan C, Huang J, Zhou H, Ma Q, Chen G, Wang Z. RNA-seq analysis reveals divergent adaptive response to hyper- and hypo-salinity in cobia, Rachycentron canadum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1713-1727. [PMID: 32514851 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is an important abiotic stress that affects metabolic and physiological activities, breed, development, and growth of marine fish. Studies have shown that cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a euryhaline marine teleost fish, possesses the ability of rapid and effective hyper/hypo iono- and osmoregulation. However, genomic studies on this species are lacking and it has not been studied at the transcriptome level to identify the genes responsible for salinity regulation, which affects the understanding of the fundamental mechanism underlying adaptation to fluctuations in salinity. To describe the molecular response of cobia to different salinity levels, we used RNA-seq analysis to identify genes and biological processes involved in response to salinity changes. In the present study, 395,080,114 clean reads were generated and then assembled into 65,318 unigenes with an N50 size of 2758 bp. There were 20,671 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 8805 genes adapted to hypo-salinity and 11,866 genes adapted to hyper-salinity. These DEGs were highly represented in steroid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, energy metabolism, osmoregulation, and immune response. The candidate genes identified in cobia provide valuable information for studying the molecular mechanism of salinity adaptation in marine fish. Furthermore, the transcriptomic sequencing data acts not only as an important resource for the identification of novel genes but also for further investigations regarding cobia biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Cao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosong Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhao Pan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Xia W, Bai H, Deng Y, Yang Y. PLA2G16 is a mutant p53/KLF5 transcriptional target and promotes glycolysis of pancreatic cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12642-12655. [PMID: 32985124 PMCID: PMC7686977 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA2G16 is a member of the phospholipase family that catalyses the generation of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) from phosphatidic acid. In the current study, we explored the functional role of PLA2G16 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and the genetic/epigenetic alterations leading to its dysregulation. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype‐Tissue Expression (GTEx) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Then, PANC‐1 and MIA‐PaCa‐2 cells harbouring TP53 mutations were used for cellular and animal studies. Results showed that PL2G16 expression was significantly up‐regulated in PAAD tissue and was associated with unfavourable survival. PLA2G16 inhibition suppressed pancreatic cell growth in vitro and in vivo and also inhibited aerobic glycolysis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that KLF5 was positively correlated with PLA2G16 expression in PAAD tumours with TP53 mutation. TP53 or KLF5 inhibition significantly reduced PLA2G16 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Dual‐luciferase and chromatin Immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays showed that KLF5 directly bound to the PLA2G16 promoter and activated its transcription. Co‐immunoprecipitation assay indicated that mutant p53 had a physical interaction with KLF5. Inhibition of mutant p53 impaired the transcriptional activating effects of KLF5. In PAAD cases in TCGA, PLA2G16 expression was positively correlated with its copy number (Pearson's r = 0.51, P < 0.001), but was strongly and negatively correlated with the methylation level of cg09518969 (Pearson's r = −0.64, P < 0.001), a 5’‐cytosine‐phosphodiester bond‐guanine‐3’ site within its gene locus. In conclusion, this study revealed a novel mutant p53/KLF5‐PLA2G16 regulatory axis on tumour growth and glycolysis in PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hansong Bai
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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10
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Kaiser L, Weinschrott H, Quint I, Blaess M, Csuk R, Jung M, Kohl M, Deigner HP. Metabolite Patterns in Human Myeloid Hematopoiesis Result from Lineage-Dependent Active Metabolic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176092. [PMID: 32847028 PMCID: PMC7504406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of hematotoxicity from environmental or xenobiotic compounds is of notable interest and is frequently assessed via the colony forming unit (CFU) assay. Identification of the mode of action of single compounds is of further interest, as this often enables transfer of results across different tissues and compounds. Metabolomics displays one promising approach for such identification, nevertheless, suitability with current protocols is restricted. Here, we combined a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion approach with distinct lineage differentiations, resulting in formation of erythrocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils. We examined the unique combination of pathway activity in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, polyamine synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, as well as glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism. We further assessed their interconnections and essentialness for each lineage formation. By this, we provide further insights into active metabolic pathways during the differentiation of HSPC into different lineages, enabling profound understanding of possible metabolic changes in each lineage caused by exogenous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany;
