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Baumgart S, Chen NM, Siveke JT, König A, Zhang JS, Singh SK, Wolf E, Bartkuhn M, Esposito I, Heßmann E, Reinecke J, Nikorowitsch J, Brunner M, Singh G, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Smyrk T, Bamlet WR, Eilers M, Neesse A, Gress TM, Billadeau DD, Tuveson D, Urrutia R, Ellenrieder V. Inflammation-induced NFATc1-STAT3 transcription complex promotes pancreatic cancer initiation by KrasG12D. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:688-701. [PMID: 24694735 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer-associated inflammation is a molecular key feature in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogenic KRAS in conjunction with persistent inflammation is known to accelerate carcinogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we outline a novel pathway whereby the transcription factors NFATc1 and STAT3 cooperate in pancreatic epithelial cells to promote Kras(G12D)-driven carcinogenesis. NFATc1 activation is induced by inflammation and itself accelerates inflammation-induced carcinogenesis in Kras(G12D) mice, whereas genetic or pharmacologic ablation of NFATc1 attenuates this effect. Mechanistically, NFATc1 complexes with STAT3 for enhancer-promoter communications at jointly regulated genes involved in oncogenesis, for example, Cyclin, EGFR and WNT family members. The NFATc1-STAT3 cooperativity is operative in pancreatitis-mediated carcinogenesis as well as in established human pancreatic cancer. Together, these studies unravel new mechanisms of inflammatory-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis and suggest beneficial effects of chemopreventive strategies using drugs that are currently available for targeting these factors in clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE Our study points to the existence of an oncogenic NFATc1-STAT3 cooperativity that mechanistically links inflammation with pancreatic cancer initiation and progression. Because NFATc1-STAT3 nucleoprotein complexes control the expression of gene networks at the intersection of inflammation and cancer, our study has significant relevance for potentially managing pancreatic cancer and other inflammatory-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baumgart
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Nai-Ming Chen
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkAuthors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Alexander König
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkAuthors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkAuthors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Shiv K Singh
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Marek Bartkuhn
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Irene Esposito
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Elisabeth Heßmann
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkAuthors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Johanna Reinecke
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkAuthors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Julius Nikorowitsch
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Marius Brunner
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Garima Singh
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Thomas Smyrk
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - William R Bamlet
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Martin Eilers
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Albrecht Neesse
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - David Tuveson
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Authors' Affiliations:Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University, Marburg; Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen; II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität; Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich; Theodor Boveri Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research; Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine; Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
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