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Pastor-Morate D, Amigo-Morán L, Garranzo-Asensio M, Rejas-González R, Carnicero P, Rodríguez N, Pérez-Robledo JP, Barderas R, Prieto-Nieto I, Domínguez G. ΔNp73 and its effector targets promote colorectal peritoneal carcinosis and predict survival. J Pathol 2024; 263:328-337. [PMID: 38629257 DOI: 10.1002/path.6286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis of colorectal origin appears in ~10-15% of patients at the time of diagnosis and in 30-40% of cases with disease progression. Locoregional spread through the peritoneum is considered stage IVc and is associated with a poor prognosis. The development of a regional therapeutic strategy based on cytoreductive surgery, and hyperthermic intra-abdominal chemotherapy has significantly altered the course of the disease. Although recent evidence supports the benefits of cytoreductive surgery, the benefits of hyperthermic intra-abdominal chemotherapy are, however, still a matter of debate. Understanding the molecular alterations underlying the disease is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we evaluated the involvement in peritoneal dissemination of the oncogenic isoform of TP73, ΔNp73, and its effector targets in in vitro and mouse models, and in 30 patients diagnosed with colorectal peritoneal metastasis. In an orthotopic mouse model, we observed that tumor cells overexpressing ΔNp73 present a higher avidity for the peritoneum and that extracellular vesicles secreted by ΔNp73-upregulating tumor cells enhance their dissemination. In addition, we identified that tumor cells overexpressing ΔNp73 present with dysregulation of genes associated with an epithelial/mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) and that mesothelial cells exposed to the conditioned medium of tumor cells with upregulated ΔNp73 present a mesenchymal phenotype. Lastly, ΔNp73 and its effector target RNAs were dysregulated in our patient series, there were positive correlations between ΔNp73 and its effector targets, and MSN and ITGB4 (ΔNp73 effectors) predicted patient survival. In conclusion, ΔNp73 and its effector targets are involved in the peritoneal dissemination of colorectal cancer and predict patient survival. The promotion of the EMT/MMT and modulation of the adhesion capacity in colorectal cancer cells might be the mechanisms triggered by ΔNp73. Remarkably, ΔNp73 protein is a druggable protein and should be the focus of future studies. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pastor-Morate
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Alberto Sols" Biomedical Research Institute, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Amigo-Morán
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Alberto Sols" Biomedical Research Institute, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garranzo-Asensio
- Carlos III Health Institute, Functional Research Unit into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rejas-González
- Carlos III Health Institute, Functional Research Unit into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Carnicero
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Alberto Sols" Biomedical Research Institute, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Pérez-Robledo
- Peritoneal Carcinosis Unit, Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Carlos III Health Institute, Functional Research Unit into Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto-Nieto
- Peritoneal Carcinosis Unit, Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Domínguez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Alberto Sols" Biomedical Research Institute, CSIC-UAM and IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Kong X, Yan W, Sun W, Zhang Y, Yang HJ, Chen M, Chen H, de Vere White RW, Zhang J, Chen X. Isoform-specific disruption of the TP73 gene reveals a critical role for TAp73γ in tumorigenesis via leptin. eLife 2023; 12:e82115. [PMID: 37650871 PMCID: PMC10471163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TP73, a member of the p53 family, is expressed as TAp73 and ΔNp73 along with multiple C-terminal isoforms (α-η). ΔNp73 is primarily expressed in neuronal cells and necessary for neuronal development. Interestingly, while TAp73α is a tumor suppressor and predominantly expressed in normal cells, TAp73 is found to be frequently altered in human cancers, suggesting a role of TAp73 C-terminal isoforms in tumorigenesis. To test this, the TCGA SpliceSeq database was searched and showed that exon 11 (E11) exclusion occurs frequently in several human cancers. We also found that p73α to p73γ isoform switch resulting from E11 skipping occurs frequently in human prostate cancers and dog lymphomas. To determine whether p73α to p73γ isoform switch plays a role in tumorigenesis, CRISPR technology was used to generate multiple cancer cell lines and a mouse model in that Trp73 E11 is deleted. Surprisingly, we found that in E11-deificient cells, p73γ becomes the predominant isoform and exerts oncogenic activities by promoting cell proliferation and migration. In line with this, E11-deficient mice were more prone to obesity and B-cell lymphomas, indicating a unique role of p73γ in lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. Additionally, we found that E11-deficient mice phenocopies Trp73-deficient mice with short lifespan, infertility, and chronic inflammation. Mechanistically, we showed that Leptin, a pleiotropic adipocytokine involved in energy metabolism and oncogenesis, was highly induced by p73γ,necessary for p73γ-mediated oncogenic activity, and associated with p73α to γ isoform switch in human prostate cancer and dog lymphoma. Finally, we showed that E11-knockout promoted, whereas knockdown of p73γ or Leptin suppressed, xenograft growth in mice. Our study indicates that the p73γ-Leptin pathway promotes tumorigenesis and alters lipid metabolism, which may be targeted for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmudong Kong
