1
|
Fujiwara Y, Miyasaka Y, Ninomiya A, Miyazaki W, Iwasaki T, Ariyani W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on Cerebellar Cells via Inhibition of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12765. [PMID: 37628946 PMCID: PMC10454525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial products. The adverse effects of PFOS on the developing brain are becoming of a great concern. However, the molecular mechanisms of PFOS on brain development have not yet been clarified. We investigated the effect of early-life exposure to PFOS on brain development and the mechanism involved. We investigated the change in thyroid hormone (TH)-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells in the primary culture of newborn rat cerebellum. We further examined the mechanism of PFOS on TH signaling by reporter gene assay, quantitative RT-PCR, and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) assay. As low as 10-7 M PFOS suppressed thyroxine (T4)-, but not triiodothyronine (T3)-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells. Reporter gene assay showed that PFOS did not affect TRα1- and TRβ1-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. RT-PCR showed that PFOS suppressed D2 mRNA expression in the absence of T4 in primary cerebellar cells. D2 activity was also suppressed by PFOS in C6 glioma-derived cells. These results indicate that early-life exposure of PFOS disrupts TH-mediated cerebellar development possibly through the disruption of D2 activity and/or mRNA expression, which may cause cerebellar dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.F.); (A.N.); (W.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Yuhei Miyasaka
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Ayane Ninomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.F.); (A.N.); (W.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan;
| | | | - Winda Ariyani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.F.); (A.N.); (W.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.F.); (A.N.); (W.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.F.); (A.N.); (W.A.); (I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Lin W, Chai SC, Wu J, Annu K, Chen T. Design and Optimization of 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole-4-carboxamides as Novel, Potent, and Selective Inverse Agonists and Antagonists of PXR. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16829-16859. [PMID: 36480704 PMCID: PMC9789209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of drug metabolism. Many drugs bind to and activate PXR, causing adverse drug responses. This suggests that PXR inhibitors have therapeutic value, but potent PXR inhibitors have so far been lacking. Herein, we report the structural optimization of a series of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamides compounds that led to the discovery of compound 85 as a selective and the most potent inverse agonist and antagonist of PXR, with low nanomolar IC50 values for binding and cellular activity. Importantly, compound 89, a close analog of 85, is a selective and pure antagonist with low nanomolar IC50 values for binding and cellular activity. This study has provided novel, selective, and most potent PXR inhibitors (a dual inverse agonist/antagonist and a pure antagonist) for use in basic research and future clinical studies and also shed light on how to reduce the binding affinity of a compound to PXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sergio C. Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kavya Annu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirte S, Burk O, Tahir A, Schwab M, Windshügel B, Kirchmair J. Development and Experimental Validation of Regularized Machine Learning Models Detecting New, Structurally Distinct Activators of PXR. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081253. [PMID: 35455933 PMCID: PMC9029776 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the metabolism of many xenobiotic and endobiotic substances. In consequence, PXR decreases the efficacy of many small-molecule drugs and induces drug-drug interactions. The prediction of PXR activators with theoretical approaches such as machine learning (ML) proves challenging due to the ligand promiscuity of PXR, which is related to its large and flexible binding pocket. In this work we demonstrate, by the example of random forest models and support vector machines, that classifiers generated following classical training procedures often fail to predict PXR activity for compounds that are dissimilar from those in the training set. We present a novel regularization technique that penalizes the gap between a model’s training and validation performance. On a challenging test set, this technique led to improvements in Matthew correlation coefficients (MCCs) by up to 0.21. Using these regularized ML models, we selected 31 compounds that are structurally distinct from known PXR ligands for experimental validation. Twelve of them were confirmed as active in the cellular PXR ligand-binding domain assembly assay and more hits were identified during follow-up studies. Comprehensive analysis of key features of PXR biology conducted for three representative hits confirmed their ability to activate the PXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hirte
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (O.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ammar Tahir
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (O.B.); (M.S.)
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence IFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-55104
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dutta M, Lim JJ, Cui JY. Pregnane X Receptor and the Gut-Liver Axis: A Recent Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:478-491. [PMID: 34862253 PMCID: PMC11022899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the pregnane X receptor (PXR)/Nr1i2 is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor enriched in liver and intestine and is responsible for drug-drug interactions, due to its versatile ligand binding domain (LBD) and target genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. PXR can be modulated by various xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary factors, and environmental chemicals. Microbial metabolites such as certain secondary bile acids (BAs) and the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are endogenous PXR activators. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator for host xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism. PXR regulates and is regulated by the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging pharmaco- and toxico-metagenomic approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of PXR. Key topics covered in this review include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-target genes, novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns, and novel PXR-targeted intestinal bacteria; (2) key PXR-modulating activators and suppressors of exogenous and endogenous sources; (3) novel bidirectional interactions between PXR and gut microbiome under physiologic, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (4) modifying factors of PXR-signaling including species and sex differences and time (age, critical windows of exposure, and circadian rhythm). The review also discusses critical knowledge gaps and important future research topics centering around PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging O'mics approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). Key topics include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-targeted host genes and intestinal bacteria as well as novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns; (2) key PXR modulators including microbial metabolites under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (3) modifying factors including species, sex, and time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rachmale M, Rajput N, Jadav T, Sahu AK, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. Implication of metabolomics and transporter modulation based strategies to minimize multidrug resistance and enhance site-specific bioavailability: a needful consideration toward modern anticancer drug discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:101-119. [PMID: 35254954 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2048007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters (DMET) through activation of pregnane x receptor (PXR) is the primary factor involved in almost all bioavailability and drug resistance-related problems of anticancer drugs. PXR is a transcriptional regulator of many metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters proteins like p-glycoprotein (p-gp), multidrug resistant protein 1 and 2 (MRP 1 and 2), and breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), etc. Several anticancer drugs are potent activators of PXR receptors and can modulate the gene expression of DMET proteins. Involvement of anticancer drugs in transcriptional regulation of DMET can prompt increased metabolism and efflux of their own or other co-administered drugs, which leads to poor site-specific bioavailability and increased drug resistance. In this review, we have discussed several novel strategies to evade drug-induced PXR activation and p-gp efflux including assessment of PXR ligand and p-gp substrate at early stages of drug discovery. Additionally, we have critically discussed the chemical structure and drug delivery-based approaches to avoid PXR binding and inhibit the p-gp activity of the drugs at their target sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Rachmale
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pes K, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Sarasquete C, Laizé V, Fernández I. Short-term exposure to pharmaceuticals negatively impacts marine flatfish species: Histological, biochemical and molecular clues for an integrated ecosystem risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103822. [PMID: 35101594 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The marine habitat and its biodiversity can be impacted by released pharmaceuticals. The short-term (7 days) effect of 3 commonly used drugs - warfarin, dexamethasone and imidazole - on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles was investigated. Occurrence of hemorrhages, histopathological alterations, antioxidant status, activity of antioxidant enzymes and expression of genes involved in the xenobiotic response (pxr, abcb1 and cyp1a), were evaluated. The results showed a time and drug-dependent effect. Warfarin exposure induced hemorrhages, hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration, and altered the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the expression of all the studied genes. Dexamethasone exposure increased liver glycogen content, altered antioxidant status, GPx and superoxide dismutase activities, as well as abcb1 and cyp1a expression. Imidazole induced hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration and ballooning, and altered the antioxidant status and expression of the tested genes. The present work anticipates a deeper impact of pharmaceuticals on the aquatic environment than previously reported, thus underlining the urgent need for an integrated risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pes
