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Du Z, Tong D, Chen X, Wu F, Jiang S, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang R, Gantuya S, Davaajargal T, Lkhagvatseren S, Batsukh Z, Du A, Ma G. Genome-wide RNA interference of the nhr gene family in barber's pole worm identified members crucial for larval viability in vitro. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105609. [PMID: 38806077 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are emerging target candidates against nematode infection and resistance. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information on NHR-coding genes in parasitic nematodes. In this study, we curated the nhr gene family for 60 major parasitic nematodes from humans and animals. Compared with the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, a remarkable contraction of the nhr family was revealed in parasitic species, with genetic diversification and conservation unveiled among nematode Clades I (10-13), III (16-42), IV (33-35) and V (25-64). Using an in vitro biosystem, we demonstrated that 40 nhr genes in a blood-feeding nematode Haemonchus contortus (clade V; barber's pole worm) were responsive to host serum and one nhr gene (i.e., nhr-64) was consistently stimulated by anthelmintics (i.e., ivermectin, thiabendazole and levamisole); Using a high-throughput RNA interference platform, we knocked down 43 nhr genes of H. contortus and identified at least two genes that are required for the viability (i.e., nhr-105) and development (i.e., nhr-17) of the infective larvae of this parasitic nematode in vitro. Harnessing this preliminary functional atlas of nhr genes for H. contortus will prime the biological studies of this gene family in nematode genetics, infection, and anthelmintic metabolism within host animals, as well as the promising discovery of novel intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Danni Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jingju Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010018, China
| | - Sambuu Gantuya
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Tserennyam Davaajargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Sukhbaatar Lkhagvatseren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia.
| | - Zayat Batsukh
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia.
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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McKean EL, Grill E, Choi YJ, Mitreva M, O'Halloran DM, Hawdon JM. Altered larval activation response associated with multidrug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Parasitology 2024; 151:271-281. [PMID: 38163962 PMCID: PMC11007283 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes pose significant health risks to humans, livestock, and companion animals, and their control relies heavily on the use of anthelmintic drugs. Overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of resistant nematode populations. Herein, a naturally occurring isolate (referred to as BCR) of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, that is resistant to 3 major classes of anthelmintics is characterized. Various drug assays were used to determine the resistance of BCR to thiabendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin and pyrantel pamoate. When compared to a drug-susceptible isolate of A. caninum, BCR was shown to be significantly resistant to all 4 of the drugs tested. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms have been shown to impart benzimidazole resistance, including the F167Y mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene, which was confirmed to be present in BCR through molecular analysis. The frequency of the resistant allele in BCR was 76.3% following its first passage in the lab, which represented an increase from approximately 50% in the founding hookworm population. A second, recently described mutation in codon 134 (Q134H) was also detected at lower frequency in the BCR population. Additionally, BCR exhibits an altered larval activation phenotype compared to the susceptible isolate, suggesting differences in the signalling pathways involved in the activation process which may be associated with resistance. Further characterization of this isolate will provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance to macrocyclic lactones and tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L. McKean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emilia Grill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Damien M. O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John M. Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Macháček T, Fuchs CD, Winkelmann F, Frank M, Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Sombetzki M, Trauner M. Bsep/Abcb11 knockout ameliorates Schistosoma mansoni liver pathology by reducing parasite fecundity. Liver Int 2023; 43:2469-2478. [PMID: 37641872 PMCID: PMC10947390 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Schistosoma mansoni infection is one of the worldwide leading causes of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether polyhydroxylated bile acids (BAs), known to protect mice from the development of acquired cholestatic liver injury, counteract S. mansoni-induced inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Adult FVB/N wild type (WT) and Abcb11/Bsep-/- mice were infected with either 25 or 50 S. mansoni cercariae. Eight weeks post infection, effects on liver histology, serum biochemistry, gene expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrotic markers, hepatic hydroxyproline content and FACS analysis were performed. RESULTS Bsep-/- mice infected with S. mansoni showed significantly less hepatic inflammation and tendentially less fibrosis compared to infected WT mice. Despite elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels in infected Bsep-/- mice, inflammatory cells such as M2 macrophages and Mac-2/galectin-3+ cells were reduced in these animals. Accordingly, mRNA-expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased in Bsep-/- mice upon infection. Furthermore, infected Bsep-/- mice exhibited decreased hepatic egg load and parasite fecundity, consequently affecting the worm reproduction rate. This outcome could arise from elevated serum BA levels and lower blood pH in Bsep-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The loss of Bsep and the resulting changes in bile acid composition and blood pH are associated with the reduction of parasite fecundity, thus attenuating the development of S. mansoni-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Macháček
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious DiseasesCenter of Internal Medicine IIRostock University Medical CenterRostockGermany
- Department of ParasitologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzechia
| | - Claudia D. Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Franziska Winkelmann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious DiseasesCenter of Internal Medicine IIRostock University Medical CenterRostockGermany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy CenterUniversity Medical Center RostockRostockGermany
