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Mancarella C, Morrione A, Scotlandi K. Extracellular Interactors of the IGF System: Impact on Cancer Hallmarks and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5915. [PMID: 38892104 PMCID: PMC11172729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system determines the onset of various pathological conditions, including cancer. Accordingly, therapeutic strategies have been developed to block this system in tumor cells, but the results of clinical trials have been disappointing. After decades of research in the field, it is safe to say that one of the major reasons underlying the poor efficacy of anti-IGF-targeting agents is derived from an underestimation of the molecular complexity of this axis. Genetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and functional interactors interfere with the activity of canonical components of this axis, supporting the need for combinatorial approaches to effectively block this system. In addition, cancer cells interface with a multiplicity of factors from the extracellular compartment, which strongly affect cell destiny. In this review, we will cover novel extracellular mechanisms contributing to IGF system dysregulation and the implications of such dangerous liaisons for cancer hallmarks and responses to known and new anti-IGF drugs. A deeper understanding of both the intracellular and extracellular microenvironments might provide new impetus to better decipher the complexity of the IGF axis in cancer and provide new clues for designing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Mancarella
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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2
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The insulin receptor family in the heart: new light on old insights. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231495. [PMID: 35766350 PMCID: PMC9297685 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin was discovered over 100 years ago. Whilst the first half century defined many of the physiological effects of insulin, the second emphasised the mechanisms by which it elicits these effects, implicating a vast array of G proteins and their regulators, lipid and protein kinases and counteracting phosphatases, and more. Potential growth-promoting and protective effects of insulin on the heart emerged from studies of carbohydrate metabolism in the 1960s, but the insulin receptors (and the related receptor for insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2) were not defined until the 1980s. A related third receptor, the insulin receptor-related receptor remained an orphan receptor for many years until it was identified as an alkali-sensor. The mechanisms by which these receptors and the plethora of downstream signalling molecules confer cardioprotection remain elusive. Here, we review important aspects of the effects of the three insulin receptor family members in the heart. Metabolic studies are set in the context of what is now known of insulin receptor family signalling and the role of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), and the relationship between this and cardiomyocyte survival versus death is discussed. PKB/Akt phosphorylates numerous substrates with potential for cardioprotection in the contractile cardiomyocytes and cardiac non-myocytes. Our overall conclusion is that the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism that were initially identified remain highly pertinent in managing cardiomyocyte energetics and preservation of function. This alone provides a high level of cardioprotection in the face of pathophysiological stressors such as ischaemia and myocardial infarction.
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3
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Orsa AN, Goryashchenko AS, Serova OV, Mozhaev AA, Martynov VI, Pakhomov AA, Svirshchevskaya EV, Petrenko AG, Deyev IE. Generation and Characteristics of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensors of Extracellular pH. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Unraveling the IGF System Interactome in Sarcomas Exploits Novel Therapeutic Options. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082075. [PMID: 34440844 PMCID: PMC8392407 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant bioactivity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system results in the development and progression of several pathologic conditions including cancer. Preclinical studies have shown promising anti-cancer therapeutic potentials for anti-IGF targeted therapies. However, a clear but limited clinical benefit was observed only in a minority of patients with sarcomas. The molecular complexity of the IGF system, which comprises multiple regulators and interactions with other cancer-related pathways, poses a major limitation in the use of anti-IGF agents and supports the need of combinatorial therapeutic strategies to better tackle this axis. In this review, we will initially highlight multiple mechanisms underlying IGF dysregulation in cancer and then focus on the impact of the IGF system and its complexity in sarcoma development and progression as well as response to anti-IGF therapies. We will also discuss the role of Ephrin receptors, Hippo pathway, BET proteins and CXCR4 signaling, as mediators of sarcoma malignancy and relevant interactors with the IGF system in tumor cells. A deeper understanding of these molecular interactions might provide the rationale for novel and more effective therapeutic combinations to treat sarcomas.
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5
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Novel Regulators of the IGF System in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020273. [PMID: 33673232 PMCID: PMC7918569 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a dynamic network of proteins, which includes cognate ligands, membrane receptors, ligand binding proteins and functional downstream effectors. It plays a critical role in regulating several important physiological processes including cell growth, metabolism and differentiation. Importantly, alterations in expression levels or activation of components of the IGF network are implicated in many pathological conditions including diabetes, obesity and cancer initiation and progression. In this review we will initially cover some general aspects of IGF action and regulation in cancer and then focus in particular on the role of transcriptional regulators and novel interacting proteins, which functionally contribute in fine tuning IGF1R signaling in several cancer models. A deeper understanding of the biological relevance of this network of IGF1R modulators might provide novel therapeutic opportunities to block this system in neoplasia.