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; S2 AQUA - Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture Collaborative Laboratory, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Aquaculture Research Center, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, s/n, 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rogers RS, Parker A, Vainer PD, Elliott E, Sudbeck D, Parimi K, Peddada VP, Howe PG, D’Ambrosio N, Ruddy G, Stackable K, Carney M, Martin L, Osterholt T, Staudinger JL. The Interface between Cell Signaling Pathways and Pregnane X Receptor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113262. [PMID: 34831484 PMCID: PMC8617909 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly expressed in the enterohepatic system, pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a well-characterized nuclear receptor (NR) that regulates the expression of genes in the liver and intestines that encode key drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter proteins in mammals. The net effect of PXR activation is to increase metabolism and clear drugs and xenobiotics from the body, producing a protective effect and mediating clinically significant drug interaction in patients on combination therapy. The complete understanding of PXR biology is thus important for the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, PXR activation is now known to specifically transrepress the inflammatory- and nutrient-signaling pathways of gene expression, thereby providing a mechanism for linking these signaling pathways together with enzymatic drug biotransformation pathways in the liver and intestines. Recent research efforts highlight numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) which significantly influence the biological function of PXR. However, this thrust of research is still in its infancy. In the context of gene-environment interactions, we present a review of the recent literature that implicates PXR PTMs in regulating its clinically relevant biology. We also provide a discussion of how these PTMs likely interface with each other to respond to extracellular cues to appropriately modify PXR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Rogers
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Annemarie Parker
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Phill D. Vainer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Elijah Elliott
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Dakota Sudbeck
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaushal Parimi
- Thomas Jefferson Independent Day School, Joplin, MO 64801, USA;
| | - Venkata P. Peddada
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Parker G. Howe
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Nick D’Ambrosio
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Gregory Ruddy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaitlin Stackable
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Megan Carney
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Lauren Martin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Osterholt
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rigalli JP, Theile D, Nilles J, Weiss J. Regulation of PXR Function by Coactivator and Corepressor Proteins: Ligand Binding Is Just the Beginning. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113137. [PMID: 34831358 PMCID: PMC8625645 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a nuclear receptor which exerts its regulatory function by heterodimerization with the retinoid-X-receptor α (RXRα, NR2B1) and binding to the promoter and enhancer regions of diverse target genes. PXR is involved in the regulation of drug metabolism and excretion, metabolic and immunological functions and cancer pathogenesis. PXR activity is strongly regulated by the association with coactivator and corepressor proteins. Coactivator proteins exhibit histone acetyltransferase or histone methyltransferase activity or associate with proteins having one of these activities, thus promoting chromatin decondensation and activation of the gene expression. On the contrary, corepressor proteins promote histone deacetylation and therefore favor chromatin condensation and repression of the gene expression. Several studies pointed to clear cell- and ligand-specific differences in the activation of PXR. In this article, we will review the critical role of coactivator and corepressor proteins as molecular determinants of the specificity of PXR-mediated effects. As already known for other nuclear receptors, understanding the complex mechanism of PXR activation in each cell type and under particular physiological and pathophysiological conditions may lead to the development of selective modulators with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hall A, Chanteux H, Ménochet K, Ledecq M, Schulze MSED. Designing Out PXR Activity on Drug Discovery Projects: A Review of Structure-Based Methods, Empirical and Computational Approaches. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6413-6522. [PMID: 34003642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This perspective discusses the role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in drug discovery and the impact of its activation on CYP3A4 induction. The use of structural biology to reduce PXR activity on drug discovery projects has become more common in recent years. Analysis of this work highlights several important molecular interactions, and the resultant structural modifications to reduce PXR activity are summarized. The computational approaches undertaken to support the design of new drugs devoid of PXR activation potential are also discussed. Finally, the SAR of empirical design strategies to reduce PXR activity is reviewed, and the key SAR transformations are discussed and summarized. In conclusion, this perspective demonstrates that PXR activity can be greatly diminished or negated on active drug discovery projects with the knowledge now available. This perspective should be useful to anyone who seeks to reduce PXR activity on a drug discovery project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marie Ledecq
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Regulation of hepatic P-gp expression and activity by genistein in rats. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1625-1635. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Chai SC, Wright WC, Chen T. Strategies for developing pregnane X receptor antagonists: Implications from metabolism to cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1061-1083. [PMID: 31782213 DOI: 10.1002/med.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that was originally identified as a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification. It regulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters to control the degradation and excretion of endobiotics and xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. The metabolism and disposition of drugs might compromise their efficacy and possibly cause drug toxicity and/or drug resistance. Because many drugs can promiscuously bind and activate PXR, PXR antagonists might have therapeutic value in preventing and overcoming drug-induced PXR-mediated drug toxicity and drug resistance. Furthermore, PXR is now known to have broader cellular functions, including the regulation of cell proliferation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Thus, PXR might be involved in human diseases such as cancer and metabolic diseases. The importance of PXR antagonists is discussed in the context of the role of PXR in xenobiotic sensing and other disease-related pathways. This review focuses on the development of PXR antagonists, which has been hampered by the promiscuity of PXR ligand binding. However, substantial progress has been made in recent years, suggesting that it is feasible to develop selective PXR antagonists. We discuss the current status, challenges, and strategies in developing selective PXR antagonists. The strategies are based on the molecular mechanisms of antagonism in related NRs that can be applied to the design of PXR antagonists, primarily driven by structural information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Dubrac S. Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4234. [PMID: 31470652 PMCID: PMC6747412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide. It is a chronic, relapsing and pruritic skin disorder which results from epidermal barrier abnormalities and immune dysregulation, both modulated by environmental factors. AD is strongly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the so-called 'atopic march.' Xenobiotic receptors and their mates are ligand-activated transcription factors expressed in the skin where they control cellular detoxification pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of genes in pathways involved in AD in epithelial cells and immune cells. Activation or overexpression of xenobiotic receptors in the skin can be deleterious or beneficial, depending on context, ligand and activation duration. Moreover, their impact on skin might be amplified by crosstalk among xenobiotic receptors and their mates. Because they are activated by a broad range of endogenous molecules, drugs and pollutants owing to their promiscuous ligand affinity, they have recently crystalized the attention of researchers, including in dermatology and especially in the AD field. This review examines the putative roles of these receptors in AD by critically evaluating the conditions under which the proteins and their ligands have been studied. This information should provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and ways to develop new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Staudinger JL. Clinical applications of small molecule inhibitors of Pregnane X receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:61-71. [PMID: 30726709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The canonical effect of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR, NR1I2) agonism includes enhanced hepatic uptake and a concomitant increase in the first-pass metabolism and efflux of drugs in mammalian liver and intestine. In patients undergoing combination therapy, PXR-mediated gene regulation represents the molecular basis of numerous food-drug, herb-drug, and drug-drug interactions. Moreover, PXR activation promotes chemotherapeutic resistance in certain malignancies. Additional research efforts suggest that sustained PXR activation exacerbates the development of fatty liver disease. Additional metabolic effects of PXR activation in liver are the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. The identification of non-toxic and selective PXR antagonists is therefore of current research interest. Inhibition of PXR should decrease adverse effects, improve therapeutic effectiveness, and advance clinical outcomes in patients with cancer, fatty liver, and diabetes. This review identifies small molecule PXR antagonists described to date, discusses possible molecular mechanisms of inhibition, and seeks to describe the likely biomedical consequences of the inhibition of this nuclear receptor superfamily member.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Staudinger
