Single point mutation in Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) sequence of endophilin impairs dimerization, membrane shaping, and Src homology 3 domain-mediated partnership

Relationship between amide ratio assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: A biomarker candidate for polycythemia vera disease

The study utilized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics to investigate protein composition and structural changes in the blood serum of patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct biochemical properties, highlighting elevated absorbance of phospholipids, amides, and lipids in PV patients compared to healthy controls. Ratios of amide I/amide II and amide I/amide III indicated alterations in protein structures. Support vector machine analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves identified amide I as a crucial predictor of PV, achieving 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, while amide III showed a lower predictive value (70%). PCA analysis demonstrated effective differentiation between PV patients and controls, with key wavenumbers including amide II, amide I, and CH lipid vibrations. These findings underscore the potential of FTIR spectroscopy for diagnosing and monitoring PV.

Discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3364c-Derived Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents to Target SNX9 for Sepsis

The serine protease inhibitor Rv3364c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is highly expressed in cells during MTB exposure. In this study, we showed that the ₁₂WLVSKF₁₇ motif of Rv3364c interacts with the BAR domain of SNX9 and inhibits endosome trafficking to interact with p47phox, thereby suppressing TLR4 inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Derived from the structure of this Rv3364c peptide motif, 2,4-diamino-6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,5-trazine, DATPT as a ₁₂WLVSKF₁₇ peptide-mimetic small molecule has been identified. DATPT can block the SNX9-p47phox interaction in the endosome and suppress reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokine production; it demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. DATPT has considerably improved potency, with an IC₅₀ 500-fold (in vitro) or 2000-fold (in vivo) lower than that of the ₁₂WLVSKF₁₇ peptide. Furthermore, DATPT shows potent antibacterial activities by reduction in ATP production and leakage of intracellular ATP out of bacteria. These results provide evidence for peptide-derived small molecule DATPT with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions for the treatment of sepsis.

Thermodynamics and Free Energy Landscape of BAR-Domain Dimerization from Molecular Simulations

Proteins with BAR domains function to bind to and remodel biological membranes, where the dimerization of BAR domains is a key step in this function. These domains can dimerize in solution or after localizing to the membrane surface. Here, we characterize the binding thermodynamics of homodimerization between the LSP1 BAR domain proteins in solution, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By combining the MARTINI coarse-grained protein models with enhanced sampling through metadynamics, we construct a two-dimensional free energy surface quantifying the bound versus unbound ensembles as a function of two distance variables. With this methodology, our simulations can simultaneously characterize the structures and relative stabilities of a range of sampled dimers, portraying a heterogeneous and extraordinarily stable bound ensemble, where the proper crystal structure dimer is the most stable in a 100 mM NaCl solution. Nonspecific dimers that are sampled involve contacts that are consistent with experimental structures of higher-order oligomers formed by the LSP1 BAR domain. Because the BAR dimers and oligomers can assemble on membranes, we characterize the relative alignment of the known membrane binding patches, finding that only the specific dimer is aligned to form strong interactions with the membrane. Hence, we would predict a strong selection of the specific dimer in binding to or assembling when on the membrane. Establishing the pairwise stabilities of homodimer contacts is difficult experimentally when the proteins form stable oligomers, but through the method used here, we can isolate these contacts, providing a foundation to study the same interactions on the membrane.

Endophilin A2 regulates calcium-activated chloride channel activity via selective autophagy-mediated TMEM16A degradation

TMEM16A Ca2+-activated chloride channel (CaCC) plays an essential role in vascular homeostasis. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying downregulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity during hypertension. In cultured basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs) isolated from 2k2c renohypertesive rats, treatment with angiotensin II (0.125-1 μM) dose-dependently increased endophilin A2 levels and decreased TMEM16A expression. Similar phenomenon was observed in basilar artery isolated from 2k2c rats. We then used whole-cell recording to examine whether endophilin A2 could regulate TMEM16A CaCC activity in BASMCs and found that knockdown of endophilin A2 significantly enhanced CaCC activity, whereas overexpression of endophilin A2 produced the opposite effect. Overexpression of endophilin A2 did not affect the TMEM16A mRNA level, but markedly decreased TMEM16A protein level in BASMCs by inducing ubiquitination and autophagy of TMEM16A. Ubiquitin-binding receptor p62 (SQSTM1) could bind to ubiquitinated TMEM16A and resulted in a process of TMEM16A proteolysis in autophagosome/lysosome. These data provide new insights into the regulation of TMEM16A CaCC activity by endophilin A2 in BASMCs, which partly explains the mechanism of angiotensin-II-induced TMEM16A inhibition during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling.

