1
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Dell'Anno I, Morani F, Patergnani S, Daga A, Pinton P, Giorgi C, Mutti L, Gemignani F, Landi S. Thonzonium bromide inhibits progression of malignant pleural mesothelioma through regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 pathways and mitochondrial uncoupling. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:226. [PMID: 38951927 PMCID: PMC11218145 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Current therapies are unsatisfactory and novel cures are urgently needed. In a previous drug screening, we identified thonzonium bromide (TB) as one of the most active compounds against MPM cells. Since the biological effects of TB are poorly known, in this work we departed from some hints of previous studies and investigated several hypotheses. Moreover, we evaluated the efficacy of TB in an in vivo xenograft rodent model. METHODS In vitro assessment was made on five MPM (Mero-14, Mero-25, Ren, NCI-H28, MSTO-211H) and one SV40-immortalized mesothelial cell line (MeT-5A). We evaluated TB ability to affect proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial functions and metabolism, and the mevalonate pathway. In vivo assay was carried out on MPM-xenograft NOD-SCID mice (4 mg/kg delivered intraperitoneally, twice a week for 4 weeks) and the overall survival was analysed with Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS After TB treatment, we observed the suppression of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, the increase of BAX expression and p38 phosphorylation. TB affected Ca2+ homeostasis in both mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments, it regulated the mitochondrial functioning, respiration, and ATP production as well as the mevalonate pathway. The in vivo study showed an increased overall survival for TB treated group vs. vehicle control group (P = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS Both in vitro and in vivo results confirmed the effect of TB on MPM and unravelled novel targets with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Medina-Gomez C, Mullin BH, Chesi A, Prijatelj V, Kemp JP, Shochat-Carvalho C, Trajanoska K, Wang C, Joro R, Evans TE, Schraut KE, Li-Gao R, Ahluwalia TS, Zillikens MC, Zhu K, Mook-Kanamori DO, Evans DS, Nethander M, Knol MJ, Thorleifsson G, Prokic I, Zemel B, Broer L, McGuigan FE, van Schoor NM, Reppe S, Pawlak MA, Ralston SH, van der Velde N, Lorentzon M, Stefansson K, Adams HHH, Wilson SG, Ikram MA, Walsh JP, Lakka TA, Gautvik KM, Wilson JF, Orwoll ES, van Duijn CM, Bønnelykke K, Uitterlinden AG, Styrkársdóttir U, Akesson KE, Spector TD, Tobias JH, Ohlsson C, Felix JF, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Richards JB, Evans DM, van der Eerden B, van de Peppel J, Ackert-Bicknell C, Karasik D, Kague E, Rivadeneira F. Bone mineral density loci specific to the skull portray potential pleiotropic effects on craniosynostosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:691. [PMID: 37402774 PMCID: PMC10319806 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skull bone mineral density (SK-BMD) provides a suitable trait for the discovery of key genes in bone biology, particularly to intramembranous ossification, not captured at other skeletal sites. We perform a genome-wide association meta-analysis (n ~ 43,800) of SK-BMD, identifying 59 loci, collectively explaining 12.5% of the trait variance. Association signals cluster within gene-sets involved in skeletal development and osteoporosis. Among the four novel loci (ZIC1, PRKAR1A, AZIN1/ATP6V1C1, GLRX3), there are factors implicated in intramembranous ossification and as we show, inherent to craniosynostosis processes. Functional follow-up in zebrafish confirms the importance of ZIC1 on cranial suture patterning. Likewise, we observe abnormal cranial bone initiation that culminates in ectopic sutures and reduced BMD in mosaic atp6v1c1 knockouts. Mosaic prkar1a knockouts present asymmetric bone growth and, conversely, elevated BMD. In light of this evidence linking SK-BMD loci to craniofacial abnormalities, our study provides new insight into the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Grants
- UL1 TR000128 NCATS NIH HHS
- U01 AG042124 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042145 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042168 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042140 NIA NIH HHS
- U24 AG051129 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 AR051124 NIAMS NIH HHS
- U01 AG027810 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AR066160 NIAMS NIH HHS
- MC_UU_00007/10 Medical Research Council
- R01 HD058886 NICHD NIH HHS
- RC2 AR058973 NIAMS NIH HHS
- Wellcome Trust
- M01 RR000240 NCRR NIH HHS
- U01 AG042143 NIA NIH HHS
- UL1 RR026314 NCRR NIH HHS
- U01 AG042139 NIA NIH HHS
- EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)
- Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)
- Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- ZonMw (Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development)
- EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
- Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
- NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/ Rotterdam; Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly [Netherlands] (014-93-015; RIDE2)
- Clinical and Translational Research Center (5-MO1-RR-000240 and UL1 RR-026314); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) GrantRecipient="Au50"
- European Commission FP6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Netherlands Brain Foundation (project number F2013(1)-28) GrantRecipient="Au40"
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710) GrantRecipient="Au28"
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710) GrantRecipient="Au38"
- The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre (with Funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia; PG 16/0162, PG 17/director2025) GrantRecipient="Au45”
- European Commission (EC)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS);NIH Roadmap for Medical Research [USA]: U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128 GrantRecipient="Au39”
- Versus Arthritis [USA] 21937 GrantRecipient="Au57”
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin H Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vid Prijatelj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Kemp
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, Scotland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, 2820, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivana Prokic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babette Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, 70100, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Kaare M Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, OR97239, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kristina E Akesson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, S-21428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada
| | - David M Evans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, 1311502, Israel
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Erika Kague
- The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Kim G, Nakayama L, Blum JA, Akiyama T, Boeynaems S, Chakraborty M, Couthouis J, Tassoni-Tsuchida E, Rodriguez CM, Bassik MC, Gitler AD. Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals v-ATPase as a drug target to lower levels of ALS protein ataxin-2. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111508. [PMID: 36288714 PMCID: PMC9664452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ataxin-2 gene (ATXN2) cause the neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). A therapeutic strategy using antisense oligonucleotides targeting ATXN2 has entered clinical trial in humans. Additional ways to decrease ataxin-2 levels could lead to cheaper or less invasive therapies and elucidate how ataxin-2 is normally regulated. Here, we perform a genome-wide fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human cells and identify genes encoding components of the lysosomal vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) as modifiers of endogenous ataxin-2 protein levels. Multiple FDA-approved small molecule v-ATPase inhibitors lower ataxin-2 protein levels in mouse and human neurons, and oral administration of at least one of these drugs-etidronate-is sufficient to decrease ataxin-2 in the brains of mice. Together, we propose v-ATPase as a drug target for ALS and SCA2 and demonstrate the value of FACS-based screens in identifying genetic-and potentially druggable-modifiers of human disease proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Kim
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven Boeynaems
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Meenakshi Chakraborty