- Basic Sciences, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ariyani W, Iwasaki T, Miyazaki W, Yu L, Takeda S, Koibuchi N. A Possible Novel Mechanism of Action of Genistein and Daidzein for Activating Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Mediated Transcription. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:417-427. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Liberal Arts and Human Development, Kanagawa University of Human Service, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shigeki Takeda
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of approved drugs as potent inhibitors of pregnane X receptor activation with differential receptor interaction profiles. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1435-1451. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
16
|
Yokobori K, Kobayashi K, Azuma I, Akita H, Chiba K. Intracellular localization of pregnane X receptor in HepG2 cells cultured by the hanging drop method. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Hariparsad N, Ramsden D, Palamanda J, Dekeyser JG, Fahmi OA, Kenny JR, Einolf H, Mohutsky M, Pardon M, Siu YA, Chen L, Sinz M, Jones B, Walsky R, Dallas S, Balani SK, Zhang G, Buckley D, Tweedie D. Considerations from the IQ Induction Working Group in Response to Drug-Drug Interaction Guidance from Regulatory Agencies: Focus on Downregulation, CYP2C Induction, and CYP2B6 Positive Control. Drug Metab Dispos 2017. [PMID: 28646080 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have issued guidelines for the conduct of drug-drug interaction studies. To examine the applicability of these regulatory recommendations specifically for induction, a group of scientists, under the auspices of the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group of the Innovation and Quality (IQ) Consortium, formed the Induction Working Group (IWG). A team of 19 scientists, from 16 of the 39 pharmaceutical companies that are members of the IQ Consortium and two Contract Research Organizations reviewed the recommendations, focusing initially on the current EMA guidelines. Questions were collated from IQ member companies as to which aspects of the guidelines require further evaluation. The EMA was then approached to provide insights into their recommendations on the following: 1) evaluation of downregulation, 2) in vitro assessment of CYP2C induction, 3) the use of CITCO as the positive control for CYP2B6 induction by CAR, 4) data interpretation (a 2-fold increase in mRNA as evidence of induction), and 5) the duration of incubation of hepatocytes with test article. The IWG conducted an anonymous survey among IQ member companies to query current practices, focusing specifically on the aforementioned key points. Responses were received from 19 companies. All data and information were blinded before being shared with the IWG. The results of the survey are presented, together with consensus recommendations on downregulation, CYP2C induction, and CYP2B6 positive control. Results and recommendations related to data interpretation and induction time course will be reported in subsequent articles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niresh Hariparsad
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Diane Ramsden
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jairam Palamanda
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Joshua G Dekeyser
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Odette A Fahmi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Heidi Einolf
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Mohutsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Magalie Pardon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Y Amy Siu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Liangfu Chen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Michael Sinz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Barry Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Robert Walsky
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - George Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - David Buckley
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (N.H.); Genentech, South San Francisco, California (J.R.K.); Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, New Jersey (H.E.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.M.); Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R.); Merck and Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (J.P.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (J.D.), Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (O.A.F.); Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, ChillyMazarin, France (M.P.); Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Andover, Massachusetts (A.Y.S.); Glaxo SmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (M.S.); AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (B.J.); EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts (R.W.);Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.K.B.); Corning Life Sciences; Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); XenoTech LLC, Lenexa, Kansas (D.B.); Merck and Co., West Point, Pennsylvania (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grewal GK, Singh KD, Kanojia N, Rawat C, Kukal S, Jajodia A, Singhal A, Misra R, Nagamani S, Muthusamy K, Kukreti R. Exploring the Carbamazepine Interaction with Human Pregnane X Receptor and Effect on ABCC2 Using in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1444-1458. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Pavek P. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-Mediated Gene Repression and Cross-Talk of PXR with Other Nuclear Receptors via Coactivator Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:456. [PMID: 27932985 PMCID: PMC5122737 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that mainly controls inducible expression of xenobiotics handling genes including biotransformation enzymes and drug transporters. Nowadays it is clear that PXR is also involved in regulation of intermediate metabolism through trans-activation and trans-repression of genes controlling glucose, lipid, cholesterol, bile acid, and bilirubin homeostasis. In these processes PXR cross-talks with other NRs. Accumulating evidence suggests that the cross-talk is often mediated by competing for common coactivators or by disruption of coactivation and activity of other transcription factors by the ligand-activated PXR. In this respect mainly PXR-CAR and PXR-HNF4α interference have been reported and several cytochrome P450 enzymes (such as CYP7A1 and CYP8B1), phase II enzymes (SULT1E1, Gsta2, Ugt1a1), drug and endobiotic transporters (OCT1, Mrp2, Mrp3, Oatp1a, and Oatp4) as well as intermediate metabolism enzymes (PEPCK1 and G6Pase) have been shown as down-regulated genes after PXR activation. In this review, I summarize our current knowledge of PXR-mediated repression and coactivation interference in PXR-controlled gene expression regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Centre for Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chai SC, Cherian MT, Wang YM, Chen T. Small-molecule modulators of PXR and CAR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1141-1154. [PMID: 26921498 PMCID: PMC4975625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), participate in the xenobiotic detoxification system by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in order to degrade and excrete foreign chemicals or endogenous metabolites. This review aims to expand the perceived relevance of PXR and CAR beyond their established role as master xenosensors to disease-oriented areas, emphasizing their modulation by small molecules. Structural studies of these receptors have provided much-needed insight into the nature of their binding promiscuity and the important elements that lead to ligand binding. Reports of species- and isoform-selective activation highlight the need for further scrutiny when extrapolating from animal data to humans, as animal models are at the forefront of early drug discovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Milu T Cherian
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chandran A, Vishveshwara S. Exploration of the conformational landscape in pregnane X receptor reveals a new binding pocket. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1989-2005. [PMID: 27515410 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-regulated pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays a central role in xenobiotic metabolism. Despite its critical role in drug metabolism, PXR activation can lead to adverse drug-drug interactions and early stage metabolism of drugs. Activated PXR can induce cancer drug resistance and enhance the onset of malignancy. Since promiscuity in ligand binding makes it difficult to develop competitive inhibitors targeting PXR ligand binding pocket (LBP), it is essential to identify allosteric sites for effective PXR antagonism. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies unravelled the existence of two different conformational states, namely "expanded" and "contracted", in apo PXR ligand binding domain (LBD). Ligand binding events shifted this conformational equilibrium and locked the LBD in a single "ligand-adaptable" conformational state. Ensemble-based computational solvent mapping identified a transiently open potential small molecule binding pocket between α5 and α8 helices, named "α8 pocket", whose opening-closing mechanism directly correlated with the conformational shift in LBD. A virtual hit identified through structure-based virtual screening against α8 pocket locks the pocket in its open conformation. MD simulations further revealed that the presence of small molecule at allosteric site disrupts the LBD dynamics and locks the LBD in a "tightly-contracted" conformation. The molecular details provided here could guide new structural studies to understand PXR activation and antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Chandran