| | - Helga Weinschrott
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Isabel Quint
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany;
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (L.K.); (H.W.); (I.Q.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Associated member of Tuebingen University, Faculty of Science, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7720-307-4232
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11
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Sato H, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Murase R, Yamamoto K, Murakami M. Secreted Phospholipase PLA2G2D Contributes to Metabolic Health by Mobilizing ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in WAT. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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12
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Building a sequence map of the pig pan-genome from multiple de novo assemblies and Hi-C data. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:750-763. [PMID: 31290097 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pigs were domesticated independently in the Near East and China, indicating that a single reference genome from one individual is unable to represent the full spectrum of divergent sequences in pigs worldwide. Therefore, 12 de novo pig assemblies from Eurasia were compared in this study to identify the missing sequences from the reference genome. As a result, 72.5 Mb of non-redundant sequences (∼3% of the genome) were found to be absent from the reference genome (Sscrofa11.1) and were defined as pan-sequences. Of the pan-sequences, 9.0 Mb were dominant in Chinese pigs, in contrast with their low frequency in European pigs. One sequence dominant in Chinese pigs contained the complete genic region of the tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG3) gene which is involved in fatty acid metabolism. Using flanking sequences and Hi-C based methods, 27.7% of the sequences could be anchored to the reference genome. The supplementation of these sequences could contribute to the accurate interpretation of the 3D chromatin structure. A web-based pan-genome database was further provided to serve as a primary resource for exploration of genetic diversity and promote pig breeding and biomedical research.
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13
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Daskalaki I, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Hypoxia and Selective Autophagy in Cancer Development and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30250843 PMCID: PMC6139351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen availability, a condition known as hypoxia, is a common feature of various pathologies including stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. Hypoxia adaptation requires coordination of intricate pathways and mechanisms such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the unfolded protein response (UPR), mTOR, and autophagy. Recently, great effort has been invested toward elucidating the interplay between hypoxia-induced autophagy and cancer cell metabolism. Although novel types of selective autophagy have been identified, including mitophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, ERphagy and nucleophagy among others, their potential interface with hypoxia response mechanisms remains poorly understood. Autophagy activation facilitates the removal of damaged cellular compartments and recycles components, thus promoting cell survival. Importantly, tumor cells rely on autophagy to support self-proliferation and metastasis; characteristics related to poor disease prognosis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular crosstalk between hypoxia response mechanisms and autophagy could provide important insights with relevance to cancer and hypoxia-related pathologies. Here, we survey recent findings implicating selective autophagy in hypoxic responses, and discuss emerging links between these pathways and cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Daskalaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Deori NM, Kale A, Maurya PK, Nagotu S. Peroxisomes: role in cellular ageing and age related disorders. Biogerontology 2018; 19:303-324. [PMID: 29968207 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles essential for optimum functioning of a eukaryotic cell. Biogenesis of these organelles and the diverse functions performed by them have been extensively studied in the past decade. Their ability to perform functions depending on the cell type and growth conditions is unique and remarkable. Oxidation of fatty acids and reactive oxygen species metabolism are the two most important functions of these ubiquitous organelles. They are often referred to as both source and sink of reactive oxygen species in a cell. Recent research connects peroxisome dysfunction to fatal oxidative damage associated with ageing-related diseases/disorders. It is now widely accepted that mitochondria and peroxisomes are required to maintain oxidative balance in a cell. However, our understanding on the inter-dependence of these organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species is still in its infancy. Herein, we summarize findings that highlight the role of peroxisomes in cellular reactive oxygen species metabolism, ageing and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan M Deori