Protein Amphipathic Helix Insertion: A Mechanism to Induce Membrane Fission

One of the fundamental features of biomembranes is the ability to fuse or to separate. These processes called respectively membrane fusion and fission are central in the homeostasis of events such as those related to intracellular membrane traffic. Proteins that contain amphipathic helices (AHs) were suggested to mediate membrane fission via shallow insertion of these helices into the lipid bilayer. Here we analyze the AH-containing proteins that have been identified as essential for membrane fission and categorize them in few subfamilies, including small GTPases, Atg proteins, and proteins containing either the ENTH/ANTH- or the BAR-domain. AH-containing fission-inducing proteins may require cofactors such as additional proteins (e.g., lipid-modifying enzymes), or lipids (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], phosphatidic acid [PA], or cardiolipin). Both PA and cardiolipin possess a cone shape and a negative charge (-2) that favor the recruitment of the AHs of fission-inducing proteins. Instead, PtdIns(4,5)P2 is characterized by an high negative charge able to recruit basic residues of the AHs of fission-inducing proteins. Here we propose that the AHs of fission-inducing proteins contain sequence motifs that bind lipid cofactors; accordingly (K/R/H)(K/R/H)xx(K/R/H) is a PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding motif, (K/R)x6(F/Y) is a cardiolipin-binding motif, whereas KxK is a PA-binding motif. Following our analysis, we show that the AHs of many fission-inducing proteins possess five properties: (a) at least three basic residues on the hydrophilic side, (b) ability to oligomerize, (c) optimal (shallow) depth of insertion into the membrane, (d) positive cooperativity in membrane curvature generation, and (e) specific interaction with one of the lipids mentioned above. These lipid cofactors favor correct conformation, oligomeric state and optimal insertion depth. The most abundant lipid in a given organelle possessing high negative charge (more negative than -1) is usually the lipid cofactor in the fission event. Interestingly, naturally occurring mutations have been reported in AH-containing fission-inducing proteins and related to diseases such as centronuclear myopathy (amphiphysin 2), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (GDAP1), Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein). These findings add to the interest of the membrane fission process whose complete understanding will be instrumental for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of diseases involving mutations in the protein AHs.

Grim-19 expressed by recombinant adenovirus for esophageal neoplasm target therapy

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) are the two most common types of esophageal cancer, which is the sixth highest cause of cancer‑associated mortality and the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Gene associated with retinoid‑interferon (IFN)‑induced mortality‑19 (Grim‑19) is reported to be a cell death activator that may be used to define mechanisms involved in IFN‑β‑ and retinoic acid‑induced cell death and apoptosis in a number of tumor cell lines. The present study constructed a recombinant adenovirus expressing Grim‑19 (rAd‑Grim‑19) and investigated its therapeutic outcomes in ESCC cells and tumor‑bearing mice. Grim‑19 expression was detected in EC‑109 (ESCC) cells by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Tumor cell death and apoptosis induced by rAd‑Grim‑19 in EC‑109 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The inhibitory effects of rAd‑Grim‑19 on EC‑109 growth were determined by MTT assays. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of rAd‑Grim‑19 were investigated in EC‑109‑bearing mice. The results demonstrated that Grim‑19 mRNA and protein expression was downregulated in EC‑109 esophageal carcinoma cells compared with Het‑1A normal esophageal epithelial cells. In addition, EC‑109 cells exhibited a significant reduction in tumor cell growth in the rAd‑Grim‑19 group compared with the control groups. Furthermore, rAd‑Grim‑19 increased EC‑109 cell apoptosis compared with the control group. These results indicated that rAd-Grim-19 may regulate tumor cell growth and apoptosis. Additionally, the results demonstrated that rAd‑Grim‑19 led to beneficial outcomes and prolonged the survival of esophageal tumor‑bearing mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that rAd‑Grim‑19 may have potential as an antitumor agent for esophageal neoplasms and may therefore be beneficial for patients with esophageal neoplasms.

