1
|
Yu J, Li S, Wang L, Dong Z, Si L, Bao L, Wu L. Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:96-120. [PMID: 34214000 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of Brucella epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of Brucella epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of Brucella invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) Brucella evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) Brucella overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) Brucella breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) Brucella inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by Brucella at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, Brucella is like Bruce Lee in the movie Game of Death, winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of Brucellaepididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by Brucella and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of Brucella and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwang Yu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lengge Si
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roop RM, Barton IS, Hopersberger D, Martin DW. Uncovering the Hidden Credentials of Brucella Virulence. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00021-19. [PMID: 33568459 PMCID: PMC8549849 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Brucella are important human and veterinary pathogens. The abortion and infertility they cause in food animals produce economic hardships in areas where the disease has not been controlled, and human brucellosis is one of the world's most common zoonoses. Brucella strains have also been isolated from wildlife, but we know much less about the pathobiology and epidemiology of these infections than we do about brucellosis in domestic animals. The brucellae maintain predominantly an intracellular lifestyle in their mammalian hosts, and their ability to subvert the host immune response and survive and replicate in macrophages and placental trophoblasts underlies their success as pathogens. We are just beginning to understand how these bacteria evolved from a progenitor alphaproteobacterium with an environmental niche and diverged to become highly host-adapted and host-specific pathogens. Two important virulence determinants played critical roles in this evolution: (i) a type IV secretion system that secretes effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm that direct the intracellular trafficking of the brucellae and modulate host immune responses and (ii) a lipopolysaccharide moiety which poorly stimulates host inflammatory responses. This review highlights what we presently know about how these and other virulence determinants contribute to Brucella pathogenesis. Gaining a better understanding of how the brucellae produce disease will provide us with information that can be used to design better strategies for preventing brucellosis in animals and for preventing and treating this disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Martin Roop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian S Barton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dariel Hopersberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel W Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rajendhran J. Genomic insights into Brucella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104635. [PMID: 33189905 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by certain species of Brucella. Each species has its preferred host animal, though it can infect other animals too. For a longer period, only six classical species were recognized in the genus Brucella. No vaccine is available for human brucellosis. Therefore, human brucellosis can be controlled only by controlling brucellosis in animals. The genus is now expanding with the newly isolated atypical strains from various animals, including marine mammals. Presently, 12 species of Brucella have been recognized. The first genome of Brucella was released in 2002, and today, we have more than 1500 genomes of Brucella spp. isolated worldwide. Multiple genome sequences are available for the major zoonotic species, B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis. The Brucella genome has two chromosomes with the approximate sizes of 2.1 and 1.2 Mbp. The genome of Brucella is highly conserved across all the species at the nucleotide level. One of the unanswered questions is what makes host preference in different species of Brucella. Here, I summarize the recent advancements in the Brucella genomics research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herrou J, Willett JW, Fiebig A, Varesio LM, Czyż DM, Cheng JX, Ultee E, Briegel A, Bigelow L, Babnigg G, Kim Y, Crosson S. Periplasmic protein EipA determines envelope stress resistance and virulence in Brucella abortus. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:637-661. [PMID: 30536925 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular components of the Brucella abortus cell envelope play a major role in its ability to infect, colonize and survive inside mammalian host cells. In this study, we have defined a role for a conserved gene of unknown function in B. abortus envelope stress resistance and infection. Expression of this gene, which we name eipA, is directly activated by the essential cell cycle regulator, CtrA. eipA encodes a soluble periplasmic protein that adopts an unusual eight-stranded β-barrel fold. Deletion of eipA attenuates replication and survival in macrophage and mouse infection models, and results in sensitivity to treatments that compromise the cell envelope integrity. Transposon disruption of genes required for LPS O-polysaccharide biosynthesis is synthetically lethal with eipA deletion. This genetic connection between O-polysaccharide and eipA is corroborated by our discovery that eipA is essential in Brucella ovis, a naturally rough species that harbors mutations in several genes required for O-polysaccharide production. Conditional depletion of eipA expression in B. ovis results in a cell chaining phenotype, providing evidence that eipA directly or indirectly influences cell division in Brucella. We conclude that EipA is a molecular determinant of Brucella virulence that functions to maintain cell envelope integrity and influences cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Herrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan W Willett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lydia M Varesio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Czyż
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason X Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eveline Ultee
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lance Bigelow
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brucella Hijacks Host-Mediated Palmitoylation To Stabilize and Localize PrpA to the Plasma Membrane. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00402-18. [PMID: 30126897 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00402-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellaceae are a group of pathogenic intracellular bacteria with the ability to modulate the host response, both at the individual cell level and systemically. One of the hallmarks of the virulence process is the capacity of the bacteria to downregulate the adaptive and acquired host immune response through a plethora of virulence factors that directly impact several key signaling cascades. PrpA is one of those virulence factors that alters, via its polyclonal B-cell activity, the humoral and cellular immune responses of the host, ultimately favoring the establishment of a chronic infection. Even though PrpA affects B cells, it directly targets macrophages, triggering a response that ultimately affects B lymphocytes. In the present article we report that PrpA is S-palmitoylated in two N-terminal cysteine residues by the host cell and that this modification is necessary for its biological activity. Our results demonstrate that S-palmitoylation promotes PrpA migration to the host cell plasma membrane and stabilizes the protein during infection. These findings add a new mechanism exploited by this highly evolved pathogen to modulate the host immune response.
