1
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An update on cerebral malaria for therapeutic intervention. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10579-10591. [PMID: 35670928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria is often pronounced as a major life-threatening neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The complex pathogenic landscape of the parasite and the associated neurological complications are still not elucidated properly. The growing concerns of drugresistant parasite strains along with the failure of anti-malarial drugs to subdue post-recovery neuro-cognitive dysfunctions in cerebral malaria patients have called for a demand to explore novel biomarkers and therapeutic avenues. Due course of the brain infection journey of the parasite, events such as sequestration of infected RBCs, cytoadherence, inflammation, endothelial activation, and blood-brain barrier disruption are considered critical. METHODS In this review, we briefly summarize the diverse pathogenesis of the brain-invading parasite associated with loss of the blood-brain barrier integrity. In addition, we also discuss proteomics, transcriptomics, and bioinformatics strategies to identify an array of new biomarkers and drug candidates. CONCLUSION A proper understanding of the parasite biology and mechanism of barrier disruption coupled with emerging state-of-art therapeutic approaches could be helpful to tackle cerebral malaria.
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Simwela NV, Waters AP. Current status of experimental models for the study of malaria. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-22. [PMID: 35357277 PMCID: PMC9378029 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection by malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in tropical regions of the world. Despite the availability of malaria control tools such as integrated vector management and effective therapeutics, these measures have been continuously undermined by the emergence of vector resistance to insecticides or parasite resistance to frontline antimalarial drugs. Whilst the recent pilot implementation of the RTS,S malaria vaccine is indeed a remarkable feat, highly effective vaccines against malaria remain elusive. The barriers to effective vaccines result from the complexity of both the malaria parasite lifecycle and the parasite as an organism itself with consequent major gaps in our understanding of their biology. Historically and due to the practical and ethical difficulties of working with human malaria infections, research into malaria parasite biology has been extensively facilitated by animal models. Animals have been used to study disease pathogenesis, host immune responses and their (dys)regulation and further disease processes such as transmission. Moreover, animal models remain at the forefront of pre-clinical evaluations of antimalarial drugs (drug efficacy, mode of action, mode of resistance) and vaccines. In this review, we discuss commonly used animal models of malaria, the parasite species used and their advantages and limitations which hinder their extrapolation to actual human disease. We also place into this context the most recent developments such as organoid technologies and humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson V. Simwela
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Nava-Lausón C, Spencer LM, Sajo-Bohus L, Dávila J, Tellkamp MP. Evaluation of X-ray ionizing radiation on Plasmodium berghei invasion of erythrocytes. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new strategies for designing effective vaccines has become a priority for parasitologists worldwide. There is high interest in designing a vaccine against malaria since it is considered one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the tropics. We evaluated the effects of X-rays irradiation on the erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium berghei ANKA merozoites and schizonts using doses of ionizing radiation ranging between 10 and 300 Gy on parasitized red blood cells (PRBC) to study the attenuating effects of radiation on the merozoites. Parasitic activity diminution was observed starting at 50 Gy, and the dose for complete attenuation was established at 200 Gy, corresponding with a 100% survival rate of mice. In vivo invasion experiments and immunofluorescence assays (IFA) showed inhibition of merozoite invasion of the host red blood cells (RBC). Nonetheless, immunization with irradiated parasitized red blood cells (IPRBC) was ineffective in protective assays. We perform cytoadherence and inhibition of cytoadhesion assays on irradiated merozoites. The results showed that high irradiation doses caused an unspecific cellular adhesion phenomenon independent of the ICAM-1 and CD36 interaction, which was determined by Cytoadhesion assays.
Our results show that, even though X-ray irradiation is an effective method to induce complete parasite attenuation, it might affect the parasite's membrane surface structures triggering unspecific adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nava-Lausón
- Cell Biology Department, Simón Bolívar University, Valle de Sartenejas, Caracas - Venezuela
| | - Lilian M. Spencer
- Cell Biology Department, Simón Bolívar University, Valle de Sartenejas, Caracas - Venezuela School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí - Ecuador
| | - Laszlo Sajo-Bohus
- Physics Department, Simón Bolívar University, Valle de Sartenejas, Caracas - Venezuela
| | - Jesús Dávila
- Radiotherapy Service Gurve, La Trinidad. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Markus P. Tellkamp
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí - Ecuador
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4
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Indari O, Sk MF, Jakhmola S, Jonniya NA, Jha HC, Kar P. Decoding the Host-Parasite Protein Interactions Involved in Cerebral Malaria Through Glares of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:387-402. [PMID: 34989590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria causes millions of deaths every year. The malaria parasite spends a substantial part of its life cycle inside human erythrocytes. Inside erythrocytes, it synthesizes and displays various proteins onto the erythrocyte surface, such as Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1). This protein contains cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR) domains which have many subtypes based on sequence diversity and can cross-talk with host molecules. The CIDRα1.4 subtype can attach host endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR). This interaction facilitates infected erythrocyte adherence to brain endothelium and subsequent development of cerebral malaria. Through molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) method, we explored the mechanism of interaction in the CIDRα1-EPCR complex. We examined the structural behavior of two CIDRα1 molecules (encoded by HB3-isolate var03-gene and IT4-isolate var07-gene) with EPCR unbound and bound (complex) forms. HB3var03CIDRα1 in apo and complexed with EPCR was comparatively more stable than IT4var07CIDRα1. Both of the complexes adopted two distinct conformational energy states. The hydrophobic residues played a crucial role in the binding of both complexes. For HB3var03CIDRα1-EPCR, the dominant energetic components were total polar interactions, while in IT4var07CIDRα1-EPCR, the primary interaction was van der Waals and nonpolar solvation energy. The study also revealed details such as correlated conformational motions and secondary structure evolution. Further, it elucidated various hotspot residues involved in protein-protein recognition. Overall, our study provides additional information on the structural behavior of CIDR molecules in unbound and receptor-bound states, which will help to design potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
| | - Md Fulbabu Sk
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
| | - Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP 453552, India
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5
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Singh M, Thakur M, Mishra M, Yadav M, Vibhuti R, Menon AM, Nagda G, Dwivedi VP, Dakal TC, Yadav V. Gene regulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1): A molecule with multiple functions. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:123-136. [PMID: 34715236 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is one of the most extensively studied inducible cell adhesion molecules which is responsible for several immune functions like T cell activation, extravasation, inflammation, etc. The molecule is constitutively expressed over the cell surface and is regulated up / down in response to inflammatory mediators like cellular stress, proinflammatory cytokines, viral infection. These stimuli modulate the expression of ICAM-1 primarily through regulating the ICAM-1 gene transcription. On account of the presence of various binding sites for NF-κB, AP-1, SP-1, and many other transcription factors, the architecture of the ICAM-1 promoter become complex. Transcription factors in union with other transcription factors, coactivators, and suppressors promote their assembly in a stereospecific manner on ICAM-1 promoter which mediates ICAM-1 regulation in response to different stimuli. Along with transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications also play a pivotal role in controlling ICAM-1 expression on different cell types. In this review, we summarize the regulation of ICAM-1 expression both at the transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional level with an emphasis on transcription factors and signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 India
