1
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Sasaki S, Nian C, Xu EE, Pasula DJ, Winata H, Grover S, Luciani DS, Lynn FC. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene GRK5 regulates physiological pancreatic β-cell proliferation via phosphorylation of HDAC5. iScience 2023; 26:107311. [PMID: 37520700 PMCID: PMC10382860 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring functional β cell mass is a potential therapy for those with diabetes. However, the pathways regulating β cell mass are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that Sox4 is required for β cell proliferation during prediabetes. Here, we report that Sox4 regulates β cell mass through modulating expression of the type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility gene GRK5. β cell-specific Grk5 knockout mice showed impaired glucose tolerance with reduced β cell mass, which was accompanied by upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor gene Cdkn1a. Furthermore, we found that Grk5 may drive β cell proliferation through a pathway that includes phosphorylation of HDAC5 and subsequent transcription of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as Nr4a1, Fosb, Junb, Arc, Egr1, and Srf. Together, these studies suggest GRK5 is linked to T2D through regulation of β cell growth and that it may be a target to preserve β cells during the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Sasaki
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cuilan Nian
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric E. Xu
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Pasula
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helena Winata
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sanya Grover
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dan S. Luciani
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francis C. Lynn
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Marzano F, Liccardo D, Elia A, Mucio I, de Lucia C, Lucchese AM, Gao E, Ferrara N, Rapacciuolo A, Paolocci N, Rengo G, Koch WJ, Cannavo A. Genetic Catalytic Inactivation of GRK5 Impairs Cardiac Function in Mice Via Dysregulated P53 Levels. JACC. BASIC TO TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 7:366-380. [PMID: 35540100 PMCID: PMC9079799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GRK5's catalytic activity in regulating basal and stressed cardiac function has not been studied. Herein, we studied knock-in mice in which GRK5 was mutated to render it catalytically inactive (K215R). At baseline, GRK5-K215R mice showed a marked decline in cardiac function with increased apoptosis and fibrosis. In vitro, restriction of GRK5 inside the nucleus of cardiomyocytes resulted in enhanced cell death along with higher p53 levels. Moreover, in fibroblasts, we demonstrated that K215R mutation promoted the transition into myofibroblast phenotype. This study provides novel insight into the biological actions of GRK5, that are essential for its future targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marzano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Elia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Mucio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, Telese Terme (BN), Italy
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Walter J. Koch, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 941, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy,Dr Alessandro Cannavo, Federico II University of Naples, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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3
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Coleman RC, Eguchi A, Lieu M, Roy R, Barr EW, Ibetti J, Lucchese AM, Peluzzo AM, Gresham K, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ. A peptide of the N terminus of GRK5 attenuates pressure-overload hypertrophy and heart failure. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/676/eabb5968. [PMID: 33785612 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb5968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant changes in gene expression underlie the pathogenesis and progression of pressure-overload heart failure, leading to maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, and contractile dysfunction. Signaling through the G protein Gq triggers maladaptation and heart failure, in part through the activation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). Hypertrophic stimuli induce the accumulation of GRK5 in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes, where it regulates pathological gene expression through multiple transcription factors including NFAT. The nuclear targeting of GRK5 is mediated by an amino-terminal (NT) domain that binds to calmodulin (CaM). Here, we sought to prevent GRK5-mediated pathology in pressure-overload maladaptation and heart failure by expressing in cardiomyocytes a peptide encoding the GRK5 NT (GRK5nt) that encompasses the CaM binding domain. In cultured cardiomyocytes, GRK5nt expression abrogated Gq-coupled receptor-mediated hypertrophy, including attenuation of pathological gene expression and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and NF-κB. We confirmed that GRK5nt bound to and blocked Ca2+-CaM from associating with endogenous GRK5, thereby preventing GRK5 nuclear accumulation after pressure overload. We generated mice that expressed GRKnt in a cardiac-specific fashion (TgGRK5nt mice), which exhibited reduced cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, and cardiac fibrosis after chronic transverse aortic constriction. Together, our data support a role for GRK5nt as an inhibitor of pathological GRK5 signaling that prevents heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Akito Eguchi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Melissa Lieu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rajika Roy
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Eric W Barr
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Amanda M Peluzzo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kenneth Gresham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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4
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Targeting GRK5 for Treating Chronic Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041920. [PMID: 33671974 PMCID: PMC7919044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors and they are responsible for the transduction of extracellular signals, regulating almost all aspects of mammalian physiology. These receptors are specifically regulated by a family of serine/threonine kinases, called GPCR kinases (GRKs). Given the biological role of GPCRs, it is not surprising that GRKs are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Particular importance is emerging for GRK5, which is a multifunctional protein, expressed in different cell types, and it has been found located in single or multiple subcellular compartments. For instance, when anchored to the plasma membrane, GRK5 exerts its canonical function, regulating GPCRs. However, under certain conditions (e.g., pro-hypertrophic stimuli), GRK5 translocates to the nucleus of cells where it can interact with non-GPCR-related proteins as well as DNA itself to promote “non-canonical” signaling, including gene transcription. Importantly, due to these actions, several studies have demonstrated that GRK5 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic-degenerative disorders. This is true in the cardiac cells, tumor cells, and neurons. For this reason, in this review article, we will inform the readers of the most recent evidence that supports the importance of targeting GRK5 to prevent the development or progression of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