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Couderc M, Marchand J, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Kamari A, Moreau B, Blanchet-Letrouvé I, Le Bizec B, Mouneyrac C, Poirier L. Thyroid endocrine status of wild European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the Loire (France). Relationships with organic contaminant body burdens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:391-405. [PMID: 26845177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fish, thyroid function is involved in various critical physiological processes. Given the complexity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, a large number of genes and proteins can be the potential target of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate, in yellow and silver European eels (Anguilla anguilla), potential effects of EDCs on thyroid status by analyzing the associations between EDC body burdens and thyroid hormones (THs). In yellow individuals, greater free T3/T4 ratios (FT3/FT4) and lower plasma FT4 levels were associated with greater concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as highlighted by significant correlations with many congeners. Few positive relationships with alkylphenols were noticed. In contrast, silver eels usually exhibited less significant correlations between THs and contaminant loads. Expression of a series of genes involved in the HPT axis was also investigated in the silver individuals. Concerning mRNA expression in silver females, some main correlations were noticed: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHβ) gene expression was significantly correlated to numerous PCBs, and hepatic mRNA levels of deiodinase 2 (Deio 2) were negatively correlated to 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHF) and 2-naphtol (2-OHNa). Thyroid receptor (TRα and TRβ) mRNA levels exhibited weak negative correlations with some PBDEs in silver females and males. Hepatic vitellogenin (Vtg) mRNA levels were detected in all silver males but at lower levels than in silver females. In males, Vtg mRNA levels were positively associated to FT4/TT4. In silver females, strong positive correlations were found between congeners of PCBs, PBDEs and PFAS suggesting potential estrogenic effects. Overall, the observed results indicate that several organic contaminants, mainly dl-, ndl-PCBs and PBDEs, could be associated with changes in thyroid homeostasis in these fish, via direct or indirect interactions with peripheral deiodination, metabolism of T4 and mechanisms involved in TSHβ, Deio 2 and Vtg gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Couderc
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - J Marchand
- Université du Maine, MMS, EA 2160, Le Mans F-72085, France
| | | | - A Kamari
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - B Moreau
- Université du Maine, MMS, EA 2160, Le Mans F-72085, France
| | | | - B Le Bizec
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - C Mouneyrac
- Université Catholique de l'Ouest, MMS, EA 2160, Angers F-49000, France
| | - L Poirier
- Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lau AJ, Chang TKH. 3-Hydroxyflavone and structural analogues differentially activate pregnane X receptor: Implication for inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:64-72. [PMID: 26238175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptors that regulates the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, including drug transport and biotransformation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 3-hydroxyflavone and its structurally-related analogues on PXR activity. 3-Hydroxyflavone, galangin, kaempferol, querceetin, isorhamnetin, and tamarixetin, but not but not datiscetin, morin, myricetin, or syringetin, activated mouse PXR, as assessed in a cell-based reporter gene assay. By comparison, 3-hydroxyflavone activated rat PXR, whereas 3-hydroxyflavone, galangin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and tamarixetin activated human PXR (hPXR). A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer competitive ligand-binding assay showed binding to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR by 3-hydroxyflavone, galangin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and tamarixetin. 3-Hydroxyflavone and galangin, but not quercetin, isorhamnetin, or tamarixetin, recruited steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3 to hPXR. In LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells, 3-hydroxyflavone, quercetin, and tamarixetin increased CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 mRNA expression, whereas galangin and isorhamnetin increased CYP3A4 and ABCB1 but not CYP3A5 mRNA expression. Datiscetin, kaempferol, morin, myricetin, and syringetin did not attenuate the extent of hPXR activation by rifampicin, suggesting they are not hPXR antagonists. Overall, flavonols activate PXR in an analogue-specific and species-dependent manner. Substitution at the C2' or C5' position of 3-hydroxyflavone with a hydroxyl or methoxy group rendered it incapable of activating hPXR. Understanding the structure-activity relationship of flavonols in hPXR activation may facilitate nutraceutical development efforts in the treatment of PXR-associated intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aik Jiang Lau
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas K H Chang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
MEHLIG LYSANNMICHAELA, GARVE CLAUDIA, TAUER JOSEPHINETABEA, SUTTORP MEINOLF, BAUER ANDREA. Inhibitory effects of imatinib on vitamin D3 synthesis in human keratinocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3143-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
26
|
Li Y, Ginjupalli GK, Baldwin WS. The HR97 (NR1L) group of nuclear receptors: a new group of nuclear receptors discovered in Daphnia species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:30-42. [PMID: 25092536 PMCID: PMC4182176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recently sequenced Daphnia pulex genome revealed the NR1L nuclear receptor group consisting of three novel receptors. Phylogenetic studies show that this group is related to the NR1I group (CAR/PXR/VDR) and the NR1J group (HR96), and were subsequently named HR97a/b/g. Each of the HR97 paralogs from Daphnia magna, a commonly used crustacean in toxicity testing, was cloned, sequenced, and partially characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the HR97 receptors are present in primitive arthropods such as the chelicerates but lost in insects. qPCR and immunohistochemistry demonstrate that each of the receptors is expressed near or at reproductive maturity, and that HR97g, the most ancient of the HR97 receptors, is primarily expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, mandibular region, and ovaries, consistent with a role in reproduction. Transactivation assays using an HR97a/b/g-GAL4 chimera indicate that unlike Daphnia HR96 that is promiscuous with respect to ligand recognition, the HR97 receptors do not respond to many of the ligands that activate CAR/PXR/HR96 nuclear receptors. Only three putative ligands of HR97 receptors were identified in this study: pyriproxyfen, methyl farnesoate, and arachidonic acid. Only arachidonic acid, which acts as an inverse agonist, alters HR97g activity at concentrations that would be considered within physiologically relevant ranges. Overall, this study demonstrates that, although closely related to the promiscuous receptors in the NR1I and NR1J groups, the HR97 receptors are mostly likely not multi-xenobiotic sensors, but rather may perform physiological functions, potentially in reproduction, unique to crustaceans and other non-insect arthropod groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Li
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Gautam K Ginjupalli
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - William S Baldwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1 and 2) inhibitor, selectively up-regulates main isoforms of CYP3A subfamily via a pregnane X receptor (PXR) in HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2243-59. [PMID: 24819614 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte tumor cell lines lack the expression or induction properties of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes compared to primary human hepatocytes. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis, dedifferentiation and loss of hepatocyte drug metabolism in hepatocyte tumors. In the present study, we examined whether MEK1/2 inhibitors can restore the expression of CYP genes in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. We found that U0126, a prototype dual MEK1/2 inhibitor, is a potent inducer of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 mRNA expression (>100-fold) in HepG2 cells and CYP3A4 mRNA expression in primary human hepatocytes. This U0126-mediated induction is sensitive to the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D and was not detected for CYP2B6 or MDR1 mRNA expression. In gene reporter assays, U0126 activates a CYP3A4 promoter luciferase reporter construct containing PXR response elements (PXREs), but not a construct containing mutated PXREs. Based on a ligand binding assay and the examination of a PXR mutant expressing an obstructed ligand binding pocket, we found that U0126 is a ligand of PXR. We also found that U0126 up-regulates the mRNA expression of the nuclear receptors HNF4α, CAR, VDR and PXR but abolishes small heterodimer partner (SHP) corepressor expression in HepG2 cells. The MEK1/2 inhibitors PD0325901 and PD184352, as well as dominant-negative MEK1 expression, also down-regulate SHP mRNA expression. In contrast, dominant-negative MEK1 expression does not significantly induce CYP3A4 gene in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, we found that U0126 is an atypical PXR ligand that via direct (binding and activation of PXR) and indirect (SHP dowregulation) mechanisms selectively restores CYP3A genes in HepG2 cells.