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Hee Jung Yang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Ralph W de Vere White
- Department of Urology Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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Ungefroren H, Konukiewitz B, Braun R, Wellner UF, Lehnert H, Marquardt JU. TAp73 Inhibits EMT and Cell Migration in Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Promoting SMAD4 Expression and SMAD4-Dependent Inhibition of ERK Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3791. [PMID: 37568607 PMCID: PMC10417771 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease due to early metastatic spread, late diagnosis and the lack of efficient therapies. A major driver of cancer progression and hurdle to successful treatment is transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Recent data from pancreatic cancer mouse models showed that transcriptionally active p73 (TAp73), a p53 family member, inhibits tumor progression through promoting tumor suppressive canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling, while preventing non-canonical TGF-β signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. Here, we studied whether this mechanism also operates in human PDAC. Using the PDAC-derived tumor cell lines PANC-1, HPAFII and L3.6pl, we showed that TAp73 induces the expression of the epithelial marker and invasion suppressor E-cadherin and the common-mediator Smad, SMAD4, while at the same time suppressing expression of the EMT master regulator SNAIL and basal and TGF-β1-induced activation of ERK1 and ERK2. Using dominant-negative and RNA interference-based inhibition of SMAD4 function, we went on to show that inhibition of ERK activation by TAp73 is mediated through SMAD4. Intriguingly, both SMAD4 and the α isoform of TAp73-but not the β isoform-interfered with cell migration, as shown by xCELLigence technology. Our findings highlighted the role of TAp73-SMAD4 signaling in tumor suppression of human PDAC and identified direct inhibition of basal and TGF-β-stimulated pro-invasive ERK activation as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (R.B.); (U.F.W.)
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Rüdiger Braun
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (R.B.); (U.F.W.)
| | - Ulrich Friedrich Wellner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (R.B.); (U.F.W.)
| | | | - Jens-Uwe Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
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Dual Role of p73 in Cancer Microenvironment and DNA Damage Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123516. [PMID: 34944027 PMCID: PMC8700694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cancer progression is pivotal for the development of new therapies. Although p53 is mutated in half of human cancers, its family member p73 is not. At the same time, isoforms of p73 are often overexpressed in cancers and p73 can overtake many p53 functions to kill abnormal cells. According to the latest studies, while p73 represses epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis, it can also promote tumour growth by modulating crosstalk between cancer and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, M2 macrophage polarisation, Th2 T-cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. Thus, p73 likely plays a dual role as a tumor suppressor by regulating apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress or as an oncoprotein by promoting the immunosuppressive environment and immune cell differentiation.
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Maeso-Alonso L, López-Ferreras L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 as a Tissue Architect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716957. [PMID: 34368167 PMCID: PMC8343074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene belongs to the p53 family comprised by p53, p63, and p73. In response to physiological and pathological signals these transcription factors regulate multiple molecular pathways which merge in an ensemble of interconnected networks, in which the control of cell proliferation and cell death occupies a prominent position. However, the complex phenotype of the Trp73 deficient mice has revealed that the biological relevance of this gene does not exclusively rely on its growth suppression effects, but it is also intertwined with other fundamental roles governing different aspects of tissue physiology. p73 function is essential for the organization and homeostasis of different complex microenvironments, like the neurogenic niche, which supports the neural progenitor cells and the ependyma, the male and female reproductive organs, the respiratory epithelium or the vascular network. We propose that all these, apparently unrelated, developmental roles, have a common denominator: p73 function as a tissue architect. Tissue architecture is defined by the nature and the integrity of its cellular and extracellular compartments, and it is based on proper adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as the establishment of cellular polarity. In this work, we will review the current understanding of p73 role as a neurogenic niche architect through the regulation of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics and Planar Cell Polarity, and give a general overview of TAp73 as a hub modulator of these functions, whose alteration could impinge in many of the Trp73 -/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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6
