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Ye L, Guo YM, Cai YX, Wei J, Huang J, Bi J, Chen D, Li FF, Huang XF. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing reveals mutations in early-onset high myopia. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001720. [PMID: 38789272 PMCID: PMC11129018 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2024-001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Myopia, especially high myopia (HM), represents a widespread visual impairment with a globally escalating prevalence. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic foundations associated with early-onset HM (eoHM) while delineating the genetic landscape specific to Shaanxi province, China. METHODS A comprehensive analysis of whole-exome sequencing was conducted involving 26 familial trios displaying eoHM. An exacting filtration protocol identified potential candidate mutations within acknowledged myopia-related genes and susceptibility loci. Subsequently, computational methodologies were employed for functional annotations and pathogenicity assessments. RESULTS Our investigation identified 7 genes and 10 variants associated with HM across 7 families, including a novel mutation in the ARR3 gene (c.139C>T, p.Arg47*) and two mutations in the P3H2 gene (c.1865T>C, p.Phe622Ser and c.212T>C, p.Leu71Pro). Pathogenic mutations were found in syndromic myopia genes, notably encompassing VPS13B, TRPM1, RPGR, NYX and RP2. Additionally, a thorough comparison of previously reported causative genes of syndromic myopia and myopia risk genes with the negative sequencing results pinpointed various types of mutations within risk genes. CONCLUSIONS This investigation into eoHM within Shaanxi province adds to the current understanding of myopic genetic factors. Our results warrant further functional validation and ocular examinations, yet they provide foundational insights for future genetic research and therapeutic innovations in HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ye
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Ming Guo
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Xin Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhan Wei
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiejing Bi
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ding Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen-Fen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Govers BM, van Huet RAC, Roosing S, Keijser S, Los LI, den Hollander AI, Klevering BJ. The genetics and disease mechanisms of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101158. [PMID: 36621380 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a sight threatening condition that warrants immediate surgical intervention. To date, 29 genes have been associated with monogenic disorders involving RRD. In addition, RRD can occur as a multifactorial disease through a combined effect of multiple genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of hereditary disorders involving RRD. We discuss genotype-phenotype correlations of these monogenic disorders, and describe genetic variants associated with RRD through multifactorial inheritance. Furthermore, we evaluate our current understanding of the molecular disease mechanisms of RRD-associated genetic variants on collagen proteins, proteoglycan versican, and the TGF-β pathway. Finally, we review the role of genetics in patient management and prevention of RRD. We provide recommendations for genetic testing and prophylaxis of at-risk patients, and hypothesize on novel therapeutic approaches beyond surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Govers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon A C van Huet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Keijser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonoor I Los
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; AbbVie, Genomics Research Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Hudson DM, Archer M, Rai J, Weis M, Fernandes RJ, Eyre DR. Age-related type I collagen modifications reveal tissue-defining differences between ligament and tendon. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100070. [PMID: 34825162 PMCID: PMC8605237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament collagens differ in their post-translational lysine and cross-linking chemistry. In ligament collagen, hydroxylysyl aldehyde, permanent cross-linking dominates. Tendon collagen has a mix of cross-links based on lysyl and hydroxylysyl aldehydes. The profile in tendon appears more adapted to facilitating growth, structural remodeling and repair of the fibrillar matrix.
Tendons and ligaments tend to be pooled into a single category as dense elastic bands of collagenous connective tissue. They do have many similar properties, for example both tissues are flexible cords of fibrous tissue that join bone to either muscle or bone. Tendons and ligaments are both prone to degenerate and rupture with only limited capacity to heal, although tendons tend to heal faster than ligaments. Type I collagen constitutes about 80% of the dry weight of tendons and ligaments and is principally responsible for the core strength of each tissue. Collagen synthesis is a complex process with multiple steps and numerous post-translational modifications including proline and lysine hydroxylation, hydroxylysine glycosylation and covalent cross-linking. The chemistry, placement and quantity of intramolecular and intermolecular cross-links are believed to be key contributors to the tissue-specific variations in material strength and biological properties of collagens. As tendons and ligaments grow and develop, the collagen cross-links are known to chemically mature, strengthen and change in profile. Accordingly, changes in cross-linking and other post-translational modifications are likely associated with tissue development and degeneration. Using mass spectrometry, we have compared tendon and ligaments from fetal and adult bovine knee joints to investigate changes in collagen post-translational properties. Although hydroxylation levels at the type I collagen helical cross-linking lysine residues were similar in all adult tissues, ligaments had significantly higher levels of glycosylation at these sites compared to tendon. Differences in lysine hydroxylation were also found between the tissues at the telopeptide cross-linking sites. Total collagen cross-linking analysis, including mature trivalent cross-links and immature divalent cross-links, revealed unique cross-linking profiles between tendon and ligament tissues. Tendons were found to have a significantly higher frequency of smaller diameter collagen fibrils compared with ligament, which we suspect is functionally associated with the unique cross-linking profile of each tissue. Understanding the specific molecular characteristics that define and distinguish these specialized tissues will be important to improving the design of orthopedic treatment approaches.
