1
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Kim B, Kang Y, Mendelson FE, Hayes JM, Savelieff MG, Nagrath S, Feldman EL. Palmitate and glucose increase amyloid precursor protein in extracellular vesicles: Missing link between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12340. [PMID: 37898562 PMCID: PMC10613125 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Alzheimer's disease share several pathological features, including insulin resistance, abnormal protein processing, mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated inflammation and oxidative stress. The MetS constitutes elevated fasting glucose, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension and increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, but the precise mechanism remains elusive. Insulin resistance, which develops from a diet rich in sugars and saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, is shared by the MetS and Alzheimer's disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also a point of convergence, with altered dynamics in both the MetS and Alzheimer's disease. However, the role of palmitate- and glucose-induced insulin resistance in the brain and its potential link through EVs to Alzheimer's disease is unknown. We demonstrate that palmitate and high glucose induce insulin resistance and amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation in primary rat embryonic cortical neurons and human cortical stem cells. Palmitate also triggers insulin resistance in oligodendrocytes, the supportive glia of the brain. Palmitate and glucose enhance amyloid precursor protein secretion from cortical neurons via EVs, which induce tau phosphorylation when added to naïve neurons. Additionally, EVs from palmitate-treated oligodendrocytes enhance insulin resistance in recipient neurons. Overall, our findings suggest a novel theory underlying the increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in MetS mediated by EVs, which spread Alzheimer's pathology and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumsoo Kim
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging TherapiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yoon‐Tae Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Faye E. Mendelson
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging TherapiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - John M. Hayes
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging TherapiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging TherapiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging TherapiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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2
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Song XJ, Zhou HY, Sun YY, Huang HC. Phosphorylation and Glycosylation of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor: The Relationship to Trafficking and Cleavage in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:937-957. [PMID: 34602469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the central nervous system, and this disease is characterized by extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques, and this peptide is derived from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) through the successive cleaving by β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. AβPP undergoes the progress of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which might affect the trafficking and the cleavage of AβPP. In the recent years, about 10 phosphorylation sites of AβPP were identified, and they play complex roles in glycosylation modification and cleavage of AβPP. In this article, we introduced the transport and the cleavage pathways of AβPP, then summarized the phosphorylation and glycosylation sites of AβPP, and further discussed the links and relationship between phosphorylation and glycosylation on the pathways of AβPP trafficking and cleavage in order to provide theoretical basis for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Yan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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3
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Xu P, Chang JC, Zhou X, Wang W, Bamkole M, Wong E, Bettayeb K, Jiang LL, Huang T, Luo W, Xu H, Nairn AC, Flajolet M, Ip NY, Li YM, Greengard P. GSAP regulates lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial function associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202446. [PMID: 34156424 PMCID: PMC8222926 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical, pathogenic, and human genetic data confirm that GSAP (γ-secretase activating protein), a selective γ-secretase modulatory protein, plays important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying GSAP-dependent pathogenesis remains largely elusive. Here, through unbiased proteomics and single-nuclei RNAseq, we identified that GSAP regulates multiple biological pathways, including protein phosphorylation, trafficking, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. We demonstrated that GSAP physically interacts with the Fe65-APP complex to regulate APP trafficking/partitioning. GSAP is enriched in the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and regulates lipid homeostasis through the amyloidogenic processing of APP. GSAP deletion generates a lipid environment unfavorable for AD pathogenesis, leading to improved mitochondrial function and the rescue of cognitive deficits in an AD mouse model. Finally, we identified a novel GSAP single-nucleotide polymorphism that regulates its brain transcript level and is associated with an increased AD risk. Together, our findings indicate that GSAP impairs mitochondrial function through its MAM localization and that lowering GSAP expression reduces pathological effects associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jerry C. Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Xiaopu Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease, and Drug Development, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michael Bamkole
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Karima Bettayeb
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lu-Lin Jiang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease, and Drug Development, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Program of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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4
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Molecular Characteristics of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and Its Effects in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094999. [PMID: 34066808 PMCID: PMC8125876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, and its homologs amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) are highly conserved in mammals. APP and APLP are known to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease and to play important roles in neuronal homeostasis and development and neural transmission. APP and APLP are also expressed in non-neuronal tissues and are overexpressed in cancer cells. Furthermore, research indicates they are involved in several cancers. In this review, we examine the biological characteristics of APP-related family members and their roles in cancer.
