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Kwon JY, Choi YH, Lee MW, Yu JH, Shin KS. The MYST Family Histone Acetyltransferase SasC Governs Diverse Biological Processes in Aspergillus fumigatus. Cells 2023; 12:2642. [PMID: 37998377 PMCID: PMC10670148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved MYST proteins form the largest family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that acetylate lysines within the N-terminal tails of histone, enabling active gene transcription. Here, we have investigated the biological and regulatory functions of the MYST family HAT SasC in the opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus using a series of genetic, biochemical, pathogenic, and transcriptomic analyses. The deletion (ฮ) of sasC results in a drastically reduced colony growth, asexual development, spore germination, response to stresses, and the fungal virulence. Genome-wide expression analyses have revealed that the ฮsasC mutant showed 2402 significant differentially expressed genes: 1147 upregulated and 1255 downregulated. The representative upregulated gene resulting from ฮsasC is hacA, predicted to encode a bZIP transcription factor, whereas the UV-endonuclease UVE-1 was significantly downregulated by ฮsasC. Furthermore, our Western blot analyses suggest that SasC likely catalyzes the acetylation of H3K9, K3K14, and H3K29 in A. fumigatus. In conclusion, SasC is associated with diverse biological processes and can be a potential target for controlling pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yoon Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Young-Ho Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.C.)
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2
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He Y, Zheng CC, Yang J, Li SJ, Xu TY, Wei X, Chen WY, Jiang ZL, Xu JJ, Zhang GG, Cheng C, Chen KS, Shi XY, Qin DJ, Liu JB, Li B. Lysine butyrylation of HSP90 regulated by KAT8 and HDAC11 confers chemoresistance. Cell Discov 2023; 9:74. [PMID: 37460462 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification dramatically enhances protein complexity, but the function and precise mechanism of novel lysine acylation modifications remain unknown. Chemoresistance remains a daunting challenge to successful treatment. We found that lysine butyrylation (Kbu) is specifically upregulated in chemoresistant tumor cells and tissues. By integrating butyrylome profiling and gain/loss-of-function experiments, lysine 754 in HSP90 (HSP90 K754) was identified as a substrate for Kbu. Kbu modification leads to overexpression of HSP90 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its further increase in relapse samples. Upregulation of HSP90 contributes to 5-FU resistance and can predict poor prognosis in cancer patients. Mechanistically, HSP90 K754 is regulated by the cooperation of KAT8 and HDAC11 as the writer and eraser, respectively; SDCBP increases the Kbu level and stability of HSP90 by binding competitively to HDAC11. Furthermore, SDCBP blockade with the lead compound V020-9974 can target HSP90 K754 to overcome 5-FU resistance, constituting a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Can-Can Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao-Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-You Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Li Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo-Geng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Da-Jiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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MG149 inhibits histone acetyltransferase KAT8-mediated IL-33 acetylation to alleviate allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:321. [PMID: 34493712 PMCID: PMC8423820 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Catalysis by protein acetyltransferase Gcn5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194627. [PMID: 32841743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gcn5 serves as the defining member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily of proteins that display a common structural fold and catalytic mechanism involving the transfer of the acyl-group, primarily acetyl-, from CoA to an acceptor nucleophile. In the case of Gcn5, the target is the ฮต-amino group of lysine primarily on histones. Over the years, studies on Gcn5 structure-function have often formed the basis by which we understand the complex activities and regulation of the entire protein acetyltransferase family. It is now appreciated that protein acetylation occurs on thousands of proteins and can reversibly regulate the function of many cellular processes. In this review, we provide an overview of our fundamental understanding of catalysis, regulation of activity and substrate selection, and inhibitor development for this archetypal acetyltransferase.