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Key Words
- ACL, Anterior cruciate ligament
- Collagen
- Cross-linking
- DHLNL, dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine
- HHL, histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine
- HHMD, histidinohydroxymerodesmosine
- HLNL, hydroxylysinonorleucine
- HP, hydroxylysine pyridinoline
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LCL, lateral collateral ligament
- LP, lysine pyridinoline
- Ligament
- MCL, medial collateral ligament
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- P3H1, prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1
- P3H2, prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2
- PCL, posterior cruciate ligament
- Post-translational modifications
- QT, quadriceps tendon
- Tendon
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hudson
- Corresponding author at: BB1052 Health Science Building, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Kirchner M, Deng H, Xu Y. Heterogeneity in proline hydroxylation of fibrillar collagens observed by mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250544. [PMID: 34464391 PMCID: PMC8407550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major protein in the extracellular matrix and plays vital roles in tissue development and function. Collagen is also one of the most processed proteins in its biosynthesis. The most prominent post-translational modification (PTM) of collagen is the hydroxylation of Pro residues in the Y-position of the characteristic (Gly-Xaa-Yaa) repeating amino acid sequence of a collagen triple helix. Recent studies using mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS sequencing (MS/MS) have revealed unexpected hydroxylation of Pro residues in the X-positions (X-Hyp). The newly identified X-Hyp residues appear to be highly heterogeneous in location and percent occupancy. In order to understand the dynamic nature of the new X-Hyps and their potential impact on applications of MS and MS/MS for collagen research, we sampled four different collagen samples using standard MS and MS/MS techniques. We found considerable variations in the degree of PTMs of the same collagen from different organisms and/or tissues. The rat tail tendon type I collagen is particularly variable in terms of both over-hydroxylation of Pro in the X-position and under-hydroxylation of Pro in the Y-position. In contrast, only a few unexpected PTMs in collagens type I and type III from human placenta were observed. Some observations are not reproducible between different sequencing efforts of the same sample, presumably due to a low population and/or the unpredictable nature of the ionization process. Additionally, despite the heterogeneous preparation and sourcing, collagen samples from commercial sources do not show elevated variations in PTMs compared to samples prepared from a single tissue and/or organism. These findings will contribute to the growing body of information regarding the PTMs of collagen by MS technology, and culminate to a more comprehensive understanding of the extent and the functional roles of the PTMs of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kirchner
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Yujia Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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McAlinden A, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Ravindran S, Fernandes RJ. Biochemical and immuno-histochemical localization of type IIA procollagen in annulus fibrosus of mature bovine intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100077. [PMID: 34337380 PMCID: PMC8313739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the “embryonic” type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer caudal intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter-lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the α1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post-translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I-type II collagen transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children- St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 2 Is a Molecular Player of Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083896. [PMID: 33918807 PMCID: PMC8069486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 (P3H2) catalyzes the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline on collagens, mainly on type IV. Its activity has never been directly associated to angiogenesis. Here, we identified P3H2 gene through a deep-sequencing transcriptome analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Differently from many previous studies we carried out the stimulation not on starved HUVECs, but on cells grown to maintain the best condition for their in vitro survival and propagation. We showed that P3H2 is induced by VEGF-A in two primary human endothelial cell lines and that its transcription is modulated by VEGF-A/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Then, we demonstrated that P3H2, through its activity on type IV Collagen, is essential for angiogenesis properties of endothelial cells in vitro by performing experiments of gain- and loss-of-function. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the overexpression of P3H2 induced a more condensed status of Collagen IV, accompanied by an alignment of the cells along the Collagen IV bundles, so towards an evident pro-angiogenic status. Finally, we found that P3H2 knockdown prevents pathological angiogenesis in vivo, in the model of laser-induced choroid neovascularization. Together these findings reveal that P3H2 is a new molecular player involved in new vessels formation and could be considered as a potential target for anti-angiogenesis therapy.