| | - Mony Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
| | - Manish Mishra
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036 India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036 India
| | - Rajkamal Vibhuti
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
| | - Athira M Menon
- Genome and computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001 India
| | - Girima Nagda
- Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001 India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067 India
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001 India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
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6
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Andoh NE, Gyan BA. The Potential Roles of Glial Cells in the Neuropathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:741370. [PMID: 34692564 PMCID: PMC8529055 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.741370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It is one of the leading causes of death in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa. CM is associated with blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors of CM. Despite the vast amount of research on cerebral malaria, the cause of neurological sequelae observed in CM patients is poorly understood. In this article, the potential roles of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, in cerebral malaria pathogenesis are reviewed. The possible mechanisms by which glial cells contribute to neurological damage in CM patients are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Efua Andoh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Department of Parasitology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Department of Immunology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Ma R, Lian T, Huang R, Renn JP, Petersen JD, Zimmerberg J, Duffy PE, Tolia NH. Structural basis for placental malaria mediated by Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:380-391. [PMID: 33452495 PMCID: PMC7914210 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA binds to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on the surface of the syncytiotrophoblast during placental malaria. This interaction facilitates placental sequestration of malaria parasites resulting in severe health outcomes for both the mother and her offspring. Furthermore, CSA is presented by diverse cancer cells and specific targeting of cells by VAR2CSA may become a viable approach for cancer treatment. In the present study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full-length ectodomain of VAR2CSA from P. falciparum strain NF54 in complex with CSA, and VAR2CSA from a second P. falciparum strain FCR3. The architecture of VAR2CSA is composed of a stable core flanked by a flexible arm. CSA traverses the core domain by binding within two channels and CSA binding does not induce major conformational changes in VAR2CSA. The CSA-binding elements are conserved across VAR2CSA variants and are flanked by polymorphic segments, suggesting immune selection outside the CSA-binding sites. This work provides paths for developing interventions against placental malaria and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rick Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Renn
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Correspondence: (N.H.T.)
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8
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Schiess N, Villabona-Rueda A, Cottier KE, Huether K, Chipeta J, Stins MF. Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria. Malar J 2020; 19:266. [PMID: 32703204 PMCID: PMC7376930 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), results from Plasmodium falciparum infection, and has a high mortality rate. CM survivors can retain life-long post CM sequelae, including seizures and neurocognitive deficits profoundly affecting their quality of life. As the Plasmodium parasite does not enter the brain, but resides inside erythrocytes and are confined to the lumen of the brain's vasculature, the neuropathogenesis leading to these neurologic sequelae is unclear and under-investigated. Interestingly, postmortem CM pathology differs in brain regions, such as the appearance of haemorragic punctae in white versus gray matter. Various host and parasite factors contribute to the risk of CM, including exposure at a young age, parasite- and host-related genetics, parasite sequestration and the extent of host inflammatory responses. Thus far, several proposed adjunctive treatments have not been successful in the treatment of CM but are highly needed. The region-specific CM neuro-pathogenesis leading to neurologic sequelae is intriguing, but not sufficiently addressed in research. More attention to this may lead to the development of effective adjunctive treatments to address CM neurologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Schiess
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Andres Villabona-Rueda
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Karissa E Cottier
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,BioIVT, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James Chipeta
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Monique F Stins
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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9
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Jensen AR, Adams Y, Hviid L. Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1-based vaccines to prevent it. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:230-252. [PMID: 31562653 PMCID: PMC6972667 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium continues to be a major health problem worldwide. The unicellular Plasmodium-parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within host erythrocytes. By expressing variant surface antigens Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to avoid protective immune responses; as a result in endemic areas anti-malaria immunity develops gradually over many years of multiple and repeated infections. We are studying the role of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) expressed by asexual stages of P. falciparum responsible for the pathogenicity of severe malaria. The immunopathology of falciparum malaria has been linked to cyto-adhesion of infected erythrocytes to specific host receptors. A greater appreciation of the PfEMP1 molecules important for the development of protective immunity and immunopathology is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe and protective anti-disease malaria vaccine. Here we review the role of ICAM-1 and EPCR receptor adhering falciparum-parasites in the development of severe malaria; we discuss our current research to understand the factors involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and the feasibility of developing a vaccine targeted specifically to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Infectious DiseasesRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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10
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Lennartz F, Smith C, Craig AG, Higgins MK. Structural insights into diverse modes of ICAM-1 binding by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20124-20134. [PMID: 31527263 PMCID: PMC6778195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A major determinant of pathogenicity in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the adhesion of parasite-infected erythrocytes to the vasculature or tissues of infected individuals. This occludes blood flow, leads to inflammation, and increases parasitemia by reducing spleen-mediated clearance of the parasite. This adhesion is mediated by PfEMP1, a multivariant family of around 60 proteins per parasite genome which interact with specific host receptors. One of the most common of these receptors is intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is bound by 2 distinct groups of PfEMP1, A-type and B or C (BC)-type. Here, we present the structure of a domain from a B-type PfEMP1 bound to ICAM-1, revealing a complex binding site. Comparison with the existing structure of an A-type PfEMP1 bound to ICAM-1 shows that the 2 complexes share a globally similar architecture. However, while the A-type PfEMP1 bind ICAM-1 through a highly conserved binding surface, the BC-type PfEMP1 use a binding site that is more diverse in sequence, similar to how PfEMP1 interact with other human receptors. We also show that A- and BC-type PfEMP1 present ICAM-1 at different angles, perhaps influencing the ability of neighboring PfEMP1 domains to bind additional receptors. This illustrates the deep diversity of the PfEMP1 and demonstrates how variations in a single domain architecture can modulate binding to a specific ligand to control function and facilitate immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lennartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alister G Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU Oxford, United Kingdom;