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Malik N, Yan H, Yang HH, Ayaz G, DuBois W, Tseng YC, Kim YI, Jiang S, Liu C, Lee M, Huang J. CBFB cooperates with p53 to maintain TAp73 expression and suppress breast cancer. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009553. [PMID: 33945523 PMCID: PMC8121313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CBFB gene is frequently mutated in several types of solid tumors. Emerging evidence suggests that CBFB is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. However, our understanding of the tumor suppressive function of CBFB remains incomplete. Here, we analyze genetic interactions between mutations of CBFB and other highly mutated genes in human breast cancer datasets and find that CBFB and TP53 mutations are mutually exclusive, suggesting a functional association between CBFB and p53. Integrated genomic studies reveal that TAp73 is a common transcriptional target of CBFB and p53. CBFB cooperates with p53 to maintain TAp73 expression, as either CBFB or p53 loss leads to TAp73 depletion. TAp73 re-expression abrogates the tumorigenic effect of CBFB deletion. Although TAp73 loss alone is insufficient for tumorigenesis, it enhances the tumorigenic effect of NOTCH3 overexpression, a downstream event of CBFB loss. Immunohistochemistry shows that p73 loss is coupled with higher proliferation in xenografts. Moreover, TAp73 loss-of-expression is a frequent event in human breast cancer tumors and cell lines. Together, our results significantly advance our understanding of the tumor suppressive functions of CBFB and reveal a mechanism underlying the communication between the two tumor suppressors CBFB and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Malik
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hualong Yan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Howard H Yang
- High-Dimension Data Analysis Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gamze Ayaz
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendy DuBois
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chou Tseng
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young-Im Kim
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shunlin Jiang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Lee
- High-Dimension Data Analysis Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Ghatak D, Das Ghosh D, Roychoudhury S. Cancer Stemness: p53 at the Wheel. Front Oncol 2021; 10:604124. [PMID: 33505918 PMCID: PMC7830093 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 maintains an equilibrium between self-renewal and differentiation to sustain a limited repertoire of stem cells for proper development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Inactivation of p53 disrupts this balance and promotes pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming. A few reports in recent years have indicated that prevalent TP53 oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations further boosts the stemness properties of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the role of wild type p53 in regulating pluripotency of normal stem cells and various mechanisms that control the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in embryonic and adult stem cells. We also highlight how inactivating and GOF mutations in p53 stimulate stemness in cancer cells. Further, we have explored the various mechanisms of mutant p53-driven cancer stemness, particularly emphasizing on the non-coding RNA mediated epigenetic regulation. We have also analyzed the association of cancer stemness with other crucial gain-of-function properties of mutant p53 such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotypes and chemoresistance to understand how activation of one affects the other. Given the critical role of cancer stem-like cells in tumor maintenance, cancer progression, and therapy resistance of mutant p53 tumors, targeting them might improve therapeutic efficacy in human cancers with TP53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishari Ghatak
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Damayanti Das Ghosh
- Division of Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Division of Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
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8
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p73: From the p53 shadow to a major pharmacological target in anticancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105245. [PMID: 33069756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p73, along with p53 and p63, belongs to the p53 family of transcription factors. Besides the p53-like tumor suppressive activities, p73 has unique roles, namely in neuronal development and differentiation. In addition, the TP73 gene is rarely mutated in tumors. This makes p73 a highly appealing therapeutic target, particularly towards cancers with a null or disrupted p53 pathway. Distinct isoforms are transcribed from the TP73 locus either with (TAp73) and without (ΔNp73) the N-terminal transactivation domain. Conversely to TA tumor suppressors, ΔN proteins exhibit oncogenic properties by inhibiting p53 and TA protein functions. As such, p73 isoforms compose a puzzled and challenging regulatory pathway. This state-of-the-art review affords an update overview on p73 structure, biological functions and pharmacological regulation. Importantly, it addresses the relevance of p73 isoforms in carcinogenesis, highlighting their potential as drug targets in anticancer therapy. A critical discussion of major pharmacological approaches to promote p73 tumor suppressive activities, with relevant survival outcomes for cancer patients, is also provided.
