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Ahator SD, Hegstad K, Lentz CS, Johannessen M. Deciphering Staphylococcus aureus-host dynamics using dual activity-based protein profiling of ATP-interacting proteins. mSystems 2024; 9:e0017924. [PMID: 38656122 PMCID: PMC11097646 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00179-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of ATP within cells plays a fundamental role in cellular processes that are essential for the regulation of host-pathogen dynamics and the subsequent immune response. This study focuses on ATP-binding proteins to dissect the complex interplay between Staphylococcus aureus and human cells, particularly macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), during an intracellular infection. A snapshot of the various protein activity and function is provided using a desthiobiotin-ATP probe, which targets ATP-interacting proteins. In S. aureus, we observe enrichment in pathways required for nutrient acquisition, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, and energy metabolism when located inside human cells. Additionally, the direct profiling of the protein activity revealed specific adaptations of S. aureus to the keratinocytes and macrophages. Mapping the differentially activated proteins to biochemical pathways in the human cells with intracellular bacteria revealed cell-type-specific adaptations to bacterial challenges where THP-1 cells prioritized immune defenses, autophagic cell death, and inflammation. In contrast, HaCaT cells emphasized barrier integrity and immune activation. We also observe bacterial modulation of host processes and metabolic shifts. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of S. aureus-host cell interactions, shedding light on modulating host immune responses to S. aureus, which could involve developing immunomodulatory therapies. IMPORTANCE This study uses a chemoproteomic approach to target active ATP-interacting proteins and examines the dynamic proteomic interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and human cell lines THP-1 and HaCaT. It uncovers the distinct responses of macrophages and keratinocytes during bacterial infection. S. aureus demonstrated a tailored response to the intracellular environment of each cell type and adaptation during exposure to professional and non-professional phagocytes. It also highlights strategies employed by S. aureus to persist within host cells. This study offers significant insights into the human cell response to S. aureus infection, illuminating the complex proteomic shifts that underlie the defense mechanisms of macrophages and keratinocytes. Notably, the study underscores the nuanced interplay between the host's metabolic reprogramming and immune strategy, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for enhancing host defense and inhibiting bacterial survival. The findings enhance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and can inform the development of targeted therapies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dela Ahator
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Case KC, Beltman RJ, Pflum MKH, Greenberg ML. Valproate regulates inositol synthesis by reducing expression of myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14844. [PMID: 37684289 PMCID: PMC10491628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol depletion is a hypothesized mechanism of action of mood stabilization drugs used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. It was previously reported that the mood stabilizer valproate (VPA) increased phosphorylation of myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthases (MIPS), the rate limiting enzyme of inositol synthesis. Phosphosites were identified and examination of site-directed mutants suggested that phosphorylation leads to decreased enzymatic activity. In this study, we examined the extent of MIPS phosphorylation in response to VPA and used two interaction screens to identify protein kinases that interact with MIPS. Using an epitope tagged MIPS construct, we determined the fraction of phosphorylated MIPS to be very low (less than 2% of total), and we could not detect phosphorylation of untagged MIPS in response to VPA. In vitro analyses of phosphorylation revealed that putative protein kinases, PKC and CKII, have low specificity toward MIPS. These findings suggest that VPA likely depletes inositol via a mechanism other than MIPS phosphorylation. Consistent with this, mRNA levels of the MIPS-encoding gene INO1 and MIPS protein levels were significantly reduced during the mid-log growth phase in response to VPA treatment. These findings suggest that the mechanism whereby VPA causes inositol depletion is by reducing expression of the rate-limiting enzyme MIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall C Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Rachel J Beltman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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3
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Yang C, Huang Y, Lu Z, Ma Y, Ran X, Yan X, Zhang M, Qiu X, Luo L, Yue G, Chen H. Sublethal effects of niclosamide on the aquatic snail Pomacea canaliculata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115064. [PMID: 37229873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata is a malignant invasive aquatic snail found worldwide, and niclosamide (NS) is one of the primary agents used for its control. NS applied to water will exist in non-lethal concentrations for some time due to degradation or water exchange, thus resulting in sublethal effects on environmental organisms. To identify sublethal effects of NS on Pomacea canaliculata, we studied the aspects of histopathology, oxygen-nitrogen ratio (RO∶N), enzyme activity determination, and gene expression. After LC30 NS treatment (0.310 g/L), many muscle fibers of the feet degenerated and some acinar vesicles of the hepatopancreas collapsed and dissolved. The oxygen-nitrogen ratio (RO∶N) decreased significantly from 15.0494 to 11.5183, indicating that NS had changed the metabolic mode of Pomacea canaliculata and shifted it primarily to protein catabolism. Transcriptome analysis identified the sublethal effects of LC30 NS on the snails at the transcriptional level. 386, 322, and 583 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hepatopancreas, gills, and feet, respectively. GO (Gene Ontology) functional analysis and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway annotations showed that DEGs in the hepatopancreas were mainly enriched for sugar metabolism, protein biosynthesis, immune response, and amino acid metabolism functional categories; DEGs in the gills were mainly enriched for ion transport and amino acid metabolism; DEGs in the feet were mainly enriched for transmembrane transport and inositol biosynthesis. In the future, we will perform functional validation of key genes to further explain the molecular mechanism of sublethal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Nankai University, Weijin RD 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhaohuan Lu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiao Ran
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liya Luo
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang RD 46, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huabao Chen
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin RD 211, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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4
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Li Y, Fan K, Shen J, Wang Y, Jeyaraj A, Hu S, Chen X, Ding Z, Li X. Glycine-Induced Phosphorylation Plays a Pivotal Role in Energy Metabolism in Roots and Amino Acid Metabolism in Leaves of Tea Plant. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020334. [PMID: 36673426 PMCID: PMC9858451 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most extensive post-translational modification of proteins and thus regulates plant growth. However, the regulatory mechanism of phosphorylation modification on the growth of tea plants caused by organic nitrogen is still unclear. In order to explore the phosphorylation modification mechanism of tea plants in response to organic nitrogen, we used glycine as the only nitrogen source and determined and analyzed the phosphorylated proteins in tea plants by phosphoproteomic analysis. The results showed that the phosphorylation modification induced by glycine-supply played important roles in the regulation of energy metabolism in tea roots and amino acid metabolism in tea leaves. In roots, glycine-supply induced dephosphorylation of proteins, such as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase cytoplasmic isozyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, resulted in increased intensity of glycolysis and decreased intensity of tricarboxylic acid cycle. In leaves, the glycine-supply changed the phosphorylation levels of glycine dehydrogenase, aminomethyltransferase, glutamine synthetase, and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, which accelerated the decomposition of glycine and enhanced the ability of ammonia assimilation. In addition, glycine-supply could improve the tea quality by increasing the intensity of amino acids, such as theanine and alanine. This research clarified the important regulatory mechanism of amino acid nitrogen on tea plant growth and development through protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunkai Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-(53)-288030231 (Z.D.); +86-(25)-84396651 (X.L.)