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11
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Nepal G, Yadav JK, Kong Y. Association between K469E polymorphism of ICAM‐1 gene and susceptibility of ischemic stroke: An updated meta‐analysis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00784. [PMID: 31157518 PMCID: PMC6625125 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1)/leukocyte function associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1) adhesion system regulates leukocyte interactions, migration, and adhesion, and appears to play an important role in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ICAM‐1 gene may strongly influence the expression and biological activity of ICAM‐1 and play a potentially important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. In the current meta‐analysis, we investigated the relationship between the ICAM‐1 gene K469E SNP and the risk of ischemic stroke. Methods Two investigators independently searched PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, WANFANG, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and J‐STAGE for studies published from January 2000 to February 2019 without language restriction. The association of K469E polymorphism and ischemic stroke in three genetic models (allelic, recessive, and dominant) were evaluated using Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Our study included 20 studies from four continents and four different countries, including 3,137 cases and 15,382 controls. Meta‐analysis results did not show a significant association between K469E polymorphism of ICAM‐1 gene and ischemic stroke when assuming allelic model (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.55; p = 0.51; I2 = 93%) or recessive model (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.84; p = 0.18; I2 = 82%) or dominant model (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.56; p = 0.17; I2 = 85%). However, in all three genetic models, subgroup analysis revealed that the K469E polymorphism of the ICAM‐1 gene is associated with ischemic stroke in the Caucasian population. Conclusion K469E polymorphism of ICAM‐1 gene might be a risk factor for ischemic stroke in Caucasians, which suggested that K469E polymorphism might help in early identification of those at risk and help in primary prevention of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nepal
- Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | | | - YuHui Kong
- Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu Sichuan China
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12
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Carrington E, Otto TD, Szestak T, Lennartz F, Higgins MK, Newbold CI, Craig AG. In silico guided reconstruction and analysis of ICAM-1-binding var genes from Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3282. [PMID: 29459671 PMCID: PMC5818487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen PfEMP1 expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes is thought to play a major role in the pathology of severe malaria. As the sequence pool of the var genes encoding PfEMP1 expands there are opportunities, despite the high degree of sequence diversity demonstrated by this gene family, to reconstruct full-length var genes from small sequence tags generated from patient isolates. To test whether this is possible we have used a set of recently laboratory adapted ICAM-1-binding parasite isolates to generate sequence tags and, from these, to identify the full-length PfEMP1 being expressed by them. In a subset of the strains available we were able to produce validated, full-length var gene sequences and use these to conduct biophysical analyses of the ICAM-1 binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Carrington
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Malaria Gene Regulation Lab, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Frank Lennartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Matt K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chris I Newbold
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alister G Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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13
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Towards an anti-disease malaria vaccine. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:539-545. [PMID: 33525843 PMCID: PMC7289038 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human infective parasites, such as those that cause malaria, are highly adapted to evade clearance by the immune system. In situations where they must maintain prolonged interactions with molecules of their host, they often use parasite surface protein families. These families are highly diverse to prevent immune recognition, and yet, to promote parasite survival, their members must retain the ability to interact with specific human receptors. One of the best understood of the parasite surface protein families is the PfEMP1 proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. These molecules cause infected erythrocytes to adhere to human receptors found on blood vessel and tissue surfaces. This protects the parasite within from clearance by the spleen and also causes symptoms of severe malaria. The PfEMP1 are exposed to the immune system during infection and are therefore excellent vaccine candidates for use in an approach to prevent severe disease. A key question, however, is whether their extensive diversity precludes them from forming components of the malaria vaccines of the future?
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14
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Priya SP, Sakinah S, Sharmilah K, Hamat RA, Sekawi Z, Higuchi A, Ling MP, Nordin SA, Benelli G, Kumar SS. Leptospirosis: Molecular trial path and immunopathogenesis correlated with dengue, malaria and mimetic hemorrhagic infections. Acta Trop 2017; 176:206-223. [PMID: 28823908 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-pathogenesis of leptospirosis can be recounted well by following its trail path from entry to exit, while inducing disastrous damages in various tissues of the host. Dysregulated, inappropriate and excessive immune responses are unanimously blamed in fatal leptospirosis. The inherent abilities of the pathogen and inabilities of the host were debated targeting the severity of the disease. Hemorrhagic manifestation through various mechanisms leading to a fatal end is observed when this disease is unattended. The similar vascular destructions and hemorrhage manifestations are noted in infections with different microbes in endemic areas. The simultaneous infection in a host with more than one pathogen or parasite is referred as the coinfection. Notably, common endemic infections such as leptospirosis, dengue, chikungunya, and malaria, harbor favorable environments to flourish in similar climates, which is aggregated with stagnated water and aggravated with the poor personal and environmental hygiene of the inhabitants. These factors aid the spread of pathogens and parasites to humans and potential vectors, eventually leading to outbreaks of public health relevance. Malaria, dengue and chikungunya need mosquitoes as vectors, in contrast with leptospirosis, which directly invades human, although the environmental bacterial load is maintained through other mammals, such as rodents. The more complicating issue is that infections by different pathogens exhibiting similar symptoms but require different treatment management. The current review explores different pathogens expressing specific surface proteins and their ability to bind with array of host proteins with or without immune response to enter into the host tissues and their ability to evade the host immune responses to invade and their affinity to certain tissues leading to the common squeal of hemorrhage. Furthermore, at the host level, the increased susceptibility and inability of the host to arrest the pathogens' and parasites' spread in different tissues, various cytokines accumulated to eradicate the microorganisms and their cellular interactions, the antibody dependent defense and the susceptibility of individual organs bringing the manifestation of the diseases were explored. Lastly, we provided a discussion on the immune trail path of pathogenesis from entry to exit to narrate the similarities and dissimilarities among various hemorrhagic fevers mentioned above, in order to outline future possibilities of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coinfections, with special reference to endemic areas.