Endophilin B2 promotes inner mitochondrial membrane degradation by forming heterodimers with Endophilin B1 during mitophagy

Mitochondrial sequestration by autophagosomes is a key step in mitophagy while the mechanisms mediating this process are not fully understood. It has been reported that Endophilin B1 (EB1) promotes mitochondrial sequestration by binding and shaping membrane. However, the role of EB1 homolog Endophilin B2 (EB2) in mitophagy remains unclear. Here we report that EB2 plays an indispensable role in mitochondria sequestration and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) protein degradation during mitophagy. Similar to EB1, EB2 aggregates into foci and then translocates to damaged mitochondria. Loss of either EB2 and/or EB1 significantly enervates the foci translocation to fragmented mitochondria and IMM degradation, and the EB1/EB2 heterodimer formed by EB1/EB2 interaction promotes the above process. We noticed that, it is the dimer domain of EB2 but not that of EB1 mediating the heterodimer formation, manifesting the importance of EB2 in mitophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the EB foci formation is closely regulated by the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway. From these results, we propose that EB1/EB2 heterodimers may serve as linkers between damaged mitochondria and phagophores during mitophagy.

Distinct Functions of Endophilin Isoforms in Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis

Endophilin isoforms perform distinct characteristics in their interactions with N-type Ca²⁺ channels and dynamin. However, precise functional differences for the endophilin isoforms on synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis remain unknown. By coupling RNA interference and electrophysiological recording techniques in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we investigated the functional differences of three isoforms of endophilin in SV endocytosis. The results showed that the amplitude of normalized evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in endophilin1 knockdown neurons decreased significantly for both single train and multiple train stimulations. Similar results were found using endophilin2 knockdown neurons, whereas endophilin3 siRNA exhibited no change compared with control neurons. Endophilin1 and endophilin2 affected SV endocytosis, but the effect of endophilin1 and endophilin2 double knockdown was not different from that of either knockdown alone. This result suggested that endophilin1 and endophilin2 functioned together but not independently during SV endocytosis. Taken together, our results indicate that SV endocytosis is sustained by endophilin1 and endophilin2 isoforms, but not by endophilin3, in primary cultured hippocampal neurons.

Endophilin-A2 functions in membrane scission in clathrin-independent endocytosis

During endocytosis, energy is invested to narrow the necks of cargo-containing plasma membrane invaginations to radii at which the opposing segments spontaneously coalesce, thereby leading to the detachment by scission of endocytic uptake carriers. In the clathrin pathway, dynamin uses mechanical energy from GTP hydrolysis to this effect, assisted by the BIN/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing protein endophilin. Clathrin-independent endocytic events are often less reliant on dynamin, and whether in these cases BAR domain proteins such as endophilin contribute to scission has remained unexplored. Here we show, in human and other mammalian cell lines, that endophilin-A2 (endoA2) specifically and functionally associates with very early uptake structures that are induced by the bacterial Shiga and cholera toxins, which are both clathrin-independent endocytic cargoes. In controlled in vitro systems, endoA2 reshapes membranes before scission. Furthermore, we demonstrate that endoA2, dynamin and actin contribute in parallel to the scission of Shiga-toxin-induced tubules. Our results establish a novel function of endoA2 in clathrin-independent endocytosis. They document that distinct scission factors operate in an additive manner, and predict that specificity within a given uptake process arises from defined combinations of universal modules. Our findings highlight a previously unnoticed link between membrane scaffolding by endoA2 and pulling-force-driven dynamic scission.