- Department LifeLight and MatterUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious DiseasesCenter of Internal Medicine IIRostock University Medical CenterRostockGermany
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Wang T, Nie S, Reid GE, Gasser RB. Helminth lipidomics: Technical aspects and future prospects. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100018. [PMID: 35284853 PMCID: PMC8906070 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a relatively recent molecular research field, and explores lipids (fats) and their biology using advanced mass spectrometry technologies. Although this field has expanded significantly in biomedical and biotechnological disciplines, it is still in its infancy in molecular parasitology. Our goal here is to review and discuss technical aspects of MS-based lipidomics and its recent applications to parasitic worms, as well as challenges and future directions for worm lipid research. In a multi-omic paradigm, we expect that the exploration of lipidomic data for parasitic worms will yield important insights into lipid-associated biological pathways and processes, including the regulation of essential signalling pathways, parasite invasion, establishment, adaptation and development. Lipids are involved in critical biological functions in parasitic worms. Lipidomics is an emerging research field in molecular helminthology. This article covers technological advances and applications to parasitic worms. It also discusses challenges and future directions for lipidomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Vlaar LE, Bertran A, Rahimi M, Dong L, Kammenga JE, Helder J, Goverse A, Bouwmeester HJ. On the role of dauer in the adaptation of nematodes to a parasitic lifestyle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:554. [PMID: 34706780 PMCID: PMC8555053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are presumably the most abundant Metazoa on Earth, and can even be found in some of the most hostile environments of our planet. Various types of hypobiosis evolved to adapt their life cycles to such harsh environmental conditions. The five most distal major clades of the phylum Nematoda (Clades 8-12), formerly referred to as the Secernentea, contain many economically relevant parasitic nematodes. In this group, a special type of hypobiosis, dauer, has evolved. The dauer signalling pathway, which culminates in the biosynthesis of dafachronic acid (DA), is intensively studied in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and it has been hypothesized that the dauer stage may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of a wide range of parasitic lifestyles among other nematode species. Biosynthesis of DA is not specific for hypobiosis, but if it results in exit of the hypobiotic state, it is one of the main criteria to define certain behaviour as dauer. Within Clades 9 and 10, the involvement of DA has been validated experimentally, and dauer is therefore generally accepted to occur in those clades. However, for other clades, such as Clade 12, this has hardly been explored. In this review, we provide clarity on the nomenclature associated with hypobiosis and dauer across different nematological subfields. We discuss evidence for dauer-like stages in Clades 8 to 12 and support this with a meta-analysis of available genomic data. Furthermore, we discuss indications for a simplified dauer signalling pathway in parasitic nematodes. Finally, we zoom in on the host cues that induce exit from the hypobiotic stage and introduce two hypotheses on how these signals might feed into the dauer signalling pathway for plant-parasitic nematodes. With this work, we contribute to the deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypobiosis in parasitic nematodes. Based on this, novel strategies for the control of parasitic nematodes can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke E Vlaar
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehran Rahimi
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E Kammenga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Long T, Alberich M, André F, Menez C, Prichard RK, Lespine A. The development of the dog heartworm is highly sensitive to sterols which activate the orthologue of the nuclear receptor DAF-12. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11207. [PMID: 32641726 PMCID: PMC7343802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention therapy against Dirofilaria immitis in companion animals is currently threatened by the emergence of isolates resistant to macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics. Understanding the control over developmental processes in D. immitis is important for elucidating new approaches to heartworm control. The nuclear receptor DAF-12 plays a role in the entry and exit of dauer stage in Caenorhabditis elegans and in the development of free-living infective third-stage larvae (iL3) of some Clade IV and V parasitic nematodes. We identified a DAF-12 ortholog in the clade III nematode D. immitis and found that it exhibited a much higher affinity for dafachronic acids than described with other nematode DAF-12 investigated so far. We also modelled the DimDAF-12 structure and characterized the residues involved with DA binding. Moreover, we showed that cholesterol derivatives impacted the molting process from the iL3 to the fourth-stage larvae. Since D. immitis is unable to synthesize cholesterol and only completes its development upon host infection, we hypothesize that host environment contributes to its further molting inside the host vertebrate. Our discovery contributes to a better understanding of the developmental checkpoints of D. immitis and offers new perspectives for the development of novel therapies against filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavy Long
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-De-Bellevue, H9X3V9, QC, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Alberich
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - François André
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Menez
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Roger K Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-De-Bellevue, H9X3V9, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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Morshead ML, Sedore CA, Jones EG, Hall D, Plummer WT, Garrett T, Lucanic M, Guo M, Driscoll M, Phillips PC, Lithgow G. Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program: the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid does not robustly extend lifespan in nematodes. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020. [PMID: 32550518 PMCID: PMC7253371 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine A Sedore
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - E Grace Jones
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - David Hall
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
