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Oliw EH. Thirty years with three-dimensional structures of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109874. [PMID: 38145834 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) and rabbit 15-LOX were reported in the 1990s. Subsequent 3D structures demonstrated a conserved U-like shape of the substrate cavities as reviewed here. The 8-LOX:arachidonic acid (AA) complex showed AA bound to the substrate cavity carboxylate-out with C10 at 3.4 Å from the iron metal center. A recent cryo-electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the 12-LOX:AA complex illustrated AA in the same position as in the 8-LOX:AA complex. The 15- and 12-LOX complexes with isoenzyme-specific inhibitors/substrate mimics confirmed the U-fold. 5-LOX oxidizes AA to leukotriene A4, the first step in biosynthesis of mediators of asthma. The X-ray structure showed that the entrance to the substrate cavity was closed to AA by Phe and Tyr residues of a partly unfolded α2-helix. Recent X-ray analysis revealed that soaking with inhibitors shifted the short α2-helix to a long and continuous, which opened the substrate cavity. The α2-helix also adopted two conformations in 15-LOX. 12-LOX dimers consisted of one closed and one open subunit with an elongated α2-helix. 13C-ENDOR-MD computations of the 9-MnLOX:linoleate complex showed carboxylate-out position with C11 placed 3.4 ± 0.1 Å from the catalytic water. 3D structures have provided a solid ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Oliw EH. Diversity of the manganese lipoxygenase gene family - A mini-review. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 163:103746. [PMID: 36283615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of fungal genomes of escalate from biological and evolutionary investigations. The biochemical analyses of putative enzymes will inevitably lag behind and only a selection will be characterized. Plant-pathogenic fungi secrete manganese-lipoxygenases (MnLOX), which oxidize unsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxides to support infection. Six MnLOX have been characterized so far including the 3D structures of these enzymes of the Rice blast and the Take-all fungi. The goal was to use this information to evaluate MnLOX-related gene transcripts to find informative specimens for further studies. Phylogenetic analysis, determinants of catalytic activities, and the C-terminal amino acid sequences divided 54 transcripts into three major subfamilies. The six MnLOX belonged to the same "prototype" subfamily with conserved residues in catalytic determinants and C-terminal sequences. The second subfamily retained the secretion mechanism, presumably necessary for uptake of Mn2+, but differed in catalytic determinants and by cysteine replacement of an invariant Leu residue for positioning ("clamping") of fatty acids. The third subfamily contrasted with alanine in the Gly/Ala switch for regiospecific oxidation and a minority contained unprecedented C-terminal sequences or lacked secretion signals. With these exceptions, biochemical analyses of transcripts of the three subfamilies appear to have reasonable prospects to find active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Oliw EH. Iron and manganese lipoxygenases of plant pathogenic fungi and their role in biosynthesis of jasmonates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109169. [PMID: 35276213 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) contain catalytic iron (FeLOX), but fungi also produce LOX with catalytic manganese (MnLOX). In this review, the 3D structures and properties of fungal LOX are compared and contrasted along with their associations with pathogenicity. The 3D structures and properties of two MnLOX (Magnaporthe oryzae, Geaumannomyces graminis) and the catalysis of five additional MnLOX have provided information on the metal center, substrate binding, oxygenation, tentative O2 channels, and biosynthesis of exclusive hydroperoxides. In addition, the genomes of other plant pathogens also code for putative MnLOX. Crystals of the 13S-FeLOX of Fusarium graminearum revealed an unusual altered geometry of the Fe ligands between mono- and dimeric structures, influenced by a wrapping sequence extension near the C-terminal of the dimers. In plants, the enzymes involved in jasmonate synthesis are well documented whereas the fungal pathway is yet to be fully elucidated. Conversion of deuterium-labeled 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and their 13S-hydroperoxides to jasmonates established 13S-FeLOX of F. oxysporum in the biosynthesis, while subsequent enzymes lacked sequence homologues in plants. The Rice-blast (M. oryzae) and the Take-all (G. graminis) fungi secrete MnLOX to support infection, invasive hyphal growth, and cell membrane oxidation, contributing to their devastating impact on world production of rice and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Cook EN, Machan CW. Bioinspired mononuclear Mn complexes for O 2 activation and biologically relevant reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16871-16886. [PMID: 34730590 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A general interest