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Sinha N, Meher BR, Naik PP, Panda PK, Mukhapadhyay S, Maiti TK, Bhutia SK. p73 induction by Abrus agglutinin facilitates Snail ubiquitination to inhibit epithelial to mesenchymal transition in oral cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:179-190. [PMID: 30668428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key step in oral cancer progression, is associated with invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance, thus targeting the EMT represents a critical therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oral cancer metastasis. Our previous study showed that Abrus agglutinin (AGG), a plant lectin, induces both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis to activate the tumor inhibitory mechanism. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of AGG in modulating invasiveness and stemness through EMT inhibition for the development of antineoplastic agents against oral cancer. METHODS The EMT- and stemness-related proteins were studied in oral cancer cells using Western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy. The potential mechanisms of Snail downregulation through p73 activation in FaDu cells were evaluated using Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and molecular docking analysis. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor samples of AGG-treated FaDu-xenografted nude mice was performed. RESULTS At the molecular level, AGG-induced p73 suppressed Snail expression, leading to EMT inhibition in FaDu cells. Notably, AGG promoted the translocation of Snail from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in FaDu cells and triggered its degradation through ubiquitination. In this setting, AGG inhibited the interaction between Snail and p73 in FaDu cells, resulting in p73 activation and EMT inhibition. Moreover, in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated FaDu cells, AGG abolished the upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 that plays a pivotal role in the upregulation of Snail to regulate the EMT phenotypes. In immunohistochemistry analysis, FaDu xenografts from AGG-treated mice showed decreased expression of Snail, SOX2, and vimentin and increased expression of p73 and E-cadherin compared with the control group, confirming EMT inhibition as part of its anticancer efficacy against oral cancer. CONCLUSION In summary, AGG stimulates p73 in restricting EGF-induced EMT, invasiveness, and stemness by inhibiting the ERK/Snail pathway to facilitate the development of alternative therapeutics for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sinha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Biswa Ranjan Meher
- Centre for Life Science, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Prajna Paramita Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Subhadip Mukhapadhyay
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Tapas K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Ji H, Huang C, Wu S, Kasim V. XBP1-s promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TAp73 transcriptional activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:203-209. [PMID: 30473215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation could be found in a wide range of human tumors. ER stress induces the splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) to form its splicing variant XBP1-s, which in turn activates various ER stress-related genes. XBP1-s is highly expressed in various tumors; however, its role in tumorigenesis is still largely unknown. Herein we showed that XBP1-s suppresses the expression of tumor suppressor TAp73, a member of p53 family with high homology with p53, by directly binds to TAp73 promoter and suppresses its transcriptional activity. We also found that overexpression of TAp73 cancelled the effect of XPB1-s on enhancing colorectal cancer cells proliferation and colony formation potential, indicating that TAp73 is critical for XBP1-s-induced tumorigenesis. Together, our findings not only reveal a novel mechanism of TAp73 aberrant regulation in tumor cells, but also link up tumor cells ER stress with tumor suppressive activity of TAp73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Can Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- The Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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11
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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition induces stem cell like phenotype in renal cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:57. [PMID: 29681769 PMCID: PMC5896088 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors is often initiated by reactivation of an embryonic development program, epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). EMT has been associated with acquiring invasiveness and resistance to conventional therapies. However, the precise role of EMT during renal cell carcinoma is still debatable and is under investigation. In this context, our study is designed to evaluate the role of cyclosporine (CsA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) administration in inducing EMT-like state in renal carcinoma cells. We also studied the associated phenotypic changes which may lead to tumor metastasis. Methods The morphological changes in renal cell carcinoma cells (A498) treated with TGF-β/CsA were observed by microscopy. Atomic force microscope was used to evaluate the changes in elasticity of cells treated with TGF-β/CsA. The expression of mesenchymal and chemoresistance genes were checked by RT-PCR. Assays for migration, invasion, sphere formation ability and expression of cancer stem cell-like phenotypes were done to evaluate the metastatic potential of these cells. Lineage specific differentiations were also done to determine the acquisition of stem-cell like phenotype. Results Our results showed that treatment with TGF-β/CsA led to loss of epithelial characteristics and gain of mesenchymal phenotype in vitro. Changes in shape and elastic properties of the cancer cells favoured metastatic progression, increased tumorisphere formation and invasiveness post treatment. We also observed higher expression of chemoresistance and stemness markers in EMT-induced cells. These cells also differentiated to various lineages like osteoblasts, adipocytes, neural and hepatic cells when induced with the respective differentiation media. Conclusion We concluded that TGF-β/CsA treatment led to acquisition of EMT-like cancer stem cells phenotype that enhanced local invasion and dissemination of renal carcinoma cells. This subpopulation of cells with EMT-like phenotype a can provide a better perception of the metastatic process. This can provide an in vitro system for testing pharmaceuticals for modulating EMT as a viable strategy within the therapeutic armamentarium for RCC patients. The results of our findings also suggest that CsA directly induced EMT like changes in epithelial cell which may be responsible for the potential risk of malignancy in transplant patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0555-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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12
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p73 promotes glioblastoma cell invasion by directly activating POSTN (periostin) expression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11785-802. [PMID: 26930720 PMCID: PMC4914248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme is one of the most highly metastatic cancers and constitutes 70% of all gliomas. Despite aggressive treatments these tumours have an exceptionally bad prognosis, mainly due to therapy resistance and tumour recurrence. Here we show that the transcription factor p73 confers an invasive phenotype by directly activating expression of POSTN (periostin, HGNC:16953) in glioblastoma cells. Knock down of endogenous p73 reduces invasiveness and chemo-resistance, and promotes differentiation in vitro. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays we demonstrate that POSTN, an integrin binding protein that has recently been shown to play a major role in metastasis, is a transcriptional target of TAp73. We further show that POSTN overexpression is sufficient to rescue the invasive phenotype of glioblastoma cells after p73 knock down. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis revealed that an intact p73/POSTN axis, where POSTN and p73 expression is correlated, predicts bad prognosis in several cancer types. Taken together, our results support a novel role of TAp73 in controlling glioblastoma cell invasion by regulating the expression of the matricellular protein POSTN.