| | - W Todd Plummer
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
| | - Theo Garrett
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
| | - Mark Lucanic
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
| | - Max Guo
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Patrick C Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Gordon Lithgow
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Ayoade KO, Carranza FR, Cho WH, Wang Z, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Stoltzfus JDC. Dafachronic acid and temperature regulate canonical dauer pathways during Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infectious larvae activation. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:162. [PMID: 32238181 PMCID: PMC7110753 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While immune responses to the murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis have been investigated, signaling pathways regulating development of infectious larvae (iL3) are not well understood. We hypothesized that N. brasiliensis would use pathways similar to those controlling dauer development in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is formally known as the "dauer hypothesis." METHODS To investigate whether dafachronic acid activates the N. brasiliensis DAF-12 homolog, we utilized an in vitro reporter assay. We then utilized RNA-Seq and subsequent bioinformatic analyses to identify N. brasiliensis dauer pathway homologs and examine regulation of these genes during iL3 activation. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that dafachronic acid activates the N. brasiliensis DAF-12 homolog. We then identified N. brasiliensis homologs for members in each of the four canonical dauer pathways and examined their regulation during iL3 activation by either temperature or dafachronic acid. Similar to C. elegans, we found that transcripts encoding antagonistic insulin-like peptides were significantly downregulated during iL3 activation, and that a transcript encoding a phylogenetic homolog of DAF-9 increased during iL3 activation, suggesting that both increased insulin-like and DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor signaling accompanies iL3 activation. In contrast to C. elegans, we observed a significant decrease in transcripts encoding the dauer transforming growth factor beta ligand DAF-7 during iL3 activation, suggesting a different role for this pathway in parasitic nematode development. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that canonical dauer pathways indeed regulate iL3 activation in the hookworm N. brasiliensis and that DAF-12 may be a therapeutic target in hookworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Omueti Ayoade
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Faith R. Carranza
- Department of Biology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville, PA 17551 USA
| | - Woong Hee Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
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Cafestol increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure in Caenorhabditis elegans via DAF-12-dependent pathway. Food Chem 2020; 307:125537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Elucidating the molecular and developmental biology of parasitic nematodes: Moving to a multiomics paradigm. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:175-229. [PMID: 32291085 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the sequencing, assembly, annotation and analyses of genomes and transcriptomes of parasitic worms of socioeconomic importance. This progress has somewhat improved our knowledge and understanding of these pathogens at the molecular level. However, compared with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the areas of functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of parasitic nematodes are still in their infancy, and there are major gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular biology of parasitic nematodes. The information on signalling molecules, molecular pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are known to be involved in developmental processes in C. elegans and the availability of some molecular resources (draft genomes, transcriptomes and some proteomes) for selected parasitic nematodes provide a basis to start exploring the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes. Indeed, some studies have identified molecules and pathways that might associate with developmental processes in related, parasitic nematodes, such as Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). However, detailed information is often scant and 'omics resources are limited, preventing a proper integration of 'omic data sets and comprehensive analyses. Moreover, little is known about the functional roles of pheromones, hormones, signalling pathways and post-transcriptional/post-translational regulations in the development of key parasitic nematodes throughout their entire life cycles. Although C. elegans is an excellent model to assist molecular studies of parasitic nematodes, its use is limited when it comes to explorations of processes that are specific to parasitism within host animals. A deep understanding of parasitic nematodes, such as H. contortus, requires substantially enhanced resources and the use of integrative 'omics approaches for analyses. The improved genome and well-established in vitro larval culture system for H. contortus provide unprecedented opportunities for comprehensive studies of the transcriptomes (mRNA and miRNA), proteomes (somatic, excretory/secretory and phosphorylated proteins) and lipidomes (e.g., polar and neutral lipids) of this nematode. Such resources should enable in-depth explorations of its developmental biology at a level, not previously possible. The main aims of this review are (i) to provide a background on the development of nematodes, with a particular emphasis on the molecular aspects involved in the dauer formation and exit in C. elegans; (ii) to critically appraise the current state of knowledge of the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes and identify key knowledge gaps; (iii) to cover salient aspects of H. contortus, with a focus on the recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidomics as well as in vitro culturing systems; (iv) to review recent advances in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular and developmental biology of H. contortus using an integrative multiomics approach, and discuss the implications of this approach for detailed explorations of signalling molecules, molecular processes and pathways likely associated with nematode development, adaptation and parasitism, and for the identification of novel intervention targets against these pathogens. Clearly, the multiomics approach established recently is readily applicable to exploring a wide range of interesting and socioeconomically significant parasitic worms (including also trematodes and cestodes) at the molecular level, and to elucidate host-parasite interactions and disease processes.