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15
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Githinji G, Bull PC. A re-assessment of gene-tag classification approaches for describing var gene expression patterns during human Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite infections. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:86. [PMID: 29062916 PMCID: PMC5635463 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12053.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PfEMP1 are variant parasite antigens that are inserted on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE). Through interactions with various host molecules, PfEMP1 mediate IE sequestration in tissues and play a key role in the pathology of severe malaria. PfEMP1 is encoded by a diverse multi-gene family called var. Previous studies have shown that that expression of specific subsets of var genes are associated with low levels of host immunity and severe malaria. However, in most clinical studies to date, full-length var gene sequences were unavailable and various approaches have been used to make comparisons between var gene expression profiles in different parasite isolates using limited information. Several studies have relied on the classification of a 300 - 500 base-pair "DBLα tag" region in the DBLα domain located at the 5' end of most var genes. We assessed the relationship between various DBLα tag classification methods, and sequence features that are only fully assessable through full-length var gene sequences. We compared these different sequence features in full-length var gene from six fully sequenced laboratory isolates. These comparisons show that despite a long history of recombination, DBLα sequence tag classification can provide functional information on important features of full-length var genes. Notably, a specific subset of DBLα tags previously defined as "group A-like" is associated with CIDRα1 domains proposed to bind to endothelial protein C receptor. This analysis helps to bring together different sources of data that have been used to assess var gene expression in clinical parasite isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Githinji
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Peter C Bull
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Mustaffa KMF, Storm J, Whittaker M, Szestak T, Craig AG. In vitro inhibition and reversal of Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence to endothelium by monoclonal antibodies to ICAM-1 and CD36. Malar J 2017; 16:279. [PMID: 28679447 PMCID: PMC5499065 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequestration of parasitized red blood cells from the peripheral circulation during an infection with Plasmodium falciparum is caused by an interaction between the parasite protein PfEMP1 and receptors on the surface of host endothelial cells, known as cytoadherence. Several lines of evidence point to a link between the pathology of severe malaria and cytoadherence, therefore blocking adhesion receptors involved in this process could be a good target to inhibit pRBC sequestration and prevent disease. In a malaria endemic setting this is likely to be used as an adjunct therapy by reversing existing cytoadherence. Two well-characterized parasite lines plus three recently derived patient isolates were tested for their cytoadherence to purified receptors (CD36 and ICAM-1) as well as endothelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies against human CD36 and ICAM-1 were used to inhibit and reverse infected erythrocyte binding in static and flow-based adhesion assays. Results Anti-ICAM-1 and CD36 monoclonal antibodies were able to inhibit and reverse P. falciparum binding of lab and recently adapted patient isolates in vitro. However, reversal of binding was incomplete and varied in its efficiency between parasite isolates. Conclusions The results show that, as a proof of concept, disturbing existing ligand–receptor interactions is possible and could have potential therapeutic value for severe malaria. The variation seen in the degree of reversing existing binding with different parasite isolates and the incomplete nature of reversal, despite the use of high affinity inhibitors, suggest that anti-adhesion approaches as adjunct therapies for severe malaria may not be effective, and the focus may need to be on inhibitory approaches such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul M F Mustaffa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Janet Storm
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Megan Whittaker
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cedar House, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alister G Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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17
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Wahlgren M, Goel S, Akhouri RR. Variant surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and their roles in severe malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:479-491. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Jespersen JS, Wang CW, Mkumbaye SI, Minja DT, Petersen B, Turner L, Petersen JE, Lusingu JP, Theander TG, Lavstsen T. Plasmodium falciparum var genes expressed in children with severe malaria encode CIDRα1 domains. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:839-50. [PMID: 27354391 PMCID: PMC4967939 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most severe Plasmodium falciparum infections are experienced by young children. Severe symptoms are precipitated by vascular sequestration of parasites expressing a particular subset of the polymorphic P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) adhesion molecules. Parasites binding human endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) through the CIDRα1 domain of certain PfEMP1 were recently associated with severe malaria in children. However, it has remained unclear to which extend the EPCR‐binding CIDRα1 domains epitomize PfEMP1 expressed in severe malaria. Here, we characterized the near full‐length transcripts dominating the var transcriptome in children with severe malaria and found that the only common feature of the encoded PfEMP1 was CIDRα1 domains. Such genes were highly and dominantly expressed in both children with severe malarial anaemia and cerebral malaria. These observations support the hypothesis that the CIDRα1‐EPCR interaction is key to the pathogenesis of severe malaria and strengthen the rationale for pursuing a vaccine or adjunctive treatment aiming at inhibiting or reducing the damaging effects of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Jespersen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian W Wang
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sixbert I Mkumbaye
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Daniel Tr Minja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Bent Petersen
- Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Ev Petersen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Pa Lusingu
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Architecture of Human IgM in Complex with P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1. Cell Rep 2016; 14:723-736. [PMID: 26776517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum virulence is associated with sequestration of infected erythrocytes. Microvascular binding mediated by PfEMP1 in complex with non-immune immunoglobulin M (IgM) is common among parasites that cause both severe childhood malaria and pregnancy-associated malaria. Here, we present cryo-molecular electron tomography structures of human IgM, PfEMP1 and their complex. Three-dimensional reconstructions of IgM reveal that it has a dome-like core, randomly oriented Fab2s units, and the overall shape of a turtle. PfEMP1 is a C- shaped molecule with a flexible N terminus followed by an arc-shaped backbone and a bulky C terminus that interacts with IgM. Our data demonstrate that the PfEMP1 binding pockets on IgM overlap with those of C1q, and the bulkiness of PfEMP1 limits the capacity of IgM to interact with PfEMP1. We suggest that P. falciparum exploits IgM to cluster PfEMP1 into an organized matrix to augment its affinity to host cell receptors.