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julien Couthouis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Caitlin M Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Jia X, Liu F, Bai J, Zhang Y, Cui L, Cao Y, Luo E. Phosphatase inhibitors BVT-948 and alexidine dihydrochloride inhibit sexual development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:81-88. [PMID: 35792443 PMCID: PMC9260261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of resistance to front-line antimalarials, there is an urgent need to develop new medicines, including those targeting sexual development. This study aimed to assess the activity of a panel of phosphatase inhibitors against the sexual development of Plasmodium berghei and evaluate their potential as transmission-blocking agents. METHODS Twenty-five compounds were screened for transmission-blocking activity in vitro using the P. berghei ookinete culture assay. The inhibitory effects on male gametogenesis, gamete-ookinete, and zygote-ookinete formation were evaluated. The transmission-blocking activity of two compounds was evaluated using an in vivo mosquito feeding assay. Their cytotoxic effects were assessed on the human cell line HepG2. RESULTS Twelve compounds inhibited P. berghei ookinete formation with an IC50 < 10 μM. Two compounds, BVT-948 and alexidine dihydrochloride, significantly inhibited different developmental stages from gametogenesis through ookinete maturation. They also showed a substantial in vivo transmission-blocking activity by the mosquito feeding assay. CONCLUSIONS Some phosphatase inhibitors effectively inhibited Plasmodium sexual development and exhibited evident transmission-blocking activity, suggesting that phosphatases are valid targets for antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China; Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612-9415, USA
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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5
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Dell’Anno I, Melani A, Martin SA, Barbarino M, Silvestri R, Cipollini M, Giordano A, Mutti L, Nicolini A, Luzzi L, Aiello R, Gemignani F, Landi S. A Drug Screening Revealed Novel Potential Agents against Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2527. [PMID: 35626133 PMCID: PMC9139775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies remains one of the main challenges for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). In this perspective, drug repositioning could accelerate the identification of novel treatments. We screened 1170 FDA-approved drugs on a SV40-immortalized mesothelial (MeT-5A) and five MPM (Mero-14, Mero-25, IST-Mes2, NCI-H28 and MSTO-211H) cell lines. Biological assays were carried out for 41 drugs, showing the highest cytotoxicity and for whom there were a complete lack of published literature in MPM. Cytotoxicity and caspase activation were evaluated with commercially available kits and cell proliferation was assayed using MTT assay and by clonogenic activity with standard protocols. Moreover, the five most effective drugs were further evaluated on patient-derived primary MPM cell lines. The most active molecules were cephalomannine, ouabain, alexidine, thonzonium bromide, and emetine. Except for alexidine, these drugs inhibited the clonogenic ability and caspase activation in all cancer lines tested. The proliferation was inhibited also on an extended panel of cell lines, including primary MPM cells. Thus, we suggest that cephalomannine, ouabain, thonzonium bromide, and emetine could represent novel candidates to be repurposed for improving the arsenal of therapeutic weapons in the fight against MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dell’Anno
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessandra Melani
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Sarah A. Martin
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Marcella Barbarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Translational Oncology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Roberto Silvestri
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Monica Cipollini
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Translational Oncology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Translational Oncology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luca Luzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Aiello
- Toma Institute Srl, Via Cesare Rosaroll 24, 80139 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Federica Gemignani
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefano Landi
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (I.D.); (A.M.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (S.L.)
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6
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Murer L, Volle R, Andriasyan V, Petkidis A, Gomez-Gonzalez A, Yang L, Meili N, Suomalainen M, Bauer M, Policarpo Sequeira D, Olszewski D, Georgi F, Kuttler F, Turcatti G, Greber UF. Identification of broad anti-coronavirus chemical agents for repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. CURRENT RESEARCH IN VIROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100019. [PMID: 35072124 PMCID: PMC8760634 DOI: 10.1016/j.crviro.2022.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) 229E and OC43 cause respiratory disease with recurrent infections, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 spreads across the world with impact on health and societies. Here, we report an image-based multicycle infection procedure with α-coronavirus hCoV-229E-eGFP in an arrayed chemical library screen of 5440 clinical and preclinical compounds. Toxicity counter selection and challenge with the β-coronaviruses OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in tissue culture and human airway epithelial explant cultures (HAEEC) identified four FDA-approved compounds with oral availability. Methylene blue (MB, used for the treatment of methemoglobinemia), Mycophenolic acid (MPA, used in organ transplantation) and the anti-fungal agent Posaconazole (POS) had the broadest anti-CoV spectrum. They inhibited the shedding of SARS-CoV-2 and variants-of-concern (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) from HAEEC in either pre- or post exposure regimens at clinically relevant concentrations. Co-treatment of cultured cells with MB and the FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 RNA-polymerase inhibitor Remdesivir reduced the effective anti-viral concentrations of MB by 2-fold, and Remdesivir by 4 to 10-fold, indicated by BLISS independence synergy modelling. Neither MB, nor MPA, nor POS affected the cell delivery of SARS-CoV-2 or OC43 (+)sense RNA, but blocked subsequent viral RNA accumulation in cells. Unlike Remdesivir, MB, MPA or POS did not reduce the release of viral RNA in post exposure regimen, thus indicating infection inhibition at a post-replicating step as well. In summary, the data emphasize the power of unbiased, full cycle compound screens to identify and repurpose broadly acting drugs against coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Volle
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfonso Gomez-Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Yang
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Policarpo Sequeira
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Olszewski
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 15, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 15, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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di Punzio G, Gilberti M, Baruffini E, Lodi T, Donnini C, Dallabona C. A Yeast-Based Repurposing Approach for the Treatment of Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndromes Led to the Identification of Molecules Able to Modulate the dNTP Pool. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212223. [PMID: 34830106 PMCID: PMC8621932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (MDS) are clinically heterogenous and often severe diseases, characterized by a reduction of the number of copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in affected tissues. In the context of MDS, yeast has proved to be both an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial pathologies and for the discovery of new therapies via high-throughput assays. Among the several genes involved in MDS, it has been shown that recessive mutations in MPV17 cause a hepatocerebral form of MDS and Navajo neurohepatopathy. MPV17 encodes a non selective channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but its physiological role and the nature of its cargo remains elusive. In this study we identify ten drugs active against MPV17 disorder, modelled in yeast using the homologous gene SYM1. All ten of the identified molecules cause a concomitant increase of both the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (mtdNTP) pool and mtDNA stability, which suggests that the reduced availability of DNA synthesis precursors is the cause for the mtDNA deletion and depletion associated with Sym1 deficiency. We finally evaluated the effect of these molecules on mtDNA stability in two other MDS yeast models, extending the potential use of these drugs to a wider range of MDS patients.