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Proietti G, Wang Y, Rainone G, Mecinoviฤ J. Effect of lysine side chain length on histone lysine acetyltransferase catalysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13046. [PMID: 32747680 PMCID: PMC7400623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT)-catalyzed acetylation of lysine residues in histone tails plays a key role in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. Here, we examined the role of lysine side chain length in the catalytic activity of human KATs by incorporating shorter and longer lysine analogs into synthetic histone H3 and H4 peptides. The enzymatic activity of MOF, PCAF and GCN5 acetyltransferases towards histone peptides bearing lysine analogs was evaluated using MALDI-TOF MS assays. Our results demonstrate that human KAT enzymes have an ability to catalyze an efficient acetylation of longer lysine analogs, whereas shorter lysine analogs are not substrates for KATs. Kinetics analyses showed that lysine is a superior KAT substrate to its analogs with altered chain length, implying that lysine has an optimal chain length for KAT-catalyzed acetylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Proietti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Blood Transfusion, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Giorgio Rainone
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jasmin Mecinoviฤ
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Lan R, Wang Q. Deciphering structure, function and mechanism of lysine acetyltransferase HBO1 in protein acetylation, transcription regulation, DNA replication and its oncogenic properties in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:637-649. [PMID: 31535175 PMCID: PMC11104888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HBO1 complexes are major acetyltransferase responsible for histone H4 acetylation in vivo, which belongs to the MYST family. As the core catalytic subunit, HBO1 consists of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal MYST domain that are in charge of acetyl-CoA binding and acetylation reaction. HBO1 complexes are multimeric and normally consist of two native subunits MEAF6, ING4 or ING5 and two kinds of cofactors as chromatin reader: Jade-1/2/3 and BRPF1/2/3. The choices of subunits to form the HBO1 complexes provide a regulatory switch to potentiate its activity between histone H4 and H3 tails. Thus, HBO1 complexes present multiple functions in histone acetylation, gene transcription, DNA replication, protein ubiquitination, and immune regulation, etc. HBO1 is a co-activator for CDT1 to facilitate chromatin loading of MCM complexes and promotes DNA replication licensing. This process is regulated by mitotic kinases such as CDK1 and PLK1 by phosphorylating HBO1 and modulating its acetyltransferase activity, therefore, connecting histone acetylation to regulations of cell cycle and DNA replication. In addition, both gene amplification and protein overexpression of HBO1 confirmed its oncogenic role in cancers. In this paper, we review the recent advances and discuss our understanding of the multiple functions, activity regulation, and disease relationship of HBO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Lan
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing, 102206, China
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7
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Song J, Zheng YG. Bioorthogonal Reporters for Detecting and Profiling Protein Acetylation and Acylation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:148-162. [PMID: 31711353 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219887144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein acylation, exemplified by lysine acetylation, is a type of indispensable and widespread protein posttranslational modification in eukaryotes. Functional annotation of various lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) is critical to understanding their regulatory roles in abundant biological processes. Traditional radiometric and immunosorbent assays have found broad use in KAT study but have intrinsic limitations. Designing acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reporter molecules bearing chemoselective chemical warhead groups as surrogates of the native cofactor acetyl-CoA for bioorthogonal labeling of KAT substrates has come into a technical innovation in recent years. This chemical biology platform equips molecular biologists with empowering tools in acyltransferase activity detection and substrate profiling. In the bioorthogonal labeling, protein substrates are first enzymatically modified with a functionalized acyl group. Subsequently, the chemical warhead on the acyl chain conjugates with either an imaging chromophore or an affinity handle or any other appropriate probes through an orthogonal chemical ligation. This bioorganic strategy reformats the chemically inert acetylation and acylation marks into a chemically maneuverable functionality and generates measurable signals without recourse to radioisotopes or antibodies. It offers ample opportunities for facile sensitive detection of KAT activity with temporal and spatial resolutions as well as allows for chemoproteomic profiling of protein acetylation pertaining to specific KATs of interest on the global scale. We reviewed here the past and current advances in bioorthogonal protein acylations and highlighted their wide-spectrum applications. We also discussed the design of other related acyl-CoA and CoA-based chemical probes and their deployment in illuminating protein acetylation and acylation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Kumari P, Popescu D, Yue S, Bober E, Ianni A, Braun T. Sirt7 inhibits Sirt1-mediated activation of Suv39h1. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1403-1412. [PMID: 29963979 PMCID: PMC6132954 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1486166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins regulate a variety of cellular processes through protein deacetylation. The best-known member of mammalian sirtuin family, Sirt1, plays important roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by regulating cell metabolism, differentiation and stress responses, among others. Sirt1 activity requires tight regulation to meet specific cellular requirements, which is achieved at different levels and by specific mechanisms. Recently, a regulatory loop between Sirt1 and another sirtuin, Sirt7, was identified. Sirt7 inhibits Sirt1 autodeacetylation at K230 and activation thereby preventing Sirt1-mediated repression of adipocyte differentiation by inhibition of the PPARฮณ gene. Here, we extend the regulatory complexity of Sirt7-dependent restriction of Sirt1 activity by demonstrating that Sirt7 reduces activation of a previously described prominent Sirt1 target, the histone methyltransferase Suv39h1. We show that removal of the acetyl-group at K230 in Sirt1 due to the absence of Sirt7 leads to hyperactivation of Sirt1 and thereby to constantly increased activity of Suv39h1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- a Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling , Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Daniela Popescu
