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Jha K, Kumar A, Bhatnagar K, Patra A, Bhavesh NS, Singh B, Chaudhary S. Modulation of Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) interaction with their binding partners in cancers through acetylation and phosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195003. [PMID: 37992989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.195003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of transcription factors regulate transcriptional activity and play a key role in essentially all biological processes and generate indispensable insight towards biological function including activity state, subcellular localization, protein solubility, protein folding, substrate trafficking, and protein-protein interactions. Amino acids modified chemically via PTMs, function as molecular switches and affect the protein function and characterization and increase the proteome complexity. Krüppel-like transcription factors (KLFs) control essential cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, programmed cell death and various cancer-relevant processes. We investigated the interactions of KLF group-2 members with their binding partners to assess the role of acetylation and phosphorylation in KLFs on their binding affinity. It was observed that acetylation and phosphorylation at different positions in KLFs have a variable effect on binding with specific partners. KLF2-EP300, KLF4-SP1, KLF6-ATF3, KLF6-JUN, and KLF7-JUN show stabilization upon acetylation or phosphorylation at variable positions. On the other hand, KLF4-CBP, KLF4-EP300, KLF5-CBP, KLF5-WWP1, KLF6-SP1, and KLF7-ATF3 show stabilization or destabilization due to acetylation or phosphorylation at variable positions in KLFs. This provides a molecular explanation of the experimentally observed dual role of KLF group-2 members as a suppressor or activator of cancers in a PTM-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Plot Nos. 8-11, Tech Zone 2, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Plot Nos. 8-11, Tech Zone 2, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
| | - Kartik Bhatnagar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Plot Nos. 8-11, Tech Zone 2, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
| | - Anupam Patra
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Bipin Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Plot Nos. 8-11, Tech Zone 2, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; Centre for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Bahadurpally, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India.
| | - Sarika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Plot Nos. 8-11, Tech Zone 2, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India.
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2
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Chen J, Feng H, Wang Y, Bai X, Sheng S, Li H, Huang M, Chu X, Lei Z. The involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:458. [PMID: 38104139 PMCID: PMC10725464 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, colorectal cancer (CRC) still has limited therapeutic efficacy and poor prognosis and there is an urgent need for novel targets to improve the outcome of CRC patients. The highly conserved ubiquitination modification mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases is an important mechanism to regulate the expression and function of tumor promoters or suppressors in CRC. In this review, we provide an overview of E3 ligases in modulating various biological processes in CRC, including proliferation, migration, stemness, metabolism, cell death, differentiation and immune response of CRC cells, emphasizing the pluripotency of E3 ubiquitin ligases. We further focus on the role of E3 ligases in regulating vital cellular signal pathways in CRC, such as Wnt/β-catenin pathway and NF-κB pathway. Additionally, considering the potential of E3 ligases as novel targets in the treatment of CRC, we discuss what aspects of E3 ligases can be utilized and exploited for efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haimei Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Siqi Sheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengxi Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical university, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zengjie Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical university, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Alavi M, Mejia-Bautista A, Tang M, Bandovic J, Rosenberg AZ, Bialkowska AB. Krüppel-like Factor 5 Plays an Important Role in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5427. [PMID: 38001687 PMCID: PMC10670257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis results in the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and poses a risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Our previous study demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is necessary for forming acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) in acute pancreatitis. Here, we investigated the role of KLF5 in response to chronic injury in the pancreas. Human tissues originating from chronic pancreatitis patients showed increased levels of epithelial KLF5. An inducible genetic model combining the deletion of Klf5 and the activation of KrasG12D mutant expression in pancreatic acinar cells together with chemically induced chronic pancreatitis was used. The chronic injury resulted in increased levels of KLF5 in both control and KrasG12D mutant mice. Furthermore, it led to numerous ADM and PanIN lesions and extensive fibrosis in the KRAS mutant mice. In contrast, pancreata with Klf5 loss (with or without KrasG12D) failed to develop ADM, PanIN, or significant fibrosis. Furthermore, the deletion of Klf5 reduced the expression level of cytokines and fibrotic components such as Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Tgfb1, Timp1, and Mmp9. Notably, using ChIP-PCR, we showed that KLF5 binds directly to the promoters of Il1b, Il6, and Tgfb1 genes. In summary, the inactivation of Klf5 inhibits ADM and PanIN formation and the development of pancreatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alavi
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Ana Mejia-Bautista
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Meiyi Tang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
| | - Jela Bandovic
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21217, USA;
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA (M.T.)