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7
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Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. A unique feature of collagen is its triple-helical structure formed by the Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats. Three single chains of procollagen make a trimer, and the triple-helical structure is then folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This unique structure is essential for collagen's functions in vivo, including imparting bone strength, allowing signal transduction, and forming basement membranes. The triple-helical structure of procollagen is stabilized by posttranslational modifications and intermolecular interactions, but collagen is labile even at normal body temperature. Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone residing in the ER that plays a pivotal role in collagen biosynthesis and quality control of procollagen in the ER. Mutations that affect the triple-helical structure or result in loss of Hsp47 activity cause the destabilization of procollagen, which is then degraded by autophagy. In this review, we present the current state of the field regarding quality control of procollagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; .,Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; .,JT Biohistory Research Hall, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif O Khan
- a Eye Institute , Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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9
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Vantaku V, Donepudi SR, Piyarathna DWB, Amara CS, Ambati CR, Tang W, Putluri V, Chandrashekar DS, Varambally S, Terris MK, Davies K, Ambs S, Bollag R, Apolo AB, Sreekumar A, Putluri N. Large-scale profiling of serum metabolites in African American and European American patients with bladder cancer reveals metabolic pathways associated with patient survival. Cancer 2019; 125:921-932. [PMID: 30602056 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) experience a disproportionally high rate of bladder cancer (BLCA) deaths even though their incidence rates are lower than those of other patient groups. Using a metabolomics approach, this study investigated how AA BLCA may differ molecularly from European Americans (EAs) BLCA, and it examined serum samples from patients with BLCA with the aim of identifying druggable metabolic pathways in AA patients. METHODS Targeted metabolomics was applied to measure more than 300 metabolites in serum samples from 2 independent cohorts of EA and AA patients with BLCA and healthy EA and AA controls via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and this was followed by the identification of altered metabolic pathways with a focus on AA BLCA. A subset of the differential metabolites was validated via absolute quantification with the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. The clinical significance of the findings was further examined in The Cancer Genomic Atlas BLCA data set. RESULTS Fifty-three metabolites, mainly related to amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism, were identified that showed significant differences in abundance between AA and EA BLCA. For example, the levels of taurine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and serine were elevated in serum samples from AA patients versus EA patients. By mapping these metabolites to genes, this study identified significant relations with regulators of metabolism such as malic enzyme 3, prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2, and lysine demethylase 2A that predicted patient survival exclusively in AA patients with BLCA. CONCLUSIONS This metabolic profile of serum samples might be used to assess risk progression in AA BLCA. These first-in-field findings describe metabolic alterations in AA BLCA and emphasize a potential biological basis for BLCA health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatrao Vantaku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Chandra Sekhar Amara
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandrashekar R Ambati
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Darshan S Chandrashekar
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Andrea B Apolo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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10
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Atkinson A, Renziehausen A, Wang H, Lo Nigro C, Lattanzio L, Merlano M, Rao B, Weir L, Evans A, Matin R, Harwood C, Szlosarek P, Pickering JG, Fleming C, Sim VR, Li S, Vasta JT, Raines RT, Boniol M, Thompson A, Proby C, Crook T, Syed N. Collagen Prolyl Hydroxylases Are Bifunctional Growth Regulators in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1118-1126. [PMID: 30452903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate post-translational processing of collagen requires prolyl hydroxylation, catalyzed by collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and is essential for normal cell function. Here we have investigated the expression, transcriptional regulation, and function of the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families in melanoma. We show that the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase family exemplified by Leprel1 and Leprel2 is subject to methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing in primary and metastatic melanoma consistent with a tumor suppressor function. In contrast, although there is transcriptional silencing of P4HA3 in a subset of melanomas, the collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase family members P4HA1, P4HA2, and P4HA3 are often overexpressed in melanoma, expression being prognostic of worse clinical outcomes. Consistent with tumor suppressor function, ectopic expression of Leprel1 and Leprel2 inhibits melanoma proliferation, whereas P4HA2 and P4HA3 increase proliferation, and particularly invasiveness, of melanoma cells. Pharmacological inhibition with multiple selective collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors reduces proliferation and inhibits invasiveness of melanoma cells. Together, our data identify the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylase and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase families as potentially important regulators of melanoma growth and invasiveness and suggest that selective inhibition of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase is an attractive strategy to reduce the invasive properties of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aithne Atkinson
- John Fulcher Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexander Renziehausen
- John Fulcher Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hexiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, S. Croce General Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Laura Lattanzio
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, S. Croce General Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Merlano
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, S. Croce General Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Bhavya Rao
- Dundee Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Lynda Weir
- Dundee Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan Evans
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Rubeta Matin
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Szlosarek
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Colin Fleming
- Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Van Ren Sim
- Kent Oncology Centre, Maidstone Hospital, Maidstone, UK
| | - Su Li
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | - James T Vasta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | | | - Charlotte Proby
- Dundee Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK; Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Tim Crook
- Department of Oncology, St Luke's Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guilford, UK.