Collapse
|
28
|
Robbins D, Chen T. Tissue-specific regulation of pregnane X receptor in cancer development and therapy. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:17. [PMID: 24690092 PMCID: PMC4237984 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) has a multitude of functions including regulating xenobiotic and cholesterol metabolism, energy homeostasis, gut mucosal defense, and cancer development. Whereas the detoxification functions of PXR have been widely studied and well established, the role of PXR in cancer has become controversial. With more than 60% of non-prescription and prescription drugs being metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4), a transcriptional target of PXR, insights into the regulation of PXR during systemic administration of novel treatment modalities will lead to a better understanding of PXR function in the context of human disease. Previous studies have suggested that PXR activation decreases drug sensitivity and augments chemoresistance in certain colon cancers mainly through the upregulation of CYP3A4 and multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR1). Later studies suggest that downregulation of PXR expression may be oncogenic in hormone-dependent breast and endometrial cancers by reducing estrogen metabolism via CYP3A4; thus, higher estradiol concentrations contribute to carcinogenesis. These results suggest a differential role of PXR in tumor growth regulation dependent on tissue type and tumor microenvironment. Here, we will summarize the various mechanisms utilized by PXR to induce its diverse effects on cancerous tissues. Moreover, current approaches will be explored to evaluate the exploitation of PXR-mediated pathways as a novel mechanistic approach to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St, Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li H, Dou W, Padikkala E, Mani S. Reverse yeast two-hybrid system to identify mammalian nuclear receptor residues that interact with ligands and/or antagonists. J Vis Exp 2013:e51085. [PMID: 24300333 DOI: 10.3791/51085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking metabolism and inflammation (e.g. hepatic steatosis)(1,2). There has been much progress in the identification of agonist ligands for PXR, however, there are limited descriptions of drug-like antagonists and their binding sites on PXR(3,4,5). A critical barrier has been the inability to efficiently purify full-length protein for structural studies with antagonists despite the fact that PXR was cloned and characterized in 1998. Our laboratory developed a novel high throughput yeast based two-hybrid assay to define an antagonist, ketoconazole's, binding residues on PXR(6). Our method involves creating mutational libraries that would rescue the effect of single mutations on the AF-2 surface of PXR expected to interact with ketoconazole. Rescue or "gain-of-function" second mutations can be made such that conclusions regarding the genetic interaction of ketoconazole and the surface residue(s) on PXR are feasible. Thus, we developed a high throughput two-hybrid yeast screen of PXR mutants interacting with its coactivator, SRC-1. Using this approach, in which the yeast was modified to accommodate the study of the antifungal drug, ketoconazole, we could demonstrate specific mutations on PXR enriched in clones unable to bind to ketoconazole. By reverse logic, we conclude that the original residues are direct interaction residues with ketoconazole. This assay represents a novel, tractable genetic assay to screen for antagonist binding sites on nuclear receptor surfaces. This assay could be applied to any drug regardless of its cytotoxic potential to yeast as well as to cellular protein(s) that cannot be studied using standard structural biology or proteomic based methods. Potential pitfalls include interpretation of data (complementary methods useful), reliance on single Y2H method, expertise in handling yeast or performing yeast two-hybrid assays, and assay optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Adopted orphan nuclear receptor (NR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), plays a central role in the regulation of xeno- and endobiotic metabolism. Since the discovery of the functional role of PXR in 1998, there is evolving evidence for the role of PXR agonists in abrogating metabolic pathophysiology (e.g., cholestasis, hypercholesterolemia, and inflammation). However, more recently, it is clear that PXR is also an important mediator of adverse xeno- (e.g., enhances acetaminophen toxicity) and endobiotic (e.g., hepatic steatosis) metabolic phenotypes. Moreover, in cancer therapeutics, PXR activation can induce drug resistance, and there is growing evidence for tissue-specific enhancement of the malignant phenotype. Thus, in these instances, there may be a role for PXR antagonists. However, as opposed to the discovery efforts for PXR agonists, there are only a few antagonists described. The mode of action of these antagonists (e.g., sulforaphane) remains less clear. Our laboratory efforts have focused on this question. Since the original discovery of azoles analogs as PXR antagonists, we have preliminarily defined an important PXR antagonist pharmacophore and developed less-toxic PXR antagonists. In this review, we describe our published and unpublished findings on recent structure-function studies involving the azole chemical scaffold. Further work in the future is needed to fully define potent, more-selective PXR antagonists that may be useful in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hirooka-Masui K, Lesmana R, Iwasaki T, Xu M, Hayasaka K, Haraguchi M, Takeshita A, Shimokawa N, Yamamoto K, Koibuchi N. Interaction of silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors with steroid and xenobiotic receptor on multidrug resistance 1 promoter. Life Sci 2013; 92:911-5. [PMID: 23562850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) regulates the transcription of its target genes by interacting with various nuclear receptor cofactors. We have previously shown that silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors (SMRT) interacts with SXR even in the presence of rifampicin on cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 3A4 (CYP3A4) promoter in HepG2 cells. To examine the specificity of such interaction, the involvement of SMRT on SXR-mediated transcription through multidrug resistance (MDR) 1 gene promoter was examined using LS174T intestine-derived clonal cells. MAIN METHODS Transient transfection-based reporter gene assay was carried out to examine the effect of SMRT or nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) on SXR-mediated transcription in LS174T cells. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to confirm the expression of MDR1 mRNA in LS174T cells. To examine the interaction of SMRT with SXR, we carried out mammalian one-hybrid assay in CV-1 cells and immunoprecipitation study in HEK-293 cells. KEY FINDINGS SMRT, but not NCoR suppressed rifampicin-induced SXR-mediated transcription. The SXR-mediated MDR1 mRNA expression was augmented in the presence of rifampicin, whereas it suppressed the expression following the overexpression of SMRT. In mammalian one-hybrid assay, only SMRT but not NCoR interacted with SXR on MDR1 promoter in the presence of rifampicin. In immunoprecipitation study, SMRT bound to SXR regardless of the presence or absence of rifampicin. SIGNIFICANCE SMRT may be recruited in the SXR-cofactor complex even in the presence of ligand. SMRT may be involved not only in SXR-mediated suppression without ligand, but also in ligand-activated transcription to suppress the overactivation of transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Hirooka-Masui
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li H, Redinbo MR, Venkatesh M, Ekins S, Chaudhry A, Bloch N, Negassa A, Mukherjee P, Kalpana G, Mani S. Novel yeast-based strategy unveils antagonist binding regions on the nuclear xenobiotic receptor PXR. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13655-68. [PMID: 23525103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketoconazole binds to and antagonizes pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation. RESULTS Yeast high throughput screens of PXR mutants define a unique region for ketoconazole binding. CONCLUSION Ketoconazole genetically interacts with specific PXR surface residues. SIGNIFICANCE A yeast-based genetic method to discover novel nuclear receptor interactions with ligands that associate with surface binding sites is suggested. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master regulator of xenobiotic metabolism, and its activity is critical toward understanding the pathophysiology of several diseases, including inflammation, cancer, and steatosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketoconazole binds to ligand-activated PXR and antagonizes receptor control of gene expression. Structure-function as well as computational docking analysis suggested a putative binding region containing critical charge clamp residues Gln-272, and Phe-264 on the AF-2 surface of PXR. To define the antagonist binding surface(s) of PXR, we developed a novel assay to identify key amino acid residues on PXR based on a yeast two-hybrid screen that examined mutant forms of PXR. This screen identified multiple "gain-of-function" mutants that were "resistant" to the PXR antagonist effects of ketoconazole. We then compared our screen results identifying key PXR residues to those predicted by computational methods. Of 15 potential or putative binding residues based on docking, we identified three residues in the yeast screen that were then systematically verified to functionally interact with ketoconazole using mammalian assays. Among the residues confirmed by our study was Ser-208, which is on the opposite side of the protein from the AF-2 region critical for receptor regulation. The identification of new locations for antagonist binding on the surface or buried in PXR indicates novel aspects to the mechanism of receptor antagonism. These results significantly expand our understanding of antagonist binding sites on the surface of PXR and suggest new avenues to regulate this receptor for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jakobsen GS, Skottheim IB, Sandbu R, Christensen H, Røislien J, Asberg A, Hjelmesæth J. Long-term effects of gastric bypass and duodenal switch on systemic exposure of atorvastatin. Surg Endosc 2012; 27:2094-101. [PMID: 23247745 PMCID: PMC3661042 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background A previous study of 22 patients undergoing either gastric bypass or duodenal switch showed increased systemic exposure of atorvastatin acid 3–8 weeks after surgery in the majority of patients. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects on systemic exposure of atorvastatin acid in the same group of patients. Methods An 8-h pharmacokinetic investigation was performed a median of 27 months (range 21–45 months) after surgery. Systemic exposure was measured as the area under the plasma concentration versus the time curve from 0 to 8 h postdose (AUC0–8). Linear mixed models with AUC0–8 as the dependent variable were implemented to assess the effect of time, surgical procedure, and body mass index (BMI) as explanatory variables. Results The study enrolled 20 patients. The systemic exposure of atorvastatin acid changed significantly over time (p = 0.001), albeit there was substantial variation between subjects. The effect of time was attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for surgical procedure and BMI (p = 0.048). The initial AUC0–8 increase seen in the majority of patients 3–8 weeks after surgery was normalized long term, with 7 of the 12 gastric bypass patients and 6 of the 8 duodenal switch patients showing decreased AUC0–8 compared with preoperative values. Conclusions The systemic exposure of atorvastatin showed a significant change over time after bariatric surgery, albeit with large inter- and intraindividual variations. The findings indicate that patients using atorvastatin or drugs with similar pharmacokinetic properties should be monitored closely for both therapeutic effects and adverse events the first years after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. ClinicalTrial NCT00331565.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunn Signe Jakobsen
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, P.O. Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Caboni L, Lloyd DG. Beyond the ligand-binding pocket: targeting alternate sites in nuclear receptors. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:1081-118. [PMID: 23344935 DOI: 10.1002/med.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-modulated transcription factors with significant therapeutic relevance from metabolic disorders and inflammation to cancer, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Drug discovery efforts are typically concentrated on modulating the natural ligand action within the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Drawbacks of LBP-based strategies include physiological alterations due to disruption of ligand binding and difficulties in achieving tissue specificity. Furthermore, the lack of a "pure" and predictable mechanism of action predisposes such intervention toward drug resistance. Recent outstanding progress in our understanding of NR biology has shifted the focus of drug discovery efforts from inside to outside the LBP, affording consideration to the interaction between NRs and coactivator proteins, the interaction between NRs and DNA and the NRs' ligand-independent functions. This review encompasses such currently available NR non-LBP-based interventions and their potential application in therapy or as specific tools to probe NR biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caboni
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karimullina E, Li Y, Ginjupalli G, Baldwin WS. Daphnia HR96 is a promiscuous xenobiotic and endobiotic nuclear receptor. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 116-117:69-78. [PMID: 22466357 PMCID: PMC3334431 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Daphnia pulex is the first crustacean to have its genome sequenced. The genome project provides new insight and data into how an aquatic crustacean may respond to environmental stressors, including toxicants. We cloned Daphnia pulex HR96 (DappuHR96), a nuclear receptor orthologous to the CAR/PXR/VDR group of nuclear receptors. In Drosophila melanogaster, (hormone receptor 96) HR96 responds to phenobarbital exposure and has been hypothesized as a toxicant receptor. Therefore, we set up a transactivation assay to test whether DappuHR96 is a promiscuous receptor activated by xenobiotics and endobiotics similar to the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X-receptor (PXR). Transactivation assays performed with a GAL4-HR96 chimera demonstrate that HR96 is a promiscuous toxicant receptor activated by a diverse set of chemicals such as pesticides, hormones, and fatty acids. Several environmental toxicants activate HR96 including estradiol, pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and methane arsonate. We also observed repression of HR96 activity by chemicals such as triclosan, androstanol, and fluoxetine. Nearly 50% of the chemicals tested activated or inhibited HR96. Interestingly, unsaturated fatty acids were common activators or inhibitors of HR96 activity, indicating a link between diet and toxicant response. The omega-6 and omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid activated HR96, but the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid inhibited HR96, suggesting that these two distinct sets of lipids perform opposing roles in Daphnia physiology. This also provides a putative mechanism by which the ratio of dietary unsaturated fats may affect the ability of an organism to respond to a toxic insult. In summary, HR96 is a promiscuous nuclear receptor activated by numerous endo- and xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Karimullina
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA 29634
- Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg, Russia 620144
- Fullbright Foundation Post-graduate Fellow
| | - Yangchun Li
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA 29634
| | - Gautam Ginjupalli
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA 29634
| | - William S. Baldwin
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA 29634
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: William S. Baldwin, Clemson University, Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, 864-656-2340,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sheng ZG, Tang Y, Liu YX, Yuan Y, Zhao BQ, Chao XJ, Zhu BZ. Low concentrations of bisphenol a suppress thyroid hormone receptor transcription through a nongenomic mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 259:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Navaratnarajah P, Steele BL, Redinbo MR, Thompson NL. Rifampicin-independent interactions between the pregnane X receptor ligand binding domain and peptide fragments of coactivator and corepressor proteins. Biochemistry 2011; 51:19-31. [PMID: 22185585 DOI: 10.1021/bi2011674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in a ligand-dependent manner. The conventional view of nuclear receptor action is that ligand binding enhances the receptor's affinity for coactivator proteins, while decreasing its affinity for corepressors. To date, however, no known rigorous biophysical studies have been conducted to investigate the interaction among PXR, its coregulators, and ligands. In this work, steady-state total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and total internal reflection with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching were used to measure the thermodynamics and kinetics of the interaction between the PXR ligand binding domain and a peptide fragment of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) in the presence and absence of the established PXR agonist, rifampicin. Equilibrium dissociation and dissociation rate constants of ~5 μM and ~2 s(-1), respectively, were obtained in the presence and absence of rifampicin, indicating that the ligand does not enhance the affinity of the PXR and SRC-1 fragments. Additionally, TIRFM was used to examine the interaction between PXR and a peptide fragment of the corepressor protein, the silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors (SMRT). An equilibrium dissociation constant of ~70 μM was obtained for SMRT in the presence and absence of rifampicin. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism of ligand-dependent activation in PXR differs significantly from that seen in many other nuclear receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punya Navaratnarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. A mechanistic insight into 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”)-mediated hepatotoxicity. Vet Q 2011; 31:193-205. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2011.642534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