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4
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Zhou H, Chang J, Zhang J, Zheng H, Miao X, Mo H, Sun J, Jia Q, Qi G. PRMT5 activates KLF5 by methylation to facilitate lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 28:e17856. [PMID: 37461162 PMCID: PMC10902573 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly expressed oncogenic factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) promotes various cancerous processes, such as cell growth, survival, anti-apoptosis, migration and metastasis, particularly in lung cancer. Nevertheless, the modifications to KLF5 after translation are poorly understood. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is considered as an oncogene known to be involved in different types of carcinomas, including lung cancer. Here, we show that the expression levels of PRMT5 and KLF5 are highly expressed lung cancer. Moreover, PRMT5 interacts with KLF5 and facilitates the dimethylation of KLF5 at Arginine 41 in a manner that depends on methyltransferase activity. Downregulation or pharmaceutical suppression of PRMT5 reduces the expression of KLF5 and its downstream targets both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the dimethylation of KLF5 by PRMT5 promotes the maintenance and proliferation of lung cancer cells at least partially by stabilising KLF5 via regulation of the Akt/GSK3β signalling axis. In summary, PRMT5 methylates KLF5 to prevent its degradation, thereby promoting the maintenance and proliferation of lung cancer cells. These results suggest that targeting PRMT5/KLF5 axis may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhen Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Mo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Jia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangsheng Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Yang Y, Bhargava D, Chen X, Zhou T, Dursuk G, Jiang W, Wang J, Zong Z, Katz SI, Lomberk GA, Urrutia RA, Katz JP. KLF5 and p53 comprise an incoherent feed-forward loop directing cell-fate decisions following stress. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:299. [PMID: 37130837 PMCID: PMC10154356 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to stress, cells make a critical decision to arrest or undergo apoptosis, mediated in large part by the tumor suppressor p53. Yet the mechanisms of these cell fate decisions remain largely unknown, particularly in normal cells. Here, we define an incoherent feed-forward loop in non-transformed human squamous epithelial cells involving p53 and the zinc-finger transcription factor KLF5 that dictates responses to differing levels of cellular stress from UV irradiation or oxidative stress. In normal unstressed human squamous epithelial cells, KLF5 complexes with SIN3A and HDAC2 repress TP53, allowing cells to proliferate. With moderate stress, this complex is disrupted, and TP53 is induced; KLF5 then acts as a molecular switch for p53 function by transactivating AKT1 and AKT3, which direct cells toward survival. By contrast, severe stress results in KLF5 loss, such that AKT1 and AKT3 are not induced, and cells preferentially undergo apoptosis. Thus, in human squamous epithelial cells, KLF5 gates the response to UV or oxidative stress to determine the p53 output of growth arrest or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dharmendra Bhargava
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Taicheng Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gizem Dursuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wenpeng Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jinshen Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Zong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sharyn I Katz
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gwen A Lomberk
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan P Katz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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6
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Lee E, Cheung J, Bialkowska AB. Krüppel-like Factors 4 and 5 in Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092430. [PMID: 37173904 PMCID: PMC10177156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors regulating various biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and homeostasis. Importantly, they participate in disease development and progression. KLFs are expressed in multiple tissues, and their role is tissue- and context-dependent. KLF4 and KLF5 are two fascinating members of this family that regulate crucial stages of cellular identity from embryogenesis through differentiation and, finally, during tumorigenesis. They maintain homeostasis of various tissues and regulate inflammation, response to injury, regeneration, and development and progression of multiple cancers such as colorectal, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, lung, and prostate, to name a few. Recent studies broaden our understanding of their function and demonstrate their opposing roles in regulating gene expression, cellular function, and tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the roles KLF4 and KLF5 play in colorectal cancer. Understanding the context-dependent functions of KLF4 and KLF5 and the mechanisms through which they exert their effects will be extremely helpful in developing targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lee
