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Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Nivetha R, Ramaraj P, Hilda K, Meenakumari M, Janarthanan S. Insect galectin stimulates the human CD4+ T cell proliferation by regulating inflammation (T cell and monocyte) through Th2 immune response. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen P, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060497. [PMID: 34071763 PMCID: PMC8226959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms and play a role in a broad range of processes. The interactions between lectins and their target carbohydrates play a primordial role in plant and animal immune systems. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxa on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. To study the role of insect lectins in the immune response, plant lectins could provide an interesting tool. Plant lectins have been well characterized and many of them possess immunomodulatory properties in vertebrate cells. The increasing knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins could complement the missing knowledge on the endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Abstract Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Gayashani Sandamalika WM, Lee J. Quadruple domain-containing galectin from marine invertebrate disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): Molecular perspectives in early development, immune expression, and potent antiviral responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:920-929. [PMID: 32931945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are well-known β-galactoside-binding proteins, which play vital roles in innate immune responses of both vertebrates and invertebrates. However, knowledge regarding invertebrate galectins is still in its infancy. With the intention of filling the knowledge gap, here we identified a quadruple domain-containing galectin from marine invertebrate disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus (AbGalec), and characterized it. AbGalec consisted of four distinct carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and lacked a signal peptide. Expression analysis revealed AbGalec to be ubiquitously expressed in all the examined early embryonic stages of abalone, with highest expression in the 16-cell stage, suggesting the importance of AbGalec in early developmental processes. Tissue distribution analysis revealed the highest expression of AbGalec in abalone mantle, followed by that in gills and hemocytes. Immune challenge experiments revealed significant upregulation of AbGalec at 24 h and 48 h post injection (p.i.) with bacterial and viral components. These results suggested the possible involvement of AbGalec in host defense mechanisms. Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) injections were capable of inducing AbGalec transcript expression more prominently than bacterial stimulants, thus providing evidence for its role in viral infections. We determined the virus-neutralizing ability of a quadruple domain-containing galectin for the first time, by analyzing the downregulation of VHSV transcripts during the overexpression of AbGalec. Significant downregulation of VHSV transcripts was observed after 24 h and 48 h of post infection. Collectively, our findings reveal the potent antiviral responses of molluscan quadruple domain-containing galectin, AbGalec, along with its involvement in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Gayashani Sandamalika
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Vasta GR, Wang JX. Galectin-mediated immune recognition: Opsonic roles with contrasting outcomes in selected shrimp and bivalve mollusk species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103721. [PMID: 32353466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a structurally conserved family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins characterized by a unique sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and of wide taxonomic distribution, from fungi to mammals. Their biological functions, initially described as key to embryogenesis and early development via recognition of endogenous ("self") carbohydrate moieties, are currently understood as also encompassing tissue repair, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and regulation of immune homeostasis. More recently, however, numerous studies have contributed to establish a new paradigm by revealing that galectins can also bind to exogenous ("non-self") glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic virus, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites, and function both as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and effector factors in innate immunity. Our studies on a galectin from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjGal), revealed that it functions as a typical PRR. Expression of MjGal is upregulated by infectious challenge, and can recognize both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. MjGal also recognizes carbohydrates on the shrimp hemocyte surface, and can cross-link microbial pathogens to the hemocytes, promoting their phagocytosis and clearance from circulation. Therefore, MjGal contributes to the shrimp's immune defense against infectious challenge both as a PRR and effector factor. Our studies on galectins from the bivalve mollusks, however, have shown that although they can function in immune defense as MjGal, protistan parasites take advantage of the recognition roles of the host galectins, for successful attachment and host infection. We identified in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica two galectins (CvGal1 and CvGal2) that not only recognize a large variety of bacterial species, but also the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Like the shrimp MjGal, both oyster galectins function as opsonins, and promote parasite adhesion and phagocytosis. However, P. marinus survives intrahemocytic oxidative killing and proliferates, eventually causing systemic infection and death of the oyster host. In the softshell clam Mya arenaria we identified a galectin (MaGal1) that displays carbohydrate specificity and recognition properties for sympatric Perkinsus species (P. marinus and P. chesapeaki), that are different from CvGal1 and CvGal2. Our results suggest that although galectins from bivalves can function as PRRs, Perkinsus parasites have co-evolved with their hosts to subvert the galectins' immune functions for host infection by acquisition of carbohydrate-based mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Rushton E, Kopke DL, Broadie K. Extracellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans and glycan-binding lectins orchestrate trans-synaptic signaling. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/15/jcs244186. [PMID: 32788209 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceedingly narrow synaptic cleft (<20 nm) and adjacent perisynaptic extracellular space contain an astonishing array of secreted and membrane-anchored glycoproteins. A number of these extracellular molecules regulate intercellular trans-synaptic signaling by binding to ligands, acting as co-receptors or modulating ligand-receptor interactions. Recent work has greatly expanded our understanding of extracellular proteoglycan and glycan-binding lectin families as key regulators of intercellular signaling at the synapse. These secreted proteins act to regulate the compartmentalization of glycoprotein ligands and receptors, crosslink dynamic extracellular and cell surface lattices, modulate both exocytosis and endocytosis vesicle cycling, and control postsynaptic receptor trafficking. Here, we focus closely on the Drosophila glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as a model synapse for understanding extracellular roles of the many heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and lectin proteins that help determine synaptic architecture and neurotransmission strength. We particularly concentrate on the roles of extracellular HSPGs and lectins in controlling trans-synaptic signaling, especially that mediated by the Wnt and BMP pathways. These signaling mechanisms are causally linked to a wide spectrum of neurological disease states that impair coordinated movement and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brain Institute, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Danielle L Kopke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brain Institute, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brain Institute, and Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Mu C, Li R, Song W, Ye Y, Shi C, Liu L, Wang H, Wang C. Identification and characterization of a novel galectin from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:699-709. [PMID: 31726099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins that play key roles in the invertebrate innate immunity system, but no galectin genes have been identified in the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) so far. The present study is the first to clone a galectin gene (SpGal) from S. paramamosain, by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique based on expressed sequence tags. The full-length cDNA of SpGal was 3142 bp. Its open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 280 amino acids containing a GLECT/Gal-bind lectin domain and a potential N-glycosylation site. The deduced amino acid sequence and multi-domain organization of SpGal were highly similar to those of invertebrate galectins, and phylogenetic analysis showed that SpGal was closely related to galectin isolated from Portunus trituberculatus. The mRNA transcripts of SpGal were found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues, with its expression level being higher in the hepatopancreas, gill, and hemocytes. The mRNA expression level of SpGal increased rapidly after the crabs were stimulated by Vibrio alginolyticus, and the maximum expression appeared at 6 h after the challenge. The lipopolysaccharide-binding ability of SpGal was dependent on its concentration, and it also exhibited agglutination activity with three Gram-negative (Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium indologenes and Vibrio alginolyticus) and three Gram-positive (Bacillus aquimaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus lysodeik) bacterial strains. In addition, hemagglutination activity with rabbit erythrocytes was observed in the absence of d-galactose. These results indicate that SpGal in S. paramamosain acts as a pattern recognition receptor to recognize a broad spectrum of microbes. The findings together indicate that SpGal plays an important role in the innate immune mechanisms of S. paramamosain against pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Ronghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:169-196. [PMID: 32152947 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins characterized by a unique sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and evolutionary and structural conservation from fungi to invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals. Their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of endogenous ("self") carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and early development, dramatically expanded in later years by the discovery of their roles in tissue repair, cancer, adipogenesis, and regulation of immune homeostasis. In recent years, however, evidence has also accumulated to support the notion that galectins can bind ("non-self") glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Thus, this evidence has established a new paradigm by which galectins can function not only as pattern recognition receptors but also as effector factors, by binding to the microbial surface and inhibiting adhesion and/or entry into the host cell, directly killing the potential pathogen by disrupting its surface structures, or by promoting phagocytosis, encapsulation, autophagy, and pathogen clearance from circulation. Strikingly, some viruses, bacteria, and protistan parasites take advantage of the aforementioned recognition roles of the vector/host galectins, for successful attachment and invasion. These recent findings suggest that galectin-mediated innate immune recognition and effector mechanisms, which throughout evolution have remained effective for preventing or fighting viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection, have been "subverted" by certain pathogens by unique evolutionary adaptations of their surface glycome to gain host entry, and the acquisition of effective mechanisms to evade the host's immune responses.