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20
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Gangnard S, Lewit-Bentley A, Dechavanne S, Srivastava A, Amirat F, Bentley GA, Gamain B. Structure of the DBL3X-DBL4ε region of the VAR2CSA placental malaria vaccine candidate: insight into DBL domain interactions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14868. [PMID: 26450557 PMCID: PMC4598876 DOI: 10.1038/srep14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is able to evade spleen-mediated clearing from blood stream by sequestering in peripheral organs. This is due to the adhesive properties conferred by the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) family exported by the parasite to the surface of infected erythrocytes. Expression of the VAR2CSA variant of PfEMP1 leads to pregnancy-associated malaria, which occurs when infected erythrocytes massively sequester in the placenta by binding to low-sulfated Chondroitin Sulfate A (CSA) present in the intervillous spaces. VAR2CSA is a 350 kDa protein that carries six Duffy-Binding Like (DBL) domains, one Cysteine-rich Inter-Domain Regions (CIDR) and several inter-domain regions. In the present paper, we report for the first time the crystal structure at 2.9 Å of a VAR2CSA double domain, DBL3X-DBL4ε, from the FCR3 strain. DBL3X and DBL4ε share a large contact interface formed by residues that are invariant or highly conserved in VAR2CSA variants, which suggests that these two central DBL domains (DBL3X-DBL4ε) contribute significantly to the structuring of the functional VAR2CSA extracellular region. We have also examined the antigenicity of peptides corresponding to exposed loop regions of the DBL4ε structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gangnard
- Inserm UMR_1134, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1134 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA2185, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Anita Lewit-Bentley
- Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA2185, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Dechavanne
- Inserm UMR_1134, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1134 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Inserm UMR_1134, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1134 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Faroudja Amirat
- Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA2185, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Graham A Bentley
- Unité d'Immunologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA2185, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Gamain
- Inserm UMR_1134, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S1134 Paris, France.,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France.,Laboratory of excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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21
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Carvalho LJDM, Moreira ADS, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Martins YC. Vascular dysfunction as a target for adjuvant therapy in cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:577-88. [PMID: 25185000 PMCID: PMC4156451 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of Plasmodium
falciparum malaria that continues to be a major global health problem.
Brain vascular dysfunction is a main factor underlying the pathogenesis of CM and can
be a target for the development of adjuvant therapies for the disease. Vascular
occlusion by parasitised red blood cells and vasoconstriction/vascular dysfunction
results in impaired cerebral blood flow, ischaemia, hypoxia, acidosis and death. In
this review, we discuss the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in CM and the roles of
low nitric oxide bioavailability, high levels of endothelin-1 and dysfunction of the
angiopoietin-Tie2 axis. We also discuss the usefulness and relevance of the murine
experimental model of CM by Plasmodium berghei ANKA to identify
mechanisms of disease and to screen potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline da Silva Moreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Yuri Chaves Martins
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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22
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Lennartz F, Bengtsson A, Olsen RW, Joergensen L, Brown A, Remy L, Man P, Forest E, Barfod LK, Adams Y, Higgins MK, Jensen ATR. Mapping the Binding Site of a Cross-Reactive Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibitory of ICAM-1 Binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3273-83. [PMID: 26320251 PMCID: PMC4574524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of Plasmodium falciparum is linked to the ability of infected erythrocytes (IE) to adhere to the vascular endothelium, mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). In this article, we report the functional characterization of an mAb that recognizes a panel of PfEMP1s and inhibits ICAM-1 binding. The 24E9 mouse mAb was raised against PFD1235w DBLβ3_D4, a domain from the group A PfEMP1s associated with severe malaria. 24E9 recognizes native PfEMP1 expressed on the IE surface and shows cross-reactivity with and cross-inhibition of the ICAM-1 binding capacity of domain cassette 4 PfEMP1s. 24E9 Fab fragments bind DBLβ3_D4 with nanomolar affinity and inhibit ICAM-1 binding of domain cassette 4–expressing IE. The antigenic regions targeted by 24E9 Fab were identified by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and revealed three discrete peptides that are solvent protected in the complex. When mapped onto a homology model of DBLβ3_D4, these cluster to a defined, surface-exposed region on the convex surface of DBLβ3_D4. Mutagenesis confirmed that the site most strongly protected is necessary for 24E9 binding, which is consistent with a low-resolution structure of the DBLβ3_D4::24E9 Fab complex derived from small-angle x-ray scattering. The convex surface of DBLβ3_D4 has previously been shown to contain the ICAM-1 binding site of DBLβ domains, suggesting that the mAb acts by occluding the ICAM-1 binding surface. Conserved epitopes, such as those targeted by 24E9, are promising candidates for the inclusion in a vaccine interfering with ICAM-1–specific adhesion of group A PfEMP1 expressed by P. falciparum IE during severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lennartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bengtsson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Rebecca W Olsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Louise Joergensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Remy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 117 20 Prague, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Forest
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Lea K Barfod
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Adams