- a Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling , Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Shijing Yue
- b The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin , China.,c The State International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Tumor Immunology and Biological Vaccines , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Eva Bober
- a Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling , Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Alessandro Ianni
- a Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling , Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- a Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling , Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany
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9
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Samata M, Akhtar A. Dosage Compensation of the X Chromosome: A Complex Epigenetic Assignment Involving Chromatin Regulators and Long Noncoding RNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:323-350. [PMID: 29668306 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome regulation represents a prime example of an epigenetic phenomenon where coordinated regulation of a whole chromosome is required. In flies, this is achieved by transcriptional upregulation of X chromosomal genes in males to equalize the gene dosage differences in females. Chromatin-bound proteins and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constituting a ribonucleoprotein complex known as the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex or the dosage compensation complex mediate this process. MSL complex members decorate the male X chromosome, and their absence leads to male lethality. The male X chromosome is also enriched with histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac), indicating that the chromatin compaction status of the X chromosome also plays an important role in transcriptional activation. How the X chromosome is specifically targeted and how dosage compensation is mechanistically achieved are central questions for the field. Here, we review recent advances, which reveal a complex interplay among lncRNAs, the chromatin landscape, transcription, and chromosome conformation that fine-tune X chromosome gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Samata
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; .,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
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10
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Han Z, Wu H, Kim S, Yang X, Li Q, Huang H, Cai H, Bartlett MG, Dong A, Zeng H, Brown PJ, Yang XJ, Arrowsmith CH, Zhao Y, Zheng YG. Revealing the protein propionylation activity of the histone acetyltransferase MOF (males absent on the first). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3410-3420. [PMID: 29321206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain acylation of lysine residues has recently emerged as a group of reversible posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. The diversity of acylation further broadens the landscape and complexity of the proteome. Identification of regulatory enzymes and effector proteins for lysine acylation is critical to understand functions of these novel modifications at the molecular level. Here, we report that the MYST family of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) possesses strong propionyltransferase activity both in vitro and in cellulo Particularly, the propionyltransferase activity of MOF, MOZ, and HBO1 is as strong as their acetyltransferase activity. Overexpression of MOF in human embryonic kidney 293T cells induced significantly increased propionylation in multiple histone and non-histone proteins, which shows that the function of MOF goes far beyond its canonical histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. We also resolved the X-ray co-crystal structure of MOF bound with propionyl-coenzyme A, which provides a direct structural basis for the propionyltransferase activity of the MYST KATs. Our data together define a novel function for the MYST KATs as lysine propionyltransferases and suggest much broader physiological impacts for this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Han
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Hong Wu
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- the Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - He Huang
- the Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Aiping Dong
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hong Zeng
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter J Brown
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- the Goodman Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada, and
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Yingming Zhao
- the Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Y George Zheng
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
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11
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He M, Han Z, Liu L, Zheng YG. Untersuchung der epigenetischen Funktionen von LysinโAcetyltransferasen mit Methoden der chemischen Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Y. George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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12
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He M, Han Z, Liu L, Zheng YG. Chemical Biology Approaches for Investigating the Functions of Lysine Acetyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1162-1184. [PMID: 28786225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The side-chain acetylation of lysine residues in histones and non-histone proteins catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) represents a widespread posttranslational modification (PTM) in the eukaryotic cells. Lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in major cellular pathways inside and outside the nucleus. In particular, KAT-mediated histone acetylation has an effect on all DNA-templated epigenetic processes. Aberrant expression and activation of KATs are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. In recent years, the study of KAT functions in biology and disease has greatly benefited from chemical biology tools and strategies. In this Review, we present the past and current accomplishments in the design of chemical biology approaches for the interrogation of KAT activity and function. These methods and probes are classified according to their mechanisms of action and respective applications, with both strengths and limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602 (U, SA