Identification and characterization of Rvs162/Rvs167-3, a novel N-BAR heterodimer in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans

Membrane reshaping resides at the core of many important cellular processes, and among its mediators are the BAR (Bin, Amphiphysin, Rvs) domain-containing proteins. We have explored the diversity and function of the Rvs BAR proteins in Candida albicans and identified a novel family member, Rvs167-3 (orf19.1861). We show that Rvs167-3 specifically interacts with Rvs162 to form a stable BAR heterodimer able to bind liposomes in vitro. A second, distinct heterodimer is formed by the canonical BAR proteins Rvs161 and Rvs167. Purified Rvs161/Rvs167 complex also binds liposomes, indicating that C. albicans expresses two functional BAR heterodimers. We used live-cell imaging to localize green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Rvs167-3 and Rvs167 and show that both proteins concentrate in small cortical spots. However, while Rvs167 strictly colocalizes with the endocytic marker protein Abp1, we do not observe any colocalization of Rvs167-3 with sites of endocytosis marked by Abp1. Furthermore, the rvs167-3Δ/Δ mutant is not defective in endocytosis and strains lacking Rvs167-3 or its partner Rvs162 do not display increased sensitivity to high salt concentrations or decreased cell wall integrity, phenotypes which have been observed for rvs167Δ/Δ and rvs161Δ/Δ strains and which are linked to endocytosis defects. Taken together, our results indicate different roles for the two BAR heterodimers in C. albicans: the canonical Rvs161/Rvs167 heterodimer functions in endocytosis, whereas the novel Rvs162/Rvs167-3 heterodimer seems not to be involved in this process. Nevertheless, despite their different roles, our phenotypic analysis revealed a genetic interaction between the two BAR heterodimers, suggesting that they may have related but distinct membrane-associated functions.

Mutations in BIN1 associated with centronuclear myopathy disrupt membrane remodeling by affecting protein density and oligomerization

The regulation of membrane shapes is central to many cellular phenomena. Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins are key players for membrane remodeling during endocytosis, cell migration, and endosomal sorting. BIN1, which contains an N-BAR domain, is assumed to be essential for biogenesis of plasma membrane invaginations (T-tubules) in muscle tissues. Three mutations, K35N, D151N and R154Q, have been discovered so far in the BAR domain of BIN1 in patients with centronuclear myopathy (CNM), where impaired organization of T-tubules has been reported. However, molecular mechanisms behind this malfunction have remained elusive. None of the BIN1 disease mutants displayed a significantly compromised curvature sensing ability. However, two mutants showed impaired membrane tubulation both in vivo and in vitro, and displayed characteristically different behaviors. R154Q generated smaller membrane curvature compared to WT N-BAR. Quantification of protein density on membranes revealed a lower membrane-bound density for R154Q compared to WT and the other mutants, which appeared to be the primary reason for the observation of impaired deformation capacity. The D151N mutant was unable to tubulate liposomes under certain experimental conditions. At medium protein concentrations we found 'budding' structures on liposomes that we hypothesized to be intermediates during the tubulation process except for the D151N mutant. Chemical crosslinking assays suggested that the D151N mutation impaired protein oligomerization upon membrane binding. Although we found an insignificant difference between WT and K35N N-BAR in in vitro assays, depolymerizing actin in live cells allowed tubulation of plasma membranes through the K35N mutant. Our results provide insights into the membrane-involved pathophysiological mechanisms leading to human disease.

The Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain protein endophilin B2 interacts with plectin and controls perinuclear cytoskeletal architecture

Proteins of the Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain superfamily are essential in controlling the shape and dynamics of intracellular membranes. Here, we present evidence for the unconventional function of a member of the endophilin family of BAR and Src homology 3 domain-containing proteins, namely endophilin B2, in the perinuclear organization of intermediate filaments. Using mass spectrometry analysis based on capturing endophilin B2 partners in in situ pre-established complexes in cells, we unravel the interaction of endophilin B2 with plectin 1, a variant of the cytoskeleton linker protein plectin as well as with vimentin. Endophilin B2 directly binds the N-terminal region of plectin 1 via Src homology 3-mediated interaction and vimentin indirectly via plectin-mediated interaction. The relevance of these interactions is strengthened by the selective and drastic reorganization of vimentin around nuclei upon overexpression of endophilin B2 and by the extensive colocalization of both proteins in a meshwork of perinuclear filamentous structures. By generating mutants of the endophilin B2 BAR domain, we show that this phenotype requires the BAR-mediated membrane binding activity of endophilin B2. Plectin 1 or endophilin B2 knockdown using RNA interference disturbed the perinuclear organization of vimentin. Altogether, these data suggest that the endophilin B2-plectin 1 complex functions as a membrane-anchoring device organizing and stabilizing the perinuclear network of vimentin filaments. Finally, we present evidence for the involvement of endophilin B2 and plectin 1 in nuclear positioning in individual cells. This points to the potential importance of the endophilin B2-plectin complex in the biological functions depending on nuclear migration and positioning.