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5
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Sok V, Jacinto AZ, Peng N, Eldemerdash M, Le L, Tran PD, Feng LF, Patel JR, Gi M, Ammon JC, So CH. G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 modifies the nucleolar stress response activated by actinomycin D. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:508-518. [PMID: 33507833 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is localized within the nucleus and moderates functions such as DNA transcription, in addition to its localization at the plasma membrane. In this report, we show that GRK5 modifies the nucleolar stress response activated by the DNA polymerase inhibitor, actinomycin D (ActD). We show an increased sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of ActD on cervical HeLa cells and the breast cancer cell line MDA MB 231 with reduced protein expression of GRK5. We also tested two types of breast cancer cells (MDA MB 231 and MCF7 cells) and found that the rate of response to ActD varied between them because they have innate differences in the protein expression of GRK5. We also found that GRK5 phosphorylates nucleophosmin (NPM1) at T199 before and during the early stages of ActD treatment. Phosphorylation at T199 increases the ability of NPM1 to interact with p14ARF in vitro, which may affect the protein expression levels of p14ARF. We found that the expression levels of p14ARF were lower in the cells transfected with the control shRNA, but higher in cells transfected with GRK5 shRNA. Collectively, this suggests that GRK5 modifies the nucleolar stress response associated with ActD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sok
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Alec Z Jacinto
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Natalie Peng
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Mohamed Eldemerdash
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Lysa Le
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Philip D Tran
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Li Feng Feng
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Jigisha R Patel
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Michael Gi
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Jane C Ammon
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Christopher H So
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Roseman University of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
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6
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G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 modifies the cellular reaction to cisplatin through interactions with NADPH oxidase 4. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1505-1516. [PMID: 33392923 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in addition to their role in modulating signal transduction mechanisms associated with activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), can also interact with many non-GPCR proteins to mediate cellular responses to chemotherapeutics. The rationale for this study is based on the presumption that GRK2 modulates the responses of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. In this report, we show that GRK2 modulates the responses of cancer cells to cisplatin. Cervical cancer HeLa cells stably transfected with GRK2 shRNA, to decrease GRK2 protein expression, show increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Of interest, these cells also show increased accumulation of NADPH, associating with decreased NADP buildup, at low concentrations of cisplatin tested. These changes in NADPH and NADP levels are also observed in the breast cancer MDA MB 231 cells, which has lower endogenous GRK2 protein expression levels, but not BT549, a breast cancer cell line with higher GRK2 protein expression. This effect of NADPH accumulation may be associated with a decrease in NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) protein expression, which is found to correlate with GRK2 protein expression in cancer cells-a relationship which mimics that observed in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, like in cardiomyocytes, GRK2 and NOX4 interact to form complexes in cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that GRK2 interacts with NOX4 to modify cisplatin sensitivity in cancer cells and may also factor into the success of cisplatin-based regimens.
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7
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Maloney SM, Hoover CA, Morejon-Lasso LV, Prosperi JR. Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3323. [PMID: 33182737 PMCID: PMC7697134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxane family of chemotherapy drugs has been used to treat a variety of mostly epithelial-derived tumors and remain the first-line treatment for some cancers. Despite the improved survival time and reduction of tumor size observed in some patients, many have no response to the drugs or develop resistance over time. Taxane resistance is multi-faceted and involves multiple pathways in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and the transport of foreign substances. In this review, we dive deeper into hypothesized resistance mechanisms from research during the last decade, with a focus on the cancer types that use taxanes as first-line treatment but frequently develop resistance to them. Furthermore, we will discuss current clinical inhibitors and those yet to be approved that target key pathways or proteins and aim to reverse resistance in combination with taxanes or individually. Lastly, we will highlight taxane response biomarkers, specific genes with monitored expression and correlated with response to taxanes, mentioning those currently being used and those that should be adopted. The future directions of taxanes involve more personalized approaches to treatment by tailoring drug-inhibitor combinations or alternatives depending on levels of resistance biomarkers. We hope that this review will identify gaps in knowledge surrounding taxane resistance that future research or clinical trials can overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Maloney
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Camden A. Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
| | - Lorena V. Morejon-Lasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
| | - Jenifer R. Prosperi
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN 46617, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (C.A.H.); (L.V.M.-L.)