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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11
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Ma F, Sun R, Tremmel D, Sackett S, Odorico J, Li L. Large-Scale Differentiation and Site Specific Discrimination of Hydroxyproline Isomers by Electron Transfer/Higher-Energy Collision Dissociation (EThcD) Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5857-5864. [PMID: 29624053 PMCID: PMC6481173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3- and 4-Hydroxyprolines (HyP) are regioisomers that play different roles in various species and organs. Despite their distinct functions inside cells, they are generally considered indistinguishable using mass spectrometry due to their identical masses. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that characteristic w ions can be produced by electron-transfer/higher energy collision dissociation (EThcD) dual fragmentation technique to confidently discriminate 3-HyP/4-HyP isomers. An integrated and high throughput strategy was developed which combined online LC separation with EThcD for large-scale differentiation of 3-HyP/4-HyP in complex samples. An automated algorithm was developed for charge state dependent characterization of 3-HyP/4-HyP isomers. Using this combined discrimination approach, we identified 108 3-HyP sites and 530 4-HyP sites from decellularized pancreas, allowing more than 5-fold increase of both 3-HyP and 4-HyP identifications compared to previous reports. This approach outperformed ETD and HCD in the analysis of HyP-containing peptides with unique capacity to generate w ions for HyP discrimination, improved fragmentation of precursor ions, as well as unambiguous localization of modifications. A high content of 3-HyP was observed in the C-terminal (GPP)n domain of human CO1A1, which was previously only identified in vertebrate fibrillar collagens from tendon. Unexpectedly, some unusual HyP sites at Xaa position in Gly-HyP-Ala, Gly-HyP-Val, Gly-HyP-Gln, Gly-HyP-Ser, and Gly-HyP-Arg were also confirmed to be 3-hydroxylated, whose functions and enzymes are yet to be discovered. Overall, this novel discrimination strategy can be readily implemented into de novo sequencing or other proteomic search engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ruixiang Sun
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Daniel Tremmel
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Sara Sackett
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jon Odorico
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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12
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Sha XM, Zhang LJ, Tu ZC, Zhang LZ, Hu ZZ, Li Z, Li X, Huang T, Wang H, Zhang L, Xiao H. The identification of three mammalian gelatins by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Gjaltema RAF, Bank RA. Molecular insights into prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation of fibrillar collagens in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 52:74-95. [PMID: 28006962 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1269716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a macromolecule that has versatile roles in physiology, ranging from structural support to mediating cell signaling. Formation of mature collagen fibrils out of procollagen α-chains requires a variety of enzymes and chaperones in a complex process spanning both intracellular and extracellular post-translational modifications. These processes include modifications of amino acids, folding of procollagen α-chains into a triple-helical configuration and subsequent stabilization, facilitation of transportation out of the cell, cleavage of propeptides, aggregation, cross-link formation, and finally the formation of mature fibrils. Disruption of any of the proteins involved in these biosynthesis steps potentially result in a variety of connective tissue diseases because of a destabilized extracellular matrix. In this review, we give a revised overview of the enzymes and chaperones currently known to be relevant to the conversion of lysine and proline into hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, respectively, and the O-glycosylation of hydroxylysine and give insights into the consequences when these steps are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A F Gjaltema
- a MATRIX Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- a MATRIX Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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14
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Kechagia JZ, Ezra DG, Burton MJ, Bailly M. Fibroblasts profiling in scarring trachoma identifies IL-6 as a functional component of a fibroblast-macrophage pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory feedback loop. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28261. [PMID: 27321784 PMCID: PMC4913315 DOI: 10.1038/srep28261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is a conjunctiva scarring disease, which is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying progressive fibrosis in trachoma are unknown. To investigate the contribution of local resident fibroblasts to disease progression, we isolated conjunctival fibroblasts from patients with scarring trachoma and matching control individuals, and compared their gene expression profiles and functional properties in vitro. We show that scarring trachoma fibroblasts substantially differ from control counterparts, displaying pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory features matched by an altered gene expression profile. This pro-inflammatory signature was exemplified by increased IL-6 expression and secretion, and a stronger response to macrophage-mediated stimulation of contraction. We further demonstrate that scarring trachoma fibroblasts can promote Akt phosphorylation in macrophages in an IL-6 –dependent manner. Overall this work has uncovered a distinctive molecular fingerprint for scarring trachoma fibroblasts, and identified IL-6- as a potential contributor to the chronic conjunctival fibrosis, mediating reciprocal pro-fibrotic/pro-inflammatory interactions between macrophages and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Z Kechagia
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, and UCL Partners AHSC, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, and UCL Partners AHSC, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Maryse Bailly
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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15