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jacky Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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7
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Ma NS, Mumm S, Takahashi S, Levine MA. Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis: a Contemporary Perspective on the Unique Skeletal Phenotype. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:85-94. [PMID: 36477366 PMCID: PMC10393442 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis (MCTO) is an ultra-rare disorder characterized by osteolysis of the carpal and tarsal bones, subtle craniofacial deformities, and nephropathy. The molecular pathways underlying the pathophysiology are not well understood. RECENT FINDINGS MCTO is caused by heterozygous mutations in MAFB, which encodes the widely expressed transcription factor MafB. All MAFB mutations in patients with MCTO result in replacement of amino acids that cluster in a phosphorylation region of the MafB transactivation domain and account for a presumed gain-of-function for the variant protein. Since 2012, fewer than 60 patients with MCTO have been described with 20 missense mutations in MAFB. The clinical presentations are variable, and a genotype-phenotype correlation is lacking. Osteolysis, via excessive osteoclast activity, has been regarded as the primary mechanism, although anti-resorptive agents demonstrate little therapeutic benefit. This paper appraises current perspectives of MafB protein action, inflammation, and dysfunctional bone formation on the pathogenesis of the skeletal phenotype in MCTO. More research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of MCTO to develop rational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Ma
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B265, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - S Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine and Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Children's, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M A Levine
- Center for Bone Health and Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Keller M, Rohlf K, Glotzbach A, Leonhardt G, Lüke S, Derksen K, Demirci Ö, Göçener D, AlWahsh M, Lambert J, Lindskog C, Schmidt M, Brenner W, Baumann M, Zent E, Zischinsky ML, Hellwig B, Madjar K, Rahnenführer J, Overbeck N, Reinders J, Cadenas C, Hengstler JG, Edlund K, Marchan R. Inhibiting the glycerophosphodiesterase EDI3 in ER-HER2+ breast cancer cells resistant to HER2-targeted therapy reduces viability and tumour growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2023; 42:25. [PMID: 36670508 PMCID: PMC9854078 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic or acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapy is often a problem when small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors or antibodies are used to treat patients with HER2 positive breast cancer. Therefore, the identification of new targets and therapies for this patient group is warranted. Activated choline metabolism, characterized by elevated levels of choline-containing compounds, has been previously reported in breast cancer. The glycerophosphodiesterase EDI3 (GPCPD1), which hydrolyses glycerophosphocholine to choline and glycerol-3-phosphate, directly influences choline and phospholipid metabolism, and has been linked to cancer-relevant phenotypes in vitro. While the importance of choline metabolism has been addressed in breast cancer, the role of EDI3 in this cancer type has not been explored. METHODS EDI3 mRNA and protein expression in human breast cancer tissue were investigated using publicly-available Affymetrix gene expression microarray datasets (n = 540) and with immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray (n = 265), respectively. A panel of breast cancer cell lines of different molecular subtypes were used to investigate expression and activity of EDI3 in vitro. To determine whether EDI3 expression is regulated by HER2 signalling, the effect of pharmacological inhibition and siRNA silencing of HER2, as well as the influence of inhibiting key components of