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Lu Y, Su F, Li Q, Zhang J, Li Y, Tang T, Hu Q, Yu XQ. Pattern recognition receptors in Drosophila immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103468. [PMID: 31430488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects, which lack the adaptive immune system, have developed sophisticated innate immune system consisting of humoral and cellular immune responses to defend against invading microorganisms. Non-self recognition of microbes is the front line of the innate immune system. Repertoires of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and β-1, 3-glucans, and induce innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the structure, classification and roles of PRRs in innate immunity of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, focusing mainly on the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs), scavenger receptors (SRs), thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), and lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Blois SM, Dveksler G, Vasta GR, Freitag N, Blanchard V, Barrientos G. Pregnancy Galectinology: Insights Into a Complex Network of Glycan Binding Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31231368 PMCID: PMC6558399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins, consisting of 15 different types, each with a specific function. Galectins contribute to placentation by regulating trophoblast development, migration, and invasion during early pregnancy. In addition, galectins are critical players regulating maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. Recently, the role of galectins in angiogenesis during decidualization and in placenta formation has gained attention. Altered expression of galectins is associated with abnormal pregnancies and infertility. This review focuses on the role of galectins in pregnancy-associated processes and discusses the relevance of galectin-glycan interactions as potential therapeutic targets in pregnancy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhang LL, Hu XH, Wu SQ, Batool K, Chowdhury M, Lin Y, Zhang J, Gill SS, Guan X, Yu XQ. Aedes aegypti Galectin Competes with Cry11Aa for Binding to ALP1 To Modulate Cry Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13435-13443. [PMID: 30556692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The key step for the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is the interaction between toxins and putative receptors; thus, many studies focus on identification of new toxin receptors and engineering of toxins with higher affinity/specificity for receptors. In the larvae of Aedes aegypti, galectin-14 was one of the genes upregulated by Bti treatment. RNAi knockdown expression of galectin-14 and feeding recombinant galectin-14-thioredoxin fusion protein significantly affected survival of Ae. aegypti larvae treated with Bti toxins. Recombinant galectin-14 protein bound to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) of Ae. aegypti larvae, ALP1 and APN2, and galectin-14 and Cry11Aa bound to BBMVs with a similarly high affinity. Competitive binding results showed that galectin-14 competed with Cry11Aa for binding to BBMVs and ALP1 to prevent effective binding of toxin to receptors. These novel findings demonstrated that midgut proteins other than receptors play an important role in modulating the toxicity of Cry toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and School of Life Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics , University of Missouri - Kansas City , Kansas City , Missouri 64110 , United States
| | - Xiao-Hua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and School of Life Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Song-Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and School of Life Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Khadija Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and School of Life Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Munmun Chowdhury
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics , University of Missouri - Kansas City , Kansas City , Missouri 64110 , United States
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Bioengineering & Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics , University of Missouri - Kansas City , Kansas City , Missouri 64110 , United States
| | - Sarjeet S Gill
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and School of Life Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002 , China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics , University of Missouri - Kansas City , Kansas City , Missouri 64110 , United States
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, and School of Life Sciences , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510631 , China
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11
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Zhao T, Wei X, Yang J, Wang S, Zhang Y. Galactoside-binding lectin in Solen grandis as a pattern recognition receptor mediating opsonization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:183-189. [PMID: 30107261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactoside-binding lectin (galectin) is a type of pathogen recognition molecule that occupies an important position in the invertebrate innate immunity system. Our previous study has identified a galectin gene in mollusk Solen grandis (SgGal-1) and illustrated its potential roles in innate immunity. By the functional study using recombinant protein and specific antibody, here, we confirmed the pivotal roles of SgGal-1 in immune defense of S. grandis. SgGal-1 protein was expressed in many tested tissues including gill, mantle, hepatopancreas and gonad, except hemocytes and muscle. The recombinant SgGal-1 (rSgGal-1) bound PGN and β-glucan instead of LPS in vitro, and it further caused significant agglutination of five different microbes, suggesting SgGal-1 served as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) involved in immune defense of mollusk. Furthermore, SgGal-1 recruited hemocytes to encapsulate, which was blocked by anti-rSgGal-1 serum. In the meantime, rSgGal-1 as well as promoted the phagocytosis of hemocytes against Escherichia coli in vitro. All these results suggested that SgGal-1 in S. grandis not only acted as a PRR recognizing microbes but also directly participated in the process of immune opsonization to protect the host from pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Abstract
Like humans, insects face the threat of viral infection. Despite having repercussions on human health and disease, knowledge gaps exist for how insects cope with viral pathogens. Drosophila melanogaster serves as an ideal insect model due to its genetic tractability. When encountering a pathogen, two major approaches to fight disease are resistance strategies and tolerance strategies. Disease resistance strategies promote the health of the infected host by reducing pathogen load. Multiple disease resistance mechanisms have been identified in Drosophila: RNA interference, Jak/STAT signaling, Toll signaling, IMD signaling, and autophagy. Disease tolerance mechanisms, in contrast, do not reduce pathogen load directly, but rather mitigate the stress and damage incurred by infection. The main benefit of tolerance mechanisms may therefore be to provide the host with time to engage antiviral resistance mechanisms that eliminate the threat. In this review, antiviral resistance mechanisms used by Drosophila will be described and compared to mammalian antiviral mechanisms. Disease tolerance will then be explained in a broader context as this is a burgeoning field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chow