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8
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Peng L, Yu Q, Zhu H, Zhu N, Zhang B, Wei H, Xu J, Li M. The V-ATPase regulates localization of the TRP Ca 2+ channel Yvc1 in response to oxidative stress in Candida albicans. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151466. [PMID: 33291030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved protein complex among the eukaryotic cells. We previously revealed that both the V-ATPase and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Yvc1 are involved in oxidative stress response (OSR). However, the relationship between V-ATPase and Yvc1 during OSR remains unknown. In this study, disruption of the V-ATPase-encoding genes VPH2 and TFP1, similar with disruption of YVC1, caused H2O2 hypersensitivity and enhancement of vacuolar membrane permeability (VMP) under oxidative stress. Further investigations showed that unlike the wild type strain with vacuole membrane-localized Yvc1, both vph2Δ/Δ and tfp1Δ/Δ had Yvc1 localization in the vacuole cavity, indicating that disruption of VPH2 or TFP1 impaired normal vacuolar membrane-localization of Yvc1. Interestingly, addition of CaCl2 alleviated the growth defect of vph2Δ/Δ and tfp1Δ/Δ under oxidative stress, leading to prevention of VMP, decrease in ROS levels and activation of OSR. In contrast, addition of the Ca2+ chelating agent glycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) aggravated H2O2 hypersensitivity of the mutants. These results showed that the V-ATPase plays an important role in maintenance of normal Yvc1 localization, which contributes to Ca2+ transport from the vacuoles to the cytosol for activation of OSR. This work sheds a novel light on the interaction between V-ATPase and Ca2+ transport for regulation of OSR in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hangqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Nali Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Henan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jiachun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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9
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Fogarty S, Ouyang Y, Li L, Chen YC, Rane H, Manoni F, Parra KJ, Rutter J, Harran PG. Callyspongiolide Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Vacuolar ATPase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3381-3386. [PMID: 33151675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Callyspongiolide is a marine-derived macrolide that kills cells in a caspase-independent manner. NCI COMPARE analysis of human tumor cell line toxicity data for synthetic callyspongiolide indicated that its pattern of cytotoxicity correlated with that seen for concanamycin A, an inhibitor of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). Using yeast as a model system, we report that treatment with synthetic callyspongiolide phenocopied a loss of V-ATPase activity including (1) inability to grow on a nonfermentable carbon source, (2) rescue of cell growth via supplementation with Fe2+, (3) pH-sensitive growth, and (4) a vacuolar acidification defect visualized using the fluorescent dye quinacrine. Crucially, in an in vitro assay, callyspongiolide was found to dose-dependently inhibit yeast V-ATPase (IC50 = 10 nM). Together, these data identify callyspongiolide as a new and highly potent V-ATPase inhibitor. Notably, callyspongiolide is the first V-ATPase inhibitor known to be expelled by Pdr5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fogarty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
| | - Yeyun Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
| | - Liubo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
| | - Hallie Rane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jared Rutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, United States
| | - Patrick G Harran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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10
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Prasad H, Rao R. Endosomal Acid-Base Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 185:195-231. [PMID: 32737755 PMCID: PMC7614123 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating and largely untreatable conditions that pose a significant burden to affected individuals and caregivers. Overwhelming evidence supports a crucial preclinical role for endosomal dysfunction as an upstream pathogenic hub and driver in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative disorders. We present recent advances on the role of endosomal acid-base homeostasis in neurodegeneration and discuss evidence for converging mechanisms. The strongest genetic risk factor in sporadic AD is the ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which potentiates pre-symptomatic endosomal dysfunction and prominent amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology, although how these pathways are linked mechanistically has remained unclear. There is emerging evidence that the Christianson syndrome protein NHE6 is a prominent ApoE4 effector linking endosomal function to Aβ pathologies. By functioning as a dominant leak pathway for protons, the Na+/H+ exchanger activity of NHE6 limits endosomal acidification and regulates β-secretase (BACE)-mediated Aβ production and LRP1 receptor-mediated Aβ clearance. Pathological endosomal acidification may impact both Aβ generation and clearance mechanisms and emerges as a promising therapeutic target in AD. We also offer our perspective on the complex role of endosomal acid-base homeostasis in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and its therapeutic implications for neuronal rescue and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rajini Rao
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Yousfi H, Ranque S, Cassagne C, Rolain JM, Bittar F. Identification of repositionable drugs with novel antimycotic activity by screening the Prestwick Chemical Library against emerging invasive moulds. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 21:314-317. [PMID: 32004725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of severe filamentous fungal infections has increased over the past decade. Some of these filamentous fungi are resistant to available antifungals; it is thus urgent to find new compounds that are active against such life-threatening pathogens. METHODS In this study, 1280 drugs (Prestwick Chemical Library) were tested against six multidrug-resistant (MDR) filamentous fungi, includingAspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium/Lomentospora, Rhizopus and Lichtheimia species. RESULTS Several hits were identified that induced fungal growth inhibition ≥70%. Among the non-antifungal compounds that were effective against the clinical moulds tested in this study, clioquinol, alexidine dihydrochloride, hexachlorophene and thonzonium bromide displayed a broad activity against all strains tested. CONCLUSION This study enriches the potential antifungal options that can be used against MDR invasive fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Yousfi
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Cassagne
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Fadi Bittar
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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12
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Kim SW, Park YK, Joo YJ, Chun YJ, Hwang JY, Baek JH, Kim J. Subunits of the vacuolar H+-ATPase complex, Vma4 and Vma10, are essential for virulence and represent potential drug targets in Candida albicans. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:709-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Kettimuthu KP, Kini A, Manickam AS, Lourthuraj AA, Venkatraman A, Subramani S, Ramachandran A. Cleistanthus collinus poisoning affects mitochondrial respiration and induces oxidative stress in the rat kidney. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:561-568. [PMID: 31161845 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1624905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cleistanthus collinus is a poisonous shrub used for deliberate self-harm in rural areas of South India and intake of boiled decoction of leaves is a common method of self-harm. Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is an important clinical symptom observed in C. collinus poisoning, and renal V-ATPases may be potential targets of damage. However, a lack of understanding of molecular mediators involved hampers medical management, which is mainly supportive. We hypothesized that C. collinus poisoning induces renal oxidative stress; probably by inducing mitochondrial uncoupling, which compromises V-ATPase activity to ultimately produce dRTA. This was tested by exposing renal BBMV, kidney cells in culture, and Wistar rats to C. collinus poisoning. Exposure to C. collinus aqueous extract resulted in significant elevations in the lipid peroxidation marker, conjugated dienes, in cell culture and in vivo. A significant decrease in mitochondrial respiratory control ratio was observed in kidneys from C. collinus-treated animals suggesting that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled. This was accompanied by significant increase in ADP levels and a decrease in proton pump activity. Thus, these results demonstrate that C. collinus poisoning induces oxidative stress which influences proton pump activity, probably due to feedback inhibition by elevated ADP levels because of mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Soosai Manickam
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore , India
| | | | | | - Sathya Subramani
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College , Vellore , India
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory , Vellore , India
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14
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Kanvatirth P, Jeeves RE, Bacon J, Besra GS, Alderwick LJ. Utilisation of the Prestwick Chemical Library to identify drugs that inhibit the growth of mycobacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213713. [PMID: 30861059 PMCID: PMC6414029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that kills approximately 1.3 million people every year. Despite global efforts to reduce both the incidence and mortality associated with TB, the emergence of drug resistant strains has slowed any progress made towards combating the spread of this deadly disease. The current TB drug regimen is inadequate, takes months to complete and poses significant challenges when administering to patients suffering from drug resistant TB. New treatments that are faster, simpler and more affordable are urgently required. Arguably, a good strategy to discover new drugs is to start with an old drug. Here, we have screened a library of 1200 FDA approved drugs from the Prestwick Chemical library using a GFP microplate assay. Drugs were screened against GFP expressing strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as surrogates for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB in humans. We identified several classes of drugs that displayed antimycobacterial activity against both M. smegmatis and BCG, however each organism also displayed some selectivity towards certain drug classes. Variant analysis of whole genomes sequenced for resistant mutants raised to florfenicol, vanoxerine and pentamidine highlight new pathways that could be exploited in drug repurposing programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchali Kanvatirth
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rose E. Jeeves