signalling cascades downstream of HER2 were studied. Finally, the influence of silencing and pharmacologically inhibiting EDI3 on viability was investigated in vitro and on tumour growth in vivo. RESULTS In the present study, we show that EDI3 expression is highest in ER-HER2 + human breast tumours, and both expression and activity were also highest in ER-HER2 + breast cancer cell lines. Silencing HER2 using siRNA, as well as inhibiting HER2 signalling with lapatinib decreased EDI3 expression. Pathways downstream of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and GSK3β, and transcription factors, including HIF1α, CREB and STAT3 were identified as relevant in regulating EDI3 expression. Silencing EDI3 preferentially decreased cell viability in the ER-HER2 + cells. Furthermore, silencing or pharmacologically inhibiting EDI3 using dipyridamole in ER-HER2 + cells resistant to HER2-targeted therapy decreased cell viability in vitro and tumour growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that EDI3 may be a potential novel therapeutic target in patients with HER2-targeted therapy-resistant ER-HER2 + breast cancer that should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Keller
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Rohlf
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Glotzbach
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gregor Leonhardt
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Lüke
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Derksen
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Özlem Demirci
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Defne Göçener
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mohammad AlWahsh
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS E.V, Dortmund, Germany ,grid.411778.c0000 0001 2162 1728Institute of Pathology and Medical Research Center (ZMF), University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.443348.c0000 0001 0244 5415Department of Pharmacy, AlZaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jörg Lambert
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS E.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- grid.410607.4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- grid.410607.4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Baumann
- grid.505582.fPharmacology Department, Lead Discovery Center, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eldar Zent
- grid.505582.fPharmacology Department, Lead Discovery Center, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mia-Lisa Zischinsky
- grid.505582.fPharmacology Department, Lead Discovery Center, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Birte Hellwig
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Madjar
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- grid.5675.10000 0001 0416 9637Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina Overbeck
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XLeibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Systematic Discovery of FBXW7-Binding Phosphodegrons Highlights Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases as Important Regulators of Intracellular Protein Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063320. [PMID: 35328741 PMCID: PMC8955265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A FBXW7 is an F-box E3 ubiquitin-ligase affecting cell growth by controlling protein degradation. Mechanistically, its effect on its substrates depends on the phosphorylation of degron motifs, but the abundance of these phosphodegrons has not been systematically explored. We used a ratiometric protein degradation assay geared towards the identification of FBXW7-binding degron motifs phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Most of the known FBXW7 targets are localized in the nucleus and function as transcription factors. Here, in addition to more transcription affecting factors (ETV5, KLF4, SP5, JAZF1, and ZMIZ1 CAMTA2), we identified phosphodegrons located in proteins involved in chromatin regulation (ARID4B, KMT2E, KMT2D, and KAT6B) or cytoskeletal regulation (MAP2, Myozenin-2, SMTL2, and AKAP11), and some other proteins with miscellaneous functions (EIF4G3, CDT1, and CCAR2). We show that the protein level of full-length ARID4B, ETV5, JAZF1, and ZMIZ1 are affected by different MAPKs since their FBXW7-mediated degradation was diminished in the presence of MAPK-specific inhibitors. Our results suggest that MAPK and FBXW7 partnership plays an important cellular role by directly affecting the level of key regulatory proteins. The data also suggest that the p38α-controlled phosphodegron in JAZF1 may be responsible for the pathological regulation of the cancer-related JAZF1-SUZ12 fusion construct implicated in endometrial stromal sarcoma.