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8
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Pham T, Robinson K, Vleeshouwer-Neumann T, Annis JE, Chen EY. Characterization of GRK5 as a novel regulator of rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cell growth and self-renewal. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1448-1461. [PMID: 32363002 PMCID: PMC7185065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue pediatric sarcoma. Clinical outcomes for RMS patients with relapsed or metastatic disease remain poor. Treatment options remain limited, presenting an urgent need for novel therapeutic targets. Using a high-throughput siRNA screen against the human kinome, we identified GRK5, a G-protein receptor kinase, as a novel regulator of RMS tumor cell growth and self-renewal. Through functional assays in vitro and in vivo, we show that GRK5 regulates cell cycle in a kinase-independent manner to promote RMS tumor cell growth. NFAT1 expression is regulated by GRK5 in a kinase independent manner, and loss of NFAT1 phenocopies GRK5 loss-of-function effects on the cell cycle alterations. Self-renewal of tumor propagating cells (TPCs) is thought to give rise to tumor relapse. We show that loss of GRK5 results in a significant reduction of RMS self-renewal capacity in part due to increased cell death. Treatment of human RMS xenografts in mice with CCG-215022, a GRK5-selective inhibitor, results in reduced tumor growth and self-renewal in both major subtypes of RMS. GRK5 represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James E. Annis
- Quellos HTS Core, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eleanor Y. Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Santos-Otte P, Leysen H, van Gastel J, Hendrickx JO, Martin B, Maudsley S. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Systems and Their Role in Cellular Senescence. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1265-1277. [PMID: 31921393 PMCID: PMC6944711 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process that is inevitable for nearly all organisms. Aging is the strongest risk factor for development of multiple neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Age-related disease conditions are mainly caused by the progressive degradation of the integrity of communication systems within and between organs. This is in part mediated by, i) decreased efficiency of receptor signaling systems and ii) an increasing inability to cope with stress leading to apoptosis and cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is a natural process during embryonic development, more recently it has been shown to be also involved in the development of aging disorders and is now considered one of the major hallmarks of aging. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a superfamily of integral membrane receptors that are responsible for cell signaling events involved in nearly every physiological process. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of GPCR signaling complexity have expanded their therapeutic capacity tremendously. Emerging data now suggests the involvement of GPCRs and their associated proteins in the development of cellular senescence. With the proven efficacy of therapeutic GPCR targeting, it is reasonable to now consider GPCRs as potential platforms to control cellular senescence and the consequently, age-related disorders.
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Key Words
- ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein, (Arf-GAP)
- AT1R blockers, (ARB)
- Aging
- Angiotensin II, (Ang II)
- Ataxia telangiectasia mutated, (ATM)
- Cellular senescence
- G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 2 (GIT2)
- G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 2, (GIT2)
- G protein-coupled receptor kinase, (GRK)
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
- G protein-coupled receptors, (GPCRs)
- Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, (HGPS)
- Lysophosphatidic acid, (LPA)
- Regulator of G-protein signaling, (RGS)
- Relaxin family receptor 3, (RXFP3)
- active state, (R*)
- angiotensin type 1 receptor, (AT1R)
- angiotensin type 2 receptor, (AT2R)
- beta2-adrenergic receptor, (β2AR)
- cyclin-dependent kinase 2, (CDK2)
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, (cdkn1A/p21)
- endothelial cell differentiation gene, (Edg)
- inactive state, (R)
- latent semantic indexing, (LSI)
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, (MAPK)
- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, (NF- κβ)
- protein kinases, (PK)
- purinergic receptors family, (P2Y)
- renin-angiotensin system, (RAS)
- retinoblastoma, (RB)
- senescence associated secretory phenotype, (SASP)
- stress-induced premature senescence, (SIPS)
- transcription factor E2F3, (E2F3)
- transmembrane, (TM)
- tumor suppressor gene PTEN, (PTEN)
- tumor suppressor protein 53, (p53)
- vascular smooth muscle cells, (VSMC)
- β-Arrestin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Santos-Otte
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Lagman J, Sayegh P, Lee CS, Sulon SM, Jacinto AZ, Sok V, Peng N, Alp D, Benovic JL, So CH. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 modifies cancer cell resistance to paclitaxel. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:103-118. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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A novel Microproteomic Approach Using Laser Capture Microdissection to Study Cellular Protrusions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051172. [PMID: 30866487 PMCID: PMC6429397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell communication is vital to multicellular organisms, and distinct types of cellular protrusions play critical roles during development, cell signaling, and the spreading of pathogens and cancer. The differences in the structure and protein composition of these different types of protrusions and their specific functions have not been elucidated due to the lack of a method for their specific isolation and analysis. In this paper, we described, for the first time, a method to specifically isolate distinct protrusion subtypes, based on their morphological structures or fluorescent markers, using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Combined with a unique fixation and protein extraction protocol, we pushed the limits of microproteomics and demonstrate that proteins from LCM-isolated protrusions can successfully and reproducibly be identified by mass spectrometry using ultra-high field Orbitrap technologies. Our method confirmed that different types of protrusions have distinct proteomes and it promises to advance the characterization and the understanding of these unique structures to shed light on their possible role in health and disease.