- TB Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J. Alderwick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Hayes MP, Soto-Velasquez M, Fowler CA, Watts VJ, Roman DL. Identification of FDA-Approved Small Molecules Capable of Disrupting the Calmodulin-Adenylyl Cyclase 8 Interaction through Direct Binding to Calmodulin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:346-357. [PMID: 28968502 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (AC) catalyze the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP and are involved in a number of disease states, making them attractive potential drug targets. AC8, in particular, has been implicated in several neurological disorders. While development of small molecule AC inhibitors has generated some chemical leads, the lack of inhibitor specificity among AC family members has limited the identification of successful drug candidates. Therefore, finding alternative novel methods to suppress AC activity are needed. Because only AC1 and AC8 are robustly stimulated by calmodulin (CaM), we set out to explore the mechanism of disrupting the AC/CaM interaction as a way to selectively inhibit AC8. Through the development and implementation of a novel biochemical high-throughput-screening paradigm, we identified six small molecules from an FDA-approved compound library that are capable of disrupting the AC8/CaM interaction. These compounds were also shown to be able disrupt formation of this complex in cells, ultimately leading to decreased AC8 activity. Interestingly, further mechanistic analysis determined that these compounds functioned by binding to CaM and blocking its interaction with AC8. While these particular compounds could inhibit CaM interaction with both AC1 and AC8, they provide significant proof of concept for inhibition of ACs through disruption of CaM binding. These compounds, as dual AC1/AC8 inhibitors, provide important tools for probing pathological conditions where AC1/AC8 activity are enhanced, such as chronic pain and ethanol consumption. Furthermore, unlike tools such as genetic deletion, these compounds can be used in a dose-dependent fashion to determine the role of AC/CaM interactions in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug
Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - C. Andrew Fowler
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Val J. Watts
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug
Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David L. Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J. and
Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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16
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Sebastián M, Anoz-Carbonell E, Gracia B, Cossio P, Aínsa JA, Lans I, Medina M. Discovery of antimicrobial compounds targeting bacterial type FAD synthetases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:241-254. [PMID: 29258359 PMCID: PMC7012052 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1411910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of bacterial strains resistant to most of the available antibiotics shows a need to explore novel antibacterial targets to discover antimicrobial drugs. Bifunctional bacterial FAD synthetases (FADSs) synthesise the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These cofactors act in vital processes as part of flavoproteins, making FADS an essential enzyme. Bacterial FADSs are potential antibacterial targets because of differences to mammalian enzymes, particularly at the FAD producing site. We have optimised an activity-based high throughput screening assay targeting Corynebacterium ammoniagenes FADS (CaFADS) that identifies inhibitors of its different activities. We selected the three best high-performing inhibitors of the FMN:adenylyltransferase activity (FMNAT) and studied their inhibition mechanisms and binding properties. The specificity of the CaFADS hits was evaluated by studying also their effect on the Streptococcus pneumoniae FADS activities, envisaging differences that can be used to discover species-specific antibacterial drugs. The antimicrobial effect of these compounds was also evaluated on C. ammoniagenes, S. pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures, finding hits with favourable antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sebastián
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units) , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units) , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,c Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Begoña Gracia
- c Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,d CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pilar Cossio
- e Department of Theoretical Biophysics , Max Planck Institute of Biophysics , Frankfurt , Germany.,f Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group , University of Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - José Antonio Aínsa
- b Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units) , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,c Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,d CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Isaías Lans
- f Biophysics of Tropical Diseases, Max Planck Tandem Group , University of Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Milagros Medina
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units) , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
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17
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Ku TSN, Bernardo S, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candidiasis and the impact of flow cytometry on antifungal drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1127-1137. [PMID: 28876963 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1377179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive candidiasis continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as substantial health care costs nationally and globally. One of the contributing factors is the development of resistance to antifungal agents that are already in clinical use. Moreover, there are known treatment limitations with all of the available antifungal agents. Since traditional techniques in novel drug discovery are time consuming, high-throughput screening using flow cytometry presents as a potential tool to identify new antifungal agents that would be useful in the management of these patients. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the use of automated high-throughput screening assays based upon flow cytometry to identify potential antifungals from a library comprised of a large number of bioactive compounds. They also review studies that employed the use of this research methodology that has identified compounds with antifungal activity. Expert opinion: High-throughput screening using flow cytometry has substantially decreased the processing time necessary for screening thousands of compounds, and has helped enhance our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Indeed, the authors see this technology as a powerful tool to help scientists identify new antifungal agents that can be added to the clinician's arsenal in their fight against invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun Sheng N Ku
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Stella Bernardo
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Carla J Walraven
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Services , University of New Mexico Hospital , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Samuel A Lee
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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18
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In Vivo Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in Candida albicans. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00276-17. [PMID: 28685162 PMCID: PMC5497024 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00276-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts of its human host. It can also invade the bloodstream and deeper organs of immunosuppressed individuals, and thus it encounters enormous variations in external pH in vivo. Accordingly, survival within such diverse niches necessitates robust adaptive responses to regulate intracellular pH. However, the impact of antifungal drugs upon these adaptive responses, and on intracellular pH in general, is not well characterized. Furthermore, the tools and methods currently available to directly monitor intracellular pH in C. albicans, as well as other fungal pathogens, have significant limitations. To address these issues, we developed a new and improved set of pH sensors based on the pH-responsive fluorescent protein pHluorin. This includes a cytoplasmic sensor, a probe that localizes inside the fungal vacuole (an acidified compartment that plays a central role in intracellular pH homeostasis), and a cell surface probe that can detect changes in extracellular pH. These tools can be used to monitor pH within single C. albicans cells or in cell populations in real time through convenient and high-throughput assays. Environmental or chemically induced stresses often trigger physiological responses that regulate intracellular pH. As such, the capacity to detect pH changes in real time and within live cells is of fundamental importance to essentially all aspects of biology. In this respect, pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein, has provided an invaluable tool to detect such responses. Here, we report the adaptation of pHluorin2 (PHL2), a substantially brighter variant of pHluorin, for use with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. As well as a cytoplasmic PHL2 indicator, we describe a version that specifically localizes within the fungal vacuole, an acidified subcellular compartment with important functions in nutrient storage and pH homeostasis. In addition, by means of a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored PHL2-fusion protein, we generated a cell surface pH sensor. We demonstrated the utility of these tools in several applications, including accurate intracellular and extracellular pH measurements in individual cells via flow cytometry and in cell populations via a convenient plate reader-based protocol. The PHL2 tools can also be used for endpoint as well as time course experiments and to conduct chemical screens to identify drugs that alter normal pH homeostasis. These tools enable observation of the highly dynamic intracellular pH shifts that occur throughout the fungal growth cycle, as well as in response to various chemical treatments. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts of its human host. It can also invade the bloodstream and deeper organs of immunosuppressed individuals, and thus it encounters enormous variations in external pH in vivo. Accordingly, survival within such diverse niches necessitates robust adaptive responses to regulate intracellular pH. However, the impact of antifungal drugs upon these adaptive responses, and on intracellular pH in general, is not well characterized. Furthermore, the tools and methods currently available to directly monitor intracellular pH in C. albicans, as well as other fungal pathogens, have significant limitations. To address these issues, we developed a new and improved set of pH sensors based on the pH-responsive fluorescent protein pHluorin. This includes a cytoplasmic sensor, a probe that localizes inside the fungal vacuole (an acidified compartment that plays a central role in intracellular pH homeostasis), and a cell surface probe that can detect changes in extracellular pH. These tools can be used to monitor pH within single C. albicans cells or in cell populations in real time through convenient and high-throughput assays.