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Anja T R Jensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen 2100, Denmark;
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23
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Stevenson L, Laursen E, Cowan GJ, Bandoh B, Barfod L, Cavanagh DR, Andersen GR, Hviid L. α2-Macroglobulin Can Crosslink Multiple Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) Molecules and May Facilitate Adhesion of Parasitized Erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005022. [PMID: 26134405 PMCID: PMC4489720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosetting, the adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes, involves clonal variants of the parasite protein P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) and soluble serum factors. While rosetting is a well-known phenotypic marker of parasites associated with severe malaria, the reason for this association remains unclear, as do the molecular details of the interaction between the infected erythrocyte (IE) and the adhering erythrocytes. Here, we identify for the first time a single serum factor, the abundant serum protease inhibitor α2-macroglobulin (α2M), which is both required and sufficient for rosetting mediated by the PfEMP1 protein HB3VAR06 and some other rosette-mediating PfEMP1 proteins. We map the α2M binding site to the C terminal end of HB3VAR06, and demonstrate that α2M can bind at least four HB3VAR06 proteins, plausibly augmenting their combined avidity for host receptors. IgM has previously been identified as a rosette-facilitating soluble factor that acts in a similar way, but it cannot induce rosetting on its own. This is in contrast to α2M and probably due to the more limited cross-linking potential of IgM. Nevertheless, we show that IgM works synergistically with α2M and markedly lowers the concentration of α2M required for rosetting. Finally, HB3VAR06+ IEs share the capacity to bind α2M with subsets of genotypically distinct P. falciparum isolates forming rosettes in vitro and of patient parasite isolates ex vivo. Together, our results are evidence that P. falciparum parasites exploit α2M (and IgM) to expand the repertoire of host receptors available for PfEMP1-mediated IE adhesion, such as the erythrocyte carbohydrate moieties that lead to formation of rosettes. It is likely that this mechanism also affects IE adhesion to receptors on vascular endothelium. The study opens opportunities for broad-ranging immunological interventions targeting the α2M--(and IgM-) binding domains of PfEMP1, which would be independent of the host receptor specificity of clinically important PfEMP1 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Laursen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graeme J. Cowan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Bandoh
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Lea Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David R. Cavanagh
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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24
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Chen Y, Xu R. Network-based gene prediction for Plasmodium falciparum malaria towards genetics-based drug discovery. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 7:S9. [PMID: 26099491 PMCID: PMC4474419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s7-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is the most deadly parasitic infectious disease. Existing drug treatments have limited efficacy in malaria elimination, and the complex pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood. Detecting novel malaria-associated genes not only contributes in revealing the disease pathogenesis, but also facilitates discovering new targets for anti-malaria drugs. METHODS In this study, we developed a network-based approach to predict malaria-associated genes. We constructed a cross-species network to integrate human-human, parasite-parasite and human-parasite protein interactions. Then we extended the random walk algorithm on this network, and used known malaria genes as the seeds to find novel candidate genes for malaria. RESULTS We validated our algorithms using 77 known malaria genes: 14 human genes and 63 parasite genes were ranked averagely within top 2% and top 4%, respectively among human and parasite genomes. We also evaluated our method for predicting novel malaria genes using a set of 27 genes with literature supporting evidence. Our approach ranked 12 genes within top 1% and 24 genes within top 5%. In addition, we demonstrated that top-ranked candied genes were enriched for drug targets, and identified commonalities underlying top-ranked malaria genes through pathway analysis. In summary, the candidate malaria-associated genes predicted by our data-driven approach have the potential to guide genetics-based anti-malaria drug discovery.
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Association of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene polymorphisms with endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:843-51. [PMID: 25859827 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported associations of the G241R and K469E polymorphisms of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene (ICAM-1) gene with endometriosis have differed in magnitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a meta-analysis of six published case-control studies (from five articles), we estimated risk [odds ratio (OR) 95 % confidence intervals (CI)] of associations with these polymorphisms using the Review Manager 5.3 software. RESULTS Based on 1213 cases and 1103 controls, overall analysis showed significant increased risk in the homozygous (OR 2.83, 95 % CI 0.99-8.10, p = 0.05), dominant (OR 1.86, 95 % CI 1.00-3.46, p = 0.05) and codominant (OR 2.15, 95 % CI 1.06-4.35, p = 0.03) models. Confined to the studies in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium erased the significance (OR 1.59-2.59, 95 % CI 0.81-8.22, p = 0.10-0.15). Asian effects were variable (OR 0.93-1.09, p = 0.50-0.57), but Caucasian effects were not (OR 4.09-13.60, p < 0.0001). Independent data for the late stages of endometriosis suggest protection of the ICAM-1 K469E polymorphism among the Asians (OR 0.91-0.95, p = 0.35-0.71). These effects were weak but non-heterogeneous (P heterogeneity = 0.17-0.57, I (2) = 0-40 %). CONCLUSION In summary, strengths of the overall effects were consistency, significance and robustness but limited by their high heterogeneity. These strengths and limitations were also observed in the Caucasian subgroup which when tested for interaction against the contrasting Asian effects, highlighted Caucasian susceptibility (p = 0.004-0.01). The findings are an interplay of strengths and limitations, which warrant awareness of their interpretation as susceptibility markers for this disorder.