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13
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Sinclair WR, Shrimp JH, Zengeya TT, Kulkarni RA, Garlick JM, Luecke H, Worth AJ, Blair IA, Snyder NW, Meier JL. Bioorthogonal pro-metabolites for profiling short chain fatty acylation. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1236-1241. [PMID: 29675169 PMCID: PMC5885804 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematically designed panel of biorthogonal pro-metabolites was synthesized and evaluated as agents for tracing cellular short chain fatty acylation.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a central role in health and disease. One function of these signaling molecules is to serve as precursors for short chain fatty acylation, a class of metabolically-derived posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that are established by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (KDACs). Via this mechanism, short chain fatty acylation serves as an integrated reporter of metabolism as well as KAT and KDAC activity, and has the potential to illuminate the role of these processes in disease. However, few methods to study short chain fatty acylation exist. Here we report a bioorthogonal pro-metabolite strategy for profiling short chain fatty acylation in living cells. Inspired by the dietary component tributyrin, we synthesized a panel of ester-caged bioorthogonal short chain fatty acids. Cellular evaluation of these agents led to the discovery of an azido-ester that is metabolized to its cognate acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and affords robust protein labeling profiles. We comprehensively characterize the metabolic dependence, toxicity, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sensitivity of these bioorthogonal pro-metabolites, and apply an optimized probe to identify novel candidate protein targets of short chain fatty acids in cells. Our studies showcase the utility of bioorthogonal pro-metabolites for unbiased profiling of cellular protein acylation, and suggest new approaches for studying the signaling functions of SCFAs in differentiation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson R Sinclair
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
| | - Jonathan H Shrimp
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
| | - Thomas T Zengeya
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
| | - Rhushikesh A Kulkarni
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
| | - Julie M Garlick
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
| | - Hans Luecke
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD 20817 , USA
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Penn SRP Center , Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP Center , Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Drexel University , A.J. Drexel Autism Institute , 3020 Market St , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA .
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14
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Hwang AW, Trzeciakiewicz H, Friedmann D, Yuan CX, Marmorstein R, Lee VMY, Cohen TJ. Conserved Lysine Acetylation within the Microtubule-Binding Domain Regulates MAP2/Tau Family Members. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168913. [PMID: 28002468 PMCID: PMC5176320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation has emerged as a dominant post-translational modification (PTM) regulating tau proteins in Alzheimerโs disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Mass spectrometry studies indicate that tau acetylation sites cluster within the microtubule-binding region (MTBR), a region that is highly conserved among tau, MAP2, and MAP4 family members, implying that acetylation could represent a conserved regulatory mechanism for MAPs beyond tau. Here, we combined mass spectrometry, biochemical assays, and cell-based approaches to demonstrate that the tau family members MAP2 and MAP4 are also subject to reversible acetylation. We identify a cluster of lysines in the MAP2 and MAP4 MTBR that undergo CBP-catalyzed acetylation, many of which are conserved in tau. Similar to tau, MAP2 acetylation can occur in a cysteine-dependent auto-regulatory manner in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, tubulin reduced MAP2 acetylation, suggesting tubulin binding dictates MAP acetylation status. Taken together, these results uncover a striking conservation of MAP2/Tau family post-translational modifications that could expand our understanding of the dynamic mechanisms regulating microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hanna Trzeciakiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dave Friedmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chao-Xing Yuan
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Virginia M. Y. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Cohen
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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HnRNPA2 is a novel histone acetyltransferase that mediates mitochondrial stress-induced nuclear gene expression. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16045. [PMID: 27990297 PMCID: PMC5148442 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number, mitochondrial DNA mutations or disruption of
electron transfer chain complexes induce mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling,
which induces global change in nuclear gene expression ultimately contributing to various
human pathologies including cancer. Recent studies suggest that these mitochondrial
changes cause transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear genes although the mechanism of
this cross talk remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that mitochondria-to-nucleus
retrograde signaling regulates chromatin acetylation and alters nuclear gene expression
through the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNAP2). These processes are reversed
when mitochondrial DNA content is restored to near normal cell levels. We show that the
mitochondrial stress-induced transcription coactivator hnRNAP2 acetylates Lys 8 of H4
through an intrinsic histone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) activity with Arg 48 and Arg
50 of hnRNAP2 being essential for acetyl-CoA binding and acetyltransferase activity. H4K8
acetylation at the mitochondrial stress-responsive promoters by hnRNAP2 is essential for
transcriptional activation. We found that the previously described mitochondria-to-nucleus
retrograde signaling-mediated transformation of C2C12 cells caused an increased expression
of genes involved in various oncogenic processes, which is retarded in hnRNAP2 silenced or
hnRNAP2 KAT mutant cells. Taken together, these data show that altered gene expression by
mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling involves a novel hnRNAP2-dependent epigenetic
mechanism that may have a role in cancer and other pathologies.