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Ma G, Wang T, Korhonen PK, Young ND, Nie S, Ang CS, Williamson NA, Reid GE, Gasser RB. Dafachronic acid promotes larval development in Haemonchus contortus by modulating dauer signalling and lipid metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007960. [PMID: 31335899 PMCID: PMC6677322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we discovered an endogenous dafachronic acid (DA) in the socioeconomically important parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. We demonstrate that DA promotes larval exsheathment and development in this nematode via a relatively conserved nuclear hormone receptor (DAF-12). This stimulatory effect is dose- and time-dependent, and relates to a modulation of dauer-like signalling, and glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, likely via a negative feedback loop. Specific chemical inhibition of DAF-9 (cytochrome P450) was shown to significantly reduce the amount of endogenous DA in H. contortus; compromise both larval exsheathment and development in vitro; and modulate lipid metabolism. Taken together, this evidence shows that DA plays a key functional role in the developmental transition from the free-living to the parasitic stage of H. contortus by modulating the dauer-like signalling pathway and lipid metabolism. Understanding the intricacies of the DA-DAF-12 system and associated networks in H. contortus and related parasitic nematodes could pave the way to new, nematode-specific treatments. In the present study, using an integrative multi-omics approach, we show that dafachronic acid (DA) plays a critical functional role in the developmental transition in larvae of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (barber’s pole worm) by modulating the dauer-like signalling pathway and lipid metabolism. The DA-DAF-12 signalling module in H. contortus provides a paradigm to explore its developmental and reproductive biology at the molecular level, to study physiochemical cross-talk between the parasite and its hosts, and to discover novel anthelmintic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Butcher RA. Natural products as chemical tools to dissect complex biology in C. elegans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:138-144. [PMID: 31102973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel pheromones, hormones, and other types of natural products in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has accelerated over the last 10-15 years. Many of these natural products perturb fundamental processes such as developmental progression, metabolism, reproductive and somatic aging, and various behaviors and have thus become essential tools for probing these processes, which are difficult to study in higher organisms. Furthermore, given the similarity between C. elegans and parasitic nematodes, these natural products could potentially be used to manipulate the development and behavior of parasitic nematodes and target the infections caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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13
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Chen Y, Zheng Y, Iyer SR, Harders GE, Pan S, Chen HH, Ichiki T, Burnett JC, Sangaralingham SJ. C53: A novel particulate guanylyl cyclase B receptor activator that has sustained activity in vivo with anti-fibrotic actions in human cardiac and renal fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 130:140-150. [PMID: 30954448 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The native particulate guanylyl cyclase B receptor (pGC-B) activator, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), induces anti-remodeling actions in the heart and kidney through the generation of the second messenger 3', 5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Indeed fibrotic remodeling, particularly in cardiorenal disease states, contributes to disease progression and thus, has been a key target for drug discovery and development. Although the pGC-B/cGMP system has been perceived as a promising anti-fibrotic pathway, its therapeutic potential is limited due to the rapid degradation and catabolism of CNP by neprilysin (NEP) and natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC). The goal of this study was to bioengineer and test in vitro and in vivo a novel pGC-B activator, C53. Here we established that C53 selectively generates cGMP via the pGC-B receptor and is highly resistant to NEP and has less interaction with NPRC in vitro. Furthermore in vivo, C53 had enhanced cGMP-generating actions that paralleled elevated plasma CNP-like levels, thus indicating a longer circulating half-life compared to CNP. Importantly in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and renal fibroblasts (HRFs), C53 exerted robust cGMP-generating actions, inhibited TGFβ-1 stimulated HCFs and HRFs proliferation chronically and suppressed the differentiation of HCFs and HRFs to myofibroblasts. The current findings advance innovation in drug discovery and highlight C53 as a novel pGC-B activator with sustained in vivo activity and anti-fibrotic actions in vitro. Future studies are warranted to explore the efficacy and therapeutic opportunity of C53 targeting fibrosis in cardiorenal disease states and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Ye Zheng
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - Seethalakshmi R Iyer
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - Gerald E Harders
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - Shuchong Pan
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - Horng H Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - Tomoko Ichiki
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States
| | - John C Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | - S Jeson Sangaralingham
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, United States; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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14
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Meems LM, Andersen IA, Pan S, Harty G, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Harders GE, Ichiki T, Heublein DM, Iyer SR, Sangaralingham SJ, McCormick DJ, Burnett JC. Design, Synthesis, and Actions of an Innovative Bispecific Designer Peptide. Hypertension 2019; 73:900-909. [PMID: 30798663 PMCID: PMC6512958 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite optimal current therapies, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause for death worldwide. Importantly, advances in peptide engineering have accelerated the development of innovative therapeutics for diverse human disease states. Additionally, the advancement of bispecific therapeutics targeting >1 signaling pathway represents a highly innovative strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. We, therefore, engineered a novel, designer peptide, which simultaneously targets the pGC-A (particulate guanylyl cyclase A) receptor and the MasR (Mas receptor), potentially representing an attractive cardiorenoprotective therapeutic for cardiovascular disease. We engineered a novel, bispecific receptor activator, NPA7, that represents the fusion of a 22-amino acid sequence of BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide; an endogenous ligand of pGC-A) with Ang 1-7 (angiotensin 1-7)-the 7-amino acid endogenous activator of MasR. We assessed NPA7's dual receptor activating actions in vitro (second messenger production and receptor interaction). Further, we performed an intravenous peptide infusion comparison study in normal canines to study its biological actions in vivo, including in the presence of an MasR antagonist. Our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate the successful synthesis of NPA7 as a bispecific receptor activator targeting pGC-A and MasR. In normal canines, NPA7 possesses enhanced natriuretic, diuretic, systemic, and renal vasorelaxing and cardiac unloading properties. Importantly, NPA7's actions are superior to that of the individual native pGC-A or MasR ligands. These studies advance NPA7 as a novel, bispecific designer peptide with potential cardiorenal therapeutic benefit for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. Meems
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Andersen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Shuchong Pan
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Gail Harty
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Yang Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Ye Zheng
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Gerald E. Harders
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Tomoki Ichiki
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Denise M. Heublein
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Seethalakshmi R. Iyer
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - S. Jeson Sangaralingham
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Bioengineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - John C. Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Department of Physiology and Bioengineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
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15
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Small-molecule pheromones and hormones controlling nematode development. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:577-586. [PMID: 28514418 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of small-molecule signals that influence development in Caenorhabditis elegans has been known for several decades, but only in recent years have the chemical structures of several of these signals been established. The identification of these signals has enabled connections to be made between these small molecules and fundamental signaling pathways in C. elegans that influence not only development but also metabolism, fertility, and lifespan. Spurred by these important discoveries and aided by recent advances in comparative metabolomics and NMR spectroscopy, the field of nematode chemistry has the potential to expand dramatically in the coming years. This Perspective will focus on small-molecule pheromones and hormones that influence developmental events in the nematode life cycle (ascarosides, dafachronic acids, and nemamides), will cover more recent work regarding the biosynthesis of these signals, and will explore how the discovery of these signals is transforming our understanding of nematode development and physiology.