in harnessing the oxidizing power of dioxygen (O2) continues to motivate research efforts on bioinspired and biomimetic complexes to better understand how metalloenzymes mediate these reactions. The ubiquity of Fe- and Cu-based enzymes attracts significant attention and has resulted in many noteworthy developments for abiotic systems interested in direct O2 reduction and small molecule activation. However, despite the existence of Mn-based metalloenzymes with important O2-dependent activity, there has been comparatively less focus on the development of these analogues relative to Fe- and Cu-systems. In this Perspective, we summarize important contributions to the development of bioinspired mononuclear Mn complexes for O2 activation and studies on their reactivity, emphasizing important design parameters in the primary and secondary coordination spheres and outlining mechanistic trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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6
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Gaffney BJ. EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Lipoxygenases. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:42-50. [PMID: 31782616 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are sources of diverse natural, and chemically designed products. The enzyme lipoxygenase selectively oxidizes fatty acid acyl chains using controlled free radical chemistry; the products are regio- and stereo-chemically unique hydroperoxides. A conserved structural fold of ≈600 amino acids harbors a long and narrow substrate channel and a well-shielded catalytic iron. Oxygen, a co-substrate, is blocked from the active site until a hydrogen atom is abstracted from substrate bis-allylic carbon, in a non-heme iron redox cycle. EPR spectroscopy of ferric intermediates in lipoxygenase catalysis reveals changes in the metal coordination and leads to a proposal on the nature of the reactive intermediate. Remarkably, free radicals are so well controlled in lipoxygenase chemistry that spin label technology can be applied as well. The current level of understanding of steps in lipoxygenase catalysis, from the EPR perspective, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Gaffney
- Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Zorn K, Oroz-Guinea I, Brundiek H, Bornscheuer UT. Engineering and application of enzymes for lipid modification, an update. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen Y, Wennman A, Karkehabadi S, Engström Å, Oliw EH. Crystal structure of linoleate 13R-manganese lipoxygenase in complex with an adhesion protein. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1574-88. [PMID: 27313058 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of 13R-manganese lipoxygenase (MnLOX) of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Gg) in complex with zonadhesin of Pichia pastoris was solved by molecular replacement. Zonadhesin contains β-strands in two subdomains. A comparison of Gg-MnLOX with the 9S-MnLOX of Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo) shows that the protein fold and the geometry of the metal ligands are conserved. The U-shaped active sites differ mainly due to hydrophobic residues of the substrate channel. The volumes and two hydrophobic side pockets near the catalytic base may sanction oxygenation at C-13 and C-9, respectively. Gly-332 of Gg-MnLOX is positioned in the substrate channel between the entrance and the metal center. Replacements with larger residues could restrict oxygen and substrate to reach the active site. C18 fatty acids are likely positioned with C-11 between Mn(2+)OH2 and Leu-336 for hydrogen abstraction and with one side of the 12Z double bond shielded by Phe-337 to prevent antarafacial oxygenation at C-13 and C-11. Phe-347 is positioned at the end of the substrate channel and replacement with smaller residues can position C18 fatty acids for oxygenation at C-9. Gg-MnLOX does not catalyze the sequential lipoxygenation of n-3 fatty acids in contrast to Mo-MnLOX, which illustrates the different configurations of their substrate channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anneli Wennman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Engström
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wennman A, Oliw EH, Karkehabadi S, Chen Y. Crystal Structure of Manganese Lipoxygenase of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8130-9. [PMID: 26783260 PMCID: PMC4825015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) are non-heme metal enzymes, which oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxides. All LOX belong to the same gene family, and they are widely distributed. LOX of animals, plants, and prokaryotes contain iron as the catalytic metal, whereas fungi express LOX with iron or with manganese. Little is known about metal selection by LOX and the adjustment of the redox potentials of their protein-bound catalytic metals. Thirteen three-dimensional structures of animal, plant, and prokaryotic FeLOX are available, but none of MnLOX. The MnLOX of the most important plant pathogen, the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzae(Mo), was expressed inPichia pastoris.Mo-MnLOX was