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16
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Cohen TJ, Constance BH, Hwang AW, James M, Yuan CX. Intrinsic Tau Acetylation Is Coupled to Auto-Proteolytic Tau Fragmentation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158470. [PMID: 27383765 PMCID: PMC4934699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau proteins are abnormally aggregated in a range of neurodegenerative tauopathies including Alzheimerโs disease (AD). Recently, tau has emerged as an extensively post-translationally modified protein, among which lysine acetylation is critical for normal tau function and its pathological aggregation. Here, we demonstrate that tau isoforms have different propensities to undergo lysine acetylation, with auto-acetylation occurring more prominently within the lysine-rich microtubule-binding repeats. Unexpectedly, we identified a unique intrinsic property of tau in which auto-acetylation induces proteolytic tau cleavage, thereby generating distinct N- and C-terminal tau fragments. Supporting a catalytic reaction-based mechanism, mapping and mutagenesis studies showed that tau cysteines, which are required for acetyl group transfer, are also essential for auto-proteolytic tau processing. Further mass spectrometry analysis identified the C-terminal 2nd and 4th microtubule binding repeats as potential sites of auto-cleavage. The identification of acetylation-mediated auto-proteolysis provides a new biochemical mechanism for tau self-regulation and warrants further investigation into whether auto-catalytic functions of tau are implicated in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Cohen
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian H. Constance
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chao-Xing Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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17
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Chlamydas S, Holz H, Samata M, Chelmicki T, Georgiev P, Pelechano V, Dรผndar F, Dasmeh P, Mittler G, Cadete FT, Ramรญrez F, Conrad T, Wei W, Raja S, Manke T, Luscombe NM, Steinmetz LM, Akhtar A. Functional interplay between MSL1 and CDK7 controls RNA polymerase II Ser5 phosphorylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:580-9. [PMID: 27183194 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper gene expression requires coordinated interplay among transcriptional coactivators, transcription factors and the general transcription machinery. We report here that MSL1, a central component of the dosage compensation complex in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, displays evolutionarily conserved sex-independent binding to promoters. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal a functional interaction of MSL1 with CDK7, a subunit of the Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex of the general transcription factor TFIIH. Importantly, MSL1 depletion leads to decreased phosphorylation of Ser5 of RNA polymerase II. In addition, we demonstrate that MSL1 is a phosphoprotein, and transgenic flies expressing MSL1 phosphomutants show mislocalization of the histone acetyltransferase MOF and histone H4 K16 acetylation, thus ultimately causing male lethality due to a failure of dosage compensation. We propose that, by virtue of its interaction with components of the general transcription machinery, MSL1 exists in different phosphorylation states, thereby modulating transcription in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantis Chlamydas
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Herbert Holz
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Maria Samata
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tomasz Chelmicki
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Plamen Georgiev
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Friederike Dรผndar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Pouria Dasmeh
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Fidel Ramรญrez
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wu Wei
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sunil Raja
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Manke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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18
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Rafehi H, Khan AW, El-Osta A. Improving understanding of chromatin regulatory proteins and potential implications for drug discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:435-45. [PMID: 26923902 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1159960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many epigenetic-based therapeutics, including drugs such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, are now used in the clinic or are undergoing advanced clinical trials. The study of chromatin-modifying proteins has benefited from the rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing methods, the organized efforts of major consortiums and by individual groups to profile human epigenomes in diverse tissues and cell types. However, while such initiatives have carefully characterized healthy human tissue, disease epigenomes and drug-epigenome interactions remain very poorly understood. Reviewed here is how high-throughput sequencing improves our understanding of chromatin regulator proteins and the potential implications for the study of human disease and drug development and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- a Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory , Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- a Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory , Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Pathology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- a Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory , Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Pathology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,c Faculty of Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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19