39
|
Krausova L, Stejskalova L, Wang H, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z, Mani S, Pavek P. Metformin suppresses pregnane X receptor (PXR)-regulated transactivation of CYP3A4 gene. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1771-80. [PMID: 21920351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. The pleotropic effects of metformin on glucose and lipid metabolism have been proposed to be mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the subsequent up-regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP). SHP suppresses the functions of several nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of hepatic metabolism, including pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is referred to as a "master regulator" of drug/xenobiotic metabolism. In this study, we hypothesize that metformin suppresses the expression of CYP3A4, a main detoxification enzyme and a target gene of PXR, due to SHP up-regulation. We employed various gene reporter assays in cell lines and qRT-PCR in human hepatocytes and in Pxr(-/-) mice. We show that metformin dramatically suppresses PXR-mediated expression of CYP3A4 in hepatocytes. Consistently, metformin significantly suppressed the up-regulation of Cyp3a11 mRNA in the liver and intestine of wild-type mice, but not in Pxr(-/-) mice. A mechanistic investigation of the phenomenon showed that metformin does not significantly up-regulate SHP in human hepatocytes. We further demonstrate that AMPK activation is not involved in this process. We show that metformin disrupts PXR's interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC1) in a two-hybrid assay independently of the PXR ligand binding pocket. Metformin also inhibited vitamin D receptor-, glucocorticoid receptor- and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated induction of CYP3A4 mRNA in human hepatocytes. We show, therefore, a suppressive effect of metformin on PXR and other ligand-activated nuclear receptors in transactivation of the main detoxification enzyme CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Krausova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, CZ-500 05, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tsujimura S, Tanaka Y. Treatment strategy based on targeting P-glycoprotein on peripheral lymphocytes in patients with systemic autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 16:102-8. [PMID: 21847519 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are widely used in the treatment of various systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we often experience patients with systemic autoimmune diseases who are resistant to these treatments. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) of membrane transporters, a product of the multiple drug resistance (MDR)-1 gene, is known to play a pivotal role in the acquisition of drug resistance to chemotherapy in malignancy. However, the relevance of MDR-1 and P-gp to resting and activated lymphocytes, which are the major target in the treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases, remains unclear. Studies from our laboratories found surface expression of P-gp on peripheral lymphocytes in patients with SLE and a significant correlation between the expression level and disease activity. Such expression is induced not only by genotoxic stresses but also by various stimuli including cytokines, resulting in active efflux of drugs from the cytoplasm of lymphocytes, resulting in drug-resistance and high disease activity. However, the use of both P-gp antagonists (e.g., cyclosporine) and inhibition of P-gp synthesis with intensive immunosuppressive therapy successfully reduces the efflux of corticosteroids from lymphocytes in vitro, suggesting that P-gp antagonists and P-gp synthesis inhibitors could be used to overcome drug-resistance in vivo and improve outcome. In conclusion, lymphocytes activated by various stimuli in patients with highly active disease apparently acquire MDR-1-mediated multidrug resistance against corticosteroids and probably some DMARDs, which are substrates of P-gp. Inhibition/reduction of P-gp could overcome such drug resistance. The expression of P-gp on lymphocytes is a promising marker of drug resistance and a suitable target to combat drug resistance in patients with active systemic autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/blood
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuyo Tsujimura
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Takeshita A, Igarashi-Migitaka J, Nishiyama K, Takahashi H, Takeuchi Y, Koibuchi N. Acetyl Tributyl Citrate, the Most Widely Used Phthalate Substitute Plasticizer, Induces Cytochrome P450 3A through Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:460-70. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
42
|
Suhara Y, Watanabe M, Motoyoshi S, Nakagawa K, Wada A, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Tokiwa H, Okano T. Synthesis of new vitamin K analogues as steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) agonists: insights into the biological role of the side chain part of vitamin K. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4918-22. [PMID: 21618996 DOI: 10.1021/jm200201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K(2) has been demonstrated to induce gene expression related to bone formation through a nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR). We synthesized new vitamin K analogues with the same isoprene side chains symmetrically introduced at the 2 and 3 positions of 1,4-naphthoquinone and evaluated the transcriptional activity of the target gene. The transcriptional activity was related to the length of the side chain which allowed optimal interaction with ligand-binding domain of SXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Suhara Y, Watanabe M, Nakagawa K, Wada A, Ito Y, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Okano T. Synthesis of novel vitamin K2 analogues with modification at the ω-terminal position and their biological evaluation as potent steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) agonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4269-73. [PMID: 21561094 DOI: 10.1021/jm200025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K(2) is a ligand for a nuclear receptor, steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), that induces the gene expressions of CYP3A4. We synthesized vitamin K(2) analogues with hydroxyl or phenyl groups at the ω-terminal of the side chain. The up-regulation of SXR-mediated transcription of the target gene by the analogues was dependent on the length of the side chain and the hydrophobicity of the ω-terminal residues. Phenyl analogue menaquinone-3 was as active as the known SXR ligand rifampicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) interacts with therapeutic drugs on CYP3A by inhibition of pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation and catalytic enzyme inhibition. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
45
|
Venkatesh M, Wang H, Cayer J, Leroux M, Salvail D, Das B, Wrobel JE, Mani S. In vivo and in vitro characterization of a first-in-class novel azole analog that targets pregnane X receptor activation. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:124-35. [PMID: 21464197 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master regulator of xenobiotic clearance and is implicated in deleterious drug interactions (e.g., acetaminophen hepatotoxicity) and cancer drug resistance. However, small-molecule targeting of this receptor has been difficult; to date, directed synthesis of a relatively specific PXR inhibitor has remained elusive. Here we report the development and characterization of a first-in-class novel azole analog [1-(4-(4-(((2R,4S)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone (FLB-12)] that antagonizes the activated state of PXR with limited effects on other related nuclear receptors (i.e., liver X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, estrogen receptor α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and mouse constitutive androstane receptor). We investigated the toxicity and PXR antagonist effect of FLB-12 in vivo. Compared with ketoconazole, a prototypical PXR antagonist, FLB-12 is significantly less toxic to hepatocytes. FLB-12 significantly inhibits the PXR-activated loss of righting reflex to 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (Avertin) in vivo, abrogates PXR-mediated resistance to 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in colon cancer cells in vitro, and attenuates PXR-mediated acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in vivo. Thus, relatively selective targeting of PXR by antagonists is feasible and warrants further investigation. This class of agents is suitable for development as chemical probes of PXR function as well as potential PXR-directed therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhukumar Venkatesh
