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Liu R, Zhou D, Yu B, Zhou Z. Phosphorylation of LZTS2 by PLK1 activates the Wnt pathway. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111226. [PMID: 38740232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), responsible for nearly half of lung cancer cases, is one of the most prevalent and lethal malignant tumors globally. There is increasing evidence suggesting that the oncoprotein PLK1 plays a role in the onset and advancement of different types of cancer, including LUAD. Nonetheless, the precise mechanism by which PLK1 promotes tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate the upregulation of PLK1 in LUAD samples, which leads to a poor prognosis for LUAD patients. Intriguingly, PLK1 enables to bind to LZTS2 and promote its phosphorylation without affecting LZTS2 degradation. Furthermore, we identify that Ser451 is a key phosphorylation site in LZTS2 protein. LZTS2 exerts an anti-tumor effect by restricting the translocation of the transcription factor β-Catenin into the nucleus, thereby suppressing the Wnt pathway. PLK1 disrupts the interaction between LZTS2 and β-Catenin, resulting in the nuclear accumulation of β-Catenin and the activation of the Wnt pathway. Additionally, we reveal that LZTS2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of LUAD cells, which is rescued by PLK1. Finally, PLK1 inhibitors exhibit a dose-dependent suppression of LUAD cell proliferation and migration. Collectively, this study uncovers the pro-tumorigenic mechanism of PLK1, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target for Wnt-related LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Dafa Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi, 330006, China..
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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2
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Cheng C, Zhu G, Wang K, Bu C, Li S, Qiu Y, Lu J, Ji X, Hao W, Wang J, Zhu C, Yang Y, Gu Y, Qian X, Yu C, Gao X. Deletion of Luzp2 Does Not Cause Hearing Loss in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01202-5. [PMID: 38589712 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Deafness is the prevailing sensory impairment among humans, impacting every aspect of one's existence. Half of congenital deafness cases are attributed to genetic factors. Studies have shown that Luzp2 is expressed in hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells of the inner ear, but its specific role in hearing remains unclear. To determine the importance of Luzp2 in auditory function, we generated mice deficient in Luzp2. Our results revealed that Luzp2 has predominant expression within the HCs and pillar cells. However, the loss of Luzp2 did not result in any changes in auditory threshold. HCs or synapse number and HC stereocilia morphology in Luzp2 knockout mice did not show any notable distinctions. This was the first study of the role of Luzp2 in hearing in mice, and our results provide important guidance for the screening of deafness genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Guangjie Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kaijian Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qidong People's Hospital, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226200, China
| | - Chuan Bu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Xinya Ji
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Wenli Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Junguo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chengwen Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yajun Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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3
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Sarwar MS, Cheng D, Peter RM, Shannar A, Chou P, Wang L, Wu R, Sargsyan D, Goedken M, Wang Y, Su X, Hart RP, Kong AN. Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming in leptin receptor-deficient db/db diabetic nephropathy mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175866. [PMID: 37331680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics play an important role in the development and progression of DN and its complications. For the first time, we investigated the regulation of cellular metabolism, DNA methylation, and transcriptome status by high glucose (HG) in the kidney of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice using multi-omics approaches. METHODS The metabolomics was performed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), while epigenomic CpG methylation coupled with transcriptomic gene expression was analyzed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS LC-MS analysis of glomerular and cortex tissue samples of db/db mice showed that HG regulated several cellular metabolites and metabolism-related signaling pathways, including S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, methionine, glutamine, and glutamate. Gene expression study by RNA-seq analysis suggests transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and pro-inflammatory pathways play important roles in early DN. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq showed HG revoked a list of differentially methylated regions in the promoter region of the genes. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of genes and gene expression changes across time points identified several genes persistently altered in DNA methylation and gene expression. Cyp2d22, Slc1a4, and Ddah1 are some identified genes that could reflect dysregulated genes involved in renal function and DN. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that leptin receptor deficiency leading to HG regulates metabolic rewiring, including SAM potentially driving DNA methylation and transcriptomic signaling that could be involved in the progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Rebecca Mary Peter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ahmad Shannar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Pochung Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Lujing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Office of Translational Science, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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LZTS2, a Novel and Independent Prognostic Biomarker for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 232:153831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Baskaran Y, Tay FPL, Ng EYW, Swa CLF, Wee S, Gunaratne J, Manser E. Proximity proteomics identifies PAK4 as a component of Afadin-Nectin junctions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5315. [PMID: 34493720 PMCID: PMC8423818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human PAK4 is an ubiquitously expressed p21-activated kinase which acts downstream of Cdc42. Since PAK4 is enriched in cell-cell junctions, we probed the local protein environment around the kinase with a view to understanding its location and substrates. We report that U2OS cells expressing PAK4-BirA-GFP identify a subset of 27 PAK4-proximal proteins that are primarily cell-cell junction components. Afadin/AF6 showed the highest relative biotin labelling and links to the nectin family of homophilic junctional proteins. Reciprocally >50% of the PAK4-proximal proteins were identified by Afadin BioID. Co-precipitation experiments failed to identify junctional proteins, emphasizing the advantage of the BioID method. Mechanistically PAK4 depended on Afadin for its junctional localization, which is similar to the situation in Drosophila. A highly ranked PAK4-proximal protein LZTS2 was immuno-localized with Afadin at cell-cell junctions. Though PAK4 and Cdc42 are junctional, BioID analysis did not yield conventional cadherins, indicating their spatial segregation. To identify cellular PAK4 substrates we then assessed rapid changes (12') in phospho-proteome after treatment with two PAK inhibitors. Among the PAK4-proximal junctional proteins seventeen PAK4 sites were identified. We anticipate mammalian group II PAKs are selective for the Afadin/nectin sub-compartment, with a demonstrably distinct localization from tight and cadherin junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohendran Baskaran
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia Pei-Ling Tay
- FB Laboratory, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elsa Yuen Wai Ng
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire Lee Foon Swa
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheena Wee
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Manser
- sGSK Group, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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β-Trcp and CK1δ-mediated degradation of LZTS2 activates PI3K/AKT signaling to drive tumorigenesis and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:1269-1283. [PMID: 33420362 PMCID: PMC7892348 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the leading cause of treatment failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) is downregulated and correlated with poor prognosis in HCC. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LZTS2 associates with p85 to inhibit the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and impairs HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we identify LZTS2 as a bona fide substrate of the E3 ligase β-Trcp and protein kinase CK1δ, which are responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of LZTS2. Importantly, we show that the β-Trcp and CK1δ-mediated degradation of LZTS2 promotes HCC progression and metastasis by activating PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, our study not only illustrates the roles of LZTS2 in regulating HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis but also reveals a novel posttranslational modification of LZTS2 by β-Trcp and CK1δ, indicating that the β-Trcp/CK1δ/LZTS2/PI3K axis may be a novel oncogenic driver involved in HCC progression and metastasis.
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7
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Li T, Hui W, Halike H, Gao F. RNA Binding Protein-Based Model for Prognostic Prediction of Colorectal Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211019504. [PMID: 34080453 PMCID: PMC8182183 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211019504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a kind of gastrointestinal tumor with serious high morbidity and mortality. Several reports have implicated the disorder of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in plenty of tumors, associating it to tumorigenesis and disease progression. The study is intended to construct novel prognostic biomarkers associated with CRC patients. METHODS Data of gene expression was acquired from the TCGA database, prognosis-related genes were selected. Besides, we analyzed GO and KEGG pathways. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to generate a prognostic-related gene signature, which was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The independent prognostic factor was established by survival analysis. GSE38832 dataset was used to validate the signature. Finally, expression of 8 genes was further confirmed by qRT-PCR in SW480 and SW620 cell lines. RESULTS We obtained 224 differentially expressed RBPS in total, of which 78 were downregulated and 146 were upregulated. Univariate COX analysis was conducted in the TCGA cohort to select 13 RBPs with P < 0.005, stepwise multivariate COX regression analysis was used to construct an 8-RBP signature (TERT, PPARGC1A, BRCA1, CELF4, TDRD7, LUZP4, PNLDC1, ZC3H12C). Based on the model, systematic analysis illustrated that a high risk score was obviously connected to a poor prognosis. The prognostic value of the risk score was validated in GSE38832 dataset, indicating that the risk model was accurate and effective. The prognostic signature-based risk score was identified as an independent prognostic indicator for CRC. The expression results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the results of differential expression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The eight-RBP signature can predict the survival of CRC patients and potentially act as CRC prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Wenjia Hui
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Halina Halike
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
- Feng Gao, PhD, Department of
Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi
830000, Xinjiang Province, China.