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Murdoch AD, Hardingham TE, Eyre DR, Fernandes RJ. The development of a mature collagen network in cartilage from human bone marrow stem cells in Transwell culture. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:16-26. [PMID: 26523516 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Damaged hyaline cartilage shows a limited capacity for innate repair. Potential sources of cells to augment the clinical repair of cartilage defects include autologous chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We have reported that culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with specific growth and differentiation factors as shallow multilayers on Transwell permeable membranes provided ideal conditions for chondrogenesis. Rigid translucent cartilaginous disks formed and expressed cartilage-specific structural proteins aggrecan and type II collagen. We report here the analysis of the collagen network assembled in these cartilage constructs and identify key features of the network as it became mature during 28 days of culture. The type II collagen was co-polymerized with types XI and IX collagens in a fibrillar network stabilized by hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-links as in epiphyseal and hyaline cartilages. Tandem ion-trap mass-spectrometry identified 3-hydroxylation of Proline 986 and Proline 944 of the α1(II) chains, a post-translational feature of human epiphyseal cartilage type II collagen. The formation of a type II collagen based hydroxy-lysyl pyridinoline cross-linked network typical of cartilage in 28 days shows that the Transwell system not only produces, secretes and assembles cartilage collagens, but also provides all the extracellular mechanisms to modify and generate covalent cross-links that determine a robust collagen network. This organized assembly explains the stiff, flexible nature of the cartilage constructs developed from hMSCs in this culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Murdoch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David R Eyre
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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16
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Hudson DM, Joeng KS, Werther R, Rajagopal A, Weis M, Lee BH, Eyre DR. Post-translationally abnormal collagens of prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 null mice offer a pathobiological mechanism for the high myopia linked to human LEPREL1 mutations. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8613-22. [PMID: 25645914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, results from an increase in the axial length of the eyeball. Mutations in LEPREL1, the gene encoding prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 (P3H2), have recently been identified in individuals with recessively inherited nonsyndromic severe myopia. P3H2 is a member of a family of genes that includes three isoenzymes of prolyl 3-hydroxylase (P3H), P3H1, P3H2, and P3H3. Fundamentally, it is understood that P3H1 is responsible for converting proline to 3-hydroxyproline. This limited additional knowledge also suggests that each isoenzyme has evolved different collagen sequence-preferred substrate specificities. In this study, differences in prolyl 3-hydroxylation were screened in eye tissues from P3h2-null (P3h2(n/n)) and wild-type mice to seek tissue-specific effects due the lack of P3H2 activity on post-translational collagen chemistry that could explain myopia. The mice were viable and had no gross musculoskeletal phenotypes. Tissues from sclera and cornea (type I collagen) and lens capsule (type IV collagen) were dissected from mouse eyes, and multiple sites of prolyl 3-hydroxylation were identified by mass spectrometry. The level of prolyl 3-hydroxylation at multiple substrate sites from type I collagen chains was high in sclera, similar to tendon. Almost every known site of prolyl 3-hydroxylation in types I and IV collagen from P3h2(n/n) mouse eye tissues was significantly under-hydroxylated compared with their wild-type littermates. We conclude that altered collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation is caused by loss of P3H2. We hypothesize that this leads to structural abnormalities in multiple eye tissues, but particularly sclera, causing progressive myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hudson
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rachel Werther
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Abbhirami Rajagopal
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Brendan H Lee
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David R Eyre
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
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17
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Sha XM, Tu ZC, Wang H, Huang T, Duan DL, He N, Li DJ, Xiao H. Gelatin quantification by oxygen-18 labeling and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11840-11853. [PMID: 25404505 DOI: 10.1021/jf503876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and linear-ion trap/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, trypsin-catalyzed (16)O-to-(18)O exchange was used to establish an accurate quantitative method for bovine or porcine gelatin. The sophisticated modifications for these two mammalian gelatins were unambiguously identified by accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry. Eighteen marker peptides were successfully identified for the bovine and porcine gelatin, respectively. The gelatins were subjected to (18)O or (16)O labeling in the presence of trypsin and mixed together in various ratios for quantification. All of the (18)O-labeled peptides were also confirmed by accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry. The 10 marker peptides with the strongest signals were chosen to calculate the average ratios of (18)O-labeled and (16)O-labeled gelatin. The measured ratios of (18)O-labeled and (16)O-labeled peptides were very close to the mixing ratios of 20:1, 5:1, 1:1, and 1:5 with low standard deviation values. The samples with a mixing ratio of 1:1 (18)O-labeled and (16)O-labeled peptides were determined to 1.00 and 0.99 with standard deviations of 0.02 and 0.04 for bovine and porcine gelatins, respectively, indicating the high accuracy of this method. Trypsin-catalyzed (18)O labeling was proved to be an excellent internal calibrant for gelatins. When combined with HPLC and high-resolution mass spectrometry, it is an accurate and sensitive quantitative method for gelatin in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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18