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13
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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GRK5 functions as an oncogenic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 29463786 PMCID: PMC5833409 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of all cases, which is the major subgroup of lung cancer. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) has been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in both development and progression of several pathological conditions including cancer. Here, we found that GRK5 expression was significantly increased in 539 NSCLC cancerous tissues than that in 99 normal non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis; we also showed intensive higher positive staining percentage in female and adenocarcinoma (ADC) NSCLC patients than that in male and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, respectively. In addition, GRK5 high expression NSCLC patients had a worse overall survival rate than the low expression patients. We provided evidence showing that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRK5 were increased in NSCLC cancerous cell lines (GLC-82, SPC-A-1, H520, H838, H358, A549, and H1299) comparing with that in normal human bronchial epithelium cell line (BEAS-2B), and identified many GRK5 mutations in NSCLC cancerous tissues. In addition, we found that depletion of GRK5 inhibited NSCLC cancerous cell proliferation, migration in vitro, and xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, GRK5 knockdown promoted cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induced cellular apoptosis. In summary, our data reveal an oncogenic role of GRK5 in NSCLC progression, indicating that GRK5 could be used as a new therapeutic target in future.
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15
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Nogués L, Palacios-García J, Reglero C, Rivas V, Neves M, Ribas C, Penela P, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in tumorigenesis and cancer progression: GPCR regulators and signaling hubs. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 48:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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E46K α-synuclein pathological mutation causes cell-autonomous toxicity without altering protein turnover or aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8274-E8283. [PMID: 28900007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703420114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) is the main driver of neurodegenerative diseases known as "synucleinopathies," but the mechanisms underlying this toxicity remain poorly understood. To investigate aSyn toxic mechanisms, we have developed a primary neuronal model in which a longitudinal survival analysis can be performed by following the overexpression of fluorescently tagged WT or pathologically mutant aSyn constructs. Most aSyn mutations linked to neurodegenerative disease hindered neuronal survival in this model; of these mutations, the E46K mutation proved to be the most toxic. While E46K induced robust PLK2-dependent aSyn phosphorylation at serine 129, inhibiting this phosphorylation did not alleviate aSyn toxicity, strongly suggesting that this pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies is an epiphenomenon. Optical pulse-chase experiments with Dendra2-tagged aSyn versions indicated that the E46K mutation does not alter aSyn protein turnover. Moreover, since the mutation did not promote overt aSyn aggregation, we conclude that E46K toxicity was driven by soluble species. Finally, we developed an assay to assess whether neurons expressing E46K aSyn affect the survival of neighboring control neurons. Although we identified a minor non-cell-autonomous component spatially restricted to proximal neurons, most E46K aSyn toxicity was cell autonomous. Thus, we have been able to recapitulate the toxicity of soluble aSyn species at a stage preceding aggregation, detecting non-cell-autonomous toxicity and evaluating how some of the main aSyn hallmarks are related to neuronal survival.
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17
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Niu B, Liu P, Shen M, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Ma L. GRK5 Regulates Social Behavior Via Suppression of mTORC1 Signaling in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:421-432. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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18
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Kanki M, Gi M, Fujioka M, Wanibuchi H. Detection of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens and prediction of their mechanism of action in rats using gene marker sets. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:281-92. [PMID: 26961613 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have successfully detected hepatocarcinogenicity in rats based on gene expression data. However, prediction of hepatocarcinogens with certain mechanisms of action (MOAs), such as enzyme inducers and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonists, can prove difficult using a single model and requires a highly toxic dose. Here, we constructed a model for detecting non-genotoxic (NGTX) hepatocarcinogens and predicted their MOAs in rats. Gene expression data deposited in the Open Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System (TG-GATEs) was used to investigate gene marker sets. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate different MOAs, and a support vector machine algorithm was applied to construct the prediction model. This approach identified 106 probe sets as gene marker sets for PCA and enabled the prediction model to be constructed. In PCA, NGTX hepatocarcinogens were classified as follows based on their MOAs: cytotoxicants, PPARα agonists, or enzyme inducers. The prediction model detected hepatocarcinogenicity with an accuracy of more than 90% in 14- and 28-day repeated-dose studies. In addition, the doses capable of predicting NGTX hepatocarcinogenicity were close to those required in rat carcinogenicity assays. In conclusion, our PCA and prediction model using gene marker sets will help assess the risk of hepatocarcinogenicity in humans based on MOAs and reduce the number of two-year rodent bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kanki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
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19