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Avinash Kale
- UM-DAE, Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Health Centre, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Pawan K Maurya
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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15
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Uyama T, Tsuboi K, Ueda N. An involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase family proteins in peroxisome regulation and plasmalogen metabolism. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2745-2760. [PMID: 28796890 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The H-Ras-like suppressor (HRASLS) is a protein family consisting of five members in humans. Despite their discovery as tumor suppressors, we demonstrated that all these proteins are phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes, such as phospholipase (PL) A1 /A2 and acyltransferase. We thus proposed to rename HRASLS1-5 as PLA/acyltransferase (PLAAT)-1-5. Notably, PLAATs exhibit N-acyltransferase activity to biosynthesize N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids, including N-acyl-plasmalogen, which serve as precursors of bioactive N-acylethanolamines. Furthermore, the overexpression of PLAAT-3 in animal cells causes disappearance of peroxisomes and a remarkable reduction in plasmalogen levels. This finding might be related to the inhibitory effect of PLAAT-3 on the chaperone activity of the peroxin PEX19. In this article, we will review our recent findings about PLAAT proteins, with special reference to their roles in peroxisome biogenesis and plasmalogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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16
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Mammalian enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1546-1561. [PMID: 28843504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are ethanolamides of long-chain fatty acids, including palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide and anandamide. In animal tissues, NAEs are biosynthesized from membrane phospholipids. The classical "transacylation-phosphodiesterase" pathway proceeds via N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which involves the actions of two enzymes, NAPE-generating Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase (Ca-NAT) and NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Recent identification of Ca-NAT as Ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 enabled the further molecular biological approaches toward this enzyme. In addition, Ca2+-independent NAPE formation was shown to occur by N-acyltransferase activity of a group of proteins named phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAAT)-1-5. The analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice confirmed that NAEs can be produced through multi-step pathways bypassing NAPE-PLD. The NAPE-PLD-independent pathways involved three members of the glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) family (GDE1, GDE4 and GDE7) as well as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein (ABHD)4. In this review article, we will focus on recent progress made and latest insights in the enzymes involved in NAE synthesis and their further characterization.
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17
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Cipolla CM, Lodhi IJ. Peroxisomal Dysfunction in Age-Related Diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:297-308. [PMID: 28063767 PMCID: PMC5366081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out many key functions related to lipid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. The fundamental importance of peroxisomes for health in humans is underscored by the existence of devastating genetic disorders caused by impaired peroxisomal function or lack of peroxisomes. Emerging studies suggest that peroxisomal function may also be altered with aging and contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including diabetes and its related complications, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. With increasing evidence connecting peroxisomal dysfunction to the pathogenesis of these acquired diseases, the possibility of targeting peroxisomal function in disease prevention or treatment becomes intriguing. Here, we review recent developments in understanding the pathophysiological implications of peroxisomal dysfunctions outside the context of inherited peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Cipolla