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ibhazehiebo K, Iwasaki T, Okano-Uchida T, Shimokawa N, Ishizaki Y, Koibuchi N. Suppression of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and disruption of thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar morphogenesis by the polybrominated biphenyl mixture, BP-6. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:400-9. [PMID: 21396401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are polyhalogenated, bioaccumulative flame retardant chemicals, which have been used in a variety of consumer and household products. They were accidentally introduced into the food chain in Michigan in 1973 and have remained a source of health concern. Studies have shown that exposure to PBB may cause adverse neurotoxic effects. We therefore examined the effects of BP-6, a PBB mixture, on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, on TH-induced Purkinje cell dendritogenesis, and on TH-induced cerebellar granule cell neurite extension. Our study shows that BP-6 suppressed TR-mediated transcription in CV-1 cells. Mammalian two-hybrid studies revealed that BP-6 did not inhibit coactivator binding to TR nor did it recruit corepressors to TR. Further examination using the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull down assay revealed partial dissociation of TR from TH response element (TRE). In primary rat cerebellar culture, BP-6 significantly suppressed TH-induced dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells, and in reaggregate rat granule cell culture, impaired TH-induced neurite extension of granule cells. Taken together, our results indicate that BP-6 may disrupt TH homeostasis and consequently impair normal neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ibhazehiebo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Division of Biological Regulations, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vrzal R, Doricakova A, Novotna A, Bachleda P, Bitman M, Pavek P, Dvorak Z. Valproic acid augments vitamin D receptor-mediated induction of CYP24 by vitamin D3: A possible cause of valproic acid-induced osteomalacia? Toxicol Lett 2011; 200:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
48
|
Ibhazehiebo K, Iwasaki T, Kimura-Kuroda J, Miyazaki W, Shimokawa N, Koibuchi N. Disruption of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription and thyroid hormone-induced Purkinje cell dendrite arborization by polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:168-75. [PMID: 20870570 PMCID: PMC3040602 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants and are becoming a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Adverse effects in the developing brain are of great health concern. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of PBDEs/hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) on thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR)-mediated transcription and on TH-induced dendrite arborization of cerebellar Purkinje cells. METHODS We examined the effect of PBDEs/OH-PBDEs on TR action using a transient transfection-based reporter gene assay. TR-cofactor binding was studied by the mammalian two-hybrid assay, and TR-DNA [TH response element (TRE)] binding was examined by the liquid chemiluminescent DNA pull-down assay. Chimeric receptors generated from TR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were used to identify the functional domain of TR responsible for PBDE action. The change in dendrite arborization of the Purkinje cell in primary culture of newborn rat cerebellum was also examined. RESULTS Several PBDE congeners suppressed TR-mediated transcription. The magnitude of suppression correlated with that of TR-TRE dissociation. PBDEs suppressed transcription of chimeric receptors containing the TR DNA binding domain (TR-DBD). We observed no such suppression with chimeras containing GR-DBD. In the cerebellar culture, PBDE significantly suppressed TH-induced Purkinje cell dendrite arborization. CONCLUSIONS Several PBDE congeners may disrupt the TH system by partial dissociation of TR from TRE acting through TR-DBD and, consequently, may disrupt normal brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ibhazehiebo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Address correspondence to T. Iwasaki, Department of Integrative Physiology, Division of Biological Regulations, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan. Telephone: 81-27-220-7923. Fax: 81-27-220-7926. E-mail:
| | - Junko Kimura-Kuroda
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lau AJ, Yang G, Rajaraman G, Baucom CC, Chang TKH. Differential effect of meclizine on the activity of human pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:816-26. [PMID: 21131266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data exist as to whether meclizine is an activator of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). Therefore, we conducted a detailed, systematic investigation to determine whether meclizine affects hPXR activity by performing a cell-based reporter gene assay, a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer competitive ligand-binding assay, a mammalian two-hybrid assay to assess coactivator recruitment, and a hPXR target gene expression assay. In pregnane X receptor (PXR)-transfected HepG2 cells, meclizine activated hPXR to a greater extent than rat PXR. It bound to hPXR ligand-binding domain and recruited steroid receptor coactivator-1 to the receptor. Consistent with its hPXR agonism, meclizine increased hPXR target gene expression (CYP3A4) in human hepatocytes. However, it did not increase but decreased testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, suggesting inhibition of CYP3A catalytic activity. Meclizine has also been reported to be an inverse agonist and antagonist of human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR). Therefore, given that certain tissues (e.g., liver) express both hPXR and hCAR and that various genes are cross-regulated by them, we quantified the expression of a hCAR- and hPXR-regulated gene (CYP2B6) in cultured human hepatocytes treated with meclizine. This drug did not decrease constitutive CYP2B6 mRNA expression or attenuate hCAR agonist-mediated increase in CYP2B6 mRNA and CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation levels. These observations reflect hPXR agonism and the lack of hCAR inverse agonism and antagonism by meclizine, which were assessed by a hCAR reporter gene assay and mammalian two-hybrid assay. In conclusion, meclizine is a hPXR agonist, and it does not act as a hCAR inverse agonist or antagonist in cultured human hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aik Jiang Lau
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu YH, Mo SL, Bi HC, Hu BF, Li CG, Wang YT, Huang L, Huang M, Duan W, Liu JP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF. Regulation of human pregnane X receptor and its target gene cytochrome P450 3A4 by Chinese herbal compounds and a molecular docking study. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:259-80. [PMID: 21117944 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.537395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays a critical role in the regulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) gene. In this study, we investigated the effect of an array of compounds isolated from Chinese herbal medicines on the activity of PXR using a luciferase reporter gene assay in transiently transfected HepG2 and Huh7 cells and on the expression of PXR and CYP3A4 in LS174T cells. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to investigate the binding modes of herbal compounds with PXR. Praeruptorin A and C, salvianolic acid B, sodium danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, cryptotanshinone, emodin, morin, and tanshinone IIA significantly transactivated the CYP3A4 reporter gene construct in either HepG2 or Huh7 cells. The PXR mRNA expression in LS174T cells was significantly induced by physcion, protocatechuic aldehyde, salvianolic acid B, and sodium danshensu. However, epifriedelanol, morin, praeruptorin D, mulberroside A, tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA significantly down-regulated the expression of PXR mRNA in LS174T cells. All the herbal compounds tested can be readily docked into the ligand-binding cavity of PXR mainly through hydrogen bond and aromatic interactions with Ser247, Gln285, His407, and Arg401. These findings suggest that herbal medicines can significantly regulate PXR and CYP3A4 and this has important implication in herb-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-He Liu
- School of Health Sciences & Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|