Collapse
|
6
|
Valguarnera E, Spera JM, Czibener C, Fulgenzi FR, Casabuono AC, Altabe SG, Pasquevich KA, Guaimas F, Cassataro J, Couto AS, Ugalde JE. RomA, A Periplasmic Protein Involved in the Synthesis of the Lipopolysaccharide, Tunes Down the Inflammatory Response Triggered by Brucella. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1257-1266. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Juan M Spera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Cecilia Czibener
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Fabiana R Fulgenzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Adriana C Casabuono
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica–Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
| | - Silvia G Altabe
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR) and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Karina A Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Francisco Guaimas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| | - Alicia S Couto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica–Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
| | - Juan E Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas “Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde,” IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence of proline racemase/ hydroxyproline epimerase gene in human brucella isolates in Iran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:57. [PMID: 29445686 PMCID: PMC5804439 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, and Brucella suis. Brucella
causes a chronic disease, which subverts the immune defense system of their hosts. In this study, the prevalence of an important Brucella
virulence determinant, prpA, which can modulate immune response, was determined in human isolates.
Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was standardized and applied to 37 isolates obtained from patient’s specimens. Primers
for prpA gene were designed and evaluated using bioinformatic tools. DNA sequencing was performed for further verification.
Results: In the 37 Brucella isolates (31 Brucella melitensis and 6 Brucella abortus), 32 (86.4%) carried prpA gene.
Conclusion: Presence of prpA gene in most isolates indicates the high prevalence of this gene among Iranian isolates and emphasizes
its role in pathogenicity of this organism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Chen Y, Gao C. Interleukin-13 reduces cardiac injury and prevents heart dysfunction in viral myocarditis via enhanced M2 macrophage polarization. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99495-99503. [PMID: 29245918 PMCID: PMC5725109 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is one of the major causes of congestive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. Recent reports have demonstrated an essential role of cytokines, like interleukin-13 (IL-13), in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis, while the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, using a coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)-infection model in BALB/C mice, we showed that IL-13 protected mouse heart function in viral myocarditis, seemingly through reduction in T lymphocyte immunity and induction of M2 macrophage polarization. Adoptive transfer to M2 macrophages mimicked the effects of IL-13 on protection from myocarditis, suggesting that the effects of IL-13 may be primarily through regulation of macrophage polarization. Together, our data suggest that application of IL-13 treatment may reduce cardiac Injury and protect heart function in viral myocarditis via enhanced M2 macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pesce Viglietti AI, Arriola Benitez PC, Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV. Brucella abortus-infected B cells induce osteoclastogenesis. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:529-35. [PMID: 27109230 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that establishes lifelong infections in livestock and humans although the mechanisms of its chronicity are poorly understood. Activated B cells have long lifespan and B. abortus infection activates B cells. Our results indicate that the direct infection of B cells with B. abortus induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), receptor activator for NF κB ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. In addition, supernatants from B. abortus-infected B cells induced bone marrow-derived monocytes to undergo osteoclastogenesis. Using osteoprotegerin, RANKL's decoy receptor, we determined that RANKL is involved in osteoclastogenesis induced by supernatants from B. abortus-infected B cells. The results presented here shed light on how the interactions of B. abortus with B cells may have a role in the pathogenesis of brucellar osteoarticular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Ivana Pesce Viglietti