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Huang M, Zhou T, Wu Y, Fei H, Wang G, Li Z, Lei Y, Liu Q, Sun C, Lv Z, Xu XW. Characterisation and functional comparison of single-CRD and multidomain containing galectins CgGal-2 and CgGal-3 from oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:238-247. [PMID: 29678793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside binding lectins that play crucial roles in innate immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates through their conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). In the present study, single- and four-CRD-containing galectins were identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated CgGal-2 and CgGal-3). The open reading frames (ORFs) of CgGal-2 and CgGal-3 encode polypeptides of 200 and 555 amino acids, respectively. All CRDs of CgGal-3 include two consensus motifs essential for ligand-binding, and a novel motif is present in CgGal-2. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) profiles were determined for recombinant rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3, and rCgGal-2 displayed low binding affinity for PAMPs, while rCgGal-3 bound various PAMPs including glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN) with relatively high affinity. Furthermore, rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3 exhibited different microbe binding profiles; rCgGal-2 bound to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Vibrio vulnificus) and fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris), while rCgGal-3 bound to these microbes but also to Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus). In addition, rCgGal-3 possessed microbial agglutinating activity and coagulation activity against fungi and erythrocytes, respectively, but rCgGal-2 lacked any agglutinating activity. Carbohydrate binding specificity analysis showed that rCgGal-3 specifically bound D-galactose. Furthermore, rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3 functioned as opsonin participating in the clearance against invaders in C. gigas. Thus, CgGal-2 with one CRD and CgGal-3 with four CRDs are new members of the galectin family involved in immune responses against bacterial infection. Differences in the organisation and amino acid sequences of CRDs may affect their specificity and affinity for nonself substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yutong Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Xue-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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Vasta GR, Feng C, González-Montalbán N, Mancini J, Yang L, Abernathy K, Frost G, Palm C. Functions of galectins as 'self/non-self'-recognition and effector factors. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3753447. [PMID: 28449072 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate structures on the cell surface encode complex information that through specific recognition by carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) modulates interactions between cells, cells and the extracellular matrix, or mediates recognition of potential microbial pathogens. Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins, which are evolutionary conserved and have been identified in most organisms, from fungi to invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals. Since their discovery in the 1970s, their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of endogenous carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and development, have expanded in recent years by the discovery of their roles in tissue repair and regulation of immune homeostasis. More recently, evidence has accumulated to support the notion that galectins can also bind glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity, thus establishing a new paradigm. Furthermore, some parasites 'subvert' the recognition roles of the vector/host galectins for successful attachment or invasion. These recent findings have revealed a striking functional diversification in this structurally conserved lectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Nuria González-Montalbán
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Justin Mancini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Lishi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Kelsey Abernathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Graeme Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Cheyenne Palm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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Sackton TB, Lazzaro BP, Clark AG. Rapid Expansion of Immune-Related Gene Families in the House Fly, Musca domestica. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:857-872. [PMID: 28087775 PMCID: PMC5400391 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica, occupies an unusual diversity of potentially septic niches compared with other sequenced Dipteran insects and is a vector of numerous diseases of humans and livestock. In the present study, we apply whole-transcriptome sequencing to identify genes whose expression is regulated in adult flies upon bacterial infection. We then combine the transcriptomic data with analysis of rates of gene duplication and loss to provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of immune-related genes. Genes up-regulated after bacterial infection are biased toward being evolutionarily recent innovations, suggesting the recruitment of novel immune components in the M. domestica or ancestral Dipteran lineages. In addition, using new models of gene family evolution, we show that several different classes of immune-related genes, particularly those involved in either pathogen recognition or pathogen killing, are duplicating at a significantly accelerated rate on the M. domestica lineage relative to other Dipterans. Taken together, these results suggest that the M. domestica immune response includes an elevated diversity of genes, perhaps as a consequence of its lifestyle in septic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Sackton
- Informatics Group, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Rao XJ, Wu P, Shahzad T, Liu S, Chen L, Yang YF, Shi Q, Yu XQ. Characterization of a dual-CRD galectin in the silkworm Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:149-159. [PMID: 26944801 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an ancient family of lectins with the β-galactoside binding activity. In mammals, galectins play essential roles in many biological processes, such as development, immune homeostasis and tumor progression. However, few studies have been devoted to their functions in insects. Here, we characterized the only dual-CRD galectin in the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmGalectin-4). BmGalectin-4 cDNA possesses an open reading frame of 1089 bp, which encodes a putative galectin of 363 amino acids containing tandem carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). BmGalectin-4 was expressed in various tissues but the protein was most abundant in fertilized eggs. Its transcript level in fertilized eggs was upregulated upon bacterial challenge. Recombinant BmGalectin-4 purified from Escherichia coli bound to bacterial cell wall components and bacterial cells. In addition, the recombinant protein induced bacterial agglutination, but did not have antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms. Taken together, our results suggest that BmGalectin-4 may function as a pattern recognition receptor primarily in silkworm fertilized eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Toufeeq Shahzad
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Qiao Shi
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Takeuchi T, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galactoseβ1-4fucose: A unique disaccharide unit found inN-glycans of invertebrates including nematodes. Proteomics 2016; 16:3137-3147. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
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Hou F, Liu Y, He S, Wang X, Mao A, Liu Z, Sun C, Liu X. A galectin from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is involved in immune recognition and bacteria phagocytosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:584-591. [PMID: 25819117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are conserved family members with β-galactosides affinity that play multiple functions in embryogenesis, development and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. However, little functional studies were reported in crustaceans. Here, a shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei galectin (LvGal) cDNA was identified with an open reading frame of 1017 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 338 amino acids. A carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and several amino acids residues involved in dimerization were found in LvGal. LvGal mRNA was mainly expressed in gills and hemocytes and upregulated post Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Recombinant LvGal (rLvGal) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the purified rLvGal could strongly bind G(-) bacteria V. anguillarum and G(+) bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Besides, rLvGal exhibited strong activity to agglutinate V. anguillarum and weak activity to agglutinate M. lysodeikticus but no obvious antibacterial activity was found with selected bacteria. In addition, in vivo experiments showed rLvGal could promote phagocytosis of bacteria by hemocytes. Thus, through these collective data we predicted LvGal is involved in immune recognition and functions as a potential pattern recognition receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shulin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianzong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Aitao Mao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Chengbo Sun