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16
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Wang Z, Schaffer NE, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors: emerging drug targets for parasitic diseases. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1165-1171. [PMID: 28165341 PMCID: PMC5373876 DOI: 10.1172/jci88890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms infect billions of people worldwide. Current treatments rely on a small group of drugs that have been used for decades. A shortcoming of these drugs is their inability to target the intractable infectious stage of the parasite. As well-known therapeutic targets in mammals, nuclear receptors have begun to be studied in parasitic worms, where they are widely distributed and play key roles in governing metabolic and developmental transcriptional networks. One such nuclear receptor is DAF-12, which is required for normal nematode development, including the all-important infectious stage. Here we review the emerging literature that implicates DAF-12 and potentially other nuclear receptors as novel anthelmintic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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17
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Lok JB. Signaling in Parasitic Nematodes: Physicochemical Communication Between Host and Parasite and Endogenous Molecular Transduction Pathways Governing Worm Development and Survival. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 3:186-197. [PMID: 28781934 PMCID: PMC5543980 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signaling or communication between host and parasite may occur over relatively long ranges to enable host finding and acquisition by infective parasitic nematode larvae. Innate behaviors in infective larvae transmitted from the soil that enhance the likelihood of host contact, such as negative geotaxis and hypermotility, are likely mediated by mechanoreception and neuromuscular signaling. Host cues such as vibration of the substratum, elevated temperature, exhaled CO2, and other volatile odorants are perceived by mechanosensory and chemosensory neurons of the amphidial complex. Beyond this, the molecular systems that transduce these external cues within the worm are unknown at this time. Overall, the signal transduction mechanisms that regulate switching between dauer and continuous reproductive development in Caenorhabditis elegans, and doubtless other free-living nematodes, have provided a useful framework for testing hypotheses about how the morphogenesis and development of infective parasitic nematode larvae and the lifespan of adult parasites are regulated. In C. elegans, four major signal transduction pathways, G protein-coupled receptor signaling, insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling, TGFβ-like signaling and steroid-nuclear hormone receptor signaling govern the switch between dauer and continuous development and regulate adult lifespan. Parasitic nematodes appear to have conserved the functions of G-protein-coupled signaling, insulin-like signaling and steroid-nuclear hormone receptor signaling to regulate larval development before and during the infective process. By contrast, TGFβ-like signaling appears to have been adapted for some other function, perhaps modulation of the host immune response. Of the three signal transduction pathways that appear to regulate development in parasitic nematodes, steroid-nuclear hormone signaling is the most straightforward to manipulate with administered small molecules and may form the basis of new chemotherapeutic strategies. Signaling between parasites and their hosts' immune systems also occurs and serves to modulate these responses to allow chronic infection and down regulate acute inflammatory responses. Knowledge of the precise nature of this signaling may form the basis of immunological interventions to protect against parasitism or related lesions and to alleviate inflammatory diseases of various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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18
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Lu CJ, Tian BY, Cao Y, Zou CG, Zhang KQ. Nuclear receptor nhr-48 is required for pathogenicity of the second stage (J2) of the plant parasite Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34959. [PMID: 27762328 PMCID: PMC5071846 DOI: 10.1038/srep34959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a diverse class of transcription factors, which are involved in regulating a large number of physiological events in metazoans. However, the function of NRs is poorly understood in plant-parasitic nematodes. Here, members of the NR1J+K group of NRs in nematodes, including the free-living and plant parasites, were examined and phylogenetically analyzed. We found that the number of members of the NR1J+K group in plant-parasitic nematodes was less than that in the free-living nematodes, suggesting this reduction of NR1J+K group members in plant parasites maybe arose during the separation of the free-living and intermediately plant parasitic nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Interestingly, the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) of NR1J+K members were separated into two gene locations in the plant parasites. Knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita WBMinc13296, the ortholog of Caenorhabditis elegans nhr-48 DBD, reduced infectivity, delayed development, and decreased reproductivity. J2 of M. incognita subjected to silencing of WBMinc13295, the orthologs of B. xylophilus nhr-48 LBD, exhibited developmental lag within the host and reduced reproductivity. This study provides new insights into the function of NRs and suggests that NRs are potential targets for developing effective strategies for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Bao-Yu Tian
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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19