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19
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Identification of residues critical for proton-coupled glutathione translocation in the yeast glutathione transporter, Hgt1p. Biochem J 2017; 474:1807-1821. [PMID: 28389436 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proton gradient acts as the driving force for the transport of many metabolites across fungal and plant plasma membranes. Identifying the mechanism of proton relay is critical for understanding the mechanism of transport mediated by these transporters. We investigated two strategies for identifying residues critical for proton-dependent substrate transport in the yeast glutathione transporter, Hgt1p, a member of the poorly understood oligopeptide transporter family of transporters. In the first strategy, we tried to identify the pH-independent mutants that could grow at higher pH when dependant on glutathione transport. Screening a library of 269 alanine mutants of the transmembrane domains (TMDs) along with a random mutagenesis strategy yielded two residues (E135K on the cusp of TMD2 and N710S on TMD12) that permitted growth on glutathione at pH 8.0. Further analysis revealed that these residues were not involved in proton symport even though they conferred better transport at a higher pH. The second strategy involved a knowledge-driven approach, targeting 31 potential residues based on charge, conservation and location. Mutation of these residues followed by functional and biochemical characterization revealed E177A, Y193A, D335A, Y374A, H445A and R554A as being defective in proton transport. Further analysis enabled possible roles of these residues to be assigned in proton relay. The implications of these findings in relation to Hgt1p and the suitability of these strategic approaches for identifying such residues are discussed.
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20
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Farsi Z, Jahn R, Woehler A. Proton electrochemical gradient: Driving and regulating neurotransmitter uptake. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28383767 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of neurotransmitters in the lumen of synaptic vesicles (SVs) relies on the activity of the vacuolar-type H+ -ATPase. This pump drives protons into the lumen, generating a proton electrochemical gradient (ΔμH+ ) across the membrane. Recent work has demonstrated that the balance between the chemical (ΔpH) and electrical (ΔΨ) components of ΔμH+ is regulated differently by some distinct vesicle types. As different neurotransmitter transporters use ΔpH and ΔΨ with different relative efficiencies, regulation of this gradient balance has the potential to influence neurotransmitter uptake. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this regulation remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of current neurotransmitter uptake models, with a particular emphasis on the distinct roles of the electrical and chemical gradients and current hypotheses for regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farsi
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Woehler
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Tournu H, Carroll J, Latimer B, Dragoi AM, Dykes S, Cardelli J, Peters TL, Eberle KE, Palmer GE. Identification of small molecules that disrupt vacuolar function in the pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171145. [PMID: 28151949 PMCID: PMC5289544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal vacuole is a large acidified organelle that performs a variety of cellular functions. At least a sub-set of these functions are crucial for pathogenic species of fungi, such as Candida albicans, to survive within and invade mammalian tissue as mutants with severe defects in vacuolar biogenesis are avirulent. We therefore sought to identify chemical probes that disrupt the normal function and/or integrity of the fungal vacuole to provide tools for the functional analysis of this organelle as well as potential experimental therapeutics. A convenient indicator of vacuolar integrity based upon the intracellular accumulation of an endogenously produced pigment was adapted to identify Vacuole Disrupting chemical Agents (VDAs). Several chemical libraries were screened and a set of 29 compounds demonstrated to reproducibly cause loss of pigmentation, including 9 azole antifungals, a statin and 3 NSAIDs. Quantitative analysis of vacuolar morphology revealed that (excluding the azoles) a sub-set of 14 VDAs significantly alter vacuolar number, size and/or shape. Many C. albicans mutants with impaired vacuolar function are deficient in the formation of hyphal elements, a process essential for its pathogenicity. Accordingly, all 14 VDAs negatively impact C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis. Fungal selectivity was observed for approximately half of the VDA compounds identified, since they did not alter the morphology of the equivalent mammalian organelle, the lysosome. Collectively, these compounds comprise of a new collection of chemical probes that directly or indirectly perturb normal vacuolar function in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Tournu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brian Latimer
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samantha Dykes
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James Cardelli
- Department of Medicine, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Eberle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Palmer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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22
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Sant DG, Tupe SG, Ramana CV, Deshpande MV. Fungal cell membrane-promising drug target for antifungal therapy. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1498-1510. [PMID: 27667746 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increase in invasive fungal infections over the past few years especially in immunocompromised patients prompted the search for new antifungal agents with improved efficacy. Current antifungal armoury includes very few effective drugs like Amphotericin B; new generation azoles, including voriconazole and posaconazole; echinocandins like caspofungin and micafungin to name a few. Azole class of antifungals which target the fungal cell membrane are the first choice of treatment for many years because of their effectiveness. As the fungal cell membrane is predominantly made up of sterols, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, the role of lipids in pathogenesis and target identification for improved therapeutics were largely pursued by researchers during the last few years. Present review focuses on cell membrane as an antifungal target with emphasis on membrane biogenesis, structure and function of cell membrane, cell membrane inhibitors, screening assays, recent advances and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Sant
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - S G Tupe
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - C V Ramana
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - M V Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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23
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Ansari MA, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Anticandidal Effect and Mechanisms of Monoterpenoid, Perillyl Alcohol against Candida albicans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162465. [PMID: 27627759 PMCID: PMC5023166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the antifungal potential of perillyl alcohol (PA), a natural monoterpene alcohol, against most prevalent human fungal pathogen C. albicans, its clinical isolates and four non-albicans species of Candida. To resolve the potential mechanisms, we used whole genome transcriptome analyses of PA treated Candida cells to examine the affected cellular circuitry of this pathogen. The transcriptome data revealed a link between calcineurin signaling and PA as among the several categories of PA responsive genes the down regulation of calcineurin signaling gene CNB1 was noteworthy which was also confirmed by both molecular docking and susceptibility assays. We observed that PA treated Candida phenocopied compromised calcineurin pathway stress responses and turned sensitive to alkaline pH, ionic, membrane, salinity, endoplasmic reticulum and serum stresses. Indispensability of functional calcineurin was further confirmed as calcineurin mutant was hypersensitive to PA while constitutively expressed calcineurin strain remained resistant. We explored that PA leads to perturbed membrane integrity as depicted through depleted ergosterol levels and disrupted pH homeostasis. Moreover, PA caused cell wall damage which was evident from hypersensitivity against cell wall perturbing agents (congo red, calcoflour white), SEM and enhanced rate of cell sedimentation. Furthermore, PA inhibited potential virulence traits including morphological transition, biofilm formation and displayed diminished capacity to adhere both to the polystyrene surface and buccal epithelial cells. The study also revealed that PA leads to cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial dysfunction in C. albicans. Together, the present study provides enough evidence for further work on PA so that better strategies could be employed to treat Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz A. Ansari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar)-122413, India