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13
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Galtsidis S, Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Zampetidis CP, Papachristopoulou G, Scorilas A, Vojtesek B, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V. Unravelling a p73-regulated network: The role of a novel p73-dependent target, MIR3158, in cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Cancer Lett 2017; 388:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Chung YH, Kim D. RIP kinase-mediated ROS production triggers XAF1 expression through activation of TAp73 in casticin-treated bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1135-42. [PMID: 27349281 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 family protein p73 plays an important role in apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Transcriptionally active (TA) p73 (TAp73) substitutes for p53 in the response to stress. XIAP associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a novel predictive and prognostic factor in patients with bladder cancer, but the association between TAp73 and XAF1 expression in bladder cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the status of TAp73 and XAF1 in T24 bladder cancer cells to identify molecular mechanisms in casticin‑exposed T24 cells. Casticin induced activation of JNK/p38 MAPK that preceded activation of the caspase cascade and disruption of the mitochondria membrane potential (∆ψm). Expression of XAF1 and TAp73 was also upregulated in casticin-treated T24 cells. Casticin treatment of T24 cells induced receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase expression and increased intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Casticin-mediated ROS induced an increase in phosphorylated JNK/p38 MAPK, resulting in progressive upregulation of TAp73, which in turn led to XAF1 expression. Our data suggest that the apoptotic activity of casticin in T24 cells is mediated by activation of the TAp73-XAF1 signaling pathway through RIP kinase-mediated ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
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15
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P73 tumor suppressor and its targets, p21 and PUMA, are required for madin-darby canine kidney cell morphogenesis by maintaining an appropriate level of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13994-4004. [PMID: 26101856 PMCID: PMC4546446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P73, a member of p53 tumor suppressor family, plays a crucial role in tumor suppression and neural development. Due to the usage of two promoters, p73 is expressed as two isoforms, TAp73 and ΔNp73, with opposing functions. Here, we investigated the potential role of p73 in epithelial polarity and morphogenesis by using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as a model system. We found that knockdown of TAp73 enhances, whereas knockdown of ΔNp73 inhibits, MDCK cell proliferation and migration in two-dimensional (2-D) culture. We also found that knockdown of TAp73, but not ΔNp73, disrupts cyst formation of MDCK cells in three-dimensional (3-D) culture. Interestingly, we found that p21 and PUMA, both of which are induced by TAp73 but repressed by ΔNp73, are required for suppressing cell proliferation and migration in 2-D culture and for MDCK ce ll morphogenesis in 3-D culture. Finally, we showed knockdown of TAp73, p21 or PUMA induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) with a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in EMT transcription factors. Together, our data suggest that TAp73, p21 and PUMA play a critical role in modulating MDCK cell morphogenesis by maintaining an appropriate level of the EMT.
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16
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Murata SI, Warigaya K, Matsuzaki I, Itonaga M, Shimizu Y, Shuto M. Microtubule-organizing center-mediated nuclear polarity in various normal and neoplastic human tissues. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:625-35. [PMID: 25742907 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear polarity is characterized by intracytoplasmic nuclear positioning and alignment in the tissue. The mechanisms responsible for maintaining nuclear polarity in normal cells and its disturbance in neoplastic cells are not understood. We studied microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) positioning-mediated nuclear polarity in various normal and neoplastic human tissues, as well as in cultured cells. To visualize the MTOC in cells, gamma-tubulin and pericentrin were immunohistochemically stained by fluorescence and non-fluorescence methods. Position of MTOC in normal and neoplastic tissue was assessed by spatial relationship with nucleus and apico-basal axis. We found MTOC positioning to be related to morphogenesis in various normal and neoplastic human tissues, as well as in cultured cells. MTOC positions were different between two-dimensional cultured isolated cells and three-dimensional cultured gland-formed cells. The MTOC position was specific depending on the cell type in the tissue structure. In particular, glandular and urothelial epithelium had a strong relationship with preservation of nuclear polarity and MTOC positioning. Carcinoma cells showed an irregular position or absence of the MTOC depending on poorer differentiation and higher grade of carcinomas. In conclusion, the position of the MTOC affects regulation of nuclear polarity and morphogenesis of normal and pathological tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Murata
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan,
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17