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8
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Kuure S, Sariola H. Mouse Models of Congenital Kidney Anomalies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:109-136. [PMID: 32304071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects, which cause the majority of chronic kidney diseases in children. CAKUT covers a wide range of malformations that derive from deficiencies in embryonic kidney and lower urinary tract development, including renal aplasia, hypodysplasia, hypoplasia, ectopia, and different forms of ureter abnormalities. The majority of the genetic causes of CAKUT remain unknown. Research on mutant mice has identified multiple genes that critically regulate renal differentiation. The data generated from this research have served as an excellent resource to identify the genetic bases of human kidney defects and have led to significantly improved diagnostics. Furthermore, genetic data from human CAKUT studies have also revealed novel genes regulating kidney differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kuure
- GM-Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hannu Sariola
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Paediatric Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Tham MS, Smyth IM. Cellular and molecular determinants of normal and abnormal kidney development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e338. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming S. Tham
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ian M. Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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10
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He Y, Hooker E, Yu EJ, Cunha GR, Liao L, Xu J, Earl A, Wu H, Gonzalgo ML, Sun Z. Androgen signaling is essential for development of prostate cancer initiated from prostatic basal cells. Oncogene 2018; 38:2337-2350. [PMID: 30510232 PMCID: PMC6440846 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that both prostatic basal and luminal cells are able to initiate oncogenic transformation. However, despite the diversity of tumor-initiating cells, most prostate cancer cells express the androgen receptor (AR) and depend on androgens for their growth and expansion, implicating an essential role of androgen signaling in prostate tumorigenesis. Prostatic basal cells express p63 and are able to differentiate into luminal, neuroendocrine, and basal cells. Here, we directly assessed the essential role of androgen signaling in prostatic p63-expressing cell initiated oncogenic transformation and tumor formation. Using novel and relevant mouse models, we demonstrated that, with stabilized β-catenin expression, prostatic p63-expressing cells possess the ability to initiate oncogenic transformation and, in the presence of androgens, they further transdifferentiate into luminal-like tumor cells and develop adenocarcinomas. Castration prior to activating stabilized β-catenin sensitizes p63-expressing cells and increases their sensitivity to androgens, resulting in aggressive and fast growing tumor phenotypes. These findings are consistent with what have been observed in human prostate cancers, demonstrating an essential role for androgen signaling in prostate cancer initiation and progression. This study also provides fresh insight into developing new therapeutic strategies for better treating prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Earl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Huiqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Michael L Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute and Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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11
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Mi J, Hooker E, Balog S, Zeng H, Johnson DT, He Y, Yu EJ, Wu H, Le V, Lee DH, Aldahl J, Gonzalgo ML, Sun Z. Activation of hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling initiates oncogenic transformation and enhances tumor aggressiveness in the murine prostate. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:20123-20136. [PMID: 30401749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET), promote cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. Whereas up-regulation of MET expression has been observed in aggressive and metastatic prostate cancer, a clear understanding of MET function in prostate tumorigenesis remains elusive. Here, we developed a conditional Met transgenic mouse strain, H11 Met/+ :PB-Cre4, to mimic human prostate cancer cells with increased MET expression in the prostatic luminal epithelium. We found that these mice develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia after HGF administration. To further assess the biological role of MET in prostate cancer progression, we bred H11 Met/+ /PtenLoxP/LoxP:PBCre4 compound mice, in which transgenic Met expression and deletion of the tumor suppressor gene Pten occurred simultaneously only in prostatic epithelial cells. These compound mice exhibited accelerated prostate tumor formation and invasion as well as increased metastasis compared with PtenLoxP/LoxP:PB-Cre4 mice. Moreover, prostatic sarcomatoid carcinomas and lesions resembling the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition developed in tumor lesions of the compound mice. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed a robust enrichment of known tumor progression and metastasis-promoting genes in samples isolated from H11 Met/+ /PtenLoxP/LoxP:PB-Cre4 compound mice compared with those from PtenLoxP/LoxP:PB-Cre4 littermate controls. HGF-induced cell proliferation and migration also increased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from animals with both Met transgene expression and Pten deletion compared with Pten-null MEFs. The results from these newly developed mouse models indicate a role for MET in hastening tumorigenesis and metastasis when combined with the loss of tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Mi
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Erika Hooker
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010; the Department of Urology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Steven Balog
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Hong Zeng
- the Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor Model Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and
| | - Daniel T Johnson
- the Department of Urology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Yongfeng He
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010; the Department of Urology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010; the Department of Urology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Huiqing Wu
- Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Vien Le
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Dong-Hoon Lee
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Mark L Gonzalgo
- the Department of Urology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Zijie Sun
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010; the Department of Urology and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.