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Li L, Liang S, Wasylishen AR, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhou B, Shan L, Han X, Mu T, Wang G, Xiong S. PLA2G16 promotes osteosarcoma metastasis and drug resistance via the MAPK pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18021-35. [PMID: 26933804 PMCID: PMC4951268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic osteosarcoma is dismal and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease progression is essential to improve treatment options and patient outcomes. We previously demonstrated Pla2g16 overexpression in mouse osteosarcoma contributes to metastasis phenotypes and increased expression of PLA2G16 is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in human tumors. To further examine the mechanisms through which PLA2G16 contributes to human osteosarcoma metastasis and explore the potential of PLA2G16 as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma, we generated a panel of human osteosarcoma cell lines expressing different levels of PLA2G16. The functional analyses of these cell lines demonstrated high levels of PLA2G16 expression increased osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion, clonogenic survival, and anchorage-independent colony formation. Importantly, this activity was dependent on the phospholipase activity of PLA2G16. Additionally, PLA2G16 overexpression decreased the sensitivity of cells to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents. Analysis of downstream pathways revealed the pro-metastasis functions of PLA2G16 were mediated through the MAPK pathway, as knockdown of PLA2G16 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and pharmacological inhibition of MEK significantly repressed PLA2G16 mediated cell migration and clonogenic survival. Furthermore, PLA2G16 overexpression promoted xenograft tumor growth in vivo, and these tumors exhibit increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Lastly, the expression of PLA2G16 is strongly correlated with the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human osteosarcoma samples, and the combined lesions are associated with reduced overall and metastasis-free survival. Collectively, these results demonstrate increased PLA2G16 expression activates the MAPK pathway to enhance osteosarcoma metastasis and may be a novel therapeutic target for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Shoulei Liang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Amanda R Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Bingzheng Zhou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Luling Shan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuxin Han
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyang Mu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Staring J, von Castelmur E, Blomen VA, van den Hengel LG, Brockmann M, Baggen J, Thibaut HJ, Nieuwenhuis J, Janssen H, van Kuppeveld FJM, Perrakis A, Carette JE, Brummelkamp TR. PLA2G16 represents a switch between entry and clearance of Picornaviridae. Nature 2017; 541:412-416. [PMID: 28077878 DOI: 10.1038/nature21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are a leading cause of human and veterinary infections that result in various diseases, including polio and the common cold. As archetypical non-enveloped viruses, their biology has been extensively studied. Although a range of different cell-surface receptors are bound by different picornaviruses, it is unclear whether common host factors are needed for them to reach the cytoplasm. Using genome-wide haploid genetic screens, here we identify the lipid-modifying enzyme PLA2G16 (refs 8, 9, 10, 11) as a picornavirus host factor that is required for a previously unknown event in the viral life cycle. We find that PLA2G16 functions early during infection, enabling virion-mediated genome delivery into the cytoplasm, but not in any virion-assigned step, such as cell binding, endosomal trafficking or pore formation. To resolve this paradox, we screened for suppressors of the ΔPLA2G16 phenotype and identified a mechanism previously implicated in the clearance of intracellular bacteria. The sensor of this mechanism, galectin-8 (encoded by LGALS8), detects permeated endosomes and marks them for autophagic degradation, whereas PLA2G16 facilitates viral genome translocation and prevents clearance. This study uncovers two competing processes triggered by virus entry: activation of a pore-activated clearance pathway and recruitment of a phospholipase to enable genome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Staring
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent A Blomen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Brockmann
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Baggen
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe Nieuwenhuis
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Cancer GenomiCs.nl (CGC.nl), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Mardian EB, Bradley RM, Duncan RE. The HRASLS (PLA/AT) subfamily of enzymes. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:99. [PMID: 26503625 PMCID: PMC4624172 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The H-RAS-like suppressor (HRASLS) subfamily consists of five enzymes (1–5) in humans and three (1, 3, and 5) in mice and rats that share sequence homology with lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). All HRASLS family members possess in vitro phospholipid metabolizing abilities including phospholipase A1/2 (PLA1/2) activities and O-acyltransferase activities for the remodeling of glycerophospholipid acyl chains, as well as N-acyltransferase activities for the production of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. The in vivo biological activities of the HRASLS enzymes have not yet been fully investigated. Research to date indicates involvement of this subfamily in a wide array of biological processes and, as a consequence, these five enzymes have undergone extensive rediscovery and renaming within different fields of research. This review briefly describes the discovery of each of the HRASLS enzymes and their role in cancer, and discusses the biochemical function of each enzyme, as well as the biological role, if known. Gaps in current understanding are highlighted and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Mardian