- * E-mail: (SH); (ZF)
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar)-122413, India
- * E-mail: (SH); (ZF)
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24
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Chan CY, Dominguez D, Parra KJ. Regulation of Vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) Reassembly by Glycolysis Flow in 6-Phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1)-deficient Yeast Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15820-9. [PMID: 27226568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) has two subunits, Pfk1p and Pfk2p. Deletion of Pfk2p alters glucose-dependent V-ATPase reassembly and vacuolar acidification (Chan, C. Y., and Parra, K. J. (2014) Yeast phosphofructokinase-1 subunit Pfk2p is necessary for pH homeostasis and glucose-dependent vacuolar ATPase reassembly. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 19448-19457). This study capitalized on the mechanisms suppressing vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) in pfk2Δ to gain new knowledge of the mechanisms underlying glucose-dependent V-ATPase regulation. Because V-ATPase is fully assembled in pfk2Δ, and glycolysis partially suppressed at steady state, we manipulated glycolysis and assessed its direct involvement on V-ATPase function. At steady state, the ratio of proton transport to ATP hydrolysis increased 24% after increasing the glucose concentration from 2% to 4% to enhance the glycolysis flow in pfk2Δ. Tighter coupling restored vacuolar pH when glucose was abundant and glycolysis operated below capacity. After readdition of glucose to glucose-deprived cells, glucose-dependent V1Vo reassembly was proportional to the glycolysis flow. Readdition of 2% glucose to pfk2Δ cells, which restored 62% of ethanol concentration, led to equivalent 60% V1Vo reassembly levels. Steady-state level of assembly (100% reassembly) was reached at 4% glucose when glycolysis reached a threshold in pfk2Δ (≥40% the wild-type flow). At 4% glucose, the level of Pfk1p co-immunoprecipitated with V-ATPase decreased 58% in pfk2Δ, suggesting that Pfk1p binding to V-ATPase may be inhibitory in the mutant. We concluded that V-ATPase activity at steady state and V-ATPase reassembly after readdition of glucose to glucose-deprived cells are controlled by the glycolysis flow. We propose a new mechanism by which glucose regulates V-ATPase catalytic activity that occurs at steady state without changing V1Vo assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Chan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Dennis Dominguez
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Karlett J Parra
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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25
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Zhu X, Gao J, Ng PY, Qin A, Steer JH, Pavlos NJ, Zheng MH, Dong Y, Cheng TS. Alexidine Dihydrochloride Attenuates Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption and Protects Against LPS-Induced Osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:560-72. [PMID: 26363136 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic infection leading to inflammatory osteolysis is a major complication associated with total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The liberation of bacterial products and/or implant-derived wear particles activates immune cells that produce pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines that enhance osteoclast recruitment and activity, leading to bone destruction and osteolysis. Therefore, agents that prevent the inflammatory response and/or attenuate excessive osteoclast (OC) formation and bone resorption offer therapeutic potential by prolonging the life of TJA implants. Alexidine dihydrochloride (AD) is a bisbiguanide compound commonly used as an oral disinfectant and in contact lens solutions. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties; however, its effects on OC biology are poorly described. Here, we demonstrate that AD inhibits OC formation and bone resorption in vitro and exert prophylatic protection against LPS-induced osteolysis in vivo. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that AD suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK, p38, and JNK), leading to the downregulation of NFATc1. Furthermore, AD disrupted F-actin ring formation and attenuated the ability of mature OC to resorb bone. Collectively, our findings suggest that AD may be a promising prophylactic anti-osteoclastic/resorptive agent for the treatment of osteolytic diseases caused by excessive OC formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Pei Y Ng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - James H Steer
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tak S Cheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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26
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Zhu X, Gao JJ, Landao-Bassonga E, Pavlos NJ, Qin A, Steer JH, Zheng MH, Dong Y, Cheng TS. Thonzonium bromide inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro and prevents LPS-induced bone loss in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:118-30. [PMID: 26906912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) play a pivotal role in a variety of lytic bone diseases including osteoporosis, arthritis, bone tumors, Paget's disease and the aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants. The primary focus for the development of bone-protective therapies in these diseases has centered on the suppression of OC formation and function. In this study we report that thonzonium bromide (TB), a monocationic surface-active agent, inhibited RANKL-induced OC formation, the appearance of OC-specific marker genes and bone-resorbing activity in vitro. Mechanistically, TB blocked the RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB, ERK and c-Fos as well as the induction of NFATc1 which is essential for OC formation. TB disrupted F-actin ring formation resulting in disturbances in cytoskeletal structure in mature OCs during bone resorption. Furthermore, TB exhibited protective effects in an in vivo murine model of LPS-induced calvarial osteolysis. Collectively, these data suggest that TB might be a useful alternative therapy in preventing or treating osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun J Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Euphemie Landao-Bassonga
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - James H Steer
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Tak S Cheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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27
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Feng J, Weitner M, Shi W, Zhang S, Sullivan D, Zhang Y. Identification of Additional Anti-Persister Activity against Borrelia burgdorferi from an FDA Drug Library. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:397-410. [PMID: 27025631 PMCID: PMC4790293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a leading vector-borne disease in the United States. Although the majority of Lyme patients can be cured with standard 2–4 week antibiotic treatment, 10%–20% of patients continue to suffer from prolonged post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). While the cause for this is unclear, persisting organisms not killed by current Lyme antibiotics may be involved. In our previous study, we screened an FDA drug library and reported 27 top hits that showed high activity against Borrelia persisters. In this study, we present the results of an additional 113 active hits that have higher activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi than the currently used Lyme antibiotics. Many antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anthelmintics or antiparasitics) used for treating other infections were found to have better activity than the current Lyme antibiotics. These include antibacterials such as rifamycins (3-formal-rifamycin, rifaximin, rifamycin SV), thiostrepton, quinolone drugs (sarafloxacin, clinafloxacin, tosufloxacin), and cell wall inhibitors carbenicillin, tazobactam, aztreonam; antifungal agents such as fluconazole, mepartricin, bifonazole, climbazole, oxiconazole, nystatin; antiviral agents zanamivir, nevirapine, tilorone; antimalarial agents artemisinin, methylene blue, and quidaldine blue; antihelmintic and antiparasitic agents toltrazuril, tartar emetic, potassium antimonyl tartrate trihydrate, oxantel, closantel, hycanthone, pyrimethamine, and tetramisole. Interestingly, drugs used for treating other non-infectious conditions including verteporfin, oltipraz, pyroglutamic acid, pidolic acid, and dextrorphan tartrate, that act on the glutathione/γ-glutamyl pathway involved in protection against free radical damage, and also the antidepressant drug indatraline, were found to have high activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi. Among the active hits, agents that affect cell membranes, energy production, and reactive oxygen species production are more active against the B. burgdorferi persisters than the commonly used antibiotics that inhibit macromolecule biosynthesis. Future studies are needed to evaluate and optimize the promising active hits in drug combination studies in vitro and also in vivo in animal models. These studies may have implications for developing more effective treatments of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Megan Weitner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wanliang