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Constanza Arriola Benitez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahmed W, Zheng K, Liu ZF. Establishment of Chronic Infection: Brucella's Stealth Strategy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:30. [PMID: 27014640 PMCID: PMC4791395 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes zoonotic infection known as brucellosis which results in abortion and infertility in natural host. Humans, especially in low income countries, can acquire infection by direct contact with infected animal or by consumption of animal products and show high morbidity, severe economic losses and public health problems. However for survival, host cells develop complex immune mechanisms to defeat and battle against attacking pathogens and maintain a balance between host resistance and Brucella virulence. On the other hand as a successful intracellular pathogen, Brucella has evolved multiple strategies to evade immune response mechanisms to establish persistent infection and replication within host. In this review, we mainly summarize the "Stealth" strategies employed by Brucella to modulate innate and the adaptive immune systems, autophagy, apoptosis and possible role of small noncoding RNA in the establishment of chronic infection. The purpose of this review is to give an overview for recent understanding how this pathogen evades immune response mechanisms of host, which will facilitate to understanding the pathogenesis of brucellosis and the development of novel, more effective therapeutic approaches to treat brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Degos C, Gagnaire A, Banchereau R, Moriyón I, Gorvel JP. Brucella CβG induces a dual pro- and anti-inflammatory response leading to a transient neutrophil recruitment. Virulence 2016; 6:19-28. [PMID: 25654761 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.979692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is the causing agent of a chronic zoonosis called brucellosis. The Brucella β-1,2 cyclic glucan (CβG) is a virulence factor, which has been described as a potent immune stimulator, albeit with no toxicity for cells and animals. We first used a genome-wide approach to characterize human myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) responses to CβG. Transcripts related to inflammation (IL-6, IL2RA, PTGS2), chemokine (CXCR7, CXCL2) and anti-inflammatory pathways (TNFAIP6, SOCS3) were highly expressed in CβG-treated mDC. In mouse GMCSF-derived DC, CβG triggered the expression of both activation (CXCL2, KC) and inhibition (SOCS3 and TNFAIP6) molecules. We then characterized the inflammatory infiltrates at the level of mouse ear when injected with CβG or LPS. CβG yielded a lower and transient recruitment of neutrophils compared to LPS. The consequence of these dual pro- and anti-inflammatory signals triggered by CβG corresponds to the induction of a controlled local inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Degos
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML) ; Aix-Marseille University ; Marseille , France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caballero ZC, Costa-Martins AG, Ferreira RC, P Alves JM, Serrano MG, Camargo EP, Buck GA, Minoprio P, G Teixeira MM. Phylogenetic and syntenic data support a single horizontal transference to a Trypanosoma ancestor of a prokaryotic proline racemase implicated in parasite evasion from host defences. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:222. [PMID: 25890302 PMCID: PMC4417235 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proline racemase (PRAC) enzymes of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcPRAC), the agent of Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma vivax (TvPRAC), the agent of livestock trypanosomosis, have been implicated in the B-cells polyclonal activation contributing to immunosuppression and the evasion of host defences. The similarity to prokaryotic PRAC and the absence in Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense have raised many questions about the origin, evolution, and functions of trypanosome PRAC (TryPRAC) enzymes. Findings We identified TryPRAC homologs as single copy genes per haploid genome in 12 of 15 Trypanosoma species, including T. cruzi and T. cruzi marinkellei, T. dionisii, T. erneyi, T. rangeli, T. conorhini and T. lewisi, all parasites of mammals. Polymorphisms in TcPRAC genes matched T. cruzi genotypes: TcI-TcIV and Tcbat have unique genes, while the hybrids TcV and TcVI contain TcPRACA and TcPRACB from parental TcII and TcIII, respectively. PRAC homologs were identified in trypanosomes from anurans, snakes, crocodiles, lizards, and birds. Most trypanosomes have intact PRAC genes. T. rangeli possesses only pseudogenes, maybe in the process of being lost. T. brucei, T. congolense and their allied species, except the more distantly related T. vivax, have completely lost PRAC genes. Conclusions The genealogy of TryPRAC homologs supports an evolutionary history congruent with the Trypanosoma phylogeny. This finding, together with the synteny of PRAC loci, the relationships with prokaryotic PRAC inferred by taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis, and the absence in trypanosomatids of any other genera or in bodonids or euglenids suggest that a common ancestor of Trypanosoma gained PRAC gene by a single and ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from a Firmicutes bacterium more closely related to Gemella and other species of Bacilli than to Clostridium as previously suggested. Our broad phylogenetic study allowed investigation of TryPRAC evolution over long and short timescales. TryPRAC genes diverged to become species-specific and genotype-specific for T. cruzi and T. rangeli, with resulting genealogies congruent with those obtained using vertically inherited genes. The inventory of TryPRAC genes described here is the first step toward the understanding of the roles of PRAC enzymes in trypanosomes differing in life cycles, virulence, and infection and immune evasion strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0829-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuleima C Caballero
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. .,Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología-AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Clayon, Panamá.