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Xia X, Yu L, Xue M, Yu X, Vasseur L, Gurr GM, Baxter SW, Lin H, Lin J, You M. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of immune genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Sci Rep 2015; 5:9877. [PMID: 25943446 PMCID: PMC4421797 DOI: 10.1038/srep09877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a destructive pest that attacks cruciferous crops worldwide. Immune responses are important for interactions between insects and pathogens and information on these underpins the development of strategies for biocontrol-based pest management. Little, however, is known about immune genes and their regulation patterns in P. xylostella. A total of 149 immune-related genes in 20 gene families were identified through comparison of P. xylostella genome with the genomes of other insects. Complete and conserved Toll, IMD and JAK-STAT signaling pathways were found in P. xylostella. Genes involved in pathogen recognition were expanded and more diversified than genes associated with intracellular signal transduction. Gene expression profiles showed that the IMD pathway may regulate expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in the midgut, and be related to an observed down-regulation of AMPs in experimental lines of insecticide-resistant P. xylostella. A bacterial feeding study demonstrated that P. xylostella could activate different AMPs in response to bacterial infection. This study has established a framework of comprehensive expression profiles that highlight cues for immune regulation in a major pest. Our work provides a foundation for further studies on the functions of P. xylostella immune genes and mechanisms of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minqian Xue
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of biological sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas city, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, USA
| | - Liette Vasseur
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia
| | - Simon W. Baxter
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hailan Lin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junhan Lin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Minsheng You
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Talsma AD, Chaves JF, LaMonaca A, Wieczorek ED, Palladino MJ. Genome-wide screen for modifiers of Na (+) /K (+) ATPase alleles identifies critical genetic loci. Mol Brain 2014; 7:89. [PMID: 25476251 PMCID: PMC4302446 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-014-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations affecting the Na+/ K+ATPase (a.k.a. the sodium-potassium pump) genes cause conditional locomotor phenotypes in flies and three distinct complex neurological diseases in humans. More than 50 mutations have been identified affecting the human ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 genes that are known to cause rapid-onset Dystonia Parkinsonism, familial hemiplegic migraine, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, and variants of familial hemiplegic migraine with neurological complications including seizures and various mood disorders. In flies, mutations affecting the ATPalpha gene have dramatic phenotypes including altered longevity, neural dysfunction, neurodegeneration, myodegeneration, and striking locomotor impairment. Locomotor defects can manifest as conditional bang-sensitive (BS) or temperature-sensitive (TS) paralysis: phenotypes well-suited for genetic screening. Results We performed a genome-wide deficiency screen using three distinct missense alleles of ATPalpha and conditional locomotor function assays to identify novel modifier loci. A secondary screen confirmed allele-specificity of the interactions and many of the interactions were mapped to single genes and subsequently validated. We successfully identified 64 modifier loci and used classical mutations and RNAi to confirm 50 single gene interactions. The genes identified include those with known function, several with unknown function or that were otherwise uncharacterized, and many loci with no described association with locomotor or Na+/K+ ATPase function. Conclusions We used an unbiased genome-wide screen to find regions of the genome containing elements important for genetic modulation of ATPalpha dysfunction. We have identified many critical regions and narrowed several of these to single genes. These data demonstrate there are many loci capable of modifying ATPalpha dysfunction, which may provide the basis for modifying migraine, locomotor and seizure dysfunction in animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0089-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Talsma
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - John F Chaves
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Alexandra LaMonaca
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Emily D Wieczorek
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST3 7042, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Kawasaki I, Jeong MH, Yun YJ, Shin YK, Shim YH. Cholesterol-responsive metabolic proteins are required for larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cells 2013; 36:410-6. [PMID: 24218109 PMCID: PMC3887944 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans, a cholesterol auxotroph, showed defects in larval development upon cholesterol starvation (CS) in a previous study. To identify cholesterol-responsive proteins likely responsible for the larval arrest upon CS, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed between C. elegans grown in normal medium supplemented with cholesterol (CN) and those grown in medium not supplemented with cholesterol (cholesterol starvation, CS). Our analysis revealed significant change (more than 2.2-fold, p < 0.05) in nine proteins upon CS. Six proteins were down-regulated [CE01270 (EEF-1A.1), CE08852 (SAMS-1), CE11068 (PMT-2), CE09015 (ACDH-1), CE12564 (R07H5.8), and CE09655 (RLA-0)], and three proteins were up-regulated [CE29645 (LEC-1), CE16576 (LEC-5), and CE01431 (NEX-1)]. RNAi phenotypes of two of the down-regulated genes, R07H5.8 (adenosine kinase) and rla-0 (ribosomal protein), in CN were similar to that of larval arrest in CS, and RNAi of a down-regulated gene, R07H5.8, in CS further enhanced the effects of CS, suggesting that down-regulation of these genes is likely responsible for the larval arrest in CS. All three up-regulated genes contain putative DAF-16 binding sites and mRNA levels of these three genes were all decreased in daf-16 mutants in CN, suggesting that DAF-16 activates expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawasaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwan Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yu-Joun Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yhong-Hee Shim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Institute of KU Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Moy RH, Cherry S. Antimicrobial autophagy: a conserved innate immune response in Drosophila. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:444-55. [PMID: 23689401 DOI: 10.1159/000350326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative pathway that has rapidly emerged as a critical component of immunity and host defense. Studies have implicated autophagy genes in restricting the replication of a diverse array of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and protozoans. However, in most cases, the in vivo role of antimicrobial autophagy against pathogens has been undefined. Drosophila provides a genetically tractable model system that can be easily adapted to study autophagy in innate immunity, and recent studies in flies have demonstrated that autophagy is an essential antimicrobial response against bacteria and viruses in vivo. These findings reveal striking conservation of antimicrobial autophagy between flies and mammals, and in particular, the role of pathogen-associated pattern recognition in triggering this response. This review discusses our current understanding of antimicrobial autophagy in Drosophila and its potential relevance to human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Moy