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Batishchev OV, Kuzmina NV, Mozhaev AA, Goryashchenko AS, Mileshina ED, Orsa AN, Bocharov EV, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Activity-dependent conformational transitions of the insulin receptor-related receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100534. [PMID: 33713705 PMCID: PMC8058561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) form a mini family of predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinases. IR and IGF-1R bind to their peptide agonists triggering metabolic and cell growth responses. In contrast, IRR, despite sharing with them a strong sequence homology, has no peptide-like agonist but can be activated by mildly alkaline media. The spatial structure and activation mechanisms of IRR have not been established yet. The present work represents the first account of a structural analysis of a predimerized receptor-like tyrosine kinase by high-resolution atomic force microscopy in their basal and activated forms. Our data suggest that in neutral media, inactive IRR has two conformations, where one is symmetrical and highly similar to the inactive Λ/U-shape of IR and IGF-1R ectodomains, whereas the second is drop-like and asymmetrical resembling the IRR ectodomain in solution. We did not observe complexes of IRR intracellular catalytic domains of the inactive receptor forms. At pH 9.0, we detected two presumably active IRR conformations, Γ-shaped and T-shaped. Both of conformations demonstrated formation of the complex of their intracellular catalytic domains responsible for autophosphorylation. The existence of two active IRR forms correlates well with the previously described positive cooperativity of the IRR activation. In conclusion, our data provide structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of alkali-induced IRR activation under mild native conditions that could be valuable for interpretation of results of IR and IGF-IR structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Kuzmina
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mozhaev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Goryashchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina D Mileshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orsa
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor E Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Serova OV, Gantsova EA, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. The Value of pH Sensors in Maintaining Homeostasis of the Nervous System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Shtykova EV, Petoukhov MV, Mozhaev AA, Deyev IE, Dadinova LA, Loshkarev NA, Goryashchenko AS, Bocharov EV, Jeffries CM, Svergun DI, Batishchev OV, Petrenko AG. The dimeric ectodomain of the alkali-sensing insulin receptor-related receptor (ectoIRR) has a droplike shape. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17790-17798. [PMID: 31615897 PMCID: PMC6879334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor family and functions as an extracellular alkali sensor that controls metabolic alkalosis in the regulation of the acid-base balance. In the present work, we sought to analyze structural features of IRR by comparing them with those of the insulin receptor, which is its closest homolog but does not respond to pH changes. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we investigated the overall conformation of the recombinant soluble IRR ectodomain (ectoIRR) at neutral and alkaline pH. In contrast to the well-known inverted U-shaped (or λ-shaped) conformation of the insulin receptor, the structural models reconstructed at different pH values revealed that the ectoIRR organization has a "droplike" shape with a shorter distance between the fibronectin domains of the disulfide-linked dimer subunits within ectoIRR. We detected no large-scale pH-dependent conformational changes of ectoIRR in both SAXS and AFM experiments, an observation that agreed well with previous biochemical and functional analyses of IRR. Our findings indicate that ectoIRR's sensing of alkaline conditions involves additional molecular mechanisms, for example engagement of receptor juxtamembrane regions or the surrounding lipid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora V Shtykova
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mozhaev
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor E Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Liubov A Dadinova
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Nikita A Loshkarev
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Alexander S Goryashchenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg Unit, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleg V Batishchev
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
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9
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Serova OV, Orsa AN, Chachina NA, Petrenko AG, Deyev IE. с-Met receptor can be activated by extracellular alkaline medium. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:67-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1620775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V. Serova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orsa
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Chachina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Petrenko
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor E. Deyev
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Mozhaev AA, Orsa AN, Deyev IE, Shvets VI, Petrenko AG. Optimization of Heterologous Expression of Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor Ectodomain. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 485:101-103. [PMID: 31201624 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672919020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an approach to optimize the heterologous expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase IRR, which further simplifies the purification of the IRR from the medium and increases the final yield. The approach proposed by us can find application in the biotechnological production of other large-scale recombinant proteins produced for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mozhaev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia. .,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Crystallography and Photonics Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117333, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A N Orsa
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - I E Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Shvets
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, Russian Technological University (MIREA), 117571, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Petrenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Mozhaev AA, Serova OV, Orsa AN, Boyko AA, Goryashchenko AS, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. The Hybrid Protein of the Alkaline Sensor IRR and the Fluorescent Protein GFP Retains the Functional Activity of the Receptor. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Deyev IE, Shayahmetova DM, Zhenilo SV, Radionov NV, Petrenko AG. Profile of Gene Expression in the Kidneys of Mice with the insrr Gene Knockout. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Mozhaev AA, Erokhina TN, Serova OV, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Production and immunochemical characterization of monoclonal antibody to IRR ectodomain. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017060097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Deyev IE, Chachina NA, Zhevlenev ES, Petrenko AG. Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Fibronectin Domains in Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112461. [PMID: 29156593 PMCID: PMC5713427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR), in contrast to its close homologs, the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) can be activated by mildly alkaline extracellular medium. We have previously demonstrated that IRR activation is defined by its extracellular region, involves multiple domains, and shows positive cooperativity with two synergistic sites. By the analyses of point mutants and chimeras of IRR with IR in, we now address the role of the fibronectin type III (FnIII) repeats in the IRR pH-sensing. The first activation site includes the intrinsically disordered subdomain ID (646–716) within the FnIII-2 domain at the C-terminus of IRR alpha subunit together with closely located residues L135, G188, R244, H318, and K319 of L1 and C domains of the second subunit. The second site involves residue T582 of FnIII-1 domain at the top of IRR lambda-shape pyramid together with M406, V407, and D408 from L2 domain within the second subunit. A possible importance of the IRR carbohydrate moiety for its activation was also assessed. IRR is normally less glycosylated than IR and IGF-IR. Swapping both FnIII-2 and FnIII-3 IRR domains with those of IR shifted beta-subunit mass from 68 kDa for IRR to about 100 kDa due to increased glycosylation and abolished the IRR pH response. However, mutations of four asparagine residues, potential glycosylation sites in chimera IRR with swapped FnIII-2/3 domains of IR, decreased the chimera glycosylation and resulted in a partial restoration of IRR pH-sensing activity, suggesting that the extensive glycosylation of FnIII-2/3 provides steric hindrance for the alkali-induced rearrangement of the IRR ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor E Deyev
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Chachina
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Egor S Zhevlenev
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Delle Bovi RJ, Miller WT. Expression and purification of functional insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 holoreceptors from mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2017; 536:69-77. [PMID: 28830678 PMCID: PMC5701837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involved in the regulation of many important cellular processes. The current proposed models of activation are derived from structural studies using soluble extracellular domains and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domains. Preparations of full length IR and IGF1R have been hampered by the need for unconventional affinity chromatography resins and/or harsh eluting conditions. Here, we present a purification protocol to obtain full-length, detergent solubilized IR and IGF1R at quantities suitable for biochemical and structural characterization. We screened a panel of 24 structurally diverse detergents for optimal ligand activation. The receptors purified in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside showed ligand-stimulated autophosphorylation and kinase activity, suggesting an intact transmembrane signaling mechanism. This convenient purification protocol can be used to produce high quantities of IR, IGF1R, or other RTKs, and can be adapted for other challenging membrane proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Chromatography, Affinity
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Receptor, IGF Type 1
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/isolation & purification
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Somatomedin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Delle Bovi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, NY, United States.
| | - W Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, NY, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States.
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16
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Saadipour K, MacLean M, Pirkle S, Ali S, Lopez-Redondo ML, Stokes DL, Chao MV. The transmembrane domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor stimulates phosphorylation of the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16594-16604. [PMID: 28821608 PMCID: PMC5633122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of protein products generated from intramembraneous cleavage by the γ-secretase complex is not well defined. The γ-secretase complex is responsible for the cleavage of several transmembrane proteins, most notably the amyloid precursor protein that results in Aβ, a transmembrane (TM) peptide. Another protein that undergoes very similar γ-secretase cleavage is the p75 neurotrophin receptor. However, the fate of the cleaved p75 TM domain is unknown. p75 neurotrophin receptor is highly expressed during early neuronal development and regulates survival and process formation of neurons. Here, we report that the p75 TM can stimulate the phosphorylation of TrkB (tyrosine kinase receptor B). In vitro phosphorylation experiments indicated that a peptide representing p75 TM increases TrkB phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, mutagenesis analyses revealed that a valine residue at position 264 in the rat p75 neurotrophin receptor is necessary for the ability of p75 TM to induce TrkB phosphorylation. Because this residue is just before the γ-secretase cleavage site, we then investigated whether the p75(αγ) peptide, which is a product of both α- and γ-cleavage events, could also induce TrkB phosphorylation. Experiments using TM domains from other receptors, EGFR and FGFR1, failed to stimulate TrkB phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation and biochemical fractionation data suggested that p75 TM stimulates TrkB phosphorylation at the cell membrane. Altogether, our results suggest that TrkB activation by p75(αγ) peptide may be enhanced in situations where the levels of the p75 receptor are increased, such as during brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saadipour
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Michael MacLean
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Sean Pirkle
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Solav Ali
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Maria-Luisa Lopez-Redondo
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - David L Stokes
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - Moses V Chao
- From the Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
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17
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Alkaline pH induces IRR-mediated phosphorylation of IRS-1 and actin cytoskeleton remodeling in a pancreatic beta cell line. Biochimie 2017; 138:62-69. [PMID: 28438671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of mildly alkaline (pH 8.0-8.5) juice to intestines is one of the key functions of the pancreas. Recent reports indicate that the pancreatic duct system containing the alkaline juice may adjoin the endocrine cells of pancreatic islets. We have previously identified the insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) that is expressed in islets as a sensor of mildly alkaline extracellular media. In this study, we show that those islet cells that are in contact with the excretory ducts are also IRR-expressing cells. We further analyzed the effects of alkaline media on pancreatic beta cell line MIN6. Activation of endogenous IRR but not of the insulin receptor was detected that could be inhibited with linsitinib. The IRR autophosphorylation correlated with pH-dependent linsitinib-sensitive activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), the primary adaptor in the insulin signaling pathway. However, in contrast with insulin stimulation, no protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) phosphorylation was detected as a result of alkali treatment. We observed overexpression of several early response genes (EGR2, IER2, FOSB, EGR1 and NPAS4) upon alkali treatment of MIN6 cells but those were IRR-independent. The alkaline medium but not insulin also triggered actin cytoskeleton remodeling that was blocked by pre-incubation with linsitinib. We propose that the activation of IRR by alkali might be part of a local loop of signaling between the exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas where alkalinization of the juice facilitate insulin release that increases the volume of secreted juice to control its pH and bicabonate content.