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Wapenaar H, van der Wouden PE, Groves MR, Rotili D, Mai A, Dekker FJ. Enzyme kinetics and inhibition of histone acetyltransferase KAT8. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:289-96. [PMID: 26505788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferase 8 (KAT8) is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) responsible for acetylating lysine 16 on histone H4 (H4K16) and plays a role in cell cycle progression as well as acetylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Further studies on its biological function and drug discovery initiatives will benefit from the development of small molecule inhibitors for this enzyme. As a first step towards this aim we investigated the enzyme kinetics of this bi-substrate enzyme. The kinetic experiments indicate a ping-pong mechanism in which the enzyme binds Ac-CoA first, followed by binding of the histone substrate. This mechanism is supported by affinity measurements of both substrates using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Using this information, the KAT8 inhibition of a focused compound collection around the non-selective HAT inhibitor anacardic acid has been investigated. Kinetic studies with anacardic acid were performed, based on which a model for the catalytic activity of KAT8 and the inhibitory action of anacardic acid (AA) was proposed. This enabled the calculation of the inhibition constant Ki of anacardic acid derivatives using an adaptation of the Cheng-Prusoff equation. The results described in this study give insight into the catalytic mechanism of KAT8 and present the first well-characterized small-molecule inhibitors for this HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Hentchel KL, Escalante-Semerena JC. Acylation of Biomolecules in Prokaryotes: a Widespread Strategy for the Control of Biological Function and Metabolic Stress. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 79:321-46. [PMID: 26179745 PMCID: PMC4503791 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylation of biomolecules (e.g., proteins and small molecules) is a process that occurs in cells of all domains of life and has emerged as a critical mechanism for the control of many aspects of cellular physiology, including chromatin maintenance, transcriptional regulation, primary metabolism, cell structure, and likely other cellular processes. Although this review focuses on the use of acetyl moieties to modify a protein or small molecule, it is clear that cells can use many weak organic acids (e.g., short-, medium-, and long-chain mono- and dicarboxylic aliphatics and aromatics) to modify a large suite of targets. Acetylation of biomolecules has been studied for decades within the context of histone-dependent regulation of gene expression and antibiotic resistance. It was not until the early 2000s that the connection between metabolism, physiology, and protein acetylation was reported. This was the first instance of a metabolic enzyme (acetyl coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] synthetase) whose activity was controlled by acetylation via a regulatory system responsive to physiological cues. The above-mentioned system was comprised of an acyltransferase and a partner deacylase. Given the reversibility of the acylation process, this system is also referred to as reversible lysine acylation (RLA). A wealth of information has been obtained since the discovery of RLA in prokaryotes, and we are just beginning to visualize the extent of the impact that this regulatory system has on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Hentchel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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21
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Greene NP, Crow A, Hughes C, Koronakis V. Structure of a bacterial toxin-activating acyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3058-66. [PMID: 26016525 PMCID: PMC4466738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503832112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted pore-forming toxins of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) insert into host-cell membranes to subvert signal transduction and induce apoptosis and cell lysis. Unusually, these toxins are synthesized in an inactive form that requires posttranslational activation in the bacterial cytosol. We have previously shown that the activation mechanism is an acylation event directed by a specialized acyl-transferase that uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) to covalently link fatty acids, via an amide bond, to specific internal lysine residues of the protoxin. We now reveal the 2.15-ร
resolution X-ray structure of the 172-aa ApxC, a toxin-activating acyl-transferase (TAAT) from pathogenic Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. This determination shows that bacterial TAATs are a structurally homologous family that, despite indiscernible sequence similarity, form a distinct branch of the Gcn5-like N-acetyl transferase (GNAT) superfamily of enzymes that typically use acyl-CoA to modify diverse bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic substrates. A combination of structural analysis, small angle X-ray scattering, mutagenesis, and cross-linking defined the solution state of TAATs, with intermonomer interactions mediated by an N-terminal ฮฑ-helix. Superposition of ApxC with substrate-bound GNATs, and assay of toxin activation and binding of acyl-ACP and protoxin peptide substrates by mutated ApxC variants, indicates the enzyme active site to be a deep surface groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Greene
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Allister Crow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Hughes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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22