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Hviid L, Jensen ATR. PfEMP1 - A Parasite Protein Family of Key Importance in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Immunity and Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:51-84. [PMID: 25911365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and is responsible for essentially all malaria-related deaths. The accumulation in various tissues of erythrocytes infected by mature P. falciparum parasites can lead to circulatory disturbances and inflammation, and is thought to be a central element in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is mediated by the interaction of parasite ligands on the erythrocyte surface and a range of host receptor molecules in many organs and tissues. Among several proteins and protein families implicated in this process, the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of high-molecular weight and highly variable antigens appears to be the most prominent. In this chapter, we aim to provide a systematic overview of the current knowledge about these proteins, their structure, their function, how they are presented on the erythrocyte surface, and how the var genes encoding them are regulated. The role of PfEMP1 in the pathogenesis of malaria, PfEMP1-specific immune responses, and the prospect of PfEMP1-specific vaccination against malaria are also covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja T R Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Stevenson L, Huda P, Jeppesen A, Laursen E, Rowe JA, Craig A, Streicher W, Barfod L, Hviid L. Investigating the function of Fc-specific binding of IgM to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 mediating erythrocyte rosetting. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:819-31. [PMID: 25482886 PMCID: PMC4737123 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acquired protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria takes years to develop, probably reflecting the ability of the parasites to evade immunity. A recent example of this is the binding of the Fc region of IgM to VAR2CSA‐type PfEMP1. This interferes with specific IgG recognition and phagocytosis of opsonized infected erythrocytes (IEs) without compromising the placental IE adhesion mediated by this PfEMP1 type. IgM also binds via Fc to several other PfEMP1 proteins, where it has been proposed to facilitate rosetting (binding of uninfected erythrocytes to a central IE). To further dissect the functional role of Fc‐mediated IgM binding to PfEMP1, we studied the PfEMP1 protein HB3VAR06, which mediates rosetting and binds IgM. Binding of IgM to this PfEMP1 involved the Fc domains Cμ3‐Cμ4 in IgM and the penultimate DBL domain (DBLζ2) at the C‐terminus of HB3VAR06. However, IgM binding did not inhibit specific IgG labelling of HB3VAR06 or shield IgG‐opsonized IEs from phagocytosis. Instead, IgM was required for rosetting, and each pentameric IgM molecule could bind two HB3VAR06 molecules. Together, our data indicate that the primary function of Fc‐mediated IgM binding in rosetting is not to shield IE from specific IgG recognition and phagocytosis as in VAR2CSA‐type PfEMP1. Rather, the function appears to be strengthening of IE–erythrocyte interactions. In conclusion, our study provides new evidence on the molecular details and functional significance of rosetting, a long‐recognized marker of parasites that cause severe P. falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pie Huda
- Niels Bohr Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anine Jeppesen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Laursen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Alexandra Rowe
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alister Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Werner Streicher
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Barfod
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Madkhali AM, Alkurbi MO, Szestak T, Bengtsson A, Patil PR, Wu Y, Alharthi S, Jensen ATR, Pleass R, Craig AG. An analysis of the binding characteristics of a panel of recently selected ICAM-1 binding Plasmodium falciparum patient isolates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111518. [PMID: 25360558 PMCID: PMC4216080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of severe malaria pathogenesis in part includes sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) from the peripheral circulation. This phenomenon is mediated by the interaction between several endothelial receptors and one of the main parasite-derived variant antigens (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte membrane. One of the commonly used host receptors is ICAM-1, and it has been suggested that ICAM-1 has a role in cerebral malaria pathology, although the evidence to support this is not conclusive. The current study examined the cytoadherence patterns of lab-adapted patient isolates after selecting on ICAM-1. We investigated the binding phenotypes using variant ICAM-1 proteins including ICAM-1Ref, ICAM-1Kilifi, ICAM-1S22/A, ICAM-1L42/A and ICAM-1L44/A using static assays. The study also examined ICAM-1 blocking by four anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) under static conditions. We also characterised the binding phenotypes using Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HDMEC) under flow conditions. The results show that different isolates have variant-specific binding phenotypes under both static and flow conditions, extending our previous observations that this variation might be due to variable contact residues on ICAM-1 being used by different parasite PfEMP1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen M. Madkhali
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Alkurbi
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bengtsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pradeep R. Patil
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Saeed Alharthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anja T. R. Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pleass
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alister G. Craig
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ramos TN, Bullard DC, Barnum SR. ICAM-1: isoforms and phenotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4469-74. [PMID: 24795464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ICAM-1 plays an important role in leukocyte trafficking, immunological synapse formation, and numerous cellular immune responses. Although considered a single glycoprotein, there are multiple membrane-bound and soluble ICAM-1 isoforms that arise from alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage during inflammatory responses. The function and expression of these isoforms on various cell types are poorly understood. In the generation of ICAM-1-deficient mice, two isoform-deficient ICAM-1 mutants were inadvertently produced as a result of alternative splicing. These mice, along with true ICAM-1-deficient mice and newly generated ICAM-1-transgenic mice, have provided the opportunity to begin examining the role of ICAM-1 isoforms (singly or in combination) in various disease settings. In this review, we highlight the sharply contrasting disease phenotypes using ICAM-1 isoform mutant mice. These studies demonstrate that ICAM-1 immunobiology is highly complex but that individual isoforms, aside from the full-length molecule, make significant contributions to disease development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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30
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Malpede BM, Tolia NH. Malaria adhesins: structure and function. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:621-31. [PMID: 24506585 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium utilizes specialized proteins for adherence to cellular receptors in its mosquito vector and human host. Adherence is critical for parasite development, host cell traversal and invasion, and protection from vector and host immune mechanisms. These vital roles have identified several adhesins as vaccine candidates. A deficiency in current adhesin-based vaccines is induction of antibodies targeting non-conserved, non-functional and decoy epitopes due to the use of full length proteins or binding domains. To alleviate the elicitation of non-inhibitory antibodies, conserved functional regions of proteins must be identified and exploited. Structural biology provides the tools necessary to achieve this goal, and has succeeded in defining biologically functional receptor binding and oligomerization interfaces for a number of promising malaria vaccine candidates. We describe here the current knowledge of Plasmodium adhesin structure and function, and how it has illuminated elements of parasite biology and defined interactions at the host/vector and parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Malpede
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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31
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Higgins MK, Carrington M. Sequence variation and structural conservation allows development of novel function and immune evasion in parasite surface protein families. Protein Sci 2014; 23:354-65. [PMID: 24442723 PMCID: PMC3970887 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma and Plasmodium species are unicellular, eukaryotic pathogens that have evolved the capacity to survive and proliferate within a human host, causing sleeping sickness and malaria, respectively. They have very different survival strategies. African trypanosomes divide in blood and extracellular spaces, whereas Plasmodium species invade and proliferate within host cells. Interaction with host macromolecules is central to establishment and maintenance of an infection by both parasites. Proteins that mediate these interactions are under selection pressure to bind host ligands without compromising immune avoidance strategies. In both parasites, the expansion of genes encoding a small number of protein folds has established large protein families. This has permitted both diversification to form novel ligand binding sites and variation in sequence that contributes to avoidance of immune recognition. In this review we consider two such parasite surface protein families, one from each species. In each case, known structures demonstrate how extensive sequence variation around a conserved molecular architecture provides an adaptable protein scaffold that the parasites can mobilise to mediate interactions with their hosts.