deglycosylated, purified to homogeneity, and subjected to crystal screening and x-ray diffraction. The structure was solved by sulfur and manganese single wavelength anomalous dispersion to a resolution of 2.0 Å. The manganese coordinating sphere is similar to iron ligands of coral 8R-LOX and soybean LOX-1 but is not overlapping. The Asn-473 is positioned on a short loop (Asn-Gln-Gly-Glu-Pro) instead of an α-helix and forms hydrogen bonds with Gln-281. Comparison with FeLOX suggests that Phe-332 and Phe-525 might contribute to the unique suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygenation mechanism of Mo-MnLOX by controlling oxygen access to the pentadiene radical. Modeling suggests that Arg-525 is positioned close to Arg-182 of 8R-LOX, and both residues likely tether the carboxylate group of the substrate. An oxygen channel could not be identified. We conclude that Mo-MnLOX illustrates a partly unique variation of the structural theme of FeLOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Wennman
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sooman L, Wennman A, Hamberg M, Hoffmann I, Oliw EH. Replacement of two amino acids of 9 R -dioxygenase-allene oxide synthase of Aspergillus niger inverts the chirality of the hydroperoxide and the allene oxide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wennman A, Magnuson A, Hamberg M, Oliw EH. Manganese lipoxygenase of F. oxysporum and the structural basis for biosynthesis of distinct 11-hydroperoxy stereoisomers. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1606-15. [PMID: 26113537 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of jasmonates in plants is initiated by 13S-lipoxygenase (LOX), but details of jasmonate biosynthesis by fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum, are unknown. The genome of F. oxysporum codes for linoleate 13S-LOX (FoxLOX) and for F. oxysporum manganese LOX (Fo-MnLOX), an uncharacterized homolog of 13R-MnLOX of Gaeumannomyces graminis. We expressed Fo-MnLOX and compared its properties to Cg-MnLOX from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Electron paramagnetic resonance and metal analysis showed that Fo-MnLOX contained catalytic Mn. Fo-MnLOX oxidized 18:2n-6 mainly to 11R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (HPODE), 13S-HPODE, and 9(S/R)-HPODE, whereas Cg-MnLOX produced 9S-, 11S-, and 13R-HPODE with high stereoselectivity. The 11-hydroperoxides did not undergo the rapid β-fragmentation earlier observed with 13R-MnLOX. Oxidation of [11S-(2)H]18:2n-6 by Cg-MnLOX was accompanied by loss of deuterium and a large kinetic isotope effect (>30). The Fo-MnLOX-catalyzed oxidation occurred with retention of the (2)H-label. Fo-MnLOX also oxidized 1-lineoyl-2-hydroxy-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine. The predicted active site of all MnLOXs contains Phe except for Ser(348) in this position of Fo-MnLOX. The Ser348Phe mutant of Fo-MnLOX oxidized 18:2n-6 to the same major products as Cg-MnLOX. Our results suggest that Fo-MnLOX, with support of Ser(348), binds 18:2n-6 so that the proR rather than the proS hydrogen at C-11 interacts with the metal center, but retains the suprafacial oxygenation mechanism observed in other MnLOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Wennman
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Guo F, Zhang C, Bie X, Zhao H, Diao H, Lu F, Lu Z. Improving the thermostability and activity of lipoxygenase from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wennman A, Karkehabadi S, Oliw EH. Kinetic investigation of the rate-limiting step of manganese- and iron-lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 555-556:9-15. [PMID: 24857825 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxides, which are generated by proton coupled electron transfer to the metal center with FeIIIOH- or MnIIIOH-. Hydrogen abstraction by FeIIIOH- of soybean LOX-1 (sLOX-1) is associated with a large deuterium kinetic isotope effect (D-KIE). Our goal was to compare the D-KIE and other kinetic parameters at different temperatures of sLOX-1 with 13R-LOX with catalytic manganese (13R-MnLOX). The reaction rate and the D-KIE of sLOX-1 with unlabeled and [11-2H2]18:2n-6 were almost temperature independent with an apparent D-KIE of ∼56 at 30°C, which is in agreement with previous studies. In contrast, the reaction rate of 13R-MnLOX increased 7-fold with temperature (8-50°C), and the apparent D-KIE decreased linearly from ∼38 at 8°C to ∼20 at 50°C. The kinetic lag phase of 13R-MnLOX was consistently extended at low temperatures. The Phe337Ile mutant of 13R-MnLOX, which catalyzes antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygenation in analogy with sLOX-1, retained the large D-KIE and its temperature-dependent reaction rate. The kinetic differences between 13R-MnLOX and sLOX-1 may be due to protein dynamics, hydrogen donor-acceptor distances, and to the metal ligands, which may not equalize the 0.7V-gap between the redox potentials of the free metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Wennman