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Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Galtsidis S, Vojtesek B, Zoumpourlis V. Functions, divergence and clinical value of TAp73 isoforms in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:511-34. [PMID: 23592418 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p73 gene encodes the tumour suppressive full-length TAp73 and N-terminal-truncated DNp73 isoforms that act as dominant negative inhibitors of TAp73. The overall effect of p73 in oncogenesis is thought to depend on the TAp73 to DNp73 isoforms' ratio. TAp73 isoforms include a number of C-terminal variants as a result of alternative splicing in 3'-end. TAp73 isoforms protect cells from oncogenic alterations in a multifaceted way since they are implicated in the suppression of all demonstrated hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer. Their best established role is in apoptosis, a process which seems to be differently affected by each TAp73 C-terminal variant. Based on previous findings and our thorough bioinformatics analysis, we highlight that TAp73 variants are functionally non-equivalent, since they present major differences in their transactivation efficiencies, protein interactions, response to DNA damage and apoptotic effects that are attributable to the primary structure of their C terminus. In this review, we summarise these differences and we unveil the link between crucial C-terminal motifs/residues and the oncosuppressive potential of TAp73 isoforms, emphasising on the importance of considering C terminus during the development of p73-based anticancer biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave, 11635, Athens, Greece
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18
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Engelmann D, Meier C, Alla V, Pützer BM. A balancing act: orchestrating amino-truncated and full-length p73 variants as decisive factors in cancer progression. Oncogene 2014; 34:4287-99. [PMID: 25381823 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
p73 is the older sibling of p53 and mimics most of its tumor-suppressor functions. Through alternative promoter usage and splicing, the TP73 gene generates more than two dozen isoforms of which N-terminal truncated DNp73 variants have a decisive role in cancer pathogenesis as they outweigh the positive effects of full-length TAp73 and p53 in acting as a barrier to tumor development. Beyond the prevailing view that DNp73 predominantly counteract cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, latest progress indicates that these isoforms acquire novel functions in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and therapy resistance. New insight into the mechanisms underlying this behavior reinforced the expectation that DNp73 variants contribute to aggressive cellular traits through both loss of wild-type tumor-suppressor activity and gain-of-function, suggesting an equally important role in cancer progression as mutant p53. In this review, we describe the novel properties of DNp73 in the invasion metastasis cascade and outline the comprehensive p73 regulatome with an emphasis on molecular processes putting TAp73 out of action in advanced tumors. These intriguing insights provoke a new understanding of the acquisition of aggressive traits by cancer cells and may help to set novel therapies for a broad range of metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Meier
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - V Alla
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - B M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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19
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Engelmann D, Pützer BM. Emerging from the shade of p53 mutants: N-terminally truncated variants of the p53 family in EMT signaling and cancer progression. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re9. [PMID: 25270260 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing view has been that N-terminally truncated p53 family isoforms (ΔNp53, ΔNp63, and DNp73) predominantly counteract cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Recent progress in the field extend these well-known functions and place these isoforms in the center of a comprehensive regulatory network controlling major epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-relevant signaling pathways [such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), wingless-int (WNT), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)], microRNAs, and EMT-associated transcription factors that promote invasion, loss of tumor cell polarity, and metastatic behavior in conjunction with a chemoresistant phenotype. These observations add new weight to the concept that currently underappreciated truncated forms of this tumor suppressor family play an equally important role in promoting cancer aggressiveness as do mutant p53 proteins, and illustrate how the consequences of ΔN/DN expression depend on cellular contexts. The tumor microenvironment contributes to the emergence of these variants, thereby linking inflammation to the activation of the mesenchymal program. In addition, molecular connections between ΔN/DN forms and self-renewal have arisen, suggesting their potential function in the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) from bulk tumor cells. These intriguing insights provoke a new understanding of the acquisition of aggressive traits by carcinoma cells in the absence of p53 mutations, and may help direct the development of new therapies for a broad range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Avraham A, Cho SS, Uhlmann R, Polak ML, Sandbank J, Karni T, Pappo I, Halperin R, Vaknin Z, Sella A, Sukumar S, Evron E. Tissue specific DNA methylation in normal human breast epithelium and in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91805. [PMID: 24651077 PMCID: PMC3961270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and tissue-specific disease. Thus, the tissue of origin reflects on the natural history of the disease and dictates the therapeutic approach. It is suggested that tissue differentiation, mediated mostly by epigenetic modifications, could guide tissue-specific susceptibility and protective mechanisms against cancer. Here we studied breast specific methylation in purified normal epithelium and its reflection in breast cancers. We established genome wide methylation profiles of various normal epithelial tissues and identified 110 genes that were differentially methylated in normal breast epithelium. A