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Shayahmetova DM, Zhevlenev ES, Mozhaev AA, Deyev IE, Petrenko AG. Genetic link between IRR-receptor and Ly6/PLAUR protein. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tatulian SA. Structural Dynamics of Insulin Receptor and Transmembrane Signaling. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5523-32. [PMID: 26322622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a (αβ)2-type transmembrane tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in cell metabolism. Each αβ heterodimer consists of an extracellular ligand-binding α-subunit and a membrane-spanning β-subunit that comprises the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (TK) domain and the phosphorylation sites. The α- and β-subunits are linked via a single disulfide bridge, and the (αβ)2 tetramer is formed by disulfide bonds between the α-chains. Insulin binding induces conformational changes in IR that reach the intracellular β-subunit followed by a protein phosphorylation and activation cascade. Defects in this signaling process, including IR dysfunction caused by mutations, result in type 2 diabetes. Rational drug design aimed at treatment of diabetes relies on knowledge of the detailed structure of IR and the dynamic structural transformations during transmembrane signaling. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have provided important clues about the mode of binding of insulin to IR, the resulting structural changes and their transmission to the TK domain, but a complete understanding of the structural basis underlying insulin signaling has not been achieved. This review presents a critical analysis of the current status of the structure-function relationship of IR, with a comparative assessment of the other IR family receptors, and discusses potential advancements that may provide insight into the molecular mechanism of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida , 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Mapping of alkali-sensing sites of the insulin receptor-related receptor. The role of L2 and fibronectin domains. Biochimie 2015; 111:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Deyev IE, Popova NV, Petrenko AG. Determination of Alkali-Sensing Parts of the Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor Using the Bioinformatic Approach. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:80-6. [PMID: 26085948 PMCID: PMC4463416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IRR (insulin receptor-related receptor) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the insulin receptor family, which also includes insulin receptor and IGF-IR receptor. We have previously shown that IRR is activated by extracellular fluid with pH > 7.9 and regulates excess alkali excretion in the body. We performed a bioinformatic analysis of the pH-sensitive potential of all three members of the insulin receptor family of various animal species (from frog to man) and their chimeras with swapping of different domains in the extracellular region. An analysis using the AcalPred program showed that insulin receptor family proteins are divided into two classes: one class with the optimal working pH in the acidic medium (virtually all insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor orthologs, except for the IGF-IR ortholog from Xenopus laevis) and the second class with the optimal working pH in the alkaline medium (all IRR orthologs). The program had predicted that the most noticeable effect on the pH-sensitive property of IRR would be caused by the replacement of the L1 and C domains in its extracellular region, as well as the replacement of the second and third fibronectin repeats. It had also been assumed that replacement of the L2 domain would have the least significant effect on the alkaline sensitivity of IRR. To test the in silico predictions, we obtained three constructs with swapping of the L1C domains, the third L2 domain, and all three domains L1CL2 of IRR with similar domains of the insulin-like growth factor receptor. We found that replacement of the L1C and L1CL2 domains reduces the receptor's ability to be activated with alkaline pH, thus increasing the half-maximal effective concentration by about 100%. Replacement of the L2 domain increased the half-maximal effective concentration by 40%. Thus, our results indicate the high predictive potential of the AcalPred algorithm, not only for the pH-sensitive enzymes, but also for pH-sensitive receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. E. Deyev
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - N. V. Popova
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. G. Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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