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 2415, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 2415, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 1110, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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21
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Tsai FM, Chen ML, Wang LK, Lee MC. H-rev107 Regulates Cytochrome P450 Reductase Activity and Increases Lipid Accumulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138586. [PMID: 26381418 PMCID: PMC4575093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H-rev107 is a member of the HREV107 type II tumor suppressor gene family and acts as a phospholipase to catalyze the release of fatty acids from glycerophospholipid. H-rev107 has been shown to play an important role in fat metabolism in adipocytes through the PGE2/cAMP pathway, but the detailed molecular mechanism underlying H-rev107-mediated lipid degradation has not been studied. In this study, the interaction between H-rev107 and cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), which is involved in hepatic lipid content regulation, was determined by yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed by using in vitro pull down assays and immunofluorescent staining. The expression of POR in H-rev107-expressing cells enhanced the H-rev107-mediated release of arachidonic acid. However, H-rev107 inhibited POR activity and relieved POR-mediated decreased triglyceride content in HtTA and HeLa cervical cells. The inhibitory effect of H-rev107 will be abolished when POR-expressing cells transfected with PLA2-lacking pH-rev107 or treated with PLA2 inhibitor. Silencing of H-rev107 using siRNA resulted in increased glycerol production and reversion of free fatty acid-mediated growth suppression in Huh7 hepatic cells. In summary, our results revealed that H-rev107 is also involved in lipid accumulation in liver cells through the POR pathway via its PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Kai Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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22
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Uyama T, Kawai K, Kono N, Watanabe M, Tsuboi K, Inoue T, Araki N, Arai H, Ueda N. Interaction of Phospholipase A/Acyltransferase-3 with Pex19p: A POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PEROXISOMES. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17520-34. [PMID: 26018079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT)-3 (also known as H-rev107 or AdPLA) was originally isolated as a tumor suppressor and was later shown to have phospholipase A1/A2 activity. We have also found that the overexpression of PLA/AT-3 in mammalian cells results in specific disappearance of peroxisomes. However, its molecular mechanism remained unclear. In the present study, we first established a HEK293 cell line, which stably expresses a fluorescent peroxisome marker protein (DsRed2-Peroxi) and expresses PLA/AT-3 in a tetracycline-dependent manner. The treatment with tetracycline, as expected, caused disappearance of peroxisomes within 24 h, as revealed by diffuse signals of DsRed2-Peroxi and a remarkable decrease in a peroxisomal membrane protein, PMP70. A time-dependent decrease in ether-type lipid levels was also seen. Because the activation of LC3, a marker of autophagy, was not observed, the involvement of autophagy was unlikely. Among various peroxins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis, Pex19p functions as a chaperone protein for the transportation of peroxisomal membrane proteins. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that PLA/AT-3 binds to Pex19p through its N-terminal proline-rich and C-terminal hydrophobic domains. The protein level and enzyme activity of PLA/AT-3 were increased by its coexpression with Pex19p. Moreover, PLA/AT-3 inhibited the binding of Pex19 to peroxisomal membrane proteins, such as Pex3p and Pex11βp. A catalytically inactive point mutant of PLA/AT-3 could bind to Pex19p but did not inhibit the chaperone activity of Pex19p. Altogether, these results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for peroxisome biogenesis through the interaction between Pex19p and PLA/AT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, and
| | | | - Tomohito Inoue
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-0001, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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23
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Wei H, Wang L, Ren X, Yu W, Lin J, Jin C, Xia B. Structural and functional characterization of tumor suppressors TIG3 and H-REV107. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1179-86. [PMID: 25871522 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H-REV107-like family proteins TIG3 and H-REV107 are class II tumor suppressors. Here we report that the C-terminal domains (CTDs) of TIG3 and H-REV107 can induce HeLa cell death independently. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of TIG3 enhances the cell death inducing ability of CTD, while NTD of H-REV107 plays an inhibitory role. The solution structure of TIG3 NTD is very similar to that of H-REV107 in overall fold. However, the CTD binding regions on NTD are different between TIG3 and H-REV107, which may explain their functional difference. As a result, the flexible main loop of H-REV107, but not that of TIG3, is critical for its NTD to modulate its CTD in inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejia Wei