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Khan AO, Aldahmesh MA, Alsharif H, Alkuraya FS. Recessive Mutations inLEPREL1Underlie a Recognizable Lens Subluxation Phenotype. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 36:58-63. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.985847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Di Maro G, Orlandella FM, Bencivenga TC, Salerno P, Ugolini C, Basolo F, Maestro R, Salvatore G. Identification of targets of Twist1 transcription factor in thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1617-26. [PMID: 24848707 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human tumors. Twist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in cancer development and progression. We showed that Twist1 affects thyroid cancer cell survival and motility. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify Twist1 targets in thyroid cancer cells. DESIGN Transcriptional targets of Twist1 were identified by gene expression profiling the TPC-Twist1 cells in comparison with control cells. Functional studies were performed by silencing in TPC-Twist1 and in CAL62 cells the top 10 upregulated genes and by evaluating cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to verify direct binding of Twist1 to target genes. Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to study the expression level of Twist1 target genes in human thyroid carcinoma samples. RESULTS According to the gene expression profile, the top functions enriched in TPC-Twist1 cells were cellular movement, cellular growth and proliferation, and cell death and survival. Silencing of the top 10 upregulated genes reduced viability of TPC-Twist1 and of CAL62 cells. Silencing of COL1A1, KRT7, and PDZK1 also induced cell death. Silencing of HS6ST2, THRB, ID4, RHOB, and PDZK1IP also impaired migration and invasion of TPC-Twist1 and of CAL62 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Twist1 directly binds the promoter of the top 10 upregulated genes. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that HS6ST2, COL1A1, F2RL1, LEPREL1, PDZK1, and PDZK1IP1 are overexpressed in thyroid carcinoma samples compared with normal thyroids. CONCLUSIONS We identified a set of genes that mediates Twist1 biological effects in thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Di Maro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (G.D.M., F.M.O., T.C.B., P.S.), Università di Napoli "Federico II," Italy 80131; Dipartimento di Area Medica (C.U.), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy 56126; Dipartimento di Patologia Chirugica, Medica (F.B.), Molecolare e dell'Area Critica dell' Università di Pisa, Italy 56124; Experimental Oncology 1 (R.M.), Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy 33081; and Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (G.S.), Universita' "Parthenope," 80133 Napoli, Italy 80133
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20
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Evolutionary origins of C-terminal (GPP)n 3-hydroxyproline formation in vertebrate tendon collagen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93467. [PMID: 24695516 PMCID: PMC3973637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half the proline residues in fibrillar collagen are hydroxylated. The predominant form is 4-hydroxyproline, which helps fold and stabilize the triple helix. A minor form, 3-hydroxyproline, still has no clear function. Using peptide mass spectrometry, we recently revealed several previously unknown molecular sites of 3-hydroxyproline in fibrillar collagen chains. In fibril-forming A-clade collagen chains, four new partially occupied 3-hydroxyproline sites were found (A2, A3, A4 and (GPP)n) in addition to the fully occupied A1 site at Pro986. The C-terminal (GPP)n motif has five consecutive GPP triplets in α1(I), four in α2(I) and three in α1(II), all subject to 3-hydroxylation. The evolutionary origins of this substrate sequence were investigated by surveying the pattern of its 3-hydroxyproline occupancy from early chordates through amphibians, birds and mammals. Different tissue sources of type I collagen (tendon, bone and skin) and type II collagen (cartilage and notochord) were examined by mass spectrometry. The (GPP)n domain was found to be a major substrate for 3-hydroxylation only in vertebrate fibrillar collagens. In higher vertebrates (mouse, bovine and human), up to five 3-hydroxyproline residues per (GPP)n motif were found in α1(I) and four in α2(I), with an average of two residues per chain. In vertebrate type I collagen the modification exhibited clear tissue specificity, with 3-hydroxyproline prominent only in tendon. The occupancy also showed developmental changes in Achilles tendon, with increasing 3-hydroxyproline levels with age. The biological significance is unclear but the level of 3-hydroxylation at the (GPP)n site appears to have increased as tendons evolved and shows both tendon type and developmental variations within a species.
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21
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Abstract
Collagens constitute nearly 30% of all proteins in our body. Type IV collagen is a major and crucial component of basement membranes. Collagen chains undergo several posttranslational modifications that are indispensable for proper collagen function. One of these modifications, prolyl 3-hydroxylation, is accomplished by a family of prolyl 3-hydroxylases (P3H1, P3H2, and P3H3). The present study shows that P3H2-null mice are embryonic-lethal by embryonic day 8.5. The mechanism of the unexpectedly early lethality involves the interaction of non-3-hydroxylated embryonic type IV collagen with the maternal platelet-specific glycoprotein VI (GPVI). This interaction results in maternal platelet aggregation, thrombosis of the maternal blood, and death of the embryo. The phenotype is completely rescued by producing double KOs of P3H2 and GPVI. Double nulls are viable and fertile. Under normal conditions, subendothelial collagens bear the GPVI-binding sites that initiate platelet aggregation upon blood exposure during injuries. In type IV collagen, these sites are normally 3-hydroxylated. Thus, prolyl 3-hydroxylation of type IV collagen has an important function preventing maternal platelet aggregation in response to the early developing embryo. A unique link between blood coagulation and the ECM is established. The newly described mechanism may elucidate some unexplained fetal losses in humans, where thrombosis is often observed at the maternal/fetal interface. Moreover, epigenetic silencing of P3H2 in breast cancers implies that the interaction between GPVI and non-3-hydroxylated type IV collagen might also play a role in the progression of malignant tumors and metastasis.
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22
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Guo H, Tong P, Peng Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Chen J, Li Y, Tian Q, Hu Y, Zheng Y, Xiao L, Xiong W, Pan Q, Hu Z, Xia K. Homozygous loss-of-function mutation of the LEPREL1 gene causes severe non-syndromic high myopia with early-onset cataract. Clin Genet 2013; 86:575-9. [PMID: 24172257 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High myopia is a severe visual impairment which can increase the risk of retinal degeneration, subretinal hemorrhage, choroidal neovascularization, cataract and retinal detachment. We recruited an autosomal-recessive high myopia family, with affected subjects who also present early-onset cataract, retinal degeneration and other complications. Using targeted capturing and whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous non-sense mutation in the LEPREL1 gene which causes premature termination of the translation at the fifth amino acid (c.13C>T; p.Q5X), co-segregating with the phenotypes. LEPREL1 encodes a proline hydroxylase called prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 (P3H2), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that hydroxylates collagens. The results show that LEPREL1 plays an important role in eye development and homozygous loss-of-function mutation of this gene can cause severely high myopia and early-onset cataract. Our study also strongly suggests that the disruption of collagen modification is one of the pathogenic mechanisms of high myopia and cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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McAlinden A, Traeger G, Hansen U, Weis MA, Ravindran S, Wirthlin L, Eyre DR, Fernandes RJ. Molecular properties and fibril ultrastructure of types II and XI collagens in cartilage of mice expressing exclusively the α1(IIA) collagen isoform. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:105-13. [PMID: 24113490 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Until now, no biological tools have been available to determine if a cross-linked collagen fibrillar network derived entirely from type IIA procollagen isoforms, can form in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage. Recently, homozygous knock-in transgenic mice (Col2a1(+ex2), ki/ki) were generated that exclusively express the IIA procollagen isoform during post-natal development while type IIB procollagen, normally present in the ECM of wild type mice, is absent. The difference between these Col2a1 isoforms is the inclusion (IIA) or exclusion (IIB) of exon 2 that is alternatively spliced in a developmentally regulated manner. Specifically, chondroprogenitor cells synthesize predominantly IIA mRNA isoforms while differentiated chondrocytes produce mainly IIB mRNA isoforms. Recent characterization of the Col2a1(+ex2) mice has surprisingly shown that disruption of alternative splicing does not affect overt cartilage formation. In the present study, biochemical analyses showed that type IIA collagen extracted from ki/ki mouse rib cartilage can form homopolymers that are stabilized predominantly by hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) cross-links at levels that differed from wild type rib cartilage. The findings indicate that mature type II collagen derived exclusively from type IIA procollagen molecules can form hetero-fibrils with type XI collagen and contribute to cartilage structure and function. Heteropolymers with type XI collagen also formed. Electron microscopy revealed mainly thin type IIA collagen fibrils in ki/ki mouse rib cartilage. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of purified type XI collagen revealed a heterotrimeric molecular composition of α1(XI)α2(XI)α1(IIA) chains where the α1(IIA) chain is the IIA form of the α3(XI) chain. Since the N-propeptide of type XI collagen regulates type II collagen fibril diameter in cartilage, the retention of the exon 2-encoded IIA globular domain would structurally alter the N-propeptide of type XI collagen. This structural change may subsequently affect the regulatory function of type XI collagen resulting in the collagen fibril and cross-linking differences observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - Geoffrey Traeger
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Mary Ann Weis
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - Louisa Wirthlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
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24
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Pokidysheva E, Zientek KD, Ishikawa Y, Mizuno K, Vranka JA, Montgomery NT, Keene DR, Kawaguchi T, Okuyama K, Bächinger HP. Posttranslational modifications in type I collagen from different tissues extracted from wild type and prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 null mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24742-52. [PMID: 23861401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen extracted from tendon, skin, and bone of wild type and prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 (P3H1) null mice shows distinct patterns of 3-hydroxylation and glycosylation of hydroxylysine residues. The A1 site (Pro-986) in the α1-chain of type I collagen is almost completely 3-hydroxylated in every tissue of the wild type mice. In contrast, no 3-hydroxylation of this proline residue was found in P3H1 null mice. Partial 3-hydroxylation of the A3 site (Pro-707) was present in tendon and bone, but absent in skin in both α-chains of the wild type animals. Type I collagen extracted from bone of P3H1 null mice shows a large reduction in 3-hydroxylation of the A3 site in both α-chains, whereas type I collagen extracted from tendon of P3H1 null mice shows little difference as compared with wild type. These results demonstrate that the A1 site in type I collagen is exclusively 3-hydroxylated by P3H1, and presumably, this enzyme is required for the 3-hydroxylation of the A3 site of both α-chains in bone but not in tendon. The increase in glycosylation of hydroxylysine in P3H1 null mice in bone was found to be due to an increased occupancy of normally glycosylated sites. Despite the severe disorganization of collagen fibrils in adult tissues, the D-period of the fibrils is unchanged. Tendon fibrils of newborn P3H1 null mice are well organized with only a slight increase in diameter. The absence of 3-hydroxyproline and/or the increased glycosylation of hydroxylysine in type I collagen disturbs the lateral growth of the fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pokidysheva
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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25
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Abstract
Prolyl 3-hydroxylation is a rare but conserved post-translational modification in many collagen types and, when defective, may be linked to a number of human diseases with musculoskeletal and potentially ocular and renal pathologies. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase-1 (P3H1), the enzyme responsible for converting proline to 3-hydroxyproline (3Hyp) in type I collagen, requires the coenzyme CRTAP for activity. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the Crtap-/- mouse was missing 3-hydroxyproline in type I collagen α-chains. This finding led to the discovery of mutations in genes encoding the P3H1 complex as a cause of recessively inherited osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease). Since then, many additional 3Hyp sites have been identified in various collagen types and classified based on observed substrate and tissue specificity. P3H1 is part of a family of gene products that also includes isoenzymes P3H2 and P3H3 as well as CRTAP and Sc65. It is believed these isoenzymes and coenzyme proteins have evolved different collagen substrate site and tissue specificities in their activities. The post-translational fingerprinting of collagens will be essential in understanding the basic role and extent of regulated variations of prolyl 3-hydroxylation in collagen. We believe that prolyl 3-hydroxylation is a functionally significant collagen post-translational modification and can be a cause of disease when absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Byers