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wennman A, Oliw EH, Karkehabadi S. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of manganese lipoxygenase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:522-5. [PMID: 24699754 PMCID: PMC3976078 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14005548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases constitute a family of nonhaem metal enzymes with catalytic iron or, occasionally, catalytic manganese. Lipoxygenases oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids with position specificity and stereospecificity to hydroperoxides, which contribute to inflammation and the development of cancer. Little is known about the structural differences between lipoxygenases with Fe or Mn and the metal-selection mechanism. A Pichia pastoris expression system was used for the production of the manganese lipoxygenase of the take-all fungus of wheat, Gaeumannomyces graminis. The active enzyme was treated with α-mannosidase, purified to apparent homogeneity and subjected to crystal screening and X-ray diffraction. The crystals diffracted to 2.6 Å resolution and belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 226.6, b = 50.6, c = 177.92 Å, β = 91.70°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Wennman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H. Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kim KR, Oh DK. Production of hydroxy fatty acids by microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1473-85. [PMID: 23860413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are widely used in chemical, food, and cosmetic industries as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers and as additives for the manufacture of lubricants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. They have antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities and therefore can be applied for medicinal uses. Microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, including P450, lipoxygenase, hydratase, 12-hydroxylase, and diol synthase, synthesize regio-specific hydroxy fatty acids. In this article, microbial fatty acid-hydroxylation enzymes, with a focus on region-specificity and diversity, are summarized and the production of mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids is introduced. Finally, the production methods of regio-specific and diverse hydroxy fatty acids, such as gene screening, protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and combinatory biosynthesis, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Brodhun F, Cristobal-Sarramian A, Zabel S, Newie J, Hamberg M, Feussner I. An iron 13S-lipoxygenase with an α-linolenic acid specific hydroperoxidase activity from Fusarium oxysporum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64919. [PMID: 23741422 PMCID: PMC3669278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates constitute a family of lipid-derived signaling molecules that are abundant in higher plants. The biosynthetic pathway leading to plant jasmonates is initiated by 13-lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of α-linolenic acid into its 13-hydroperoxide derivative. A number of plant pathogenic fungi (e.g. Fusarium oxysporum) are also capable of producing jasmonates, however, by a yet unknown biosynthetic pathway. In a search for lipoxygenase in F. oxysporum, a reverse genetic approach was used and one of two from the genome predicted lipoxygenases (FoxLOX) was cloned. The enzyme was heterologously expressed in E. coli, purified via affinity chromatography, and its reaction mechanism characterized. FoxLOX was found to be a non-heme iron lipoxygenase, which oxidizes C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids to 13S-hydroperoxy derivatives by an antarafacial reaction mechanism where the bis-allylic hydrogen abstraction is the rate-limiting step. With α-linolenic acid as substrate FoxLOX was found to exhibit a multifunctional activity, because the hydroperoxy derivatives formed are further converted to dihydroxy-, keto-, and epoxy alcohol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brodhun
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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Hoffmann I, Jernerén F, Oliw EH. Expression of fusion proteins of Aspergillus terreus reveals a novel allene oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11459-69. [PMID: 23479731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.458257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergilli oxidize C18 unsaturated fatty acids by dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion proteins to signal molecules involved in reproduction and host-pathogen interactions. Aspergillus terreus expresses linoleate 9R-dioxygenase (9R-DOX) and allene oxide synthase (AOS) activities in membrane fractions. The genome contains five genes (ATEG), which may code for a 9R-DOX-AOS fusion protein. The genes were cloned and expressed, but none of them oxidized 18:2n-6 to 9R-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9R-HPODE). ATEG_02036 transformed 9R-HPODE to an unstable allene oxide, 9(R),10-epoxy-10,12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid. A substitution in the P450 domain (C1073S) abolished AOS activity. The N964V and N964D mutants both showed markedly reduced AOS activity, suggesting that