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Palioura D, Lazou A, Drosatos K. Krüppel-like factor (KLF)5: An emerging foe of cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 163:56-66. [PMID: 34653523 PMCID: PMC8816822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are DNA-binding transcriptional factors, which regulate various pathways that pertain to development, metabolism and other cellular mechanisms. KLF5 was first cloned in 1993 and by 1999, it was reported as the intestinal-enriched KLF. Beyond findings that have associated KLF5 with normal development and cancer, it has been associated with various types of cardiovascular (CV) complications and regulation of metabolic pathways in the liver, heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Specifically, increased KLF5 expression has been linked with cardiomyopathy in diabetes, end-stage heart failure, and as well as in vascular atherosclerotic lesions. In this review article, we summarize research findings about transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of KLF5, as well as the role of KLF5 in the biology of cells and organs that affect cardiovascular health either directly or indirectly. Finally, we propose KLF5 inhibition as an emerging approach for cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Palioura
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Luo Y, Chen C. The roles and regulation of the KLF5 transcription factor in cancers. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2097-2117. [PMID: 33811715 PMCID: PMC8177779 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5) is a member of the KLF family. Recent studies have suggested that KLF5 regulates the expression of a large number of new target genes and participates in diverse cellular functions, such as stemness, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and migration. In response to multiple signaling pathways, various transcriptional modulation and posttranslational modifications affect the expression level and activity of KLF5. Several transgenic mouse models have revealed the physiological and pathological functions of KLF5 in different cancers. Studies of KLF5 will provide prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and potential drugs for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- Medical Faculty of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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12
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Fu J, Zheng H, Xue Y, Jin R, Yang G, Chen Z, Yuan G. WWP2 Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation by Monoubiquitinating KLF5. J Dent Res 2020; 100:432-439. [PMID: 33164644 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520970866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing E3 Ub-protein ligase 2 (WWP2) belongs to the homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ligase family. It has been explored to regulate osteogenic differentiation, chondrogenesis, and palatogenesis. Odontoblasts are terminally differentiated mesenchymal cells, which contribute to dentin formation in tooth development. However, it remained unknown whether WWP2 participated in odontoblast differentiation. In this study, WWP2 was found to be expressed in mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs), odontoblasts, and odontoblastic-induced mDPCs by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Besides, WWP2 expression was decreased in the cytoplasm but increased in the nuclei of differentiation-induced mDPCs. When Wwp2 was knocked down, the elevated expression of odontoblast marker genes (Dmp1 and Dspp) in mDPCs induced by differentiation medium was suppressed. Meanwhile, a decrease of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was observed by ALP staining, and reduced formation of mineralized matrix nodules was demonstrated by Alizarin Red S staining. Overexpression of WWP2 presented opposite results to knockdown experiments, suggesting that WWP2 promoted odontoblastic differentiation of mDPCs. Further investigation found that WWP2 was coexpressed and interacted with KLF5 in the nuclei, leading to ubiquitination of KLF5. The PPPSY (PY2) motif of KLF5 was essential for its physical binding with WWP2. Also, cysteine 838 (Cys838) of WWP2 was the active site for ubiquitination of KLF5, which did not lead to proteolysis of KLF5. Then, KLF5 was confirmed to be monoubiquitinated and transactivated by WWP2, which promoted the expression of KLF5 downstream genes Dmp1 and Dspp. Deletion of the PY2 motif of KLF5 or mutation of Cys838 of WWP2 reduced the upregulation of Dmp1 and Dspp. Besides, lysine (K) residues K31, K52, K83, and K265 of KLF5 were verified to be crucial to WWP2-mediated KLF5 transactivation. Taken together, WWP2 promoted odontoblastic differentiation by monoubiquitinating KLF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - H Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Y Xue
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - R Jin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - G Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - Z Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
| | - G Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, China