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12
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Xu S, Li Y, Lu Y, Huang J, Ren J, Zhang S, Yin Z, Huang K, Wu G, Yang K. LZTS2 inhibits PI3K/AKT activation and radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by interacting with p85. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:38-48. [PMID: 29409973 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is aberrantly activated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) was downregulated and predicted poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Furthermore, we identified the PI3K subunit p85 as a novel LZTS2-interacting protein using an unbiased proteomics approach. Moreover, we demonstrated that LZTS2 competes with p110 for p85 binding and inhibits activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Functionally, we showed that LZTS2 suppresses tumorigenesis and radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a p85-dependent manner. Taken together, our results not only provide understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PI3K/AKT signaling is activated but also suggest that targeting the LZTS2/PI3K/AKT signaling axis is a promising therapeutic strategy for radiosensitization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangbing Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhongyuan Yin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Yu EJ, Hooker E, Johnson DT, Kwak MK, Zou K, Luong R, He Y, Sun Z. LZTS2 and PTEN collaboratively regulate ß-catenin in prostatic tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174357. [PMID: 28323888 PMCID: PMC5360334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) was identified as a tumor susceptibility gene within the 10q24.3 chromosomal region, and is approximately 15Mb from the PTEN locus. This region containing the both loci is frequently deleted in a variety of human malignancies, including prostate cancer. LZTS2 is a ß-catenin-binding protein and a negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Overexpression of PTEN in prostate cancer cell lines reduces ß-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity. In this study, we examined the collaborative effect of PTEN and LZTS2 using multiple in vitro and in vivo approaches. Co-expression of PTEN and LZTS2 in prostate cancer cells shows stronger repressive effect on ß-catenin mediated transcription. Using a newly generated mouse model, we further assessed the effect of simultaneous deletion of Pten and Lzts2 in the murine prostate. We observed that mice with both Lzts2 and Pten deletion have an earlier onset of prostate carcinomas as well as an accelerated tumor progression compared to mice with Pten or Lzts2 deletion alone. Immunohistochemical analyses show that atypical and tumor cells from compound mice with both Pten and Lzts2 deletion are mainly composed of prostate luminal epithelial cells and possess higher levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin. These cells also exhibit a higher proliferative capacity than cells isolated from single deletion mice. These data demonstrate the significance of simultaneous Pten and Lzts2 deletion in oncogenic transformation in prostate cells and implicates a new mechanism for the dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mi Kyung Kwak
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kang Zou
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wong SL, Chou HH, Chao CN, Leung JH, Chen YH, Hsu CD. Distal 10q trisomy with copy number gain in chromosome region 10q23.1-10q25.1: the Wnt signaling pathway is the most pertinent to the gene content in the region of copy number gain: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:250. [PMID: 26088875 PMCID: PMC4473823 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete or partial trisomy 10q involves a duplication of 10q, or the long arm of chromosome 10. Distal 10q trisomy is a well-recognized and defined but rare genetic syndrome in which duplication of distal segments of 10q results in a pattern of malformations. Although abnormal chromosome phenotypes are commonly detected by visualization of chromosomes by traditional cytogenetic techniques, this approach is marginal in both diagnostic sensitivity and potential for biological interpretation, thus making implementation of advanced techniques and analysis methods an important consideration in a health service. Case presentation The present study describes the case of a Taiwanese boy from healthy parents with mental, growth, and psychomotor retardations. Additional clinical features included facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, brain atrophy, camptodactyly, and—as the first reported case—bilateral renal atrophy with chronic kidney disease stage 2 and the presence of a renal cyst in one kidney. A novel 21.8 Mb copy number variation region in chromosome region 10q23.1–10q25.1 was verified by array-comparative genomic hybridization in combination with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 200 protein-coding genes were identified in this copy number variation region and analyzed for their biological meaning using the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery. Conclusion According to the result of gene functional enrichment analysis using database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery, the Wnt signaling pathway is the most pertinent to the gene content in the copy number variation region. A change in the expression levels of some Wnt signaling pathway components and of NFKB2 and PTEN genes due to a gain in their gene copy number may be associated with the patient’s clinical outcomes including brain atrophy, bilateral renal atrophy with chronic kidney disease stage 2, a renal cyst in one kidney, and growth retardation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1213-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Lee Wong
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Hsu Chou
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Nun Chao
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Joseph Hang Leung