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32
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Gemma S, Brogi S, Patil PR, Giovani S, Lamponi S, Cappelli A, Novellino E, Brown A, Higgins MK, Mustafa K, Szestak T, Craig AG, Campiani G, Butini S, Brindisi M. From (+)-epigallocatechin gallate to a simplified synthetic analogue as a cytoadherence inhibitor for P. falciparum. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Smith JD, Rowe JA, Higgins MK, Lavstsen T. Malaria's deadly grip: cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1976-83. [PMID: 23957661 PMCID: PMC3836831 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to host microvasculature is a key virulence determinant. Parasite binding is mediated by a large family of clonally variant adhesion proteins, termed P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), encoded by var genes and expressed at the infected erythrocyte surface. Although PfEMP1 proteins have extensively diverged under opposing selection pressure to maintain ligand binding while avoiding antibody-mediated detection, recent work has revealed they can be classified into different groups based on chromosome location and domain composition. This grouping reflects functional specialization of PfEMP1 proteins for different human host and microvascular binding niches and appears to be maintained by gene recombination hierarchies. Inone extreme, a specific PfEMP1 variant is associated with placental binding and malaria during pregnancy, while other PfEMP1 subtypes appear to be specialized for infection of malaria naïve hosts. Here, we discuss recent findings on the origins and evolution of the var gene family, the structure-function of PfEMP1 proteins, and a distinct subset of PfEMP1 variants that have been associated with severe childhood malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Smith
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 98109
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Alexandra Rowe
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Su X, Chen X, Liu L, Chang X, Yu X, Sun K. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 K469E gene polymorphism and risk of diabetic microvascular complications: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69940. [PMID: 23922864 PMCID: PMC3724680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies evaluated the association of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) K469E (rs5498, A/G) gene polymorphism with diabetic microvascular complications (DMI) including diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in different populations. However, the results of individual studies remain conflicting. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all eligible studies of the above-mentioned associations. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed using the fixed or random effect model. RESULTS Seven studies involving 3411 subjects were included. Overall, the meta-analysis showed a significant association of the A allele with increased risk of DMI susceptibility in a recessive model (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.04-1.80, P = 0.02). In the subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, significant association was found in Asians but not in Caucasians (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.13-2.81, P = 0.01; OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.79-1.54, P = 0.58, respectively). Moreover, it showed a significant association between the A allele and risk of DN in a recessive model (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.55, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that the K469E polymorphism in ICAM-1 gene might affect individual susceptibility to DMI and showed a discrepancy in different ethnicities. Further investigations are needed to validate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine,Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
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Transfected HEK293 cells expressing functional recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)--a receptor associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69999. [PMID: 23936131 PMCID: PMC3723725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system. Human ICAM-1 mediates adhesion and migration of leucocytes, and is implicated in inflammatory pathologies, autoimmune diseases and in many cancer processes. Additionally, ICAM-1 acts as receptor for pathogens like human rhinovirus and Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. A group of related P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) domains, the DBLβ, mediates ICAM-1 binding of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. This ICAM‑1-binding phenotype has been suggested to be involved in the development of cerebral malaria. However, more studies identifying cross-reactive antibody and ICAM-1-binding epitopes and the establishment of a clinical link between DBLβ expression and e.g. cerebral malaria are needed before the DBLβ domains can be put forward as vaccine candidates and go into clinical trials. Such studies require availability of functional recombinant ICAM-1 in large quantities. In this study, we compared recombinant ICAM-1 expressed in HEK293 and COS-7 cells with mouse myeloma NS0 ICAM-1 purchased from a commercial vendor in terms of protein purity, yield, fold, ability to bind DBLβ, and relative cost. We present a HEK293 cell-based, high-yield expression and purification scheme for producing inexpensive, functional ICAM‑1. ICAM-1 expressed in HEK293 is applicable to malaria research and can also be useful in other research fields.
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36
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Berger SS, Turner L, Wang CW, Petersen JEV, Kraft M, Lusingu JPA, Mmbando B, Marquard AM, Bengtsson DBAC, Hviid L, Nielsen MA, Theander TG, Lavstsen T. Plasmodium falciparum expressing domain cassette 5 type PfEMP1 (DC5-PfEMP1) bind PECAM1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69117. [PMID: 23874884 PMCID: PMC3706608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family expressed on the surface of malaria-infected erythrocytes mediate binding of the parasite to different receptors on the vascular lining. This process drives pathologies, and severe childhood malaria has been associated with the expression of particular subsets of PfEMP1 molecules. PfEMP1 are grouped into subtypes based on upstream sequences and the presence of semi-conserved PfEMP1 domain compositions named domain cassettes (DCs). Earlier studies have indicated that DC5-containing PfEMP1 (DC5-PfEMP1) are more likely to be expressed in children with severe malaria disease than in children with uncomplicated malaria, but these PfEMP1 subtypes only dominate in a relatively small proportion of the children with severe disease. In this study, we have characterised the genomic sequence characteristic for DC5, and show that two genetically different parasite lines expressing DC5-PfEMP1 bind PECAM1, and that anti-DC5-specific antibodies inhibit binding of DC5-PfEMP1-expressing parasites to transformed human bone marrow endothelial cells (TrHBMEC). We also show that antibodies against each of the four domains characteristic for DC5 react with native PfEMP1 expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes, and that some of these antibodies are cross-reactive between the two DC5-containing PfEMP1 molecules tested. Finally, we confirm that anti-DC5 antibodies are acquired early in life by individuals living in malaria endemic areas, that individuals having high levels of these antibodies are less likely to develop febrile malaria episodes and that the antibody levels correlate positively with hemoglobin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne S. Berger
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (SB); (TL)
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian W. Wang
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens E. V. Petersen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Kraft
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John P. A. Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Tanga Medical Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Bruno Mmbando
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Tanga Medical Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Andrea M. Marquard
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominique B. A. C. Bengtsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A. Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor G. Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (SB); (TL)
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