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Takagi Y, Sakai N, Yoshitomi H, Furukawa K, Takayashiki T, Kuboki S, Takano S, Suzuki D, Kagawa S, Mishima T, Nakadai E, Miyauchi H, Matsubara H, Ohtsuka M. High expression of Krüppel-like factor 5 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2078-2092. [PMID: 32279400 PMCID: PMC7293098 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5) plays an oncogenic role and has diverse functions in cancer cells. However, correlation between KLF5 and clinical outcome has not been determined in patients with colorectal cancer and colorectal liver metastasis. Herein, we analyzed 65 patients with colorectal cancer who developed colorectal liver metastasis. Clinical effects were assessed through immunohistochemical analysis of primary colorectal cancer lesions and metastatic liver lesions. High expression of KLF5 in these tissues correlated with the presence of vascular invasion, elevated serum carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 levels, large diameters of metastatic liver tumors, and poor prognosis following surgery. Multivariate analyses revealed that high expression of KLF5 was an independent prognostic factor. Increased expression of KLF5 in both colorectal cancer primaries and colorectal liver metastasis was significantly associated with shorter overall survival time and time to surgical failure. Krüppel‐like factor 5 expression positively correlated with Ki‐67 and c‐Myc expression in colorectal cancer tissues. In vitro experiments with colon cancer cell lines showed that siRNA knockdown of KLF5 inhibited cell proliferation. Western blot analyses revealed that knockdown of KLF5 expression reduced cyclin D1 and c‐Myc expression. It also impaired the stem cell‐like properties of cancer cells in tumorsphere formation assays. Furthermore, anoikis assay indicated that KLF5 contributed to anoikis resistance. High KLF5 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastasis by promoting cell proliferation and cancer stem cell‐like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takagi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nozomu Sakai
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takayashiki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Mishima
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eri Nakadai
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyauchi
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Yumimoto K, Nakayama KI. Recent insight into the role of FBXW7 as a tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:1-15. [PMID: 32113998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FBXW7 (also known as Fbw7, Sel10, hCDC4, or hAgo) is a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated member of the F-box protein family in human cancers. FBXW7 functions as the substrate recognition component of an SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It specifically controls the proteasome-mediated degradation of many oncoproteins such as c-MYC, NOTCH, KLF5, cyclin E, c-JUN, and MCL1. In this review, we summarize the molecular and biological features of FBXW7 and its substrates as well as the impact of mutations of FBXW7 on cancer development. We also address the clinical potential of anticancer therapy targeting FBXW7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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15
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Kim J, Wang C, de Sabando AR, Cole HL, Huang TJ, Yang J, Bannister TD, Yang VW, Bialkowska AB. The Novel Small-Molecule SR18662 Efficiently Inhibits the Growth of Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1973-1984. [PMID: 31358661 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a member of the SP/KLF family of zinc finger transcription factors, is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer specimens, and this overabundance is associated with aggressive cancer development and progression. We demonstrated that mice haploinsufficient for Klf5 had reduced intestinal tumor burden in the background of germline mutation in Apc, a gatekeeper of intestinal tumorigenesis. Based on a high-throughput screening strategy, we developed ML264, a small-molecule compound that inhibits KLF5, and showed that it inhibits growth of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo Through optimization efforts based on the structure of ML264, we have now identified a new lead compound, SR18662. We find that treatment with SR18662 significantly reduces growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells as compared with treatment with vehicle control, ML264, or SR15006 (a less optimized analogue from SAR efforts leading to SR18662). SR18662 showed improved efficacy in reducing the viability of multiple colorectal cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis following SR18662 treatment showed an increase in cells captured in either S or G2-M phases of the cell cycle and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells, the latter a unique property compared with ML264 or SR15006. SR18662 treatment also reduces the expression of cyclins and components of the MAPK and WNT signaling pathways. Importantly, we observed a significant dose-dependent inhibition of xenograft growth in mice following SR18662 treatment that exceeded the effect of ML264 at equivalent doses. These findings support further development of SR18662 and its analogues for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Ainara Ruiz de Sabando
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Hannah L Cole
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Timothy J Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
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16
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Bozkurt HS, Quigley EM, Kara B. Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis engineered to produce mycosporin-like amino acids in colorectal cancer prevention. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119825784. [PMID: 30719295 PMCID: PMC6348500 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119825784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The pathogensesis of colorectal cancer involves a multi-step and multi-factorial process. Disruption of the gut microbiota has been associated with gastrointestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer. The genus Bifidobacterium is considered an important component of the commensal microbiota and plays important roles in several homeostatic functions: immune, neurohormonal, and metabolic. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is a well-documented probiotic within the species Bifidobacterium. Mycosporin-like amino acids are low molecular weight amino acids demonstrated to exert prebiotic effects and to modulate host immunity by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, as well as cytokine production.Their modulation of the metabolism of the immune system and transcription factors could exert a beneficial effect on colorectal cancer. B. animalis does not produce mycosporin-like amino acids. If one could create a B. animalis–producing mycosporin-like amino acids via genetic open reading frame engineering it should exert more potent immuno-stimulatory properties and, thereby, become a potent strain-specific microbial based therapy in colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Mm Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banu Kara