- Departments of Radiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Departments of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, 539 Zhongxiao Road, East District, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Da Hsu
- Departments of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, 539 Zhongxiao Road, East District, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
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Li G, Yuan L, Liu D, Liu J. Upregulation of Leucine Zipper Protein mRNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated With Poor Prognosis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:517-22. [PMID: 26031464 DOI: 10.1177/1533034615587432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine zipper protein (LUZP) plays key roles in development. Overexpression of LUZP was documented in several types of solid tumors. In this study, expression of LUZP messenger RNA (LUZP mRNA) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined, and the correlations of LUZP mRNA level with patients' characteristics and prognosis were also investigated. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from HCC and paired noncancerous liver tissues of 77 patients. Expression of LUZP mRNA in the tissues was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Using average LUZP mRNA level in noncancerous liver tissues as the cutoff, patients with HCC were categorized into high-expression group and low-expression group. Correlations of LUZP mRNA with clinical parameters were analyzed. Overall survival of the patients in the 2 groups was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The LUZP mRNA level was significantly higher in HCC samples than in the noncancerous liver tissues (1.87 ± 0.11 vs 0.58 ± 0.05, P < .01). Significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of portal vein invasion, Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis (TNM) stage, and recurrence of HCC. The current study failed to find significant differences between the 2 groups in clinical characteristics such as age, gender, lymph node metastasis, hepatitis B virus infection, family HCC history, and alcohol intake. Overall survival in high-expression group was 12 months while that in the low-expression group was 34 months (P = .03). CONCLUSION The LUZP mRNA is a prognostic indicator in HCC, and overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbing Li
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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16
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Lee SH, Zhu C, Peng Y, Johnson DT, Lehmann L, Sun Z. Identification of a novel role of ZMIZ2 protein in regulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35913-24. [PMID: 24174533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ZMIZ2, also named ZIMP7, is a protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS)-like protein and a transcriptional coactivator. In this study, we investigated the interaction between ZMIZ2 and β-catenin, a key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. We demonstrated that the expression of exogenous ZMIZ2 augments TCF (T cell factor) and β-catenin-mediated transcription. In contrast, shRNA knockdown of ZMIZ2 expression specifically represses the enhancement of TCF/β-catenin-mediated transcription by ZMIZ2. Using Wnt3a-conditioned medium, we demonstrated that ZMIZ2 can enhance Wnt ligand-induced TCF/β-catenin-mediated transcription. We also showed a promotional role of ZMIZ2 in enhancing β-catenin downstream target gene expression in human cells and in Zmiz2 null (Zmiz2(-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The regulatory role of Zmiz2 in Wnt-induced TCF/β-catenin-mediated transcription can be restored in Zmiz2(-/-) MEFs that were infected with adenoviral expression vectors for Zmiz2. Moreover, enhancement of Zmiz2 on TCF/β-catenin-mediated transcription was further demonstrated in Zmiz2 knockout and Axin2 reporter compound mice. Furthermore, the protein-protein interaction between ZMIZ2 and β-catenin was identified by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro protein pulldown assays. We also observed recruitment of endogenous ZMIZ2 onto the promoter region of the Axin 2 gene, a β-catenin downstream target promoter, in a Wnt ligand-inducible manner. Finally, a promotional role of ZMIZ2 on cell growth was demonstrated in human cell lines and Zmiz2 knockout MEFs. Our findings demonstrate a novel interaction between ZMIZ2 and β-catenin and elucidate a novel mechanism for PIAS-like proteins in regulating Wnt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyung Lee
- From the Departments of Urology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5328
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Johnson DT, Luong R, Lee SH, Peng Y, Shaltouki A, Lee JT, Lin D, Wang Y, Sun Z. Deletion of leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (Lzts2) increases susceptibility to tumor development. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3727-38. [PMID: 23275340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an Lzts2 knock-out mouse model, we characterized the biological role of Lzts2 in tumorigenesis. Both heterozygous and homozygous deletion of the Lzts2-targeted allele in mice shows an increased incidence in spontaneous tumor development, although Lzts2 homozygous knock-out mice show significantly higher incidences than heterozygous mice. Treatment of Lzts2-deficient mice with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine, increases the susceptibility to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine-induced bladder carcinoma development. Examination of human prostate cancer tissue specimens shows a reduction of LZTS2 protein expression in prostate cancer cells. Further analyses of mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from Lzts2 knock-out embryos show that loss of Lzts2 enhances cell growth. These data provide the first line of evidence demonstrating that deletion of Lzts2 increases susceptibility to spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5328, USA
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