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Park CH, Lee JH, Lee MY, Lee JH, Lee BH, Oh KS. A novel role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 in urotensin II-stimulated cellular hypertrophy in H9c2 UT cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 422:151-160. [PMID: 27613164 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a neural hormone that induces cardiac hypertrophy and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Hypertrophy has been linked to histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) translocation, both of which are predominantly mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). In the present study, we found that UII rapidly and strongly stimulated nuclear export of HDAC5 and nuclear import of NF-κB in H9c2 cells overexpressing the urotensin II receptor (H9c2UT). Hence, we hypothesized that GRK5 and its signaling pathway may play a role in UII-mediated cellular hypertrophy. H9c2UT cells were transduced with a GRK5 small hairpin RNA interference recombinant lentivirus, resulting in the down-regulation of GRK5. Under UII stimulation, reduced levels of GRK5 in H9c2UT cells led to suppression of UII-mediated HDAC5 phosphorylation and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In contrast, UII-mediated activations of ERK1/2 and GSK3α/β were not affected by down-regulation of GRK5. In a cellular hypertrophy assay, down-regulation of GRK5 significantly suppressed UII-mediated hypertrophy of H9c2UT cells. Furthermore, UII-mediated cellular hypertrophy was inhibited by amlexanox, a selective GRK5 inhibitor, in H9c2UT cells and neonatal cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that GRK5 may be involved in a UII-mediated hypertrophic response via activation of NF-κB and HDAC5 at least in part by ERK1/2 and GSK3α/β-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon Ho Park
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Seok Oh
- Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Gambardella J, Franco A, Giudice CD, Fiordelisi A, Cipolletta E, Ciccarelli M, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Sorriento D. Dual role of GRK5 in cancer development and progression. Transl Med UniSa 2016; 14:28-37. [PMID: 27326393 PMCID: PMC4912336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GRK5 is a multifunctional protein that is able to move within the cell in response to various stimuli to regulate key intracellular signaling from receptor activation, on plasmamembrane, to gene transcription, in the nucleus. Thus, GRK5 is involved in the development and progression of several pathological conditions including cancer. Several reports underline the involvement of GRK5 in the regulation of tumor growth even if they appear controversial. Indeed, depending on its subcellular localization and on the type of cancer, GRK5 is able to both inhibit cancer progression, through the desensitization of GPCR and non GPCR-receptors (TSH, PGE2R, PDGFR), and induce tumor growth, acting on non-receptor substrates (p53, AUKA and NPM1). All these findings suggest that targeting GRK5 could be an useful anti-cancer strategy, for specific tumor types. In this review, we will discuss the different effects of this kinase in the induction and progression of tumorigenesis, the molecular mechanisms by which GRK5 exerts its effects, and the potential therapeutic strategies to modulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gambardella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery -University of Salerno, Italy
| | - A Franco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science -“Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - C Del Giudice
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science -“Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - A Fiordelisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science -“Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - E Cipolletta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery -University of Salerno, Italy
| | - M Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery -University of Salerno, Italy
| | - B Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science -“Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - G Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery -University of Salerno, Italy
| | - D Sorriento
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging - CNR, Naples, Italy.,Address for correspondence: Daniela Sorriento PhD, Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging-CNR, Via T. De Amicis 95 Naples, Italy. Tel. +390817462220; FAX +390817462256;
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21
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Okuda M, Nishimura Y. Real-time and simultaneous monitoring of the phosphorylation and enhanced interaction of p53 and XPC acidic domains with the TFIIH p62 subunit. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e150. [PMID: 26029824 PMCID: PMC4753521 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications have critical roles in diverse biological processes through interactions. Tumor-suppressor protein p53 and nucleotide excision repair factor XPC each contain an acidic region, termed the acidic transactivation domain (TAD) and acidic fragment (AF), respectively, that binds to the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the p62 subunit of the transcription factor TFIIH. Human p53-TAD contains seven serine and two threonine residues, all of which can be phosphorylated. Similarly, XPC-AF contains six serine and two threonine residues, of which Thr117, Ser122 and Ser129 have been reported as phosphorylation sites in vivo, although their phosphorylation roles are unknown. Phosphorylation of Ser46 and Thr55 of p53-TAD increases its binding ability; however, the role of XPC-AF phosphorylation remains elusive. Here we describe a system for real-time and simultaneous monitoring of the phosphorylation and p62-PH affinity of p53-TAD and XPC-AF using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Unexpectedly, among seven reported kinases that presumably phosphorylate Ser46 and/or Thr55 of p53-TAD, only two specific and high-efficiency enzymes were identified: JNK2α2 for Ser46 and GRK5 for Thr55. During interaction with p62-PH, four different affinity complexes resulting from various phosphorylation states of p53-TAD by the kinases were identified. The kinetics of the site-specific phosphorylation reaction of p53-TAD and its affinity for p62-PH were monitored in real-time using the NMR system. Isothermic calorimetry showed that phosphorylation of Ser129 of XPC-AF increases binding to p62-PH. Although CK2 was predicted to phosphorylate Ser122, Ser129 and Ser140 from its sequence context, it specifically and efficiently phosphorylated only Ser129. Simultaneous monitoring of the phosphorylation and augmentation in p62-PH binding identified a key residue of p62-PH for contacting phosphorylated Ser129. In summary, we have established an NMR system for real-time and simultaneous monitoring of site-specific phosphorylation and enhancement of affinity between phosphorylation domains and their target. The system is also applicable to other posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okuda