| | - Andre G Costa-Martins
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Robson C Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - João M P Alves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Myrna G Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Gregory A Buck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA.
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Département Infection et Epidemiologie, Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Paris, France.
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
González-González E, García-Hernández AL, Flores-Mejía R, López-Santiago R, Moreno-Fierros L. The protoxin Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis improves the protection conferred by intranasal immunization with Brucella abortus RB51 in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2015; 175:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Proteomic analysis of detergent resistant membrane domains during early interaction of macrophages with rough and smooth Brucella melitensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91706. [PMID: 24643124 PMCID: PMC3958395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane contains discrete nanometer-sized domains that are resistant to non-ionic detergents, and which are called detergent resistant membrane domains (DRMDs) or lipid rafts. Exposure of host cells to pathogenic bacteria has been shown to induce the re-distribution of specific host proteins between DRMDs and detergent soluble membranes, which leads to the initiation of cell signaling that enable pathogens to access host cells. DRMDs have been shown to play a role in the invasion of Brucella into host macrophages and the formation of replicative phagosomes called Brucella-containing vacuoles (BCVs). In this study we sought to characterize changes to the protein expression profiles in DRMDs and to respective cellular pathways and networks of Mono Mac 6 cells in response to the adherence of rough VTRM1 and smooth 16 M B. melitensis strains. DRMDs were extracted from Mono Mac 6 cells exposed for 2 minutes at 4°C to Brucella (no infection occurs) and from unexposed control cells. Protein expression was determined using the non-gel based quantitative iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) mass spectrometry technique. Using the identified iTRAQ proteins we performed enrichment analyses and probed constructed human biochemical networks for interactions and metabolic reactions. We identified 149 proteins, which either became enriched, depleted or whose amounts did not change in DRMDs upon Brucella exposure. Several of these proteins were distinctly enriched or depleted in DRMDs upon exposure to rough and smooth B. melitensis strains which results in the differential engagement of cellular pathways and networks immediately upon Brucella encounter. For some of the proteins such as myosin 9, small G protein signaling modulator 3, lysine-specific demethylase 5D, erlin-2, and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2, we observed extreme differential depletion or enrichment in DRMDs. The identified proteins and pathways could provide the basis for novel ways of treating or diagnosing Brucellosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Spera JM, Comerci DJ, Ugalde JE. Brucella alters the immune response in a prpA-dependent manner. Microb Pathog 2014; 67-68:8-13. [PMID: 24508400 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis, a disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Brucella spp., is a widespread zoonosis that inflicts important animal and human health problems, especially in developing countries. One of the hallmarks of Brucella infection is its capacity to establish a chronic infection, characteristic that depends on a wide repertoire of virulence factors among which are immunomodulatory proteins such as PrpA (encoding the proline racemase protein A or hydroxyproline-2-epimerase), involved in the establishment of the chronic phase of the infectious process that we have previously identified and characterized. We report here that, in vivo, Brucella abortus prpA is responsible for an increment in the B-cell number and in the specific antibody response and that these antibodies promote cell infection. We additionally found that Brucella alters the cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, TGFβ1 and TNFα during the acute phase of the infectious process in a prpA dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Spera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan E Ugalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, IIB-INTECH, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|