Shi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Deranieh RM, Shi Y, Tarsio M, Chen Y, McCaffery JM, Kane PM, Greenberg ML. Perturbation of the Vacuolar ATPase: A NOVEL CONSEQUENCE OF INOSITOL DEPLETION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27460-72. [PMID: 26324718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of inositol has profound effects on cell function and has been implicated in the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. We have previously shown that the anticonvulsant drug valproate (VPA) depletes inositol by inhibiting myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of inositol biosynthesis. To elucidate the cellular consequences of inositol depletion, we screened the yeast deletion collection for VPA-sensitive mutants and identified mutants in vacuolar sorting and the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). Inositol depletion caused by starvation of ino1Δ cells perturbed the vacuolar structure and decreased V-ATPase activity and proton pumping in isolated vacuolar vesicles. VPA compromised the dynamics of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI3,5P2) and greatly reduced V-ATPase proton transport in inositol-deprived wild-type cells. Osmotic stress, known to increase PI3,5P2 levels, did not restore PI3,5P2 homeostasis nor did it induce vacuolar fragmentation in VPA-treated cells, suggesting that perturbation of the V-ATPase is a consequence of altered PI3,5P2 homeostasis under inositol-limiting conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate that inositol depletion caused by starvation of an inositol synthesis mutant or by the inositol-depleting drug VPA leads to perturbation of the V-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Deranieh
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Yihui Shi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Maureen Tarsio
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Yan Chen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - J Michael McCaffery
- the Integrated Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Patricia M Kane
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202,
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29
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Gilman-Sachs A, Tikoo A, Akman-Anderson L, Jaiswal M, Ntrivalas E, Beaman K. Expression and role of a2 vacuolar-ATPase (a2V) in trafficking of human neutrophil granules and exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1121-31. [PMID: 25877929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1214-620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill microorganisms by inducing exocytosis of granules with antibacterial properties. Four isoforms of the "a" subunit of V-ATPase-a1V, a2V, a3V, and a4V-have been identified. a2V is expressed in white blood cells, that is, on the surface of monocytes or activated lymphocytes. Neutrophil associated-a2V was found on membranes of primary (azurophilic) granules and less often on secondary (specific) granules, tertiary (gelatinase granules), and secretory vesicles. However, it was not found on the surface of resting neutrophils. Following stimulation of neutrophils, primary granules containing a2V as well as CD63 translocated to the surface of the cell because of exocytosis. a2V was also found on the cell surface when the neutrophils were incubated in ammonium chloride buffer (pH 7.4) a weak base. The intracellular pH (cytosol) became alkaline within 5 min after stimulation, and the pH increased from 7.2 to 7.8; this pH change correlated with intragranular acidification of the neutrophil granules. Upon translocation and exocytosis, a2V on the membrane of primary granules remained on the cell surface, but myeloperoxidase was secreted. V-ATPase may have a role in the fusion of the granule membrane with the cell surface membrane before exocytosis. These findings suggest that the granule-associated a2V isoform has a role in maintaining a pH gradient within the cell between the cytosol and granules in neutrophils and also in fusion between the surface and the granules before exocytosis. Because a2V is not found on the surface of resting neutrophils, surface a2V may be useful as a biomarker for activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjali Tikoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyla Akman-Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mukesh Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evangelos Ntrivalas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Tegos GP, Evangelisti AM, Strouse JJ, Ursu O, Bologa C, Sklar LA. A high throughput flow cytometric assay platform targeting transporter inhibition. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 12:e95-103. [PMID: 25027381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the concepts, recent applications and limitations of High Throughput Screening (HTS) flow cytometry-based efflux inhibitory assays. This platform has been employed in mammalian and yeast efflux systems leading to the identification of small molecules with transporter inhibitory capabilities. This technology offers the possibility of substrate multiplexing and may promote novel strategies targeting microbial efflux systems. This platform can generate a comprehensive dataset that may support efforts to map the interface between chemistry and transporter biology in a variety of pathogenic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Tegos
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Annette M Evangelisti
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - J Jacob Strouse
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Oleg Ursu
- Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Cristian Bologa
- Division of Translational Informatics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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31
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Cloning, expression and purification of subunit H of vacuolar H⁺-ATPase from Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15443-55. [PMID: 25257524 PMCID: PMC4200773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar (H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) of insect, which is composed of membrane-bound V0 complex and peripheral V1 complex, participates in lots of important physiological process. Subunit H, as a subunit of V1 complex, plays a vital role in bridging the communication between V1 and V0 complexes and interaction with other proteins. Yeast subunit H has been successfully crystallized through expression in E. coli, but little is known about the structure of insect subunit H. In this study, we cloned, expressed and purified the subunit H from midgut of Mythimna separata Walker. Through RACE (rapidly amplification of cDNA ends) technique, we got 1807 bp full length of subunit H, and to keep the nature structure of subunit H, we constructed Baculovirus expression vector with His-tag in the C-terminal and expressed the recombinant protein in insect sf9 cells, thereafter, purified the recombinant protein by Ni-NTA columns. Results of SDS-PAGE, western blotting and mass spectrometry showed that the recombinant protein was successfully expressed. The method of expressing and purifying M. separata subunit H will provide a foundation for obtaining the crystal of subunit H and further study of the design of novel insecticides based on its structure and function.
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The contribution of Candida albicans vacuolar ATPase subunit V₁B, encoded by VMA2, to stress response, autophagy, and virulence is independent of environmental pH. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1207-21. [PMID: 25038082 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00135-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans vacuoles are central to many critical biological processes, including filamentation and in vivo virulence. The V-ATPase proton pump is a multisubunit complex responsible for organellar acidification and is essential for vacuolar biogenesis and function. To study the function of the V₁B subunit of C. albicans V-ATPase, we constructed a tetracycline-regulatable VMA2 mutant, tetR-VMA2. Inhibition of VMA2 expression resulted in the inability to grow at alkaline pH and altered resistance to calcium, cold temperature, antifungal drugs, and growth on nonfermentable carbon sources. Furthermore, V-ATPase was unable to fully assemble at the vacuolar membrane and was impaired in proton transport and ATPase-specific activity. VMA2 repression led to vacuolar alkalinization in addition to abnormal vacuolar morphology and biogenesis. Key virulence-related traits, including filamentation and secretion of degradative enzymes, were markedly inhibited. These results are consistent with previous studies of C. albicans V-ATPase; however, differential contributions of the V-ATPase Vo and V₁ subunits to filamentation and secretion are observed. We also make the novel observation that inhibition of C. albicans V-ATPase results in increased susceptibility to osmotic stress. Notably, V-ATPase inhibition under conditions of nitrogen starvation results in defects in autophagy. Lastly, we show the first evidence that V-ATPase contributes to virulence in an acidic in vivo system by demonstrating that the tetR-VMA2 mutant is avirulent in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. This study illustrates the fundamental requirement of V-ATPase for numerous key virulence-related traits in C. albicans and demonstrates that the contribution of V-ATPase to virulence is independent of host pH.