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Ciccarelli M, Rusciano M, Sorriento D, Maione AS, Soprano M, Iaccarino G, Illario M. Messages from the Border: Novel Insights in Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2015.62022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Philipp M, Berger IM, Just S, Caron MG. Overlapping and opposing functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and GRK5 during heart development. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26119-26130. [PMID: 25104355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2) and 5 (GRK5) are fundamental regulators of cardiac performance in adults but are less well characterized for their function in the hearts of embryos. GRK2 and -5 belong to different subfamilies and function as competitors in the control of certain receptors and signaling pathways. In this study, we used zebrafish to investigate whether the fish homologs of GRK2 and -5, Grk2/3 and Grk5, also have unique, complementary, or competitive roles during heart development. We found that they differentially regulate the heart rate of early embryos and equally facilitate heart function in older embryos and that both are required to develop proper cardiac morphology. A loss of Grk2/3 results in dilated atria and hypoplastic ventricles, and the hearts of embryos depleted in Grk5 present with a generalized atrophy. This Grk5 morphant phenotype was associated with an overall decrease of early cardiac progenitors as well as a reduction in the area occupied by myocardial progenitor cells. In the case of Grk2/3, the progenitor decrease was confined to a subset of precursor cells with a committed ventricular fate. We attempted to rescue the GRK loss-of-function heart phenotypes by downstream activation of Hedgehog signaling. The Grk2/3 loss-of-function embryos were rescued by this approach, but Grk5 embryos failed to respond. In summary, we found that GRK2 and GRK5 control cardiac function as well as morphogenesis during development although with different morphological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ina M Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and
| | - Steffen Just
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Departments of Medicine, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Departments of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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24
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Chakraborty PK, Zhang Y, Coomes AS, Kim WJ, Stupay R, Lynch LD, Atkinson T, Kim JI, Nie Z, Daaka Y. G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK5 phosphorylates moesin and regulates metastasis in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3489-500. [PMID: 24755472 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) regulate diverse cellular functions ranging from metabolism to growth and locomotion. Here, we report an important contributory role for GRK5 in human prostate cancer. Inhibition of GRK5 kinase activity attenuated the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells and, concordantly, increased cell attachment and focal adhesion formation. Mass spectrometric analysis of the phosphoproteome revealed the cytoskeletal-membrane attachment protein moesin as a putative GRK5 substrate. GRK5 regulated the subcellular distribution of moesin and colocalized with moesin at the cell periphery. We identified amino acid T66 of moesin as a principal GRK5 phosphorylation site and showed that enforcing the expression of a T66-mutated moesin reduced cell spreading. In a xenograft model of human prostate cancer, GRK5 silencing reduced tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Taken together, our results established GRK5 as a key contributor to the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Chakraborty
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandra S Coomes
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wan-Ju Kim
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rachel Stupay
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lauren D Lynch
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tamieka Atkinson
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jae I Kim
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zhongzhen Nie
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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25
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Watari K, Nakaya M, Kurose H. Multiple functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J Mol Signal 2014; 9:1. [PMID: 24597858 PMCID: PMC3973964 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Desensitization is a physiological feedback mechanism that blocks detrimental effects of persistent stimulation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was originally identified as the kinase that mediates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization. Subsequent studies revealed that GRK is a family composed of seven isoforms (GRK1–GRK7). Each GRK shows a differential expression pattern. GRK1, GRK4, and GRK7 are expressed in limited tissues. In contrast, GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. The roles of GRKs in GPCR desensitization are well established. When GPCRs are activated by their agonists, GRKs phosphorylate serine/threonine residues in the intracellular loops and the carboxyl-termini of GPCRs. Phosphorylation promotes translocation of β-arrestins to the receptors and inhibits further G protein activation by interrupting receptor-G protein coupling. The binding of β-arrestins to the receptors also helps to promote receptor internalization by clathrin-coated pits. Thus, the GRK-catalyzed phosphorylation and subsequent binding of β-arrestin to GPCRs are believed to be the common mechanism of GPCR desensitization and internalization. Recent studies have revealed that GRKs are also involved in the β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway. The GRK-mediated phosphorylation of the receptors plays opposite roles in conventional G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling. The GRK-catalyzed phosphorylation of the receptors results in decreased G protein-mediated signaling, but it is necessary for β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Agonists that selectively activate GRK/β-arrestin-dependent signaling without affecting G protein signaling are known as β-arrestin-biased agonists. Biased agonists are expected to have potential therapeutic benefits for various diseases due to their selective activation of favorable physiological responses or avoidance of the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, GRKs are recognized as signaling mediators that are independent of either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated pathways. GRKs can phosphorylate non-GPCR substrates, and this is found to be involved in various physiological responses, such as cell motility, development, and inflammation. In addition to these effects, our group revealed that GRK6 expressed in macrophages mediates the removal of apoptotic cells (engulfment) in a kinase activity-dependent manner. These studies revealed that GRKs block excess stimulus and also induce cellular responses. Here, we summarized the involvement of GRKs in β-arrestin-mediated and G protein-independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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26