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Gilabert A, Curran DM, Harvey SC, Wasmuth JD. Expanding the view on the evolution of the nematode dauer signalling pathways: refinement through gene gain and pathway co-option. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:476. [PMID: 27350342 PMCID: PMC4924289 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signalling pathways underlie development, behaviour and pathology. To understand patterns in the evolution of signalling pathways, we undertook a comprehensive investigation of the pathways that control the switch between growth and developmentally quiescent dauer in 24 species of nematodes spanning the phylum. RESULTS Our analysis of 47 genes across these species indicates that the pathways and their interactions are not conserved throughout the Nematoda. For example, the TGF-β pathway was co-opted into dauer control relatively late in a lineage that led to the model species Caenorhabditis elegans. We show molecular adaptations described in C. elegans that are restricted to its genus or even just to the species. Similarly, our analyses both identify species where particular genes have been lost and situations where apparently incorrect orthologues have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis also highlights the difficulties of working with genome sequences from non-model species as reliance on the published gene models would have significantly restricted our understanding of how signalling pathways evolve. Our approach therefore offers a robust standard operating procedure for genomic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Gilabert
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Current address: MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), Montpellier, France
| | - David M Curran
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Simon C Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - James D Wasmuth
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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20
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Zhi X, Zhou XE, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structures and regulation of non-X orphan nuclear receptors: A retinoid hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:27-40. [PMID: 26159912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are defined as a family of ligand regulated transcription factors [1-6]. While this definition reflects that ligand binding is a key property of nuclear receptors, it is still a heated subject of debate if all the nuclear receptors (48 human members) can bind ligands (ligands referred here to both physiological and synthetic ligands). Recent studies in nuclear receptor structure biology and pharmacology have undoubtedly increased our knowledge of nuclear receptor functions and their regulation. As a result, they point to new avenues for the discovery and development of nuclear receptor regulators, including nuclear receptor ligands. Here we review the recent literature on orphan nuclear receptor structural analysis and ligand identification, particularly on the orphan nuclear receptors that do not heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors, which we term as non-X orphan receptors. We also propose a speculative "retinoid hypothesis" for a subset of non-X orphan nuclear receptors, which we hope to help shed light on orphan nuclear receptor biology and drug discovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Orphan Nuclear Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Autophagy Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; VARI-SIMM Center, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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21
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Albarqi MMY, Stoltzfus JD, Pilgrim AA, Nolan TJ, Wang Z, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Lok JB. Regulation of Life Cycle Checkpoints and Developmental Activation of Infective Larvae in Strongyloides stercoralis by Dafachronic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005358. [PMID: 26727267 PMCID: PMC4703199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex life cycle of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis leads to either developmental arrest of infectious third-stage larvae (iL3) or growth to reproductive adults. In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, analogous determination between dauer arrest and reproductive growth is governed by dafachronic acids (DAs), a class of steroid hormones that are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12. Biosynthesis of DAs requires the cytochrome P450 (CYP) DAF-9. We tested the hypothesis that DAs also regulate S. stercoralis development via DAF-12 signaling at three points. First, we found that 1 μM Δ7-DA stimulated 100% of post-parasitic first-stage larvae (L1s) to develop to free-living adults instead of iL3 at 37°C, while 69.4±12.0% (SD) of post-parasitic L1s developed to iL3 in controls. Second, we found that 1 μM Δ7-DA prevented post-free-living iL3 arrest and stimulated 85.2±16.9% of larvae to develop to free-living rhabditiform third- and fourth-stages, compared to 0% in the control. This induction required 24-48 hours of Δ7-DA exposure. Third, we found that the CYP inhibitor ketoconazole prevented iL3 feeding in host-like conditions, with only 5.6±2.9% of iL3 feeding in 40 μM ketoconazole, compared to 98.8±0.4% in the positive control. This inhibition was partially rescued by Δ7-DA, with 71.2±16.4% of iL3 feeding in 400 nM Δ7-DA and 35 μM ketoconazole, providing the first evidence of endogenous DA production in S. stercoralis. We then characterized the 26 CYP-encoding genes in S. stercoralis and identified a homolog with sequence and developmental regulation similar to DAF-9. Overall, these data demonstrate that DAF-12 signaling regulates S. stercoralis development, showing that in the post-parasitic generation, loss of DAF-12 signaling favors iL3 arrest, while increased DAF-12 signaling favors reproductive development; that in the post-free-living generation, absence of DAF-12 signaling is crucial for iL3 arrest; and that endogenous DA production regulates iL3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah M. Y. Albarqi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Stoltzfus