Autoinhibition of endophilin in solution via interdomain interactions

Endophilin is a key protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Previous computational and experimental work suggested that the N-terminal helix is embedded into the membrane to induce curvature; however, the role of the SH3 domain remains controversial. To address this issue, we performed computer simulations of the endophilin dimer in solution to understand the interaction between the N-BAR and SH3 domains and its effect on biological function. We predict that the helix binds to the SH3 domain through hydrophobic and salt-bridge interactions. This protects the hydrophobic residues on both domains and keeps the SH3 domain near the end of the N-BAR domain, in agreement with previous experimental results. The complex has a binding strength similar to a few hydrogen bonds (13.0 ± 0.6 kcal/mol), and the SH3 domain stabilizes the structure of the N-terminal helix in solution. Electrostatic calculations show a large region of strongly positive electrostatic potential near the N-terminal that can orient the helix toward the membrane and likely embed the helix into the membrane surface. This predicted mechanism suggests that endophilin can select for both curvature and electrostatic potential when interacting with membranes, highlighting the importance of the SH3 domain in regulating the function of endophilin.

Kinetics of endophilin N-BAR domain dimerization and membrane interactions

The recruitment to plasma membrane invaginations of the protein endophilin is a temporally regulated step in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endophilin is believed to sense or stabilize membrane curvature, which in turn likely depends on the dimeric structure of the protein. The dynamic nature of the membrane association and dimerization of endophilin is thus functionally important and is illuminated herein. Using subunit exchange Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we determine dimer dissociation kinetics and find a dimerization equilibrium constant orders of magnitude lower than previously published values. We characterize N-BAR domain membrane association kinetics under conditions where the dimeric species predominates, by stopped flow, observing prominent electrostatic sensitivity of membrane interaction kinetics. Relative to membrane binding, we find that protein monomer/dimer species equilibrate with far slower kinetics. Complementary optical microscopy studies reveal strikingly slow membrane dissociation and an increase of dissociation rate constant for a construct lacking the amphipathic segment helix 0 (H0). We attribute the slow dissociation kinetics to higher-order protein oligomerization on the membrane. We incorporate our findings into a kinetic scheme for endophilin N-BAR membrane binding and find a significant separation of time scales for endophilin membrane binding and subsequent oligomerization. This separation may facilitate the regulation of membrane trafficking phenomena.

Dimerization is necessary for MIM-mediated membrane deformation and endocytosis

MIM [missing in metastasis; also called MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1)] is an intracellular protein that binds to actin and cortactin and has an intrinsic capacity to sense and facilitate the formation of protruded membranous curvatures implicated in cellular polarization, mobilization and endocytosis. The N-terminal 250 amino acids of MIM undergo homodimerization and form a structural module with the characteristic of an I-BAR [inverse BAR (Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs)] domain. To discern the role of the dimeric configuration in the function of MIM, we designed several peptides able to interfere with MIM dimerization in a manner dependent upon their lengths. Overexpression of one of the peptides effectively abolished MIM-mediated membrane protrusions and transferrin uptake. However, a peptide with a high potency inhibiting MIM dimerization failed to affect its binding to actin and cortactin. Thus the results of the present study indicate that the dimeric configuration is essential for MIM-mediated membrane remodelling and serves as a proper target to develop antagonists specifically against an I-BAR-domain-containing protein.