number of these genes also showed methylation alterations in breast cancers. We elaborated on one of them, TRIM29 (ATDC), and showed that its promoter was hypo-methylated in normal breast epithelium and heavily methylated in other normal epithelial tissues. Moreover, in breast carcinomas methylation increased and expression decreased whereas the reverse was noted for multiple other carcinomas. Interestingly, TRIM29 regulation in breast tumors clustered according to the PAM50 classification. Thus, it was repressed in the estrogen receptor positive tumors, particularly in the more proliferative luminal B subtype. This goes in line with previous reports indicating tumor suppressive activity of TRIM29 in estrogen receptor positive luminal breast cells in contrast to oncogenic function in pancreatic and lung cancers. Overall, these findings emphasize the linkage between breast specific epigenetic regulation and tissue specificity of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Avraham
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Sean Soonweng Cho
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronit Uhlmann
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Mia Leonov Polak
- Department of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Judith Sandbank
- Department of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Tami Karni
- Department of Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Itzhak Pappo
- Department of Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ruvit Halperin
- Department of Genecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Zvi Vaknin
- Department of Genecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Avishay Sella
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ella Evron
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
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21
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Yallowitz AR, Alexandrova EM, Talos F, Xu S, Marchenko ND, Moll UM. p63 is a prosurvival factor in the adult mammary gland during post-lactational involution, affecting PI-MECs and ErbB2 tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:645-54. [PMID: 24440910 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In embryogenesis, p63 is essential to develop mammary glands. In the adult mammary gland, p63 is highly expressed in the basal cell layer that comprises myoepithelial and interspersed stem/progenitor cells, and has limited expression in luminal epithelial cells. In adult skin, p63 has a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells. However, it is unclear whether p63 also has an equivalent role as a stem/progenitor cell factor in adult mammary epithelium. We show that p63 is essential in vivo for the survival and maintenance of parity-identified mammary epithelial cells (PI-MECs), a pregnancy-induced heterogeneous population that survives post-lactational involution and contain multipotent progenitors that give rise to alveoli and ducts in subsequent pregnancies. p63+/- glands are normal in virgin, pregnant and lactating states. Importantly, however, during the apoptotic phase of post-lactational involution p63+/- glands show a threefold increase in epithelial cell death, concomitant with increased activation of the oncostatin M/Stat3 and p53 pro-apoptotic pathways, which are responsible for this phase. Thus, p63 is a physiologic antagonist of these pathways specifically in this regressive stage. After the restructuring phase when involution is complete, mammary glands of p63+/- mice again exhibit normal epithelial architecture by conventional histology. However, using Rosa(LSL-LacZ);WAP-Cre transgenics (LSL-LacZ, lox-stop-lox β-galactosidase), a genetic in vivo labeling system for PI-MECs, we find that p63+/- glands have a 30% reduction in the number of PI-MEC progenitors and their derivatives. Importantly, PI-MECs are also cellular targets of pregnancy-promoted ErbB2 tumorigenesis. Consistent with their PI-MEC pool reduction, one-time pregnant p63+/- ErbB2 mice are partially protected from breast tumorigenesis, exhibiting extended tumor-free and overall survival, and reduced tumor multiplicity compared with their p63+/+ ErbB2 littermates. Conversely, in virgin ErbB2 mice p63 heterozygosity provides no survival advantage. In sum, our data establish that p63 is an important survival factor for pregnancy-identified PI-MEC progenitors in breast tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - E M Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - F Talos
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - S Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - N D Marchenko
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - U M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Forkhead transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target gene of the p53 family and regulates cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Oncogene 2013; 33:4837-46. [PMID: 24186199 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p53 is an established tumor suppressor that can activate the transcription of multiple target genes. Recent evidence suggests that p53 may contribute to the regulation of cell invasion and migration. In this study, we show that the forkhead box transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target of the p53 family because FOXF1 is upregulated by p53, TAp73 and TAp63. We show that FOXF1 is induced upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified a response element located within the FOXF1 gene that is responsive to wild-type p53, TAp73β and TAp63γ. The ectopic expression of FOXF1 inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration, whereas the inactivation of FOXF1 stimulated cell invasion and migration. We also show that FOXF1 regulates the transcriptional activity of E-cadherin (CDH1) by acting on its FOXF1 consensus binding site located upstream of the E-cadherin gene. Collectively, our results show that FOXF1 is a p53 family target gene, and our data suggest that FOXF1 and p53 form a portion of a regulatory transcriptional network that appears to have an important role in cancer cell invasion and migration.