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Yi J, Huang X, Yang Y, Zhu WG, Gu W, Luo J. Regulation of histone acetyltransferase TIP60 function by histone deacetylase 3. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33878-86. [PMID: 25301942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The key member of the MOZ (monocyticleukaemia zinc finger protein), Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, and TIP60 acetyltransferases family, Tat-interactive protein, 60 kD (TIP60), tightly modulates a wide array of cellular processes, including chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle arrest. The function of TIP60 can be regulated by SIRT1 through deacetylation. Here we found that TIP60 can also be functionally regulated by HDAC3. We identified six lysine residues as its autoacetylation sites. Mutagenesis of these lysines to arginines completely abolishes the autoacetylation of TIP60. Overexpression of HDAC3 increases TIP60 ubiquitination levels. However, unlike SIRT1, HDAC3 increased the half-life of TIP60. Further study found that HDAC3 colocalized with TIP60 both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which could be the reason why HDAC3 can stabilize TIP60. The deacetylation of TIP60 by both SIRT1 and HDAC3 reduces apoptosis induced by DNA damage. Knockdown of HDAC3 in cells increased TIP60 acetylation levels and increased apoptosis after DNA damage. Together, our findings provide a better understanding of TIP60 regulation mechanisms, which is a significant basis for further studies of its cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yi
- From the School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, the Department of Medical and Research Technology and Department of Pathology, Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Xiangyang Huang
- the Department of Medical and Research Technology and Department of Pathology, Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, the Department of Rheumatology, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China, and
| | - Yuxia Yang
- the Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- the Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Gu
- the Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- the Department of Medical and Research Technology and Department of Pathology, Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, the Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China,
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23
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He H, Liu X, Wang D, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhou H, Luo X, Wang N, Ji B, Luo Y, Zhang T. SAHA inhibits the transcription initiation of HPV18 E6/E7 genes in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Gene 2014; 553:98-104. [PMID: 25300249 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well recognized causative agent of cervical cancer. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a potential anti-cervical cancer drug; however, its effect on the expression of HPV E6 and E7 genes remains unclear. Here, we show that, in SAHA treated HeLa cells, HPV18 E6 and E7 mRNA and protein levels were reduced, HPV18 promoter activity was decreased, and the association of RNP II with HPV18 promoter was diminished, suggesting that SAHA inhibited the transcription initiation of HPV18 E6 and E7 genes. In SAHA-treated HeLa, although the level of lysine 9-acetylated histone H3 in the whole cell extracts increased obviously, its enrichment on HPV18 promoter was significantly reduced which is correlated with the down-regulation of HPV E6 and E7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xuena Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bingyan Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, #388, YuHangTang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, #388, YuHangTang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
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24
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Hatakeyama D, Shoji M, Yamayoshi S, Hirota T, Nagae M, Yanagisawa S, Nakano M, Ohmi N, Noda T, Kawaoka Y, Kuzuhara T. A novel functional site in the PB2 subunit of influenza A virus essential for acetyl-CoA interaction, RNA polymerase activity, and viral replication. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24980-94. [PMID: 25063805 PMCID: PMC4155666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PA, PB1, and PB2 subunits, components of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A virus, are essential for viral transcription and replication. The PB2 subunit binds to the host RNA cap (7-methylguanosine triphosphate (m(7)GTP)) and supports the endonuclease activity of PA to "snatch" the cap from host pre-mRNAs. However, the structure of PB2 is not fully understood, and the functional sites remain unknown. In this study, we describe a novel Val/Arg/Gly (VRG) site in the PB2 cap-binding domain, which is involved in interaction with acetyl-CoA found in eukaryotic histone acetyltransferases (HATs). In vitro experiments revealed that the recombinant PB2 cap-binding domain that includes the VRG site interacts with acetyl-CoA; moreover, it was found that this interaction could be blocked by CoA and various HAT inhibitors. Interestingly, m(7)GTP also inhibited this interaction, suggesting that the same active pocket is capable of interacting with acetyl-CoA and m(7)GTP. To elucidate the importance of the VRG site on PB2 function and viral replication, we constructed a PB2 recombinant protein and recombinant viruses including several patterns of amino acid mutations in the VRG site. Substitutions of the valine and arginine residues or of all 3 residues of the VRG site to alanine significantly reduced the binding ability of PB2 to acetyl-CoA and its RNA polymerase activity. Recombinant viruses containing the same mutations could not be replicated in cultured cells. These results indicate that the PB2 VRG sequence is a functional site that is essential for acetyl-CoA interaction, RNA polymerase activity, and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hatakeyama
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masaki Shoji
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, and
| | - Takenori Hirota
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Monami Nagae
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Shin Yanagisawa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
| | - Naho Ohmi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, and the Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, the Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711
| | - Takashi Kuzuhara