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-(53)-288030231 (Z.D.); +86-(25)-84396651 (X.L.)
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5
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Lazcano P, Schmidtke MW, Onu C, Greenberg ML. Phosphatidic acid inhibits inositol synthesis by inducing nuclear translocation of kinase IP6K1 and repression of myo-inositol-3-P synthase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102363. [PMID: 35963434 PMCID: PMC9478396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol is an essential metabolite that serves as a precursor for structural and signaling molecules. Although perturbation of inositol homeostasis has been implicated in numerous human disorders, surprisingly little is known about how inositol levels are regulated in mammalian cells. A recent study in mouse embryonic fibroblasts demonstrated that nuclear translocation of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) mediates repression of myo-inositol-3-P synthase (MIPS), the rate-limiting inositol biosynthetic enzyme. Binding of IP6K1 to phosphatidic acid (PA) is required for this repression. Here, we elucidate the role of PA in IP6K1 repression. Our results indicate that increasing PA levels through pharmacological stimulation of phospholipase D (PLD) or direct supplementation of 18:1 PA induces nuclear translocation of IP6K1 and represses expression of the MIPS protein. We found that this effect was specific to PA synthesized in the plasma membrane, as endoplasmic reticulum–derived PA did not induce IP6K1 translocation. Furthermore, we determined that PLD-mediated PA synthesis can be stimulated by the master metabolic regulator 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We show that activation of AMPK by glucose deprivation or by treatment with the mood-stabilizing drugs valproate or lithium recapitulated IP6K1 nuclear translocation and decreased MIPS expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that modulation of PA levels through the AMPK-PLD pathway regulates IP6K1-mediated repression of MIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lazcano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chisom Onu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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6
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Suliman M, Case KC, Schmidtke MW, Lazcano P, Onu CJ, Greenberg ML. Inositol depletion regulates phospholipid metabolism and activates stress signaling in HEK293T cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159137. [PMID: 35247568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inositol plays a significant role in cellular function and signaling. Studies in yeast have demonstrated an "inositol-less death" phenotype, suggesting that inositol is an essential metabolite. In yeast, inositol synthesis is highly regulated, and inositol levels have been shown to be a major metabolic regulator, with its abundance affecting the expression of hundreds of genes. Abnormalities in inositol metabolism have been associated with several human disorders. Despite its importance, very little is known about the regulation of inositol synthesis and the pathways regulated by inositol in human cells. The current study aimed to address this knowledge gap. Knockout of ISYNA1 (encoding myo-inositol-3-P synthase 1) in HEK293T cells generated a human cell line that is deficient in de novo inositol synthesis. ISYNA1-KO cells exhibited inositol-less death when deprived of inositol. Lipidomic analysis identified inositol depletion as a global regulator of phospholipid levels in human cells, including downregulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and upregulation of the phosphatidylglycerol (PG)/cardiolipin (CL) branch of phospholipid metabolism. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that inositol depletion induced substantial changes in the expression of genes involved in cell signaling, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and genes controlling amino acid transport and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This study provides the first in-depth characterization of the effects of inositol depletion on phospholipid metabolism and gene expression in human cells, establishing an essential role for inositol in maintaining cell viability and regulating cell signaling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Suliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Kendall C Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Michael W Schmidtke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Pablo Lazcano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Chisom J Onu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America.