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Liu J, Gao L, Zhang H, Wang D, Wang M, Zhu J, Pang C, Wang C. Succinate dehydrogenase 5 (SDH5) regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β-β-catenin-mediated lung cancer metastasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29965-73. [PMID: 23983127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.450106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that loss of succinate dehydrogenase 5 (SDH5) expression initiates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is visualized by the repression of E-cadherin and up-regulation of vimentin in lung cancer cell lines and clinical lung cancer specimens. In SDH5 knock-out mice, lung epithelial cells exhibited elevated mesenchymal markers, which is characteristic of EMT. Using a human lung xenograft-mouse model, we observed that knocking down endogenous SDH5 in human carcinoma cells leads to the development of multiple lymph node metastases. Moreover, our data indicate that SDH5 functions as a critical protein in regulating EMT by modulating the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β-β-catenin signaling pathway. These results reveal a critical role for SDH5 in EMT and suggest that SDH5 may be a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- From the Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Jung YS, Chen X. PUMA Cooperates with p21 to Regulate Mammary Epithelial Morphogenesis and Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66464. [PMID: 23805223 PMCID: PMC3689819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation is essential for mammary morphogenesis and requires proliferative suppression and apoptotic clearance of the inner cells within developing acini. Previously, we showed that knockdown of p53 or p73 leads to aberrant mammary acinus formation accompanied with decreased expression of p53 family targets PUMA and p21, suggesting that PUMA, an inducer of apoptosis, and p21, an inducer of cell cycle arrest, directly regulate mammary morphogenesis. To address this, we generated multiple MCF10A cell lines in which PUMA, p21, or both were stably knocked down. We found that morphogenesis of MCF10A cells was altered modestly by knockdown of either PUMA or p21 alone but markedly by knockdown of both PUMA and p21. Moreover, we found that knockdown of PUMA and p21 leads to loss of E-cadherin expression along with increased expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Interestingly, we found that knockdown of ΔNp73, which antagonizes the ability of wide-type p53 and TA isoform of p73 to regulate PUMA and p21, mitigates the abnormal morphogenesis and EMT induced by knockdown of PUMA or p21. Together, our data suggest that PUMA cooperates with p21 to regulate normal acinus formation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Yong Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang J, Xu E, Chen X. TAp73 protein stability is controlled by histone deacetylase 1 via regulation of Hsp90 chaperone function. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7727-7737. [PMID: 23362263 PMCID: PMC3597813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.429522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play important roles in fundamental cellular processes, and HDAC inhibitors are emerging as promising cancer therapeutics. p73, a member of the p53 family, plays a critical role in tumor suppression and neural development. Interestingly, p73 produces two classes of proteins with opposing functions: the full-length TAp73 and the N-terminally truncated ΔNp73. In the current study, we sought to characterize the potential regulation of p73 by HDACs and found that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is a key regulator of TAp73 protein stability. Specifically, we showed that HDAC1 inhibition by HDAC inhibitors or by siRNA shortened the half-life of TAp73 protein and subsequently decreased TAp73 expression under normal and DNA damage-induced conditions. Mechanistically, we found that HDAC1 knockdown resulted in hyperacetylation and inactivation of heat shock protein 90, which disrupted the interaction between heat shock protein 90 and TAp73 and thus promoted the proteasomal degradation of TAp73. Functionally, we found that down-regulation of TAp73 was required for the enhanced cell migration mediated by HDAC1 knockdown. Together, we uncover a novel regulation of TAp73 protein stability by HDAC1-heat shock protein 90 chaperone complex, and our data suggest that TAp73 is a critical downstream mediator of HDAC1-regulated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Enshun Xu
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616.
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Masaki T. Polarization and myelination in myelinating glia. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:769412. [PMID: 23326681 PMCID: PMC3544266 DOI: 10.5402/2012/769412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating glia, oligodendrocytes in central nervous system and Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath, a multilayered membrane system around axons enabling salutatory nerve impulse conduction and maintaining axonal integrity. Myelin sheath is a polarized structure localized in the axonal side and therefore is supposed to be formed based on the preceding polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, myelination process is closely associated with polarization of myelinating glia. However, cell polarization has been less extensively studied in myelinating glia than other cell types such as epithelial cells. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide insights for the field of myelination research by applying the information obtained in polarity study in other cell types, especially epithelial cells, to cell polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, in this paper, the main aspects of cell polarization study in general are summarized. Then, they will be compared with polarization in oligodendrocytes. Finally, the achievements obtained in polarization study for epithelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and other types of cells will be translated into polarization/myelination process by Schwann cells. Then, based on this model, the perspectives in the study of Schwann cell polarization/myelination will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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Prabhu VV, Allen JE, Hong B, Zhang S, Cheng H, El-Deiry WS. Therapeutic targeting of the p53 pathway in cancer stem cells. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1161-74. [PMID: 22998602 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.726985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a high profile drug target for cancer therapeutics due to their indispensable role in cancer progression, maintenance and therapeutic resistance. Restoring wild-type (WT) p53 function is an attractive new therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer due to the well-described powerful tumor suppressor function of p53. As emerging evidence intimately links p53 and stem cell biology, this approach also provides an opportunity to target CSCs. AREAS COVERED This review covers the therapeutic approaches to restore the function of WT p53, cancer and normal stem cell biology in relation to p53 and the downstream effects of p53 on CSCs. EXPERT OPINION The restoration of WT p53 function by targeting p53 directly, its interacting proteins or its family members holds promise as a new class of cancer therapies. This review examines the impact that such therapies may have on normal and CSCs based on the current evidence linking p53 signaling with these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun V Prabhu
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), 500 University Drive, Room T4423, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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