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Silva VC, Cassimeris L. Stathmin and microtubules regulate mitotic entry in HeLa cells by controlling activation of both Aurora kinase A and Plk1. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3819-31. [PMID: 24152729 PMCID: PMC3861079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-02-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of stathmin, a microtubule (MT) destabilizer, delays mitotic entry by ∼4 h in HeLa cells. Stathmin depletion reduced the activity of CDC25 and its upstream activators, Aurora A and Plk1. Chemical inhibition of both Aurora A and Plk1 was sufficient to delay mitotic entry by 4 h, while inhibiting either kinase alone did not cause a delay. Aurora A and Plk1 are likely regulated downstream of stathmin, because the combination of stathmin knockdown and inhibition of Aurora A and Plk1 was not additive and again delayed mitotic entry by 4 h. Aurora A localization to the centrosome required MTs, while stathmin depletion spread its localization beyond that of γ-tubulin, indicating an MT-dependent regulation of Aurora A activation. Plk1 was inhibited by excess stathmin, detected in in vitro assays and cells overexpressing stathmin-cyan fluorescent protein. Recruitment of Plk1 to the centrosome was delayed in stathmin-depleted cells, independent of MTs. It has been shown that depolymerizing MTs with nocodazole abrogates the stathmin-depletion induced cell cycle delay; in this study, depolymerization with nocodazole restored Plk1 activity to near normal levels, demonstrating that MTs also contribute to Plk1 activation. These data demonstrate that stathmin regulates mitotic entry, partially via MTs, to control localization and activation of both Aurora A and Plk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Lynne Cassimeris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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27
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Burkhalter MD, Fralish GB, Premont RT, Caron MG, Philipp M. Grk5l controls heart development by limiting mTOR signaling during symmetry breaking. Cell Rep 2013; 4:625-32. [PMID: 23972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct asymmetric placement of inner organs is termed situs solitus and is determined early during development. Failure in symmetry breaking results in conditions ranging from randomized organ arrangement to a complete mirror image, often accompanied by severe congenital heart defects (CHDs). We found that the zebrafish homolog of mammalian G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) employs noncanonical, receptor-independent functions to secure symmetry breaking. Knockdown of GRK5's closest homolog in zebrafish embryos, Grk5l, is sufficient to randomize cardiac looping and left-right asymmetry. Mechanistically, we found that loss of GRK5 increases mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. This causes elongation of motile cilia in the organ of laterality, a consequence that is known to be sufficient to trigger aberrant organ arrangement. By fine-tuning mTORC1, GRK5 thus serves an unanticipated function during early development, besides its well-characterized role in the adult heart. These findings could implicate GRK5 as a susceptibility allele for certain cases of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Burkhalter
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lippmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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28
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So CH, Michal A, Komolov KE, Luo J, Benovic JL. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is localized to centrosomes and mediates epidermal growth factor-promoted centrosomal separation. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2795-806. [PMID: 23904266 PMCID: PMC3771943 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) play a central role in regulating receptor signaling, but recent studies suggest a broader role in modulating normal cellular functions. For example, GRK5 has been shown to localize to centrosomes and regulate microtubule nucleation and cell cycle progression. Here we demonstrate that GRK2 is also localized to centrosomes, although it has no role in centrosome duplication or microtubule nucleation. Of interest, knockdown of GRK2 inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated separation of duplicated centrosomes. This EGFR/GRK2-mediated process depends on the protein kinases mammalian STE20-like kinase 2 (Mst2) and Nek2A but does not involve polo-like kinase 1. In vitro analysis and dominant-negative approaches reveal that GRK2 directly phosphorylates and activates Mst2. Collectively these findings demonstrate that GRK2 is localized to centrosomes and plays a central role in mitogen-promoted centrosome separation most likely via its ability to phosphorylate Mst2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H So
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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29
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Bar-Gill AB, Efergan A, Seger R, Fukuda M, Sagi-Eisenberg R. The extra-cellular signal regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 segregate displaying distinct spatiotemporal characteristics in activated mast cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2070-82. [PMID: 23651922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 are highly homologous isoforms that often play redundant roles in regulating cellular functions. We analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of ERK1 and ERK2 in resting and activated mast cells. Strikingly, we identified distinct pathways for these kinases. ERK1 localized to the cytosol and translocated to the nucleus upon cell activation and kinase phosphorylation. In contrast, ERK2 distributed between the cytosol and near the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in resting cells and accumulated further at a pericentrosomal region upon cell trigger. Pericentrosomal accumulation of ERK2 was phosphorylation independent, required an intact microtubule network and was significantly enhanced by the overexpression of Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1 (NCS-1). We also identified γ-tubulin and phosphatidylinositol 4 kinaseβ (PI4Kβ), a downstream effector of NCS-1, as novel partner proteins of ERK2. Taken together, our results imply non-redundant functions of ERK1 and ERK2 in mast cells and implicate NCS-1 and PΙ4Κβ as regulators of ERK2 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Benado Bar-Gill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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30