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaobai Ren
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenyu Yu
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changwen Jin
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Pla2g16 phospholipase mediates gain-of-function activities of mutant p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11145-50. [PMID: 25024203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404139111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53(R172H/+) mice inherit a p53 mutation found in Li-Fraumeni syndrome and develop metastatic tumors at much higher frequency than p53(+/-) mice. To explore the mutant p53 metastatic phenotype, we used expression arrays to compare primary osteosarcomas from p53(R172H/+) mice with metastasis to osteosarcomas from p53(+/-) mice lacking metastasis. For this study, 213 genes were differentially expressed with a P value <0.05. Of particular interest, Pla2g16, which encodes a phospholipase that catalyzes phosphatidic acid into lysophosphatidic acid and free fatty acid (both implicated in metastasis), was increased in p53(R172H/+) osteosarcomas. Functional analyses showed that Pla2g16 knockdown decreased migration and invasion in mutant p53-expressing cells, and vice versa: overexpression of Pla2g16 increased the invasion of p53-null cells. Furthermore, Pla2g16 levels were increased upon expression of mutant p53 in both mouse and human osteosarcoma cell lines, indicating that Pla2g16 is a downstream target of the mutant p53 protein. ChIP analysis revealed that several mutant p53 proteins bind the Pla2g16 promoter at E26 transformation-specific (ETS) binding motifs and knockdown of ETS2 suppressed mutant p53 induction of Pla2g16. Thus, our study identifies a phospholipase as a transcriptional target of mutant p53 that is required for metastasis.
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Wang CH, Shyu RY, Wu CC, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Chen ML, Jiang SY, Tsai FM. Phospholipase A/Acyltransferase enzyme activity of H-rev107 inhibits the H-RAS signaling pathway. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:36. [PMID: 24884338 PMCID: PMC4012743 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H-rev107, also called HRASLS3 or PLA2G16, is a member of the HREV107 type II tumor suppressor gene family. Previous studies showed that H-rev107 exhibits phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) activity and downregulates H-RAS expression. However, the mode of action and the site of inhibition of H-RAS by H-rev107 are still unknown. RESULTS Our results indicate that H-rev107 was co-precipitated with H-RAS and downregulated the levels of activated RAS (RAS-GTP) and ELK1-mediated transactivation in epidermal growth factor-stimulated and H-RAS-cotransfected HtTA cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, an acyl-biotin exchange assay demonstrated that H-rev107 reduced H-RAS palmitoylation. H-rev107 has been shown to be a PLA/AT that is involved in phospholipid metabolism. Treating cells with the PLA/AT inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) or methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate (MAFP) alleviated H-rev107-induced downregulation of the levels of acylated H-RAS. AACOCF3 and MAFP also increased activated RAS and ELK1-mediated transactivation in H-rev107-expressing HtTA cells following their treatment with epidermal growth factor. In contrast, treating cells with the acyl-protein thioesterase inhibitor palmostatin B enhanced H-rev107-mediated downregulation of acylated H-RAS in H-rev107-expressing cells. Palmostatin B had no effect on H-rev107-induced suppression of RAS-GTP levels or ELK1-mediated transactivation. These results suggest that H-rev107 decreases H-RAS activity through its PLA/AT activity to modulate H-RAS acylation. CONCLUSIONS We made the novel observation that H-rev107 decrease in the steady state levels of H-RAS palmitoylation through the phospholipase A/acyltransferase activity. H-rev107 is likely to suppress activation of the RAS signaling pathway by reducing the levels of palmitoylated H-RAS, which decreases the levels of GTP-bound H-RAS and also the activation of downstream molecules. Our study further suggests that the PLA/AT activity of H-rev107 may play an important role in H-rev107-mediated RAS suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Ueda N. New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:1-10. [PMID: 24747663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl ethanolamides represent a class of endogenous bioactive lipid molecules and are generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include palmitoylethanolamide (anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance), oleoylethanolamide (anorexic substance), and anandamide (endocannabinoid). The endogenous levels of NAEs are mainly regulated by enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation. In mammalian tissues, the major biosynthetic pathway starts from glycerophospholipids and is composed of two enzyme reactions. The first step is N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and