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5
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Kim B, Elzinga SE, Henn RE, McGinley LM, Feldman EL. The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104541. [PMID: 31349033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing problem worldwide, and there are currently no effective treatments for this devastating disease. The neurotrophic growth factors insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are currently being investigated as potential therapeutic approaches for AD in preclinical and clinical studies. However, given that the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes are risk factors for AD, it is unknown how associated insulin resistance (IR) in the brain may impact the effectiveness of these therapies for AD. In this report, we therefore investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of insulin and IGF-I on AD-associated pathology in the context of IR, with particular emphasis on phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key step in promoting amyloid plaque formation in AD. Both insulin and IGF-I decreased APP phosphorylation in cultured primary cortical neurons, supporting their therapeutic use in AD. Induction of IR blocked the beneficial effect of insulin and reduced the effect of IGF-I on APP dephosphorylation. These effects were mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, as inhibition of this pathway during IR restored the effect of IGF-I on APP dephosphorylation. Finally, we explored the translational relevance of these results in vivo by demonstrating that high fat diet fed mice, a robust model of IR and MetS, exhibited the expected increased brain APP phosphorylation. Overall, these data suggest that the beneficial therapeutic effect of insulin and IGF-I on APP phosphorylation is negatively impacted by IR, and suggest that insulin and IGF-I alone may not be appropriate therapies for AD patients with IR, MetS, or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States of America
| | - Rosemary E Henn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States of America
| | - Lisa M McGinley
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States of America
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, United States of America.
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6
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Tsukamoto M, Chiba K, Sobu Y, Shiraki Y, Okumura Y, Hata S, Kitamura A, Nakaya T, Uchida S, Kinjo M, Taru H, Suzuki T. The cytoplasmic region of the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) is necessary and sufficient for the enhanced fast velocity of APP transport by kinesin-1. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2716-2724. [PMID: 30055048 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) is transported mainly by kinesin-1 and at a higher velocity than other kinesin-1 cargos, such as Alcadein α (Alcα); this is denoted by the enhanced fast velocity (EFV). Interaction of the APP cytoplasmic region with kinesin-1, which is essential for EFV transport, is mediated by JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1). To determine the roles of interactions between the APP luminal region and cargo components, we monitored transport of chimeric cargo receptors, Alcα (luminal)-APP (cytoplasmic) and APP (luminal)-Alcα (cytoplasmic). Alcα-APP is transported at the EFV, whereas APP-Alcα is transported at the same velocity as wild-type Alcα. Thus, the cytoplasmic region of APP is necessary and sufficient for the EFV of APP transport by kinesin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoko Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Chiba
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuzuha Shiraki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Okumura
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Human interface Laboratory, Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Milani C, Corsetto PA, Farina F, Botto L, Lonati E, Massimino L, Rizzo AM, Bulbarelli A, Palestini P. Early evidence of stress in immortalized neurons exposed to diesel particles: the role of lipid reshaping behind oxidative stress and inflammation. Toxicology 2018; 409:63-72. [PMID: 30055298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Diesel combustion is the major source of fine particle road emission, whose solid fraction is represented by diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Many studies indicate the contribution of DEP to the onset of different neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), identifying oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as two cardinal processes of brain damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of DEP (10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml) on the mouse HT22 cells treated for 3 h or 24 h. Our results demonstrated that DEP contributed to an increased oxidative stress, defined by overexpression of HO-1, Hsp70 and Cyp1b1 protein levels. Moreover, an inflammatory-related processes were also observed, as COX-2 and iNOS levels were higher in treated cells when compared to the control. Furthermore, our investigations highlighted the alteration of fatty acid composition, total cholesterol content in cells and media, and of membrane fluidity, suggesting a lipid reshaping after DEP treatment. Finally, we detected APP and BACE1 increase after 24 h of treatment with 50 μg/ml of DEP. Indeed, our results propose a role of acute exposure in the onset of a deleterious mechanism for AD neurodegeneration, even though no differences were observed in p-APP Thr668 levels, BACE1 activity and APP C-terminal fragment beta amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Milani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Francesca