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7
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Sartorio MG, Valguarnera E, Hsu FF, Feldman MF. Lipidomics Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Elucidation of the Inositol Phosphoceramide Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0063421. [PMID: 35080445 PMCID: PMC8791184 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00634-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the human colonic microbiome is formed by bacteria from the genus Bacteroides. These bacteria produce a large amount of uniformly sized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are equipped with hydrolytic enzymes that play a role in the degradation of diet- and host-derived glycans. In this work, we characterize the lipid composition of membranes and OMVs from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that OMVs carry sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and serine-dipeptide lipids. Sphingolipid species represent more than 50% of the total lipid content of OMVs. The most abundant sphingolipids in OMVs are ethanolamine phosphoceramide (EPC) and inositol phosphoceramide (IPC). Bioinformatics analysis allowed the identification of the BT1522-1526 operon putatively involved in IPC synthesis. Mutagenesis studies revealed that BT1522-1526 is essential for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and IPC, confirming the role of this operon in the biosynthesis of IPC. BT1522-1526 mutant strains lacking IPC produced OMVs that were indistinguishable from the wild-type strain, indicating that IPC sphingolipid species are not involved in OMV biogenesis. Given the known role of sphingolipids in immunomodulation, we suggest that OMVs may act as long-distance vehicles for the delivery of sphingolipids in the human gut. IMPORTANCE Sphingolipids are essential membrane lipid components found in eukaryotes that are also involved in cell signaling processes. Although rare in bacteria, sphingolipids are produced by members of the phylum Bacteroidetes, human gut commensals. Here, we determined that OMVs carry sphingolipids and other lipids of known signaling function. Our results demonstrate that the BT1522-1526 operon is required for IPC biosynthesis in B. thetaiotaomicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Sartorio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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8
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Targeted Quantification of Phosphorylation Sites Identifies STRIPAK-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Hippo Pathway-Related Kinase SmKIN3. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00658-21. [PMID: 33947760 PMCID: PMC8262875 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00658-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed recently that the germinal center kinase III (GCKIII) SmKIN3 from the fungus Sordaria macrospora is involved in sexual development and hyphal septation. Our recent extensive global proteome and phosphoproteome analysis revealed that SmKIN3 is a target of the striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) multisubunit complex. Here, using protein samples from the wild type and three STRIPAK mutants, we applied absolute quantification by parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM) to analyze phosphorylation site occupancy in SmKIN3 and other septation initiation network (SIN) components, such as CDC7 and DBF2, as well as BUD4, acting downstream of SIN. For SmKIN3, we show that phosphorylation of S668 and S686 is decreased in mutants lacking distinct subunits of STRIPAK, while a third phosphorylation site, S589, was not affected. We constructed SmKIN3 mutants carrying phospho-mimetic and phospho-deficient codons for phosphorylation sites S589, S668, and S686. Investigation of hyphae in a ΔSmkin3 strain complemented by the S668 and S686 mutants showed a hyper-septation phenotype, which was absent in the wild type, the ΔSmkin3 strain complemented with the wild-type gene, and the S589 mutant. Furthermore, localization studies with SmKIN3 phosphorylation variants and STRIPAK mutants showed that SmKIN3 preferentially localizes at the terminal septa, which is distinctly different from the localization of the wild-type strains. We conclude that STRIPAK-dependent phosphorylation of SmKIN3 has an impact on controlled septum formation and on the time-dependent localization of SmKIN3 on septa at the hyphal tip. Thus, STRIPAK seems to regulate SmKIN3, as well as DBF2 and BUD4 phosphorylation, affecting septum formation.
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9
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Role of myo-inositol during skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17329. [PMID: 33060662 PMCID: PMC7567114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol is a ubiquitous metabolite of plants. It is synthesized by a highly conserved enzyme L-myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS; EC 5.5.1.4). Myo-inositol is well characterized during abiotic stress tolerance but its role during growth and development is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the apical hook maintenance and hypocotyl growth depend on myo-inositol. We discovered the myo-inositol role during hook formation and its maintenance via ethylene pathway in Arabidopsis by supplementation assays and qPCR. Our results suggest an essential requirement of myo-inositol for mediating the ethylene response and its interaction with brassinosteroid to regulate the skotomorphogenesis. A model is proposed outlining how MIPS regulates apical hook formation and hypocotyl growth.
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10
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Sharma N, Chaudhary C, Khurana P. Wheat Myo-inositol phosphate synthase influences plant growth and stress responses via ethylene mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10766. [PMID: 32612188 PMCID: PMC7329911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L-myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS; EC 5.5.1.4) is involved in abiotic stress tolerance, however its disruption and overexpression has also been associated with enhanced tolerance to pathogens. The molecular mechanism underlying the role of MIPS in growth, immunity and abiotic stress tolerance remains uncharacterized. We explore the molecular mechanism of MIPS action during growth and heat stress conditions. We raised and characterized the TaMIPS over-expressing rice transgenics which showed a reduced reproductive potential. Transcriptome analysis of overexpression transgenics revealed the activation of ET/JA dependent immune response. Pull-down analysis revealed the interaction of TaMIPS-B with ethylene related proteins. Our results suggest an essential requirement of MIPS for mediating the ethylene response and regulate the growth. A model is proposed outlining how fine tuning of MIPS regulate growth and stress tolerance of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Chanderkant Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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11
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Godoy-Parejo C, Deng C, Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen G. Roles of vitamins in stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1771-1791. [PMID: 31676963 PMCID: PMC11104807 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells can differentiate to diverse cell types in our body, and they hold great promises in both basic research and clinical therapies. For specific stem cell types, distinctive nutritional and signaling components are required to maintain the proliferation capacity and differentiation potential in cell culture. Various vitamins play essential roles in stem cell culture to modulate cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Besides their common nutritional functions, specific vitamins are recently shown to modulate signal transduction and epigenetics. In this article, we will first review classical vitamin functions in both somatic and stem cell cultures. We will then focus on how stem cells could be modulated by vitamins beyond their nutritional roles. We believe that a better understanding of vitamin functions will significantly benefit stem cell research, and help realize their potentials in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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12