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
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27
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Yang C, Park AC, Davis NA, Russell JD, Kim B, Brand DD, Lawrence MJ, Ge Y, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Greenspan DS. Comprehensive mass spectrometric mapping of the hydroxylated amino acid residues of the α1(V) collagen chain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40598-610. [PMID: 23060441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.406850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α1(V) is an extensively modified collagen chain important in disease. RESULTS Comprehensive mapping of α1(V) post-translational modifications reveals unexpectedly large numbers of X-position hydroxyprolines in Gly-X-Y amino acid triplets. CONCLUSION The unexpected abundance of X-position hydroxyprolines suggests a mechanism for differential modification of collagen properties. SIGNIFICANCE Positions, numbers, and occupancy of modified sites can provide insights into α1(V) biological properties. Aberrant expression of the type V collagen α1(V) chain can underlie the connective tissue disorder classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and autoimmune responses against the α1(V) chain are linked to lung transplant rejection and atherosclerosis. The α1(V) collagenous COL1 domain is thought to contain greater numbers of post-translational modifications (PTMs) than do similar domains of other fibrillar collagen chains, PTMs consisting of hydroxylated prolines and lysines, the latter of which can be glycosylated. These types of PTMs can contribute to epitopes that underlie immune responses against collagens, and the high level of PTMs may contribute to the unique biological properties of the α1(V) chain. Here we use high resolution mass spectrometry to map such PTMs in bovine placental α1(V) and human recombinant pro-α1(V) procollagen chains. Findings include the locations of those PTMs that vary and those PTMs that are invariant between these α1(V) chains from widely divergent sources. Notably, an unexpectedly large number of hydroxyproline residues were mapped to the X-positions of Gly-X-Y triplets, contrary to expectations based on previous amino acid analyses of hydrolyzed α1(V) chains from various tissues. We attribute this difference to the ability of tandem mass spectrometry coupled to nanoflow chromatographic separations to detect lower-level PTM combinations with superior sensitivity and specificity. The data are consistent with the presence of a relatively large number of 3-hydroxyproline sites with less than 100% occupancy, suggesting a previously unknown mechanism for the differential modification of α1(V) chain and type V collagen properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kundu S. Distribution and prediction of catalytic domains in 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:410. [PMID: 22862831 PMCID: PMC3475032 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-oxoglutarate dependent superfamily is a diverse group of non-haem dioxygenases, and is present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. The enzymes differ in substrate preference and reaction chemistry, a factor that precludes their classification by homology studies and electronic annotation schemes alone. In this work, I propose and explore the rationale of using substrates to classify structurally similar alpha-ketoglutarate dependent enzymes. FINDINGS Differential catalysis in phylogenetic clades of 2-OG dependent enzymes, is determined by the interactions of a subset of active-site amino acids. Identifying these with existing computational methods is challenging and not feasible for all proteins. A clustering protocol based on validated mechanisms of catalysis of known molecules, in tandem with group specific hidden markov model profiles is able to differentiate and sequester these enzymes. Access to this repository is by a web server that compares user defined unknown sequences to these pre-defined profiles and outputs a list of predicted catalytic domains. The server is free and is accessible at the following URL (http://comp-biol.theacms.in/H2OGpred.html). CONCLUSIONS The proposed stratification is a novel attempt at classifying and predicting 2-oxoglutarate dependent function. In addition, the server will provide researchers with a tool to compare their data to a comprehensive list of HMM profiles of catalytic domains. This work, will aid efforts by investigators to screen and characterize putative 2-OG dependent sequences. The profile database will be updated at regular intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Army College of Medical Sciences, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi 110010, India.
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Hudson DM, Kim LS, Weis M, Cohn DH, Eyre DR. Peptidyl 3-hydroxyproline binding properties of type I collagen suggest a function in fibril supramolecular assembly. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2417-24. [PMID: 22380708 DOI: 10.1021/bi2019139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proline residues in collagens are extensively hydroxylated post-translationally. A rare form of this modification, (3S,2S)-l-hydroxyproline (3Hyp), remains without a clear function. Disruption of the enzyme complex responsible for prolyl 3-hydroxylation results in severe forms of recessive osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). These OI types exhibit a loss of or reduction in the level of 3-hydroxylation at two proline residues, α1(I) Pro986 and α2(I) Pro707. Whether the resulting brittle bone phenotype is caused by the lack of the 3-hydroxyl addition or by another function of the enzyme complex is unknown. We have speculated that the most efficient mechanism for explaining the chemistry of collagen intermolecular cross-linking is for pairs of collagen molecules in register to be the subunit that assembles into fibrils. In this concept, the exposed hydroxyls from 3Hyp are positioned within mutually interactive binding motifs on adjacent collagen molecules that contribute through hydrogen bonding to the process of fibril supramolecular assembly. Here we report observations on the physical binding properties of 3Hyp in collagen chains from experiments designed to explore the potential for interaction using synthetic collagen-like peptides containing 3Hyp. Evidence of self-association was observed between a synthetic peptide containing 3Hyp and the CB6 domain of the α1(I) chain, which contains the single fully 3-hydroxylated proline. Using collagen from a case of severe recessive OI with a CRTAP defect, in which Pro986 was minimally 3-hydroxylated, such binding was not observed. Further study of the role of 3Hyp in supramolecular assembly is warranted for understanding the evolution of tissue-specific variations in collagen fibril organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500, United States
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