Farina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Polaris Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Polaris Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele scientific institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Polaris Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; Polaris Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Yu H, Lin X, Wang D, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Ren X, Xu B, Yuan J, Liu J, Spencer PS, Wang JZ, Yang X. Mitochondrial Molecular Abnormalities Revealed by Proteomic Analysis of Hippocampal Organelles of Mice Triple Transgenic for Alzheimer Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:74. [PMID: 29593495 PMCID: PMC5854685 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the precise mitochondrial molecular deficits in AD remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial and nuclear proteomic analysis in mature male triple transgenic AD mice (PS1M146V/APPSwe/TauP301L) by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, bio-informatics analysis and immunofluorescent staining were performed in this study. In addition to impaired spatial memory impairment and intracellular accumulation of amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) in the 3xTg-AD mice, a well-accepted mouse model of the human disease, we also found significantly increased DNA oxidative damage in entorhinal cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3 and dental gyrus (DG), as evidenced by the positive staining of 8-hydroxyguanosine, a biomarker of mild cognitive impairment early in AD. We identified significant differences in 27 hippocampal mitochondrial proteins (11 increased and 16 decreased), and 37 hippocampal nuclear proteins (12 increased and 25 decreased) in 3xTg-AD mice compared with the wild-type (WT) mice. Differentially expressed mitochondrial and nuclear proteins were mainly involved in energy metabolism (>55%), synapses, DNA damage, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Two proteins were differentially expressed in both hippocampal mitochondria and nuclei, namely electron transport chain (ETC)-related protein ATP synthase subunit d (ATP5H) was significantly decreased, and apoptosis-related dynamin-1 (DYN1), a pre-synaptic and mitochondrial division-regulated protein that was significantly increased. In sum, perturbations of hippocampus mitochondrial energy metabolism-related proteins responsible for ATP generation via oxidation phosphorylation (OXPHOS), especially nuclear-encoded OXPHOS proteins, correlated with the amyloid-associated cognitive deficits of this murine AD model. The molecular changes in respiratory chain-related proteins and DYN1 may represent novel biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Wang X, Zhou X, Li G, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Song W. Modifications and Trafficking of APP in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:294. [PMID: 28966576 PMCID: PMC5605621 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia. Neuritic plaque, one of the major characteristics of AD neuropathology, mainly consists of amyloid β (Aβ) protein. Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential cleavages of β- and γ-secretase. Although APP upregulation can promote AD pathogenesis by facilitating Aβ production, growing evidence indicates that aberrant post-translational modifications and trafficking of APP play a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis by dysregulating APP processing and Aβ generation. In this report, we reviewed the current knowledge of APP modifications and trafficking as well as their role in APP processing. More importantly, we discussed the effect of aberrant APP modifications and trafficking on Aβ generation and the underlying mechanisms, which may provide novel strategies for drug development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical UniversityJining, China.,Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Small things matter: Implications of APP intracellular domain AICD nuclear signaling in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:189-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Extensive nuclear sphere generation in the human Alzheimer's brain. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:103-113. [PMID: 27644079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear spheres are protein aggregates consisting of FE65, TIP60, BLM, and other yet unknown proteins. Generation of these structures in the cellular nucleus is putatively modulated by the amyloid precursor protein (APP), either by its cleavage or its phosphorylation. Nuclear spheres were preferentially studied in cell culture models and their existence in the human brain had not been known. Existence of nuclear spheres in the human brain was studied using immunohistochemistry. Cell culture experiments were used to study regulative mechanisms of nuclear sphere generation. The comparison of human frontal cortex brain samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients to age-matched controls revealed a dramatically and highly significant enrichment of nuclear spheres in the AD brain. Costaining demonstrated that neurons are distinctly affected by nuclear spheres, but astrocytes never are. Nuclear spheres were predominantly found in neurons that were negative for threonine 668 residue in APP phosphorylation. Cell culture experiments revealed that JNK3-mediated APP phosphorylation reduces the amount of sphere-positive cells. The study suggests that nuclear spheres are a new APP-derived central hallmark of AD, which might be of crucial relevance for the molecular mechanisms in neurodegeneration.