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Case KC, Salsaa M, Yu W, Greenberg ML. Regulation of Inositol Biosynthesis: Balancing Health and Pathophysiology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 259:221-260. [PMID: 30591968 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inositol is the precursor for all inositol compounds and is essential for viability of eukaryotic cells. Numerous cellular processes and signaling functions are dependent on inositol compounds, and perturbation of their synthesis leads to a wide range of human diseases. Although considerable research has been directed at understanding the function of inositol compounds, especially phosphoinositides and inositol phosphates, a focus on regulatory and homeostatic mechanisms controlling inositol biosynthesis has been largely neglected. Consequently, little is known about how synthesis of inositol is regulated in human cells. Identifying physiological regulators of inositol synthesis and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate inositol synthesis will contribute fundamental insight into cellular processes that are mediated by inositol compounds and will provide a foundation to understand numerous disease processes that result from perturbation of inositol homeostasis. In addition, elucidating the mechanisms of action of inositol-depleting drugs may suggest new strategies for the design of second-generation pharmaceuticals to treat psychiatric disorders and other illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall C Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Salsaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wenxi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Ma A, Cui W, Wang X, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhang J, Zhao T. Osmoregulation by the myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway in turbot Scophthalmus maximus and its regulation by anabolite and c-Myc. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 242:110636. [PMID: 31846703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The induction of the myo-inositol biosynthesis (MIB) pathway in euryhaline fishes is an important component of the cellular response to osmotic challenge. The MIPS and IMPA1 genes were sequenced in turbot and found to be highly conserved in phylogenetic evolution, especially within the fish species tested. Under salinity stress in turbot, both MIPS and IMPA1 showed adaptive expression, a turning point in the level of expression occurred at 12 h in all tissues tested. We performed an RNAi assay mediated by long fragment dsRNA prepared by transcription in vitro. The findings demonstrated that knockdown of the MIB pathway weakened the function of gill osmotic regulation, and may induce a genetic compensation response in the kidney and gill to maintain physiological function. Even though the gill and kidney conducted stress reactions or compensatory responses to salinity stress, this inadequately addressed the consequences of MIB knockdown. Therefore, the survival time of turbot under salinity stress after knockdown was obviously less than that under seawater, especially under low salt stress. Pearson's correlation analysis between gene expression and dietary myo-inositol concentration indicated that the MIB pathway had a remarkable negative feedback control, and the dynamic equilibrium mediated by negative feedback on the MIB pathway played a crucial role in osmoregulation in turbot. An RNAi assay with c-Myc in vivo and the use of a c-Myc inhibitor (10058-F4) in vitro demonstrated that c-Myc was likely to positively regulate the MIB pathway in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Ma
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wenxiao Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xinan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
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14
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Ni Y, Li G, Ji X, Yang Y, Guo X, Sun Q. Identification of an inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1-B gene (AccIPS1-B) from Apis cerana cerana and its role in abiotic stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1101-1113. [PMID: 31512154 PMCID: PMC6882988 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol phosphate synthase (IPS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis, which can regulate stress responses in plants and animals. However, there are few studies on the function of IPS in insects, especially in Apis cerana cerana. In this study, the inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1-B gene (AccIPS1-B) was isolated from Apis cerana cerana, and its connection to antioxidant defence was investigated. The open reading frame of AccIPS1-B was 1542 bp, encoding a 513 amino acid polypeptide. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of AccIPS1-B was highest in pupae of Apis cerana cerana, and it was expressed at higher levels in the thorax than in other tissues tested. Moreover, the expression of AccIPS1-B was significantly upregulated by abiotic stresses. The recombinant AccIPS1-B also displayed significant tolerance to cumene hydroperoxide and HgCl2. In addition, knockdown of AccIPS1-B significantly suppressed the expression of most of the antioxidant genes and decreased the antioxidant enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and GST. Taken together, these findings indicate that AccIPS1-B may be involved in the response to antioxidant defence and development in Apis cerana cerana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Kishor DS, Lee C, Lee D, Venkatesh J, Seo J, Chin JH, Jin Z, Hong SK, Ham JK, Koh HJ. Novel allelic variant of Lpa1 gene associated with a significant reduction in seed phytic acid content in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209636. [PMID: 30870429 PMCID: PMC6417671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), also known as phytic acid (PA), is a major component of organic phosphorus (P), and accounts for up to 85% of the total P in seeds. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), PA mainly accumulates in rice bran, and chelates mineral cations, resulting in mineral deficiencies among brown rice consumers. Therefore, considerable efforts have been focused on the development of low PA (LPA) rice cultivars. In this study, we performed genetic and molecular analyses of OsLpa1, a major PA biosynthesis gene, in Sanggol, a low PA mutant variety developed via chemical mutagenesis of Ilpum rice cultivar. Genetic segregation and sequencing analyses revealed that a recessive allele, lpa1-3, at the OsLpa1 locus (Os02g0819400) was responsible for a significant reduction in seed PA content in Sanggol. The lpa1-3 gene harboured a point mutation (C623T) in the fourth exon of the predicted coding region, resulting in threonine (Thr) to isoleucine (Ile) amino acidsubstitution at position 208 (Thr208Ile). Three-dimensional analysis of Lpa1 protein structure indicated that myo-inositol 3-monophosphate [Ins(3)P1] could bind to the active site of Lpa1, with ATP as a cofactor for catalysis. Furthermore, the presence of Thr208 in the loop adjacent to the entry site of the binding pocket suggests that Thr208Ile substitution is involved in regulating enzyme activity via phosphorylation. Therefore, we propose that Thr208Ile substitution in lpa1-3 reduces Lpa1 enzyme activity in Sanggol, resulting in reduced PA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Kishor
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choonseok Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryung Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Hyoun Chin
- Graduate School of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuo Jin
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kwan Hong
- Division of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Ham
- Gangwon provincial Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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16
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Valproate inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:395-401. [PMID: 30145684 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Valproate (VPA), an FDA approved anti-epileptic drug with a half-life of 12-18 h in humans, has been shown to perturb the vacuolar proton pump (vH+-ATPase) function in yeasts by inhibiting myo-inositol phosphate synthase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in inositol biosynthesis, thereby resulting in inositol depletion. vH+-ATPase transfers protons (H+) across cell membranes, which help maintain pH gradients within cells necessary for various cellular functions including secretion. This proton pump has a membrane (V0) and a soluble cytosolic (V1) domain, with C-subunit associated with V1. In secretory cells such as neurons and insulin-secreting beta cells, vH+-ATPase acidifies vesicles essential for secretion. In this study, we demonstrate that exposure of insulin-secreting Min6 cells to a clinical dose of VPA results in inositol depletion and loss of co-localization of subunit C of vH+-ATPase with insulin-secreting granules. Consequently, a reduction of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is observed following VPA exposure. These results merit caution and the reassessment of the clinical use of VPA.