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wei X, Yang J, Liu X, Yang D, Xu J, Fang J, Wang W, Yang J. Identification and transcriptional analysis of two types of lectins (SgCTL-1 and SgGal-1) from mollusk Solen grandis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:204-212. [PMID: 22565020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin and galectin are two types of animal carbohydrate-binding proteins which serve as pathogen recognition molecules and play crucial roles in the innate immunity of invertebrates. In the present study, a C-type lectin (designated as SgCTL-1) and galectin (designated as SgGal-1) were identified from mollusk Solen grandis, and their expression patterns, both in tissues and toward three pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) stimulation were characterized. The full-length cDNA of SgCTL-1 and SgGal-1 was 1280 and 1466 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 519 and 1218 bp, respectively. Their deduced amino acid sequences showed high similarity to other members of C-type lectin and galectin superfamily, respectively. SgCTL-1 encoded a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), and the motif of Ca(2+)-binding site 2 was EPN (Glu(135)-Pro(136)-Asn(137)). While SgGal-1 encoded two CRDs, and the amino acid residues constituted the carbohydrate-binding motifs were well conserved in CRD1 but partially conserved in CRD2. Although SgCTL-1 and SgGal-1 exhibited different tissue expression pattern, they were both constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, including hemocytes, gonad, mantle, muscle, gill and hepatopancreas, and they were both highly expressed in hepatopancreas and gill. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of two lectins in hemocytes was significantly (P < 0.01) up-regulated with different levels after S. grandis were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) or β-1,3-glucan. Our results suggested that SgCTL-1 and SgGal-1 from razor clam were two novel members of animal lectins, and they might function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) taking part in the process of pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
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Ma G, Schmidt O, Keller M. Pre-feeding of a glycolipid binding protein LEC-8 from Caenorhabditis elegans revealed enhanced tolerance to Cry1Ac toxin in Helicoverpa armigera. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:97-103. [PMID: 24371572 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis bind to glycolipids and glycoproteins using two different lectin domains in the toxin protein. Our previous observations suggested that the sequestration of crystal toxin depends on the functional interaction of a toxin lectin with glycolipids. Given the finding that competition of a galectin LEC-8 with Cry5B for binding to glycolipids resulting in reduced Bt toxicity in nematode, it is interesting to explore the role of LEC-8 in insects. Here, we reported that the LEC-8 can also be exploited by insect for their survival when they were fed with Bt toxin food. Bioassay with LEC-8 showed that pre-feeding of Helicoverpa armigera larvae reduced the Cry1Ac susceptibility. Both LEC-8 and Cry1Ac bind to the midgut glycolipid in a similar way. Further ELISA indicated that LEC-8 interacts with glycolipid from insect midgut, thus reduce Cry1Ac binding to glycolipid. This in turn enhances insect tolerance to Cry1Ac toxin. The sugar determinants of LEC-8 were studied by using haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay. It was suggested that the terminal sugar of LEC-8 has multiple sugar binding property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Otto Schmidt
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Mike Keller
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Vasta GR. Galectins as pattern recognition receptors: structure, function, and evolution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:21-36. [PMID: 21948360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Galectins constitute an evolutionary conserved family of ß-galactoside-binding proteins, ubiquitous in mammals and other vertebrate taxa, invertebrates, and fungi. Since their discovery in the 1970s, their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and development, have expanded in recent years by the discovery of their immunoregulatory activities. A gradual paradigm shift has taken place in the past few years through the recognition that galectins also bind glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Further, an additional level of functional complexity has emerged with the most recent findings that some parasites "subvert" the recognition roles of the vector/host galectins for successful attachment or invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, IMET, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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Wang Z, Jian J, Lu Y, Wang B, Wu Z. A tandem-repeat galectin involved in innate immune response of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Mar Genomics 2011; 4:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Iwaki J, Tateno H, Nishi N, Minamisawa T, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Itakura Y, Kominami J, Urashima T, Nakamura T, Hirabayashi J. The Galβ-(syn)-gauche configuration is required for galectin-recognition disaccharides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:643-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Morga B, Arzul I, Faury N, Segarra A, Chollet B, Renault T. Molecular responses of Ostrea edulis haemocytes to an in vitro infection with Bonamia ostreae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:323-333. [PMID: 21073892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bonamiosis due to the parasite Bonamia ostreae is a disease affecting the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. B. ostreae is a protozoan, affiliated to the order of haplosporidia and to the cercozoan phylum. This parasite is mainly intracellular, infecting haemocytes, cells notably involved in oyster defence mechanisms. Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) was carried out in order to identify oyster genes differentially expressed during an infection of haemocytes with B. ostreae. Forward and reverse banks allowed obtaining 1104 and 1344 clones respectively, among which 391 and 480 clones showed a differential expression between both tested conditions (haemocytes alone versus haemocytes in contact with parasites). ESTs of interest including genes involved in cytoskeleton, respiratory chain, detoxification membrane receptors, and immune system were identified. The open reading frames of two selected genes (galectin and IRF-like) were completely sequenced and characterized. Real time PCR assays were developed to study the relative expression of candidate ESTs during an in vitro infection of haemocytes by live and dead parasites. Haemocyte infection with B. ostreae induced an increased expression of omega glutathione S-transferase (OGST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), galectin, interferon regulatory factor (IRF-like) and filamin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Morga
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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Nishiyama K, Yamada A, Takeuchi T, Arata Y, Kasai KI, Oshitari T, Natsugari H, Takahashi H. Synthesis of New Gal.BETA.1.RAR.4Fuc Segments Useful for Biological Investigations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:1307-10. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomoharu Takeuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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30
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Nishiyama K, Yamada A, Takahashi M, Takeuchi T, Kasai KI, Kobayashi S, Natsugari H, Takahashi H. Synthesis of Fluorescence-Labeled Gal.BETA.1-3Fuc and Gal.BETA.1-4Fuc as Probes for the Endogenous Glyco-Epitope Recognized by Galectins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:495-500. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Takeuchi T, Nishiyama K, Sugiura KI, Takahashi M, Yamada A, Kobayashi S, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Kasai KI. Caenorhabditis elegans galectins LEC-6 and LEC-1 recognize a chemically synthesized Gal 1-4Fuc disaccharide unit which is present in Protostomia glycoconjugates. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1503-10. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Lessons from the fly: pattern recognition in Drosophila melanogaster. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:162-74. [PMID: 19799118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila have a variety of innate immune strategies for defending itself from infection, including humoral and cell mediated responses to invading microorganisms. At the front lines of these responses, are a diverse group of pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns. These patterns include bacterial lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and fungal beta-1,3 glucans. Some of the receptors catalytically modify the pathogenic determinant, but all are responsible for directly facilitating a signaling event that results in an immune response. Some of these events require multiple pattern recognition receptors acting sequentially to activate a pathway. In some cases, a signaling pathway may be activated by a variety of different pathogens, through parallel receptors detecting different pathogenic determinants. In this chapter, we review what is known about pattern recognition receptors in Drosophila, and how those lessons may be applied towards a broader understanding of immunity.