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12
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Wu Y, Luo X, Liu X, Liu D, Wang X, Guo Z, Zhu L, Tian Q, Yang X, Wang JZ. Intraperitoneal Administration of a Novel TAT-BDNF Peptide Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments via Modulating Multiple Pathways in Two Alzheimer's Rodent Models. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15032. [PMID: 26463268 PMCID: PMC4604491 DOI: 10.1038/srep15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been reported for more than 100 years, there is still a lack of effective cures for this devastating disorder. Among the various obstacles that hold back drug development, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of them. Here, we constructed a novel fusion peptide by linking the active domain of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with an HIV-encoded transactivator of transcription (TAT) that has a strong membrane-penetrating property. After intraperitoneal injection, the eGFP-TAT could be robustly detected in different brain regions. By using scopolamine-induced rats and APPswe mice representing AD-like cholinergic deficits and amyloidosis, respectively, we found that intraperitoneal administration of the peptide significantly improved spatial memory with activation of the TrkB/ERK1/2/Akt pathway and restoration of several memory-associated proteins in both models. Administration of the peptide also modulated β-amyloid and tau pathologies in APPswe mice, and it increased the amount of M receptor with modulation of acetylcholinesterase in scopolamine-induced rats. We conclude that intraperitoneal administration of our TAT-BDNF peptide could efficiently target multiple molecular pathways in the brain and improve the cognitive functions in AD-like rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children Hospital, Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xiaobin Luo
- Shenzhen/Guangzhou Kai-Tuo Biotech, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Deyi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong 226001, China
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13
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Ogiso H, Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Analysis of lipid-composition changes in plasma membrane microdomains. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1594-605. [PMID: 26116739 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids accumulate in plasma membrane microdomain sites, such as caveolae or lipid rafts. Such microdomains are considered to be important nexuses for signal transduction, although changes in the microdomain lipid components brought about by signaling are poorly understood. Here, we applied a cationic colloidal silica bead method to analyze plasma membrane lipids from monolayer cells cultured in a 10 cm dish. The detergent-resistant fraction from the silica bead-coated membrane was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to evaluate the microdomain lipids. This method revealed that glycosphingolipids composed the microdomains as a substitute for sphingomyelin (SM) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (tMEFs) from an SM synthase 1/2 double KO (DKO) mouse. The rate of formation of the detergent-resistant region was unchanged compared with that of WT-tMEFs. C2-ceramide (Cer) stimulation caused greater elevations in diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid levels than in Cer levels within the microdomains of WT-tMEFs. We also found that lipid changes in the microdomains of SM-deficient DKO-tMEFs caused by serum stimulation occurred in the same manner as that of WT-tMEFs. This practical method for analyzing membrane lipids will facilitate future comprehensive analyses of membrane microdomain-associated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ogiso
- Department of Hematology/Immunology Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Department of Hematology/Immunology Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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14
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Takei N, Sobu Y, Kimura A, Urano S, Piao Y, Araki Y, Taru H, Yamamoto T, Hata S, Nakaya T, Suzuki T. Cytoplasmic fragment of Alcadein α generated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis enhances amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) transport into the late secretory pathway and facilitates APP cleavage. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:987-95. [PMID: 25406318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural type I membrane protein Alcadein α (Alcα), is primarily cleaved by amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) α-secretase to generate a membrane-associated carboxyl-terminal fragment (Alcα CTF), which is further cleaved by γ-secretase to secrete p3-Alcα peptides and generate an intracellular cytoplasmic domain fragment (Alcα ICD) in the late secretory pathway. By association with the neural adaptor protein X11L (X11-like), Alcα and APP form a ternary complex that suppresses the cleavage of both Alcα and APP by regulating the transport of these membrane proteins into the late secretory pathway where secretases are active. However, it has not been revealed how Alcα and APP are directed from the ternary complex formed largely in the Golgi into the late secretory pathway to reach a nerve terminus. Using a novel transgenic mouse line expressing excess amounts of human Alcα CTF (hAlcα CTF) in neurons, we found that expression of hAlcα CTF induced excess production of hAlcα ICD, which facilitated APP transport into the nerve terminus and enhanced APP metabolism, including Aβ generation. In vitro cell studies also demonstrated that excess expression of Alcα ICD released both APP and Alcα from the ternary complex. These results indicate that regulated intramembrane proteolysis of Alcα by γ-secretase regulates APP trafficking and the production of Aβ in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takei