the second step is the release of NAEs from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase plays the central role. However, recent studies strongly suggest the involvement of other enzymes in the NAE metabolism. These enzymes include members of the HRAS-like suppressor family (also called phospholipase A/acyltransferase family), which were originally discovered as tumor suppressors but can function as Ca(2+)-independent NAPE-forming N-acyltransferases; multiple enzymes involved in the NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways to generate NAE from NAPE, which came to light by the analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice; and a lysosomal NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase as a second NAE hydrolase. These newly recognized enzymes may become the targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we focus on recent enzymological findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Uyama T, Inoue M, Okamoto Y, Shinohara N, Tai T, Tsuboi K, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase-1 in N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine generation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1690-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shyu RY, Wu CC, Wang CH, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Chen ML, Jiang SY, Tsai FM. H-rev107 regulates prostaglandin D2 synthase-mediated suppression of cellular invasion in testicular cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:30. [PMID: 23687991 PMCID: PMC3669107 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H-rev107 is a member of the HREV107 type II tumor suppressor gene family which includes H-REV107, RIG1, and HRASLS. H-REV107 has been shown to express at high levels in differentiated tissues of post-meiotic testicular germ cells. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is conjectured to induce SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) expression and subsequent Sertoli cell differentiation. To date, the function of H-rev107 in differentiated testicular cells has not been well defined. Results In the study, we found that H-rev107 was co-localized with prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and enhanced the activity of PTGDS, resulting in increase of PGD2 production in testis cells. Furthermore, when H-rev107 was expressed in human NT2/D1 testicular cancer cells, cell migration and invasion were inhibited. Also, silencing of PTGDS would reduce H-rev107-mediated increase in PGD2, cAMP, and SOX9. Silencing of PTGDS or SOX9 also alleviated H-rev107-mediated suppression of cell migration and invasion. Conclusions These results revealed that H-rev107, through PTGDS, suppressed cell migration and invasion. Our data suggest that the PGD2-cAMP-SOX9 signal pathway might play an important role in H-rev107-mediated cancer cell invasion in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yaun Shyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Taipei Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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30
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. Metabolism of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines: canonical and alternative pathways. FEBS J 2013; 280:1874-94. [PMID: 23425575 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Two arachidonic acid derivatives, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are considered to be physiologically important endocannabinoids. In the known metabolic pathway in mammals, anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines, such as palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, are biosynthesized from glycerophospholipids by a combination of Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D, and are degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase. However, recent studies have shown the involvement of other enzymes and pathways, which include the members of the tumor suppressor HRASLS family (the phospholipase A/acyltransferase family) functioning as Ca(2+)-independent N-acyltransferases, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipaseD-independent multistep pathways via N-acylated lysophospholipid, and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme that preferentially hydrolyzes palmitoylethanolamide. Although their physiological significance is poorly understood, these new enzymes/pathways may serve as novel targets for the development of therapeutic drugs. For example, selective N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors are expected to be new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. In this minireview, we focus on advances in the understanding of these enzymes/pathways. In addition, recent findings on 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