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Yoshida H, Fuwa TJ, Arima M, Hamamoto H, Sasaki N, Ichimiya T, Osawa KI, Ueda R, Nishihara S. Identification of the Drosophila core 1 1,3-galactosyltransferase gene that synthesizes T antigen in the embryonic central nervous system and hemocytes. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1094-104. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Takeuchi T, Hayama K, Hirabayashi J, Kasai KI. Caenorhabditis elegans N-glycans containing a Gal-Fuc disaccharide unit linked to the innermost GlcNAc residue are recognized by C. elegans galectin LEC-6. Glycobiology 2008; 18:882-90. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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35
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Kim JY, Kim YM, Cho SK, Choi KS, Cho M. Noble tandem-repeat galectin of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is induced upon infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1131-1141. [PMID: 18440068 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The galectin family of lectins plays crucial roles in the innate immunity systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. Noble galectin (MCGal) was cloned from the marine invertebrate Ruditapes philippinarum and characterized. This protein has an open reading frame of 918 nucleotides, with 309 amino acid residues, and a predicted molecular weight of 33.9kDa. Similar to other galectins, MCGal has neither a signal peptide nor a transmembrane domain, but it contains tandemly repeated carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), with typical conserved motifs that are important for carbohydrate recognition. Carbohydrate recognition by the recombinant MCGal (rMCGal), as determined by hapten inhibition of hemagglutination, revealed that rMCGal has features common to the galectin family, i.e., significant affinity for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. MCGal mRNA expression was detected mainly in the heart, mantle, foot, adductor, palp, and siphon tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an anti-MCGal antibody confirmed MCGal expression in these tissues and in hemocytes. Temporal expression of MCGal mRNA in Manila clams challenged with Perkinsus or Vibrio species was up-regulated as compared with non-challenged healthy clams. rMCGal agglutinated Vibrio tapetis, and agglutination was inhibited by incubation with alpha-lactose. rMCGal also bound to the surface of Perkinsus olseni. MCGal plays a crucial role in Manila clam defense, particularly with respect to pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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36
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Molecular and functional characterization of a tandem-repeat galectin from the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Gene 2008; 411:46-58. [PMID: 18280060 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a tandem-repeat type galectin was characterized from an embryonic cell line (Bge) and circulating hemocytes of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. The predicted B. glabrata galectin (BgGal) protein of 32 kDa possessed 2 carbohydrate recognition domains, each displaying 6 of 8 conserved amino acids involved in galactoside-binding activity. A recombinant BgGal (rBgGal) demonstrated hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes, which was specifically inhibited by galactose-containing sugars (lacNAc/lac>galNAc/gal). Although native galectin was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of Bge cells and the plasma membrane of a subset of snail hemocytes (60%), it was not detected in cell-free plasma by Western blot analysis. The findings that rBgGal selectively recognizes the schistosome-related sugar, lacNAc, and strongly binds to hemocytes and the tegument of S. mansoni sporocysts in a sugar-inhibitable fashion suggest that hemocyte-bound galectin may be serving as a pattern recognition receptor for this, or other pathogens possessing appropriate sugar ligands. Based on molecular and functional features, BgGal represents an authentic galectin, the first to be fully characterized in the medically-important molluscan Class Gastropoda.
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Schnorrer F, Kalchhauser I, Dickson BJ. The transmembrane protein Kon-tiki couples to Dgrip to mediate myotube targeting in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2007; 12:751-66. [PMID: 17488626 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration and target recognition are critical for the development of both the nervous and muscular systems. Molecular mechanisms that control these processes in the nervous system have been intensively studied, whereas those that act during muscle development are still largely uncharacterized. Here we identify a transmembrane protein, Kon-tiki (Kon), that mediates myotube target recognition in the Drosophila embryo. Kon is expressed in a specific subset of myotubes and is required autonomously for these myotubes to recognize their tendon cell targets and to establish a stable connection. Kon is enriched at myotube tips during targeting and signals through the intracellular adaptor Dgrip in a conserved molecular pathway. Forced overexpression of Kon stimulates muscle motility. We propose that Kon promotes directed myotube migration and transduces a target-derived signal that initiates the formation of a stable connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schnorrer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Huang X, Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J, Fujisaki K. Molecular characterization and oligosaccharide-binding properties of a galectin from the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata. Glycobiology 2006; 17:313-23. [PMID: 17124195 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata is a vector of various viral and borrelian diseases in animals and humans. We report here molecular characterization and oligosaccharide-binding properties of a novel galectin (OmGalec) from this tick. OmGalec consisted of 333 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 37.4 kDa. Its amino acid sequence did not contain a signal peptide or transmembrane domain. It possessed tandem-repeated carbohydrate recognition domains, in which the typical motifs important for carbohydrate affinity were conserved. OmGalec was expressed both transcriptionally and translationally at all stages of the tick life cycle and in multiple organs and was abundant in hemocytes, midguts, and reproductive organs, which are of importance in immunity, interaction with pathogens, and development, respectively, suggesting that OmGalec is a multifunctional molecule. The oligosaccharide affinity profile analyzed by applying an automated frontal affinity chromatography system revealed that rOmGalec showed a general feature of the galectin family, i.e. significant affinity for lactosamine-type disaccharides, Galbeta1-3(4)Glc(NAc), via recognition of 4-OH and 6-OH of galactose and 3 (4)-OH of Glc(NAc). Its preference for type I saccharides and alpha1-3GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides might provide clues for identifying its ligands and its potential multiple functions. Our results may contribute to the elucidation of galectin functions in the development and immunity of arthropods and/or vector and pathogen interaction and provide valuable information for the development of novel tick control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kohatsu L, Hsu DK, Jegalian AG, Liu FT, Baum LG. Galectin-3 induces death of Candida species expressing specific beta-1,2-linked mannans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4718-26. [PMID: 16982911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectins play a critical role in host protection against infection. The galectin family of lectins recognizes saccharide ligands on a variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Galectin-3, a galectin expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, binds bacterial and parasitic pathogens including Leishmania major, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, there have been no reports of galectins having direct effects on microbial viability. We found that galectin-3 bound only to Candida albicans species that bear beta-1,2-linked oligomannans on the cell surface, but did not bind Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lacks beta-1,2-linked oligomannans. Surprisingly, binding directly induced death of Candida species containing specific beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides. Thus, galectin-3 can act as a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes a unique pathogen-specific oligosaccharide sequence. This is the first description of antimicrobial activity for a member of the galectin family of mammalian lectins; unlike other lectins of the innate immune system that promote opsonization and phagocytosis, galectin-3 has direct fungicidal activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Kohatsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Tanji T, Ohashi-Kobayashi A, Natori S. Participation of a galactose-specific C-type lectin in Drosophila immunity. Biochem J 2006; 396:127-38. [PMID: 16475980 PMCID: PMC1450005 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A galactose-specific C-type lectin has been purified from a pupal extract of Drosophila melanogaster. This lectin gene, named DL1 (Drosophila lectin 1), is part of a gene cluster with the other two galactose-specific C-type lectin genes, named DL2 (Drosophila lectin 2) and DL3 (Drosophila lectin 3). These three genes are expressed differentially in fruit fly, but show similar haemagglutinating activities. The present study characterized the biochemical and biological properties of the DL1 protein. The recombinant DL1 protein bound to Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi, but not to other Gram-negative or any other kinds of microbial strains that have been investigated. In addition, DL1 agglutinated E. coli and markedly intensified the association of a Drosophila haemocytes-derived cell line with E. coli. For in vivo genetic analysis of the lectin genes, we also established a null-mutant Drosophila. The induction of inducible antibacterial peptide genes was not impaired in the DL1 mutant, suggesting that the galactose-specific C-type lectin does not participate in the induction of antibacterial peptides, but possibly participates in the immune response via the haemocyte-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tanji