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Ayano Kimura
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Satomi Urano
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Yi Piao
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Yoichi Araki
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Hidenori Taru
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho 761-0793, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- From the Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan and
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15
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Chiba K, Araseki M, Nozawa K, Furukori K, Araki Y, Matsushima T, Nakaya T, Hata S, Saito Y, Uchida S, Okada Y, Nairn AC, Davis RJ, Yamamoto T, Kinjo M, Taru H, Suzuki T. Quantitative analysis of APP axonal transport in neurons: role of JIP1 in enhanced APP anterograde transport. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3569-80. [PMID: 25165140 PMCID: PMC4230617 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
APP associates with kinesin-1 via JIP1. In JIP1-decicient neurons, the fast velocity and high frequency of anterograde transport of APP cargo are impaired to reduced velocity and lower frequency, respectively. Interaction of JIP1 with KLC via two novel elements in JIP1 plays an important role in efficient APP axonal transport. Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) associates with kinesin-1 via JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1); however, the role of JIP1 in APP transport by kinesin-1 in neurons remains unclear. We performed a quantitative analysis to understand the role of JIP1 in APP axonal transport. In JIP1-deficient neurons, we find that both the fast velocity (∼2.7 μm/s) and high frequency (66%) of anterograde transport of APP cargo are impaired to a reduced velocity (∼1.83 μm/s) and a lower frequency (45%). We identified two novel elements linked to JIP1 function, located in the central region of JIP1b, that interact with the coiled-coil domain of kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1), in addition to the conventional interaction of the JIP1b 11–amino acid C-terminal (C11) region with the tetratricopeptide repeat of KLC1. High frequency of APP anterograde transport is dependent on one of the novel elements in JIP1b. Fast velocity of APP cargo transport requires the C11 domain, which is regulated by the second novel region of JIP1b. Furthermore, efficient APP axonal transport is not influenced by phosphorylation of APP at Thr-668, a site known to be phosphorylated by JNK. Our quantitative analysis indicates that enhanced fast-velocity and efficient high-frequency APP anterograde transport observed in neurons are mediated by novel roles of JIP1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chiba
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiko Araseki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508
| | - Yoichi Araki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsushima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Human Interface Laboratory, Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita 565-0874, Japan
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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16
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Acevedo KM, Opazo CM, Norrish D, Challis LM, Li QX, White AR, Bush AI, Camakaris J. Phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein at threonine 668 is essential for its copper-responsive trafficking in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11007-11019. [PMID: 24610780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes post-translational modification, including O- and N-glycosylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation as it traffics through the secretory pathway. We have previously reported that copper promotes a change in the cellular localization of APP. We now report that copper increases the phosphorylation of endogenous APP at threonine 668 (Thr-668) in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The level of APPT668-p (detected using a phospho-site-specific antibody) exhibited a copper-dependent increase. Using confocal microscopy imaging we demonstrate that the phospho-deficient mutant, Thr-668 to alanine (T668A), does not exhibit detectable copper-responsive APP trafficking. In contrast, mutating a serine to an alanine at residue 655 does not affect copper-responsive trafficking. We further investigated the importance of the Thr-668 residue in copper-responsive trafficking by treating SH-SY5Y cells with inhibitors for glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk), the main kinases that phosphorylate APP at Thr-668 in neurons. Our results show that the GSK3β kinase inhibitors LiCl, SB 216763, and SB 415286 prevent copper-responsive APP trafficking. In contrast, the Cdk inhibitors Purvalanol A and B had no significant effect on copper-responsive trafficking in SH-SY5Y cells. In cultured primary hippocampal neurons, copper promoted APP re-localization to the axon, and this effect was inhibited by the addition of LiCl, indicating that a lithium-sensitive kinase(s) is involved in copper-responsive trafficking in hippocampal neurons. This is consistent with APP axonal transport to the synapse, where APP is involved in a number of functions. We conclude that copper promotes APP trafficking by promoting a GSK3β-dependent phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla M Acevedo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos M Opazo
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - David Norrish
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Leesa M Challis
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - James Camakaris
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia,.