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17
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Lu Y, Wang L, Teng F, Zhang J, Hu M, Tao Y. Production of myo-inositol from glucose by a novel trienzymatic cascade of polyphosphate glucokinase, inositol 1-phosphate synthase and inositol monophosphatase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 112:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Yu W, Daniel J, Mehta D, Maddipati KR, Greenberg ML. MCK1 is a novel regulator of myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS) that is required for inhibition of inositol synthesis by the mood stabilizer valproate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182534. [PMID: 28817575 PMCID: PMC5560674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol, the precursor of all inositol compounds, is essential for the viability of eukaryotes. Identifying the factors that regulate inositol homeostasis is of obvious importance to understanding cell function and the pathologies underlying neurological and metabolic resulting from perturbation of inositol metabolism. The current study identifies Mck1, a GSK3 homolog, as a novel positive regulator of inositol de novo synthesis in yeast. Mck1 was required for normal activity of myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of inositol synthesis. mck1Δ cells exhibited a 50% decrease in MIPS activity and a decreased rate of incorporation of [13C6]glucose into [13C6]-inositol-3-phosphate and [13C6]-inositol compared to WT cells. mck1Δ cells also exhibited decreased growth in the presence of the inositol depleting drug valproate (VPA), which was rescued by supplementation of inositol. However, in contrast to wild type cells, which exhibited more than a 40% decrease in MIPS activity in the presence of VPA, the drug did not significantly decrease MIPS activity in mck1Δ cells. These findings indicate that VPA-induced MIPS inhibition is Mck1-dependent, and suggest a model that unifies two current hypotheses of the mechanism of action of VPA—inositol depletion and GSK3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dhara Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Miriam L. Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Chen Y, Nielsen J. Flux control through protein phosphorylation in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 16:fow096. [PMID: 27797916 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important mechanisms regulating metabolism as it can directly modify metabolic enzymes by the addition of phosphate groups. Attributed to such a rapid and reversible mechanism, cells can adjust metabolism rapidly in response to temporal changes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a widely used cell factory and model organism, is reported to show frequent phosphorylation events in metabolism. Studying protein phosphorylation in S. cerevisiae allows for gaining new insight into the function of regulatory networks, which may enable improved metabolic engineering as well as identify mechanisms underlying human metabolic diseases. Here we collect functional phosphorylation events of 41 enzymes involved in yeast metabolism and demonstrate functional mechanisms and the application of this information in metabolic engineering. From a systems biology perspective, we describe the development of phosphoproteomics in yeast as well as approaches to analysing the phosphoproteomics data. Finally, we focus on integrated analyses with other omics data sets and genome-scale metabolic models. Despite the advances, future studies improving both experimental technologies and computational approaches are imperative to expand the current knowledge of protein phosphorylation in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Tipping the scales: Lessons from simple model systems on inositol imbalance in neurological disorders. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:154-163. [PMID: 28153412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol and inositol-containing compounds have signalling and regulatory roles in many cellular processes, suggesting that inositol imbalance may lead to wide-ranging changes in cellular functions. Indeed, changes in inositol-dependent signalling have been implicated in various diseases and cellular functions such as autophagy, and these changes have often been proposed as therapeutic targets. However, few studies have highlighted the links between inositol depletion and the downstream effects on inositol phosphates and phosphoinositides in disease states. For this research, many advances have employed simple model systems that include the social amoeba D. discoideum and the yeast S. cerevisiae, since these models enable a range of experimental approaches that are not possible in mammalian models. In this review, we discuss recent findings initiated in simple model systems and translated to higher model organisms where the effect of altered inositol, inositol phosphate and phosphoinositide levels impact on bipolar disorder, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy and autophagy.
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21
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Jadhav S, Russo S, Cowart LA, Greenberg ML. Inositol Depletion Induced by Acute Treatment of the Bipolar Disorder Drug Valproate Increases Levels of Phytosphingosine. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4953-4959. [PMID: 28100786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness affecting ∼1% of the world population. Valproate (VPA) and lithium, widely used for the treatment of BD, are not universally effective. These drugs have been shown to cause inositol depletion, but translating this observation to a specific therapeutic mechanism has been difficult, hampering the development of more effective therapies. We have shown previously in yeast that chronic VPA treatment induces the unfolded protein response due to increasing ceramide levels. To gain insight into the mechanisms activated during acute VPA treatment, we performed a genome-wide expression study in yeast treated with VPA for 30 min. We observed increased mRNA and protein levels of RSB1, which encodes an exporter of long chain bases dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS), and further saw that VPA increased sensitivity of an rsb1Δ mutant to PHS, suggesting that VPA increases long chain base levels. Consistent with this, PHS levels were elevated in wild type and, to a greater extent, in rsb1Δ cells. Expression of ORM genes (negative regulators of PHS synthesis) and of fatty acid elongase genes FEN1 and SUR4 were decreased, and expression of YOR1 (exporter of PHS-1P) and DPL1 (lyase that degrades DHS-1P and PHS-1P) was increased. These effects were more pronounced in medium lacking inositol, and were mirrored by inositol starvation of an ino1Δ mutant. These findings provide a metabolic explanation as to how VPA-mediated inositol depletion causes increased synthesis of PHS and further support the therapeutic relevance of inositol depletion as a bipolar disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamalagauri Jadhav
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Russo
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and.,the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and.,the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202,
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22