Membrane curvature and its generation by BAR proteins

Membranes are flexible barriers that surround the cell and its compartments. To execute vital functions such as locomotion or receptor turnover, cells need to control the shapes of their membranes. In part, this control is achieved through membrane-bending proteins, such as the Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain proteins. Many open questions remain about the mechanisms by which membrane-bending proteins function. Addressing this shortfall, recent structures of BAR protein:membrane complexes support existing mechanistic models, but also produced novel insights into how BAR domain proteins sense, stabilize, and generate curvature. Here we review these recent findings, focusing on how BAR proteins interact with the membrane, and how the resulting scaffold structures might aid the recruitment of other proteins to the sites where membranes are bent.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) specifically induces membrane penetration and deformation by Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domains

Cellular proteins containing Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domains play a key role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Despite extensive structural and functional studies of BAR domains, it is still unknown how exactly these domains interact with the plasma membrane containing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)) and whether they function by a universal mechanism or by different mechanisms. Here we report that PtdIns(4,5)P(2) specifically induces partial membrane penetration of the N-terminal amphiphilic α-helix (H(0)) of two representative N-BAR domains from Drosophila amphiphysin (dAmp-BAR) and rat endophilin A1 (EndoA1-BAR). Our quantitative fluorescence imaging analysis shows that PtdIns(4,5)P(2)-dependent membrane penetration of H(0) is important for self-association of membrane-bound dAmp-BAR and EndoA1-BAR and their membrane deformation activity. EndoA1-BAR behaves differently from dAmp-BAR because the former has an additional amphiphilic α-helix that penetrates the membrane in a PtdIns(4,5)P(2)-independent manner. Depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) from the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells abrogated the membrane deforming activity of EndoA1-BAR and dAmp-BAR. Collectively, these studies suggest that the local PtdIns(4,5)P(2) concentration in the plasma membrane may regulate the membrane interaction and deformation by N-BAR domain-containing proteins during clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Endophilin isoforms have distinct characteristics in interactions with N-type Ca2+ channels and dynamin I

OBJECTIVE

Formation of the endophilin II-Ca(2+) channel complex is Ca(2+)-dependent in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, little is known about whether the other two endophilin isoforms have the same features. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the interactions of all three isoforms with Ca(2+) channels and dynamin I.

METHODS

N-type Ca(2+) channel C-terminal fragments (NCFs) synthesized with a (3)H-leucine-labeled kit, were incubated with endophilin-GST fusion proteins, followed by pull-down assay. Results were counted on a scintillation counter. In addition, the different endophilin isoforms were each co-transfected with dynamin I into 293T cells, followed by flow cytometry and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Immunostaining was performed and an image analysis program was used to evaluate the overlap coefficient of cells expressing endophilin and dynamin I.

RESULTS

All three isoforms interacted with NCF. Endophilins I and II demonstrated clear Ca(2+)-dependent interactions with NCF, whereas endophilin III did not. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that, compared to endophilin I/II, the interaction between endophilin III and dynamin I was significantly increased. Similar results were obtained from flow cytometry. Furthermore, endophilin III had a higher overlap coefficient with dynamin I in co-transfected 293T cells.

CONCLUSION

Endophilin isoforms have distinct characteristics in interactions with NCF and dynamin I. Endophilin III binding to NCF is Ca(2+)-independent, implying that it plays a different role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

The BAR Domain Superfamily Proteins from Subcellular Structures to Human Diseases

Eukaryotic cells have complicated membrane systems. The outermost plasma membrane contains various substructures, such as invaginations and protrusions, which are involved in endocytosis and cell migration. Moreover, the intracellular membrane compartments, such as autophagosomes and endosomes, are essential for cellular viability. The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs167 (BAR) domain superfamily proteins are important players in membrane remodeling through their structurally determined membrane binding surfaces. A variety of BAR domain superfamily proteins exist, and each family member appears to be involved in the formation of certain subcellular structures or intracellular membrane compartments. Most of the BAR domain superfamily proteins contain SH3 domains, which bind to the membrane scission molecule, dynamin, as well as the actin regulatory WASP/WAVE proteins and several signal transduction molecules, providing possible links between the membrane and the cytoskeleton or other machineries. In this review, we summarize the current information about each BAR superfamily protein with an SH3 domain(s). The involvement of BAR domain superfamily proteins in various diseases is also discussed.