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Silencing PP2A inhibitor by lenti-shRNA interference ameliorates neuropathologies and memory deficits in tg2576 mice. Mol Ther 2013; 21:2247-57. [PMID: 23922015 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits of protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) play a crucial role in tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloid overproduction, and synaptic suppression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which PP2A is inactivated by the endogenously increased inhibitory protein, namely inhibitor-2 of PP2A (I2(PP2A)). Therefore, in vivo silencing I2(PP2A) may rescue PP2A and mitigate AD neurodegeneration. By infusion of lentivirus-shRNA targeting I2(PP2A) (LV-siI2(PP2A)) into hippocampus and frontal cortex of 11-month-old tg2576 mice, we demonstrated that expression of LV-siI2(PP2A) decreased remarkably the elevated I2(PP2A) in both mRNA and protein levels. Simultaneously, the PP2A activity was restored with the mechanisms involving reduction of the inhibitory binding of I2(PP2A) to PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2AC), repression of the inhibitory Leu309-demethylation and elevation of PP2AC. Silencing I2(PP2A) induced a long-lasting attenuation of amyloidogenesis in tg2576 mice with inhibition of amyloid precursor protein hyperphosphorylation and β-secretase activity, whereas simultaneous inhibition of PP2A abolished the antiamyloidogenic effects of I2(PP2A) silencing. Finally, silencing I2(PP2A) could improve learning and memory of tg2576 mice with preservation of several memory-associated components. Our data reveal that targeting I2(PP2A) can efficiently rescue Aβ toxicities and improve the memory deficits in tg2576 mice, suggesting that I2(PP2A) could be a promising target for potential AD therapies.
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18
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Lombino F, Biundo F, Tamayev R, Arancio O, D’Adamio L. An intracellular threonine of amyloid-β precursor protein mediates synaptic plasticity deficits and memory loss. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57120. [PMID: 23451158 PMCID: PMC3579798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Amyloid-ß Precursor Protein (APP) and BRI2/ITM2b genes cause Familial Alzheimer and Danish Dementias (FAD/FDD), respectively. APP processing by BACE1, which is inhibited by BRI2, yields sAPPß and ß-CTF. ß-CTF is cleaved by gamma-secretase to produce Aß. A knock-in mouse model of FDD, called FDDKI, shows deficits in memory and synaptic plasticity, which can be attributed to sAPPß/ß-CTF but not Aß. We have investigated further the pathogenic function of ß-CTF focusing on Thr(668) of ß-CTF because phosphorylation of Thr(668) is increased in AD cases. We created a knock-in mouse bearing a Thr(668)Ala mutation (APP(TA) mice) that prevents phosphorylation at this site. This mutation prevents the development of memory and synaptic plasticity deficits in FDDKI mice. These data are consistent with a role for the carboxyl-terminal APP domain in the pathogenesis of dementia and suggest that averting the noxious role of Thr(668) is a viable therapeutic strategy for human dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Lombino
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Tamayev
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luciano D’Adamio
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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