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Jadhav S, Russo S, Cottier S, Schneiter R, Cowart A, Greenberg ML. Valproate Induces the Unfolded Protein Response by Increasing Ceramide Levels. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22253-22261. [PMID: 27590340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD), which is characterized by depression and mania, affects 1-2% of the world population. Current treatments are effective in only 40-60% of cases and cause severe side effects. Valproate (VPA) is one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of BD, but the therapeutic mechanism of action of this drug is not understood. This knowledge gap has hampered the development of effective treatments. To identify candidate pathways affected by VPA, we performed a genome-wide expression analysis in yeast cells grown in the presence or absence of the drug. VPA caused up-regulation of FEN1 and SUR4, encoding fatty acid elongases that catalyze the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids (C24 to C26) required for ceramide synthesis. Interestingly, fen1Δ and sur4Δ mutants exhibited VPA sensitivity. In agreement with increased fatty acid elongase gene expression, VPA increased levels of phytoceramide, especially those containing C24-C26 fatty acids. Consistent with an increase in ceramide, VPA decreased the expression of amino acid transporters, increased the expression of ER chaperones, and activated the unfolded protein response element (UPRE), suggesting that VPA induces the UPR pathway. These effects were rescued by supplementation of inositol and similarly observed in inositol-starved ino1Δ cells. Starvation of ino1Δ cells increased expression of FEN1 and SUR4, increased ceramide levels, decreased expression of nutrient transporters, and induced the UPR. These findings suggest that VPA-mediated inositol depletion induces the UPR by increasing the de novo synthesis of ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamalagauri Jadhav
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Russo
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, and
| | - Stéphanie Cottier
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Cowart
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, and
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202,
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23
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Kalujnaia S, Hazon N, Cramb G. Myo-inositol phosphate synthase expression in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): effect of seawater acclimation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R287-98. [PMID: 27252471 PMCID: PMC5008666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00056.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single MIPS gene (Isyna1/Ino1) exists in eel and tilapia genomes with a single myo-d-inositol 3-phosphate synthase (MIPS) transcript identified in all eel tissues, although two MIPS spliced variants [termed MIPS(s) and MIPS(l)] are found in all tilapia tissues. The larger tilapia transcript [MIPS(l)] results from the inclusion of the 87-nucleotide intron between exons 5 and 6 in the genomic sequence. In most tilapia tissues, the MIPS(s) transcript exhibits much higher abundance (generally >10-fold) with the exception of white skeletal muscle and oocytes, in which the MIPS(l) transcript predominates. SW acclimation resulted in large (6- to 32-fold) increases in mRNA expression for both MIPS(s) and MIPS(l) in all tilapia tissues tested, whereas in the eel, changes in expression were limited to a more modest 2.5-fold increase and only in the kidney. Western blots identified a number of species- and tissue-specific immunoreactive MIPS proteins ranging from 40 to 67 kDa molecular weight. SW acclimation failed to affect the abundance of any immunoreactive protein in any tissue tested from the eel. However, a major 67-kDa immunoreactive protein (presumed to be MIPS) found in tilapia tissues exhibited 11- and 54-fold increases in expression in gill and fin samples from SW-acclimated fish. Immunohistochemical investigations revealed specific immunoreactivity in the gill, fin, skin, and intestine taken from only SW-acclimated tilapia. Immunofluorescence indicated that MIPS was expressed within gill chondrocytes and epithelial cells of the primary filaments, basal epithelial cell layers of the skin and fin, the cytosol of columnar intestinal epithelial and mucous cells, as well as unknown entero-endocrine-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kalujnaia
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil Hazon
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Cramb
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
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24
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Yu W, Greenberg ML. Inositol depletion, GSK3 inhibition and bipolar disorder. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016; 11:135-148. [PMID: 29339929 DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid and lithium are widely used to treat bipolar disorder, a severe illness characterized by cycles of mania and depression. However, their efficacy is limited, and treatment is often accompanied by serious side effects. The therapeutic mechanisms of these drugs are not understood, hampering the development of more effective treatments. Among the plethora of biochemical effects of the drugs, those that are common to both may be more related to therapeutic efficacy. Two common outcomes include inositol depletion and GSK3 inhibition, which have been proposed to explain the efficacy of both valproic acid and lithium. Here, we discuss the inositol depletion and GSK3 inhibition hypotheses, and introduce a unified model suggesting that inositol depletion and GSK3 inhibition are inter-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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25
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KOGUCHI TOMOYUKI, TANIKAWA CHIZU, MORI JINICHI, KOJIMA YOSHIYUKI, MATSUDA KOICHI. Regulation of myo-inositol biosynthesis by p53-ISYNA1 pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2415-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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26
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Yu W, Ye C, Greenberg ML. Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase 1 (IP6K1) Regulates Inositol Synthesis in Mammalian Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10437-44. [PMID: 26953345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
myo-Inositol, the precursor of all inositol compounds, has pivotal roles in cell metabolism and signaling pathways. Although physiological studies indicate a strong correlation between abnormal intracellular inositol levels and neurological disorders, very little is known about the regulation of inositol synthesis in mammalian cells. In this study, we report that IP6K1, an inositol hexakisphosphate kinase that catalyzes the synthesis of inositol pyrophosphate, regulates inositol synthesis in mammalian cells. Ip6k1 ablation led to profound changes in DNA methylation and expression of Isyna1 (designated mIno1), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme inositol-3-phosphate synthase. Interestingly, IP6K1 preferentially bound to the phospholipid phosphatidic acid, and this binding was required for IP6K1 nuclear localization and the regulation of mIno1 transcription. This is the first demonstration of IP6K1 as a novel negative regulator of inositol synthesis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Yu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Cunqi Ye