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Pang XY, Cao J, Addington L, Lovell S, Battaile KP, Zhang N, Rao JLUM, Dennis EA, Moise AR. Structure/function relationships of adipose phospholipase A2 containing a cys-his-his catalytic triad. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35260-35274. [PMID: 22923616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose phospholipase A(2) (AdPLA or Group XVI PLA(2)) plays an important role in the onset of obesity by suppressing adipose tissue lipolysis. As a consequence, AdPLA-deficient mice are resistant to obesity induced by a high fat diet or leptin deficiency. It has been proposed that AdPLA mediates its antilipolytic effects by catalyzing the release of arachidonic acid. Based on sequence homology, AdPLA is part of a small family of acyltransferases and phospholipases related to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). To better understand the enzymatic mechanism of AdPLA and LRAT-related proteins, we solved the crystal structure of AdPLA. Our model indicates that AdPLA bears structural similarity to proteins from the NlpC/P60 family of cysteine proteases, having its secondary structure elements configured in a circular permutation of the classic papain fold. Using both structural and biochemical evidence, we demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of AdPLA is mediated by a distinctive Cys-His-His catalytic triad and that the C-terminal transmembrane domain of AdPLA is required for the interfacial catalysis. Analysis of the enzymatic activity of AdPLA toward synthetic and natural substrates indicates that AdPLA displays PLA(1) in addition to PLA(2) activity. Thus, our results provide insight into the enzymatic mechanism and biochemical properties of AdPLA and LRAT-related proteins and lead us to propose an alternate mechanism for AdPLA in promoting adipose tissue lipolysis that is not contingent on the release of arachidonic acid and that is compatible with its combined PLA(1)/A(2) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Pang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Linsee Addington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Scott Lovell
- Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Kevin P Battaile
- Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association Collaborative Access Team (IMCA-CAT), Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Na Zhang
- Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - J L Uma Maheswar Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.
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32
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Uyama T, Ikematsu N, Inoue M, Shinohara N, Jin XH, Tsuboi K, Tonai T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by members of the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) family. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31905-19. [PMID: 22825852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), are formed from membrane glycerophospholipids in animal tissues. The pathway is initiated by N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). Despite the physiological importance of this reaction, the enzyme responsible, N-acyltransferase, remains molecularly uncharacterized. We recently demonstrated that all five members of the HRAS-like suppressor tumor family are phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes with N-acyltransferase activity and are renamed HRASLS1-5 as phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT)-1-5. However, it was poorly understood whether these proteins were involved in the formation of NAPE in living cells. In the present studies, we first show that COS-7 cells transiently expressing recombinant PLA/AT-1, -2, -4, or -5, and HEK293 cells stably expressing PLA/AT-2 generated significant amounts of [(14)C]NAPE and [(14)C]NAE when cells were metabolically labeled with [(14)C]ethanolamine. Second, as analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the stable expression of PLA/AT-2 in cells remarkably increased endogenous levels of NAPEs and NAEs with various N-acyl species. Third, when NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D was additionally expressed in PLA/AT-2-expressing cells, accumulating NAPE was efficiently converted to NAE. We also found that PLA/AT-2 was partly responsible for NAPE formation in HeLa cells that endogenously express PLA/AT-2. These results suggest that PLA/AT family proteins may produce NAPEs serving as precursors of bioactive NAEs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Golczak M, Kiser PD, Sears AE, Lodowski DT, Blaner WS, Palczewski K. Structural basis for the acyltransferase activity of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23790-807. [PMID: 22605381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins, also referred to as HRAS-like tumor suppressors, comprise a vertebrate subfamily of papain-like or NlpC/P60 thiol proteases that function as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes. HRAS-like tumor suppressor 3, a representative member of this group, plays a key role in regulating triglyceride accumulation and energy expenditure in adipocytes and therefore constitutes a novel pharmacological target for treatment of metabolic disorders causing obesity. Here, we delineate a catalytic mechanism common to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-like proteins and provide evidence for their alternative robust lipid-dependent acyltransferase enzymatic activity. We also determined high resolution crystal structures of HRAS-like tumor suppressor 2 and 3 to gain insight into their active site architecture. Based on this structural analysis, two conformational states of the catalytic Cys-113 were identified that differ in reactivity and thus could define the catalytic properties of these two proteins. Finally, these structures provide a model for the topology of these enzymes and allow identification of the protein-lipid bilayer interface. This study contributes to the enzymatic and structural understanding of HRAS-like tumor suppressor enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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