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Gold JI, Martini JS, Hullmann J, Gao E, Chuprun JK, Lee L, Tilley DG, Rabinowitz JE, Bossuyt J, Bers DM, Koch WJ. Nuclear translocation of cardiac G protein-Coupled Receptor kinase 5 downstream of select Gq-activating hypertrophic ligands is a calmodulin-dependent process. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57324. [PMID: 23472081 PMCID: PMC3589474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) kinases (GRKs) play a crucial role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy. Recent data from our lab has shown that, following ventricular pressure overload, GRK5, a primary cardiac GRK, facilitates maladaptive myocyte growth via novel nuclear localization. In the nucleus, GRK5’s newly discovered kinase activity on histone deacetylase 5 induces hypertrophic gene transcription. The mechanisms governing the nuclear targeting of GRK5 are unknown. We report here that GRK5 nuclear accumulation is dependent on Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) binding to a specific site within the amino terminus of GRK5 and this interaction occurs after selective activation of hypertrophic Gq-coupled receptors. Stimulation of myocytes with phenylephrine or angiotensinII causes GRK5 to leave the sarcolemmal membrane and accumulate in the nucleus, while the endothelin-1 does not cause nuclear GRK5 localization. A mutation within the amino-terminus of GRK5 negating CaM binding attenuates GRK5 movement from the sarcolemma to the nucleus and, importantly, overexpression of this mutant does not facilitate cardiac hypertrophy and related gene transcription in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that CaM binding to GRK5 is a physiologically relevant event that is absolutely required for nuclear GRK5 localization downstream of hypertrophic stimuli, thus facilitating GRK5-dependent regulation of maladaptive hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Gold
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Martini
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Hullmann
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Rabinowitz
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wu Z, Chen Y, Yang T, Gao Q, Yuan M, Ma L. Targeted ubiquitination and degradation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 by the DDB1-CUL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43997. [PMID: 22952844 PMCID: PMC3428324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) phosphorylate agonist occupied G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and desensitize GPCR-mediated signaling. Recent studies indicate they also function non-catalytically via interaction with other proteins. In this study, a proteomic approach was used to screen interacting proteins of GRK5 in MDA-MB-231 cells and HUVEC cells. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals several proteins in the GRK5 immunocomplex including damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1), an adaptor subunit of the CUL4-ROC1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the association of GRK5 with DDB1-CUL4 complex, and reveal that DDB1 acts as an adapter to link GRK5 to CUL4 to form the complex. Overexpression of DDB1 promoted, whereas knockdown of DDB1 inhibited the ubiquitination of GRK5, and the degradation of GRK5 was reduced in cells deficient of DDB1. Furthermore, the depletion of DDB1 decreased Hsp90 inhibitor-induced GRK5 destabilization and UV irradiation-induced GRK5 degradation. Thus, our study identified potential GRK5 interacting proteins, and reveals the association of GRK5 with DDB1 in cell and the regulation of GRK5 level by DDB1-CUL4 ubiquitin ligase complex-dependent proteolysis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Characterization and expressional analysis of Dleu7 during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis. Gene 2012; 509:77-84. [PMID: 22939871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the genomic structure and developmental expression of the Dleu7 (deleted in lymphocytic leukemia, 7) gene in Xenopus tropicalis and the evolution of the gene across species. Within the protein-coding sequence (CDS) region, X. tropicalis Dleu7 consists of two exons and one intron. However, bioinformatic analysis indicates that this 211-amino-acid protein contains no obvious functional domains or known motifs. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and whole-mount in situ hybridization results revealed that, in addition to its expression in the blood island region, some regions of the central nervous system, and subdomains of the neural tube, X. tropicalis Dleu7 is zygotically expressed primarily in mesoderm tissues such as notochord and muscles during early embryogenesis. Expression in notochord is consistent with results from genome-wide association studies suggesting that DLEU7 is related to human adult height. Expression in the blood island region, where blood cell precursors (including B cells) are generated, implies a potential conserved role for Dleu7 in B-cell development between amphibians and mammals. Expression of Dleu7 in some regions of the central nervous system and subdomains of the neural tube also suggests other functions in development. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Dleu7 is a vertebrate-specific gene and undergoes strong selective pressure in lower vertebrates but is functionally constrained in higher mammals. When subcellular localization was examined by overexpression of enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein, Dleu7 showed centrosome localization with main distribution in cytoplasm. Treating gastrula embryos with SU5402, a small molecular inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor, confirmed that Dleu7 expression in mesoderm is regulated by FGF signaling. Our data provide important clues for pathogenesis and physiology during development from the perspective of evolutionary conservation.
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33
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So CH, Michal AM, Mashayekhi R, Benovic JL. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 phosphorylates nucleophosmin and regulates cell sensitivity to polo-like kinase 1 inhibition. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17088-17099. [PMID: 22467873 PMCID: PMC3366848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors, leading to their desensitization and endocytosis. GRKs have also been implicated in phosphorylating other classes of proteins and can localize in a variety of cellular compartments, including the nucleus. Here, we attempted to identify potential nuclear substrates for GRK5. Our studies reveal that GRK5 is able to interact with and phosphorylate nucleophosmin (NPM1) both in vitro and in intact cells. NPM1 is a nuclear protein that regulates a variety of cell functions including centrosomal duplication, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. GRK5 interaction with NPM1 is mediated by the N-terminal domain of each protein, and GRK5 primarily phosphorylates NPM1 at Ser-4, a site shared with polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). NPM1 phosphorylation by GRK5 and PLK1 correlates with the sensitivity of cells to undergo apoptosis with cells having higher GRK5 levels being less sensitive and cells with lower GRK5 being more sensitive to PLK1 inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GRK5 phosphorylates Ser-4 in nucleophosmin and regulates the sensitivity of cells to PLK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H So
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Allison M Michal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Rouzbeh Mashayekhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
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