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Deranieh RM, Shi Y, Tarsio M, Chen Y, McCaffery JM, Kane PM, Greenberg ML. Perturbation of the Vacuolar ATPase: A NOVEL CONSEQUENCE OF INOSITOL DEPLETION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27460-72. [PMID: 26324718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of inositol has profound effects on cell function and has been implicated in the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. We have previously shown that the anticonvulsant drug valproate (VPA) depletes inositol by inhibiting myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of inositol biosynthesis. To elucidate the cellular consequences of inositol depletion, we screened the yeast deletion collection for VPA-sensitive mutants and identified mutants in vacuolar sorting and the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). Inositol depletion caused by starvation of ino1Δ cells perturbed the vacuolar structure and decreased V-ATPase activity and proton pumping in isolated vacuolar vesicles. VPA compromised the dynamics of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI3,5P2) and greatly reduced V-ATPase proton transport in inositol-deprived wild-type cells. Osmotic stress, known to increase PI3,5P2 levels, did not restore PI3,5P2 homeostasis nor did it induce vacuolar fragmentation in VPA-treated cells, suggesting that perturbation of the V-ATPase is a consequence of altered PI3,5P2 homeostasis under inositol-limiting conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate that inositol depletion caused by starvation of an inositol synthesis mutant or by the inositol-depleting drug VPA leads to perturbation of the V-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Deranieh
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Yihui Shi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Maureen Tarsio
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Yan Chen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - J Michael McCaffery
- the Integrated Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Patricia M Kane
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202,
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Petersen HO, Höger SK, Looso M, Lengfeld T, Kuhn A, Warnken U, Nishimiya-Fujisawa C, Schnölzer M, Krüger M, Özbek S, Simakov O, Holstein TW. A Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hydra Head Regeneration. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1928-47. [PMID: 25841488 PMCID: PMC4833066 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian freshwater polyp Hydra sp. exhibits an unparalleled regeneration capacity in the animal kingdom. Using an integrative transcriptomic and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture proteomic/phosphoproteomic approach, we studied stem cell-based regeneration in Hydra polyps. As major contributors to head regeneration, we identified diverse signaling pathways adopted for the regeneration response as well as enriched novel genes. Our global analysis reveals two distinct molecular cascades: an early injury response and a subsequent, signaling driven patterning of the regenerating tissue. A key factor of the initial injury response is a general stabilization of proteins and a net upregulation of transcripts, which is followed by a subsequent activation cascade of signaling molecules including Wnts and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-related factors. We observed moderate overlap between the factors contributing to proteomic and transcriptomic responses suggesting a decoupled regulation between the transcriptional and translational levels. Our data also indicate that interstitial stem cells and their derivatives (e.g., neurons) have no major role in Hydra head regeneration. Remarkably, we found an enrichment of evolutionarily more recent genes in the early regeneration response, whereas conserved genes are more enriched in the late phase. In addition, genes specific to the early injury response were enriched in transposon insertions. Genetic dynamicity and taxon-specific factors might therefore play a hitherto underestimated role in Hydra regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik O Petersen
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie K Höger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Lengfeld
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Kuhn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiemi Nishimiya-Fujisawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas W Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Villarreal FD, Kültz D. Direct Ionic Regulation of the Activity of Myo-Inositol Biosynthesis Enzymes in Mozambique Tilapia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123212. [PMID: 26066044 PMCID: PMC4466255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol (Ins) is a major compatible osmolyte in many cells, including those of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Ins biosynthesis is highly up-regulated in tilapia and other euryhaline fish exposed to hyperosmotic stress. In this study, enzymatic regulation of two enzymes of Ins biosynthesis, Ins phosphate synthase (MIPS) and inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), by direct ionic effects is analyzed. Specific MIPS and IMPase isoforms from Mozambique tilapia (MIPS-160 and IMPase 1) were selected based on experimental, phylogenetic, and structural evidence supporting their role for Ins biosynthesis during hyperosmotic stress. Recombinant tilapia IMPase 1 and MIPS-160 activity was assayed in vitro at ionic conditions that mimic changes in the intracellular milieu during hyperosmotic stress. The in vitro activities of MIPS-160 and IMPase 1 are highest at alkaline pH of 8.8. IMPase 1 catalytic efficiency is strongly increased during hyperosmolality (particularly for the substrate D-Ins-3-phosphate, Ins-3P), mainly as a result of [Na+] elevation. Furthermore, the substrate-specificity of IMPase 1 towards D-Ins-1-phosphate (Ins-1P) is lower than towards Ins-3P. Because MIPS catalysis results in Ins-3P this results represents additional evidence for IMPase 1 being the isoform that mediates Ins biosynthesis in tilapia. Our data collectively demonstrate that the Ins biosynthesis enzymes are activated under ionic conditions that cells are exposed to during hypertonicity, resulting in Ins accumulation, which, in turn, results in restoration of intracellular ion homeostasis. We propose that the unique and direct ionic regulation of the activities of Ins biosynthesis enzymes represents an efficient biochemical feedback loop for regulation of intracellular physiological ion homeostasis during hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D. Villarreal
- EcoPhysiological Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- EcoPhysiological Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
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Duliński R, Cielecka EK, Pierzchalska M, Żyła K. Phytases Improve Myo-Inositol Bioaccessibility in Rye Bread: A Study Using an In Vitro Method of Digestion and a Caco-2 Cell Culture Model. Food Technol Biotechnol 2015; 53:66-72. [PMID: 27904333 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.53.01.15.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparations of 6-phytase A (EC 3.1.3.26) and phytase B (acid phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.2) were applied alone and combined in the preparation of dough to estimate their catalytic potential for myo-inositol liberation from rye flour in the breadmaking technology. The experimental bread samples were ground after baking and subjected to determination of myo-inositol bioavailability by an in vitro method that simulated digestion in a human alimentary tract, followed by measurements of myo-inositol transport through enterocyte- -like differentiated Caco-2 cells to determine its bioaccessibility. Myo-inositol content was measured by a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) technique. The concentration of myo-inositol in the dialysates of control bread was 25.3 µg/mL, whereas in the dialysates of bread sample baked with 6-phytase A, the concentration increased to 35.4 µg/mL, and in the bread baked with phytase B to 64.98 µg/mL. Simultaneous application of both enzymes resulted in myo-inositol release of 64.04 µg/mL. The highest bioaccessibility of myo-inositol, assessed by the measurement of the passage through the Caco-2 monolayer was determined in the bread baked with the addition of 6-phytase A. Enzymatically modified rye bread, particularly by the addition of 6-phytase A, may be therefore a rich source of a highly bioaccessible myo- -inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duliński