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Adeiye A. Pilgrim
- Department of Biology, Hollins University, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Zou A, Lehn S, Magee N, Zhang Y. New Insights into Orphan Nuclear Receptor SHP in Liver Cancer. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2015; 2. [PMID: 26504773 PMCID: PMC4618403 DOI: 10.11131/2015/101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is a unique orphan nuclear receptor (NR) that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a DNA-binding domain. SHP is a transcriptional corepressor affecting diverse metabolic processes including bile acid synthesis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, glucose and energy homeostasis, and reproductive biology via interaction with multiple NRs and transcriptional factors (TFs). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most deadly human cancers worldwide with few therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Recently, it is becoming clear that SHP plays an antitumor role in the development of liver cancer. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the new SHP interaction partners, new structural insights into SHP’s gene repressing activity, and SHP protein posttranslational modifications by bile acids. We also discuss the pleiotropic role of SHP in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA methylation, and inflammation that are related to antitumor role of SHP in HCC. Improving our understanding of SHP’s antitumor role in the development of liver cancer will provide new insights into developing novel treatments or prevention strategies. Future research will focus on developing more efficacious and specific synthetic SHP ligands for pharmaceutical applications in liver cancer and several metabolic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sarah Lehn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nancy Magee
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Gelmedin V, Delaney A, Jennelle L, Hawdon JM. Expression profile of heat shock response factors during hookworm larval activation and parasitic development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 202:1-14. [PMID: 26296769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When organisms are exposed to an increase in temperature, they undergo a heat shock response (HSR) regulated by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1). The heat shock response includes the rapid changes in gene expression initiated by binding of HSF-1 to response elements in the promoters of heat shock genes. Heat shock proteins function as molecular chaperones to protect proteins during periods of elevated temperature and other stress. During infection, hookworm infective third stage larvae (L3) undergo a temperature shift from ambient to host temperature. This increased temperature is required for the resumption of feeding and activation of L3, but whether this increase initiates a heat shock response is unknown. To investigate the role of the heat shock in hookworm L3 activation and parasitic development, we identified and characterized the expression profile of several components of the heat shock response in the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. We cloned DNAs encoding an hsp70 family member (Aca-hsp-1) and an hsp90 family member (Aca-daf-21). Exposure to a heat shock of 42°C for one hour caused significant up-regulation of both genes, which slowly returned to near baseline levels following one hour attenuation at 22°C. Neither gene was up-regulated in response to host temperature (37°C). Conversely, levels of hsf-1 remained unchanged during heat shock, but increased in response to incubation at 37°C. During activation, both hsp-1 and daf-21 are down regulated early, although daf-21 levels increase significantly in non-activated control larvae after 12h, and slightly in activated larvae by 24h incubation. The heat shock response modulators celastrol and KNK437 were tested for their effects on gene expression during heat shock and activation. Pre-incubation with celastrol, an HSP90 inhibitor that promotes heat shock gene expression, slightly up-regulated expression of both hsp-1 and daf-21 during heat shock. KNK437, an inhibitor of heat shock protein expression, slightly down regulated both genes under similar conditions. Both modulators inhibited activation-associated feeding, but neither had an effect on hsp-1 levels in activated L3 at 16h. Both celastrol and KNK437 prevent the up-regulation of daf-21 and hsf-1 seen in non-activated control larvae during activation, and significantly down regulated expression of the HSF-1 negative regulator Aca-hsb-1 in activated larvae. Expression levels of heat shock response factors were examined in developing Ancylostoma ceylanicum larvae recovered from infected hosts and found to differ significantly from the expression profile of activated L3, suggesting that feeding during in vitro activation is regulated differently than parasitic development. Our results indicate that a classical heat shock response is not induced at host temperature and is suppressed during larval recovery and parasitic development in the host, but a partial heat shock response is induced after extended incubation at host temperature in the absence of a developmental signal, possibly to protect against heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Gelmedin
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Angela Delaney
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Lucas Jennelle
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - John M Hawdon
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States.