Asn(964) may facilitate homolytic cleavage of the dioxygen bond of 9R-HPODE with formation of compound II in analogy with plant AOS (CYP74) and prostacyclin synthase (CYP8A1). ATEG_03992 was identified as 5,8-linoleate diol synthase (5,8-LDS). Replacement of Asn(878) in 5,8-LDS with leucine (N878L) mainly shifted ferryl oxygen insertion from C-5 toward C-6, but replacements of Gln(881) markedly affected catalysis. The Q881L mutant virtually abolished the diol synthase activity. Replacement of Gln(881) with Asn, Glu, Asp, or Lys residues augmented the homolytic cleavage of 8R-HPODE with formation of 10-hydroxy-8(9)-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (erythro/threo, 1-4:1) and/or shifted ferryl oxygen insertion from C-5 toward C-11. We conclude that homolysis and heterolysis of the dioxygen bond with formation of compound II in AOS and compound I in 5,8-LDS are influenced by Asn and Gln residues, respectively, of the I-helices. AOS of A. terreus appears to have evolved independently of CYP74 but with an analogous reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hoffmann
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wennman A, Oliw EH. Secretion of two novel enzymes, manganese 9S-lipoxygenase and epoxy alcohol synthase, by the rice pathogen Magnaporthe salvinii. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:762-775. [PMID: 23233731 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycelium of the rice stem pathogen, Magnaporthe salvinii, secreted linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase (9S-LOX) and epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS). The EAS rapidly transformed 9S-hydroperoxy-octadeca-10E,12Z-dienoic acid (9S-HPODE) to threo 10 (11)-epoxy-9S-hydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid, but other hydroperoxy FAs were poor substrates. 9S-LOX was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant 9S-LOX oxidized 18:2n-6 directly to 9S-HPODE, the end product, and also to two intermediates, 11S-hydroperoxy-9Z,12Z-octadecenoic acid (11S-HPODE; ∼5%) and 13R-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13R-HPODE; ∼1%). 11S- and 13R-HPODE were isomerized to 9S-HPODE, probably after oxidation to peroxyl radicals, β-fragmentation, and oxygen insertion at C-9. The 18:3n-3 was oxidized at C-9, C-11, and C-13, and to 9,16-dihydroxy-10E,12,14E-octadecatrienoic acid. 9S-LOX contained catalytic manganese (Mn:protein ∼0.2:1; Mn/Fe, 1:0.05), and its sequence could be aligned with 77% identity to 13R-LOX with catalytic manganese lipoxygenase (13R-MnLOX) of the Take-all fungus. The Leu350Met mutant of 9S-LOX shifted oxidation of 18:2n-6 from C-9 to C-13, and the Phe347Leu, Phe347Val, and Phe347Ala mutants of 13R-MnLOX from C-13 to C-9. In conclusion, M. salvinii secretes 9S-LOX with catalytic manganese along with a specific EAS. Alterations in the Sloane determinant of 9S-LOX and 13R-MnLOX with larger and smaller hydrophobic residues interconverted the regiospecific oxidation of 18:2n-6, presumably by altering the substrate position in relation to oxygen insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Wennman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hoffmann I, Hamberg M, Lindh R, Oliw EH. Novel insights into cyclooxygenases, linoleate diol synthases, and lipoxygenases from deuterium kinetic isotope effects and oxidation of substrate analogs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1508-17. [PMID: 22982814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX) and 8R-dioxygenase (8R-DOX) activities of linoleate diol synthases (LDS) are homologous heme-dependent enzymes that oxygenate fatty acids by a tyrosyl radical-mediated hydrogen abstraction and antarafacial insertion of O(2). Soybean lipoxygenase-1 (sLOX-1) contains non-heme iron and oxidizes 18:2n-6 with a large deuterium kinetic isotope effect (D-KIE). The aim of the present work was to obtain further mechanistic insight into the action of these enzymes by using a series of n-6 and n-9 fatty acids and by analysis of D-KIE. COX-1 oxidized C(20) and C(18) fatty acids in the following order of rates: 20:2n-6>20:1n-6>20:3n-9>20:1n-9 and 18:3n-3≥18:2n-6>18:1n-6. 18:2n-6 and its geometrical isomer (9E,12Z)18:2 were both mainly oxygenated at C-9 by COX-1, but the 9Z,12E isomer was mostly oxygenated at C-13. A cis-configured double bond in the n-6 position therefore seems important for substrate positioning. 8R-DOX oxidized (9Z,12E)18:2 at C-8 in analogy with 18:2n-6, but the 9E,12Z isomer was mainly subject to hydrogen abstraction at C-11 and oxygen insertion at C-9 by 8R-DOX of 5,8-LDS. sLOX-1 and 13R-MnLOX oxidized [11S-(2)H]18:2n-6 with similar D-KIE (~53), which implies that the catalytic metals did not alter the D-KIE. Oxygenation of 18:2n-6 by COX-1 and COX-2 took place with a D-KIE of 3-5 as probed by incubations of [11,11-(2)H(2)]- and [11S-(2)H]18:2n-6. In contrast, the more energetically demanding hydrogen abstractions of the allylic carbons of 20:1n-6 by COX-1 and 18:1n-9 by 8R-DOX were both accompanied by large D-KIE (>20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hoffmann
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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