- *Department of Cell Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohashi-Kobayashi
- †Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Shunji Natori
- ‡The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, Japan
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Rego ROM, Kovár V, Kopácek P, Weise C, Man P, Sauman I, Grubhoffer L. The tick plasma lectin, Dorin M, is a fibrinogen-related molecule. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:291-9. [PMID: 16551543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A lectin, named Dorin M, previously isolated and characterized from the hemolymph plasma of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata, was cloned and sequenced. The immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy revealed that Dorin M is produced in the tick hemocytes. A tryptic cleavage of Dorin M was performed and the resulting peptide fragments were sequenced by Edman degradation and/or mass spectrometry. Two of three internal peptide sequences displayed a significant similarity to the family of fibrinogen-related molecules. Degenerate primers were designed and used for PCR with hemocyte cDNA as a template. The sequence of the whole Dorin M cDNA was completed by the method of RACE. The tissue-specific expression investigated by RT-PCR revealed that Dorin M, in addition to hemocytes, is significantly expressed in salivary glands. The derived amino-acid sequence clearly shows that Dorin M has a fibrinogen-like domain, and exhibited the most significant similarity with tachylectins 5A and 5B from a horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus. In addition, other protein and binding characteristics suggest that Dorin M is closely related to tachylectins-5. Since these lectins have been reported to function as non-self recognizing molecules, we believe that Dorin M may play a similar role in an innate immunity of the tick and, possibly, also in pathogen transmission by this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O M Rego
- Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branisovská 31, Ceské Budĕjovice 370 05, Czech Republic
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Witt M, Hummel T. Vomeronasal versus olfactory epithelium: is there a cellular basis for human vomeronasal perception? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 248:209-59. [PMID: 16487792 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)48004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) constitutes an accessory olfactory organ that receives chemical stimuli, pheromones, which elicit behavioral, reproductive, or neuroendocrine responses among individuals of the same species. In many macrosmatic animals, the morphological substrate constitutes a separate organ system consisting of a vomeronasal duct (ductus vomeronasalis, VND), equipped with chemosensory cells, and a vomeronasal nerve (nervus vomeronasalis, VNN) conducting information into the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent data require that the long-accepted dual functionality of a main olfactory system and the VNO be reexamined, since all species without a VNO are nevertheless sexually active, and species possessing a VNO also can sense other than "vomeronasal" stimuli via the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE). The human case constitutes a borderline situation, as its embryonic VNO anlage exerts a developmental track common to most macrosmatics, but later typical structures such as the VNN, AOB, and probably most of the chemoreceptor cells within the still existent VND are lost. This review also presents recent information on the VND including immunohistochemical expression of neuronal markers, intermediate filaments, lectins, integrins, caveolin, CD44, and aquaporins. Further, we will address the issue of human pheromone candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Vasta GR, Ahmed H, Odom EW. Structural and functional diversity of lectin repertoires in invertebrates, protochordates and ectothermic vertebrates. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2005; 14:617-30. [PMID: 15465324 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past few years, substantial progress has been accomplished in the elucidation of the structural diversity of the lectin repertoires of invertebrates, protochordates and ectothermic vertebrates, providing particularly valuable information on those groups that constitute the invertebrate/vertebrate 'boundary'. Although representatives of lectin families typical of mammals, such as C-type lectins, galectins and pentraxins, have been described in these taxa, the detailed study of selected model species has yielded either novel variants of the structures described for the mammalian lectin representatives or novel lectin families with unique sequence motifs, multidomain arrangements and a new structural fold. Along with the high structural diversity of the lectin repertoires in these taxa, a wide spectrum of biological roles is starting to emerge, underscoring the value of invertebrate and lower vertebrate models for gaining insight into structural, functional and evolutionary aspects of lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.
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Plows LD, Cook RT, Davies AJ, Walker AJ. Carbohydrates that mimic schistosome surface coat components affect ERK and PKC signalling in Lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:293-302. [PMID: 15722081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs are intermediate hosts for helminth parasites such as Schistosoma spp. that possess an immunogenic surface coat of high carbohydrate content, with fucose as the predominant saccharide. More than a decade ago, it was postulated that such components could block receptors on snail haemocytes thus preventing recognition of intra-molluscan schistosome stages. Although more recent studies have shown that carbohydrates can suppress processes such as phagocytosis by haemocytes, interference of the haemocyte cell signalling pathways that regulate immunity by saccharides has not yet been investigated. We have recently reported the presence of extracellular-signal regulated kinase and protein kinase C in Lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes. Here we show that extracellular-signal regulated kinase and protein kinase C activities are down-regulated when haemocytes are exposed to albumin-linked fucose and galactose in the absence of haemolymph. Moreover, we demonstrate that phagocytosis is reduced under these conditions. Interestingly, in the presence of haemolymph, only protein kinase C activity is down-regulated and only galactose suppresses phagocytosis, implying a role for serum factors in the preservation of haemocyte function following exposure. We therefore propose that the establishment of a compatible relationship between a schistosome and its snail host is at least in part due to down-regulation of cell signalling events in haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D Plows
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-Upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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Kamhawi S, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Pham VM, Kumar S, Lawyer PG, Turco SJ, Barillas-Mury C, Sacks DL, Valenzuela JG. A role for insect galectins in parasite survival. Cell 2004; 119:329-41. [PMID: 15543683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect galectins are associated with embryonic development or immunity against pathogens. Here, we show that they can be exploited by parasites for survival in their insect hosts. PpGalec, a tandem repeat galectin expressed in the midgut of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi, is used by Leishmania major as a receptor for mediating specific binding to the insect midgut, an event crucial for parasite survival, and accounts for species-specific vector competence for the most widely distributed form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. In addition, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using midgut receptors for parasite ligands as target antigens for transmission-blocking vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Christophides GK, Vlachou D, Kafatos FC. Comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Immunol Rev 2004; 198:127-48. [PMID: 15199960 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission. Many of the interactions engage the mosquito's innate immunity, a primitive but very effective defense system. In some cases, the mosquito kills the parasite, thus blocking the transmission cycle. However, not all interactions are antagonistic; some represent immune evasion. The sequence of the A. gambiae genome revealed numerous potential components of the innate immune system, and it established that they evolve rapidly, as summarized in the present review. Their rapid evolution by gene family expansion diversification as well as the prevalence of haplotype alleles in the best-studied families may reflect selective adaptation of the immune system to the exigencies of multiple immune challenges in a variety of ecologic niches. As a follow-up to the comparative genomic analysis, the development of functional genomic methodologies has provided novel opportunities for understanding the immune system and the nature of its interactions with the parasite. In this context, identification of both Plasmodium antagonists and protectors in the mosquito represents a significant conceptual advance. In addition to providing fundamental understanding of primitive immune systems, studies of mosquito interactions with the parasite open unprecedented opportunities for novel interventions against malaria transmission. The generation of transgenic mosquitoes that resist malaria infection in the wild and the development of antimalarial 'smart sprays' capable of disrupting interactions that are protective of the parasite, or reinforcing others that are antagonistic, represent technical challenges but also immense opportunities for improvement of global health.