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow,
ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Katarzyna Cielecka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow,
ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow,
ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Żyła
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow,
ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149 Krakow, Poland
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31
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Ye C, Greenberg ML. Inositol synthesis regulates the activation of GSK-3α in neuronal cells. J Neurochem 2014; 133:273-83. [PMID: 25345501 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of inositol provides precursors of inositol lipids and inositol phosphates that are pivotal for cell signaling. Mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid, used for treating bipolar disorder, cause cellular inositol depletion, which has been proposed as a therapeutic mechanism of action of both drugs. Despite the importance of inositol, the requirement for inositol synthesis in neuronal cells is not well understood. Here, we examined inositol effects on proliferation of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. The essential role of inositol synthesis in proliferation is underscored by the findings that exogenous inositol was dispensable for proliferation, and inhibition of inositol synthesis decreased proliferation. Interestingly, the inhibition of inositol synthesis by knocking down INO1, which encodes inositol-3-phosphate synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of inositol synthesis, led to the inactivation of GSK-3α by increasing the inhibitory phosphorylation of this kinase. Similarly, the mood stabilizer valproic acid effected transient decreases in intracellular inositol, leading to inactivation of GSK-3α. As GSK-3 inhibition has been proposed as a likely therapeutic mechanism of action, the finding that inhibition of inositol synthesis results in the inactivation of GSK-3α suggests a unifying hypothesis for mechanism of mood-stabilizing drugs. Inositol is an essential metabolite that serves as a precursor for inositol lipids and inositol phosphates. We report that inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme of inositol synthesis leads to the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3α by increasing inhibitory phosphorylation of this kinase. These findings have implications for the therapeutic mechanisms of mood stabilizers and suggest that inositol synthesis and GSK 3α activity are intrinsically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunqi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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32
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Macrae JI, Lopaticki S, Maier AG, Rupasinghe T, Nahid A, Cowman AF, McConville MJ. Plasmodium falciparum is dependent on de novo myo-inositol biosynthesis for assembly of GPI glycolipids and infectivity. Mol Microbiol 2014; 91:762-76. [PMID: 24350823 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intra-erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, are thought to be dependent on de novo synthesis of phosphatidylinositol, as red blood cells (RBC) lack the capacity to synthesize this phospholipid. The myo-inositol headgroup of PI can either be synthesized de novo or scavenged from the RBC. An untargeted metabolite profiling of P. falciparum infected RBC showed that trophozoite and schizont stages accumulate high levels of myo-inositol-3-phosphate, indicating increased de novo biosynthesis of myo-inositol from glucose 6-phosphate. Metabolic labelling studies with (13) C-U-glucose in the presence and absence of exogenous inositol confirmed that de novo myo-inositol synthesis occurs in parallel with myo-inositol salvage pathways. Unexpectedly, while both endogenous and scavenged myo-inositol was used to synthesize bulk PI, only de novo-synthesized myo-inositol was incorporated into GPI glycolipids. Moreover, gene disruption studies suggested that the INO1 gene, encoding myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase, is essential in asexual parasite stages. Together these findings suggest that P. falciparum asexual stages are critically dependent on de novo myo-inositol biosynthesis for assembly of a sub-pool of PI species and GPI biosynthesis. These findings highlight unexpected complexity in phospholipid biosynthesis in P. falciparum and a lack of redundancy in some nutrient salvage versus endogenous biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Macrae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
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The response to inositol: regulation of glycerolipid metabolism and stress response signaling in yeast. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 180:23-43. [PMID: 24418527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on discoveries of the mechanisms governing the regulation of glycerolipid metabolism and stress response signaling in response to the phospholipid precursor, inositol. The regulation of glycerolipid lipid metabolism in yeast in response to inositol is highly complex, but increasingly well understood, and the roles of individual lipids in stress response are also increasingly well characterized. Discoveries that have emerged over several decades of genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses of metabolic, regulatory and signaling responses of yeast cells, both mutant and wild type, to the availability of the phospholipid precursor, inositol are discussed.
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Snyder RA, Bell CB, Diao Y, Krebs C, Bollinger JM, Solomon EI. Circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, and variable temperature variable field magnetic circular dichroism studies of biferrous and mixed-valent myo-inositol oxygenase: insights into substrate activation of O2 reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15851-63. [PMID: 24066857 DOI: 10.1021/ja406635k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
myo-Inositol oxygenase (MIOX) catalyzes the 4e(-) oxidation of myo-inositol (MI) to D-glucuronate using a substrate activated Fe(II)Fe(III) site. The biferrous and Fe(II)Fe(III) forms of MIOX were studied with circular dichroism (CD), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable temperature variable field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies. The MCD spectrum of biferrous MIOX shows two ligand field (LF) transitions near 10000 cm(-1), split by ~2000 cm(-1), characteristic of six coordinate (6C) Fe(II) sites, indicating that the modest reactivity of the biferrous form toward O2 can be attributed to the saturated coordination of both irons. Upon oxidation to the Fe(II)Fe(III) state, MIOX shows two LF transitions in the ~10000 cm(-1) region, again implying a coordinatively saturated Fe(II) site. Upon MI binding, these split in energy to 5200 and 11200 cm(-1), showing that MI binding causes the Fe(II) to become coordinatively unsaturated. VTVH MCD magnetization curves of unbound and MI-bound Fe(II)Fe(III) forms show that upon substrate binding, the isotherms become more nested, requiring that the exchange coupling and ferrous zero-field splitting (ZFS) both decrease in magnitude. These results imply that MI binds to the ferric site, weakening the Fe(III)-μ-OH bond and strengthening the Fe(II)-μ-OH bond. This perturbation results in the release of a coordinated water from the Fe(II) that enables its O2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Ana Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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