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Chan CY, Parra KJ. Yeast phosphofructokinase-1 subunit Pfk2p is necessary for pH homeostasis and glucose-dependent vacuolar ATPase reassembly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19448-57. [PMID: 24860096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
V-ATPases are conserved ATP-driven proton pumps that acidify organelles. Yeast V-ATPase assembly and activity are glucose-dependent. Glucose depletion causes V-ATPase disassembly and its inactivation. Glucose readdition triggers reassembly and resumes proton transport and organelle acidification. We investigated the roles of the yeast phosphofructokinase-1 subunits Pfk1p and Pfk2p for V-ATPase function. The pfk1Δ and pfk2Δ mutants grew on glucose and assembled wild-type levels of V-ATPase pumps at the membrane. Both phosphofructokinase-1 subunits co-immunoprecipitated with V-ATPase in wild-type cells; upon deletion of one subunit, the other subunit retained binding to V-ATPase. The pfk2Δ cells exhibited a partial vma growth phenotype. In vitro ATP hydrolysis and proton transport were reduced by 35% in pfk2Δ membrane fractions; they were normal in pfk1Δ. In vivo, the pfk1Δ and pfk2Δ vacuoles were alkalinized and the cytosol acidified, suggestive of impaired V-ATPase proton transport. Overall the pH alterations were more dramatic in pfk2Δ than pfk1Δ at steady state and after readdition of glucose to glucose-deprived cells. Glucose-dependent reassembly was 50% reduced in pfk2Δ, and the vacuolar lumen was not acidified after reassembly. RAVE-assisted glucose-dependent reassembly and/or glucose signals were disturbed in pfk2Δ. Binding of disassembled V-ATPase (V1 domain) to its assembly factor RAVE (subunit Rav1p) was 5-fold enhanced, indicating that Pfk2p is necessary for V-ATPase regulation by glucose. Because Pfk1p and Pfk2p are necessary for V-ATPase proton transport at the vacuole in vivo, a role for glycolysis at regulating V-ATPase proton transport is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Chan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Karlett J Parra
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Olsen I. Attenuation of Candida albicans virulence with focus on disruption of its vacuole functions. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23898. [PMID: 24765242 PMCID: PMC3974176 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present review is to discuss if the yeast vacuole can be used as a target for attenuation of Candida albicans virulence. Literature searches were made electronically using predetermined inclusion criteria. The main searches were made through a systematic strategy in PubMed and authoritative journals in microbiology. It appeared that C. albicans virulence may be reduced by inhibiting vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) functions and acidification of the yeast vacuole by V-ATPase inhibitors, by seeking the synergistic effect of antifungals and non-antifungals affecting yeast vacuolar functions, and by inhibiting filament production – also regulated by the vacuole. Accordingly, we may impair C. albicans virulence by inhibiting functions of its vacuole, which plays essential roles during colonization and invasion of the host. Except for drugs where indications for clinical use can be redefined, such interventions may be closer to theory than to reality at the moment. But since the yeast is so difficult to eradicate by antifungal treatment, it could be rewarding to seek new strategies for reducing its virulence rather than trying to eradicate it completely from the microbiota, which often turns out to be impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Hayek SR, Lee SA, Parra KJ. Advances in targeting the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) for anti-fungal therapy. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:4. [PMID: 24478704 PMCID: PMC3902353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is a membrane-bound, multi-subunit enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons across membranes. V-ATPase activity is critical for pH homeostasis and organelle acidification as well as for generation of the membrane potential that drives secondary transporters and cellular metabolism. V-ATPase is highly conserved across species and is best characterized in the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, recent studies in mammals have identified significant alterations from fungi, particularly in the isoform composition of the 14 subunits and in the regulation of complex disassembly. These differences could be exploited for selectivity between fungi and humans and highlight the potential for V-ATPase as an anti-fungal drug target. Candida albicans is a major human fungal pathogen and causes fatality in 35% of systemic infections, even with anti-fungal treatment. The pathogenicity of C. albicans correlates with environmental, vacuolar, and cytoplasmic pH regulation, and V-ATPase appears to play a fundamental role in each of these processes. Genetic loss of V-ATPase in pathogenic fungi leads to defective virulence, and a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms involved is emerging. Recent studies have explored the practical utility of V-ATPase as an anti-fungal drug target in C. albicans, including pharmacological inhibition, azole therapy, and targeting of downstream pathways. This overview will discuss these studies as well as hypothetical ways to target V-ATPase and novel high-throughput methods for use in future drug discovery screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer R Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Samuel A Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA ; Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico Veterans Healthcare System Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Candida albicans VMA3 is necessary for V-ATPase assembly and function and contributes to secretion and filamentation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1369-82. [PMID: 23913543 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00118-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar membrane ATPase (V-ATPase) is a protein complex that utilizes ATP hydrolysis to drive protons from the cytosol into the vacuolar lumen, acidifying the vacuole and modulating several key cellular response systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To study the contribution of V-ATPase to the biology and virulence attributes of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, we created a conditional mutant in which VMA3 was placed under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter (tetR-VMA3 strain). Repression of VMA3 in the tetR-VMA3 strain prevents V-ATPase assembly at the vacuolar membrane and reduces concanamycin A-sensitive ATPase-specific activity and proton transport by more than 90%. Loss of C. albicans V-ATPase activity alkalinizes the vacuolar lumen and has pleiotropic effects, including pH-dependent growth, calcium sensitivity, and cold sensitivity. The tetR-VMA3 strain also displays abnormal vacuolar morphology, indicative of defective vacuolar membrane fission. The tetR-VMA3 strain has impaired aspartyl protease and lipase secretion, as well as attenuated virulence in an in vitro macrophage killing model. Repression of VMA3 suppresses filamentation, and V-ATPase-dependent filamentation defects are not rescued by overexpression of RIM8, MDS3, EFG1, CST20, or UME6, which encode positive regulators of filamentation. Specific chemical inhibition of Vma3p function also results in defective filamentation. These findings suggest either that V-ATPase functions downstream of these transcriptional regulators or that V-ATPase function during filamentation involves independent mechanisms and alternative signaling pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that V-ATPase activity is a fundamental requirement for several key virulence-associated traits in C. albicans.
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High-throughput screening of a collection of known pharmacologically active small compounds for identification of Candida albicans biofilm inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3681-7. [PMID: 23689719 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00680-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common etiologic agent of systemic fungal infections with unacceptably high mortality rates. The existing arsenal of antifungal drugs is very limited and is particularly ineffective against C. albicans biofilms. To address the unmet need for novel antifungals, particularly those active against biofilms, we have screened a small molecule library consisting of 1,200 off-patent drugs already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Prestwick Chemical Library, to identify inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm formation. According to their pharmacological applications that are currently known, we classified these bioactive compounds as antifungal drugs, as antimicrobials/antiseptics, or as miscellaneous drugs, which we considered to be drugs with no previously characterized antifungal activity. Using a 96-well microtiter plate-based high-content screening assay, we identified 38 pharmacologically active agents that inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. These drugs were subsequently tested for their potency and efficacy against preformed biofilms, and we identified three drugs with novel antifungal activity. Thus, repurposing FDA-approved drugs opens up a valuable new avenue for identification and potentially rapid development of antifungal agents, which are urgently needed.
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38
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Diakov TT, Tarsio M, Kane PM. Measurement of vacuolar and cytosolic pH in vivo in yeast cell suspensions. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23629151 DOI: 10.3791/50261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore T Diakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, USA
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39
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Raines SM, Rane HS, Bernardo SM, Binder JL, Lee SA, Parra KJ. Deletion of vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase V(o)a isoforms clarifies the role of vacuolar pH as a determinant of virulence-associated traits in Candida albicans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6190-201. [PMID: 23316054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is a central regulator of cellular pH homeostasis, and inactivation of all V-ATPase function has been shown to prevent infectivity in Candida albicans. V-ATPase subunit a of the Vo domain (Voa) is present as two fungal isoforms: Stv1p (Golgi) and Vph1p (vacuole). To delineate the individual contribution of Stv1p and Vph1p to C. albicans physiology, we created stv1Δ/Δ and vph1Δ/Δ mutants and compared them to the corresponding reintegrant strains (stv1Δ/ΔR and vph1Δ/ΔR). V-ATPase activity, vacuolar physiology, and in vitro virulence-related phenotypes were unaffected in the stv1Δ/Δ mutant. The vph1Δ/Δ mutant exhibited defective V1Vo assembly and a 90% reduction in concanamycin A-sensitive ATPase activity and proton transport in purified vacuolar membranes, suggesting that the Vph1p isoform is essential for vacuolar V-ATPase activity in C. albicans. The vph1Δ/Δ cells also had abnormal endocytosis and vacuolar morphology and an alkalinized vacuolar lumen (pHvph1Δ/Δ = 6.8 versus pHvph1Δ/ΔR = 5.8) in both yeast cells and hyphae. Secreted protease and lipase activities were significantly reduced, and M199-induced filamentation was impaired in the vph1Δ/Δ mutant. However, the vph1Δ/Δ cells remained competent for filamentation induced by Spider media and YPD, 10% FCS, and biofilm formation and macrophage killing were unaffected in vitro. These studies suggest that different virulence mechanisms differentially rely on acidified vacuoles and that the loss of both vacuolar (Vph1p) and non-vacuolar (Stv1p) V-ATPase activity is necessary to affect in vitro virulence-related phenotypes. As a determinant of C. albicans pathogenesis, vacuolar pH alone may prove less critical than originally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer M Raines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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