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan,
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Rafehi H, Balcerczyk A, Lunke S, Kaspi A, Ziemann M, Kn H, Okabe J, Khurana I, Ooi J, Khan AW, Du XJ, Chang L, Haviv I, Keating ST, Karagiannis TC, El-Osta A. Vascular histone deacetylation by pharmacological HDAC inhibition. Genome Res 2014; 24:1271-84. [PMID: 24732587 PMCID: PMC4120081 DOI: 10.1101/gr.168781.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors can regulate gene expression by post-translational modification of histone as well as nonhistone proteins. Often studied at single loci, increased histone acetylation is the paradigmatic mechanism of action. However, little is known of the extent of genome-wide changes in cells stimulated by the hydroxamic acids, TSA and SAHA. In this article, we map vascular chromatin modifications including histone H3 acetylation of lysine 9 and 14 (H3K9/14ac) using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq). Since acetylation-mediated gene expression is often associated with modification of other lysine residues, we also examined H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 as well as changes in CpG methylation (CpG-seq). RNA sequencing indicates the differential expression of โผ30% of genes, with almost equal numbers being up- and down-regulated. We observed broad deacetylation and gene expression changes conferred by TSA and SAHA mediated by the loss of EP300/CREBBP binding at multiple gene promoters. This study provides an important framework for HDAC inhibitor function in vascular biology and a comprehensive description of genome-wide deacetylation by pharmacological HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Aneta Balcerczyk
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Antony Kaspi
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Harikrishnan Kn
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jun Okabe
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ishant Khurana
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jenny Ooi
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lisa Chang
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Izhak Haviv
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Samuel T Keating
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Regulation and function of histone acetyltransferase MOF. Front Med 2014; 8:79-83. [PMID: 24452550 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian MOF (male absent on the first), a member of the MYST (MOZ, YBF2, SAS2, and Tip60) family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs), is the major enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of histone H4 on lysine 16. Acetylation of K16 is a prevalent mark associated with chromatin decondensation. MOF has recently been shown to play an essential role in maintaining normal cell functions. In this study, we discuss the important roles of MOF in DNA damage repair, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. We also analyze the role of MOF as a key regulator of the core transcriptional network of embryonic stem cells.
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27
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Rao RSP, Thelen JJ, Miernyk JA. In silico analysis of protein Lys-N(๐)-acetylation in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:381. [PMID: 25136347 PMCID: PMC4120686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Among post-translational modifications, there are some conceptual similarities between Lys-N(๐)-acetylation and Ser/Thr/Tyr O-phosphorylation. Herein we present a bioinformatics-based overview of reversible protein Lys-acetylation, including some comparisons with reversible protein phosphorylation. The study of Lys-acetylation of plant proteins has lagged behind studies of mammalian and microbial cells; 1000s of acetylation sites have been identified in mammalian proteins compared with only hundreds of sites in plant proteins. While most previous emphasis was focused on post-translational modifications of histones, more recent studies have addressed metabolic regulation. Being directly coupled with cellular CoA/acetyl-CoA and NAD/NADH, reversible Lys-N(๐)-acetylation has the potential to control, or contribute to control, of primary metabolism, signaling, and growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shyama Prasad Rao
- Division of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Jรกn A. Miernyk
- Division of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture โ Agricultural Research ServiceColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Jan A. Miernyk, Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 102 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA e-mail:
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28
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Yang C, Mi J, Feng Y, Ngo L, Gao T, Yan L, Zheng YG. Labeling lysine acetyltransferase substrates with engineered enzymes and functionalized cofactor surrogates. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7791-4. [PMID: 23659802 DOI: 10.1021/ja311636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating biological and pathological functions of protein lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) greatly depends on the knowledge of the dynamic and spatial localization of their enzymatic targets in the cellular proteome. We report the design and application of chemical probes for facile labeling and detection of substrates of the three major human KAT enzymes. In this approach, we create engineered KATs in junction with synthetic Ac-CoA surrogates to effectively label KAT substrates even in the presence of competitive nascent cofactor acetyl-CoA. The functionalized and transferable acyl moiety of the Ac-CoA analogs further allowed the labeled substrates to be probed with alkynyl or azido-tagged fluorescent reporters by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The synthetic cofactors, in combination with either native or rationally engineered KAT enzymes, provide a versatile chemical biology strategy to label and profile cellular targets of KATs at the proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, USA
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