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24
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Zhi X, Zhou XE, He Y, Searose-Xu K, Zhang CL, Tsai CC, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structural basis for corepressor assembly by the orphan nuclear receptor TLX. Genes Dev 2015; 29:440-50. [PMID: 25691470 PMCID: PMC4335298 DOI: 10.1101/gad.254904.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX regulates neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult brain and functions primarily as a transcription repressor through recruitment of Atrophin corepressors, which bind to TLX via a conserved peptide motif termed the Atro box. Zhi et al. report crystal structures of the human and insect TLX ligand-binding domain in complex with Atro box peptides. Mutations that weaken the TLX–Atrophin interaction compromise the repressive activity of TLX. In addition, mutations of corresponding residues in other members of this class of receptors diminish their repressor activities. The orphan nuclear receptor TLX regulates neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult brain and functions primarily as a transcription repressor through recruitment of Atrophin corepressors, which bind to TLX via a conserved peptide motif termed the Atro box. Here we report crystal structures of the human and insect TLX ligand-binding domain in complex with Atro box peptides. In these structures, TLX adopts an autorepressed conformation in which its helix H12 occupies the coactivator-binding groove. Unexpectedly, H12 in this autorepressed conformation forms a novel binding pocket with residues from helix H3 that accommodates a short helix formed by the conserved ALXXLXXY motif of the Atro box. Mutations that weaken the TLX–Atrophin interaction compromise the repressive activity of TLX, demonstrating that this interaction is required for Atrophin to confer repressor activity to TLX. Moreover, the autorepressed conformation is conserved in the repressor class of orphan nuclear receptors, and mutations of corresponding residues in other members of this class of receptors diminish their repressor activities. Together, our results establish the functional conservation of the autorepressed conformation and define a key sequence motif in the Atro box that is essential for TLX-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA; Autophagy Research Center,
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Kelvin Searose-Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Chih-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA; Van Andel Research Institute-Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (VARI/SIMM) Center, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Zhao L, Mota M, Vieira P, Butcher RA, Sun J. Interspecific communication between pinewood nematode, its insect vector, and associated microbes. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:299-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Mahanti P, Bose N, Bethke A, Judkins JC, Wollam J, Dumas KJ, Zimmerman AM, Campbell SL, Hu PJ, Antebi A, Schroeder FC. Comparative metabolomics reveals endogenous ligands of DAF-12, a nuclear hormone receptor, regulating C. elegans development and lifespan. Cell Metab 2014; 19:73-83. [PMID: 24411940 PMCID: PMC3924769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule ligands of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) govern the transcriptional regulation of metazoan development, cell differentiation, and metabolism. However, the physiological ligands of many NHRs remain poorly characterized, primarily due to lack of robust analytical techniques. Using comparative metabolomics, we identified endogenous steroids that act as ligands of the C. elegans NHR, DAF-12, a vitamin D and liver X receptor homolog regulating larval development, fat metabolism, and lifespan. The identified molecules feature unexpected chemical modifications and include only one of two DAF-12 ligands reported earlier, necessitating a revision of previously proposed ligand biosynthetic pathways. We further show that ligand profiles are regulated by a complex enzymatic network, including the Rieske oxygenase DAF-36, the short-chain dehydrogenase DHS-16, and the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD-1. Our results demonstrate the advantages of comparative metabolomics over traditional candidate-based approaches and provide a blueprint for the identification of ligands for other C. elegans and mammalian NHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Mahanti
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Neelanjan Bose
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Axel Bethke
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joshua C Judkins
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Dumas
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna M Zimmerman
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sydney L Campbell
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J Hu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Structural insights into gene repression by the orphan nuclear receptor SHP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:839-44. [PMID: 24379397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322827111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an orphan nuclear receptor that functions as a transcriptional repressor to regulate bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis. Although the precise mechanism whereby SHP represses transcription is not known, E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation (EID1) was isolated as a SHP-interacting protein and implicated in SHP repression. Here we present the crystal structure of SHP in complex with EID1, which reveals an unexpected EID1-binding site on SHP. Unlike the classical cofactor-binding site near the C-terminal helix H12, the EID1-binding site is located at the N terminus of the receptor, where EID1 mimics helix H1 of the nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain. The residues composing the SHP-EID1 interface are highly conserved. Their mutation diminishes SHP-EID1 interactions and affects SHP repressor activity. Together, these results provide important structural insights into SHP cofactor recruitment and repressor function and reveal a conserved protein interface that is likely to have broad implications for transcriptional repression by orphan nuclear receptors.
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28
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Zhao L, Zhang S, Wei W, Hao H, Zhang B, Butcher RA, Sun J. Chemical signals synchronize the life cycles of a plant-parasitic nematode and its vector beetle. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2038-43. [PMID: 24120638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused severe damage to pine forests in large parts of the world [1-4]. Dispersal of this plant-parasitic nematode occurs when the nematode develops into the dispersal fourth larval stage (LIV) upon encountering its insect vector, the Monochamus pine sawyer beetle, inside an infected pine tree [5-9]. Here, we show that LIV formation in B. xylophilus is induced by C16 and C18 fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are produced abundantly on the body surface of the vector beetle specifically during the late development pupal, emerging adult, and newly eclosed adult stages. The LIV can then enter the tracheal system of the adult beetle for dispersal to a new pine tree. Treatment of B. xylophilus with long-chain FAEEs, or the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, promotes LIV formation, while Δ7-dafachronic acid blocks the effects of these chemicals, suggesting a conserved role for the insulin/IGF-1 and DAF-12 pathways in LIV formation. Our work provides a mechanism by which LIV formation in B. xylophilus is specifically coordinated with the life cycle of its vector beetle. Knowledge of the chemical signals that control the LIV developmental decision could be used to interfere with the dispersal of this plant-parasitic nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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29
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Abstract
Hormones play a critical role in driving major stage transitions and developmental timing events in many species. In the nematode C. elegans the steroid hormone receptor, DAF-12, works at the confluence of pathways regulating developmental timing, stage specification, and longevity. DAF-12 couples environmental and physiologic signals to life history regulation, and it is embedded in a rich architecture governing diverse processes. Here, we highlight the molecular insights, extraordinary circuitry, and signaling pathways governing life stage transitions in the worm and how they have yielded fundamental insights into steroid regulation of biological time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
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