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Abstract
As evidenced by the reviews in this special issue of Glycoconjugate Journal, much research is focused on determining functions for mammalian galectins. However, the identification of precise functions for mammalian galectins may be complicated by redundancy in tissue expression and in target cell recognition of the many mammalian galectins. Therefore, lower organisms may be useful in deciphering precise functions for galectins. Unfortunately, some genetically manipulable model systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans may have more galectins than mammals. Recently, galectins were identified in two well-studied insect systems, Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. In addition to the powerful genetic manipulation available in these insect models, there is a sophisticated understanding of many biological processes in these organisms that can be directly compared and applied to mammalian systems. Understanding the roles of galectins in insects may provide insight into precise functions of galectins in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Pace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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Vergote D, Sautière PE, Vandenbulcke F, Vieau D, Mitta G, Macagno ER, Salzet M. Up-regulation of Neurohemerythrin Expression in the Central Nervous System of the Medicinal Leech, Hirudo medicinalis, following Septic Injury. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:43828-37. [PMID: 15258158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403073200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here some results of a proteomic analysis of changes in protein expression in the leech Hirudo medicinalis in response to septic injury. Comparison of two-dimensional protein gels revealed several significant differences between normal and experimental tissues. One protein found to be up-regulated after septic shock was identified, through a combination of Edman degradation, mass spectrometry, and molecular cloning, as a novel member of the hemerythrin family, a group of non-heme-iron oxygen transport proteins found in four invertebrate phyla: sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods, and annelids. We found by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry that the new leech protein, which we have called neurohemerythrin, is indeed expressed in the leech central nervous system. Both message and protein were detected in the pair of large glia within the ganglionic neuropile, in the six packet glia that surround neuronal somata in each central ganglion, and in the bilateral pair of glia that separate axonal fascicles in the interganglionic connective nerves. No expression was detected in central neurons or in central nervous system microglia. Expression was also observed in many other, non-neuronal tissues in the body wall. Real-time PCR experiments suggest that neurohemerythrin is up-regulated posttranscriptionaly. We consider potential roles of neurohemerythrin, associated with its ability to bind oxygen and iron, in the innate immune response of the leech nervous system to bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vergote
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, UMR 8017 CNRS, IFR 17 INSERM, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Houzelstein D, Gonçalves IR, Fadden AJ, Sidhu SS, Cooper DNW, Drickamer K, Leffler H, Poirier F. Phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate galectin family. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21:1177-87. [PMID: 14963092 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins form a family of structurally related carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) that have been identified in a large variety of metazoan phyla. They are involved in many biological processes such as morphogenesis, control of cell death, immunological response, and cancer. To elucidate the evolutionary history of galectins and galectin-like proteins in chordates, we have exploited three independent lines of evidence: (i) location of galectin encoding genes (LGALS) in the human genome; (ii) exon-intron organization of galectin encoding genes; and (iii) sequence comparison of carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of chordate galectins. Our results suggest that a duplication of a mono-CRD galectin gene gave rise to an original bi-CRD galectin gene, before or early in chordate evolution. The N-terminal and C-terminal CRDs of this original galectin subsequently diverged into two different subtypes, defined by exon-intron structure (F4-CRD and F3-CRD). We show that all vertebrate mono-CRD galectins known to date belong to either the F3- or F4- subtype. A sequence of duplication and divergence events of the different galectins in chordates is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Houzelstein
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Developpement des Mammiferes, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
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Pelletier I, Hashidate T, Urashima T, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Futai M, Arata Y, Kasai KC, Hirashima M, Hirabayashi J, Sato S. Specific recognition of Leishmania major poly-beta-galactosyl epitopes by galectin-9: possible implication of galectin-9 in interaction between L. major and host cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22223-30. [PMID: 12684513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, manifesting itself in a species-specific manner. The glycan epitopes on the parasite are suggested to be involved in the Leishmania pathogenesis. One of such established species-unique glycan structures is the poly-beta-galactosyl epitope (Galbeta1-3)n found on L. major, which can develop cutaneous infections with strong inflammatory responses. Interestingly, the polygalactosyl epitope is also suggested to be involved in the development of the parasites in its host vector, sand fly. Thus, the recognition of the galactosyl epitope by lectins expressed in host or sand fly should be implicated in the species-specific manifestations of leishmaniasis and in the parasite life cycle, respectively. We recently reported that one host beta-galactoside-binding protein, galectin-3, can distinguish L. major from the other species through its binding to the poly-beta-galactosyl epitope, proposing a role for galectin-3 as an immunomodulator that could influence the L. major-specific immune responses in leishmaniasis. Here we report that galectin-9 can also recognize L. major by binding to the L. major-specific polygalactosyl epitope. Frontal affinity analysis with different lengths of poly-beta-galactosyllactose revealed that the galectin-9 affinity for polygalactose was enhanced in proportion to the number of Galbeta1-3 units present. Even though both galectins have comparable affinities toward the polygalactosyl epitopes, only galectin-9 can promote the interaction between L. major and macrophages, suggesting distinctive roles for the galectins in the L. major-specific development of leishmaniasis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pelletier
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Laval University Medical Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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