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Adana Numune Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey
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17
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Zhang X, Choi PS, Francis JM, Gao GF, Campbell JD, Ramachandran A, Mitsuishi Y, Ha G, Shih J, Vazquez F, Tsherniak A, Taylor AM, Zhou J, Wu Z, Berger AC, Giannakis M, Hahn WC, Cherniack AD, Meyerson M. Somatic Superenhancer Duplications and Hotspot Mutations Lead to Oncogenic Activation of the KLF5 Transcription Factor. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:108-125. [PMID: 28963353 PMCID: PMC5760289 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Krüppel-like family of transcription factors plays critical roles in human development and is associated with cancer pathogenesis. Krüppel-like factor 5 gene (KLF5) has been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and to be genomically amplified in cancer cells. We recently reported that the KLF5 gene is also subject to other types of somatic coding and noncoding genomic alterations in diverse cancer types. Here, we show that these alterations activate KLF5 by three distinct mechanisms: (i) Focal amplification of superenhancers activates KLF5 expression in squamous cell carcinomas; (ii) Missense mutations disrupt KLF5-FBXW7 interactions to increase KLF5 protein stability in colorectal cancer; (iii) Cancer type-specific hotspot mutations within a zinc-finger DNA binding domain of KLF5 change its DNA binding specificity and reshape cellular transcription. Utilizing data from CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout screening, we reveal that cancer cells with KLF5 overexpression are dependent on KLF5 for their proliferation, suggesting KLF5 as a putative therapeutic target.Significance: Our observations, together with previous studies that identified oncogenic properties of KLF5, establish the importance of KLF5 activation in human cancers, delineate the varied genomic mechanisms underlying this occurrence, and nominate KLF5 as a putative target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Cancer Discov; 8(1); 108-25. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Choi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua M Francis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Galen F Gao
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aruna Ramachandran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yoichiro Mitsuishi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gavin Ha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Juliann Shih
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Francisca Vazquez
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aviad Tsherniak
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alison M Taylor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashton C Berger
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang W, Cheng M, Qiao S, Wang Y, Li H, Wang N. Gga-miR-21 inhibits chicken pre-adipocyte proliferation in part by down-regulating Kruppel-like factor 5. Poult Sci 2016; 96:200-210. [PMID: 27587730 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gga-miR-21 is abundantly expressed in chicken pre-adipocytes, but its role is unclear. The present study investigated the role of gga-miR-21 in chicken pre-adipocyte proliferation. Cell proliferation assay and gene expression analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) showed that the gga-miR-21 mimic inhibited pre-adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the gga-miR-21 inhibitor enhanced pre-adipocyte proliferation. The subsequent investigation identified Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) mRNA as a target of gga-miR-21. The gga-miR-21 mimic inhibited KLF5 3'UTR reporter activity and decreased endogenous KLF5 expression in primary pre-adipocytes. KLF5 knockdown using RNAi had a similar effect to that of the gga-miR-21 mimic on cell proliferation. The promoting effect of the gga-miR-21 inhibitor on pre-adipocyte proliferation was partially attenuated by KLF5 knockdown. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-21 inhibits chicken pre-adipocyte proliferation, at least in part, by targeting KLF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shupei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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20
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Liu JY, Lu JB, Xu Y. MicroRNA-153 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting KLF5. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2503-2508. [PMID: 27284339 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA (miR)-153 has been shown to play a role in several solid malignancies; however, its expression and function in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not been fully explored. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed in order to detect the expression levels of miR-153 in mucosal specimens isolated from patients undergoing total laryngectomy. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to analyze the cellular proliferation and invasion abilities of human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells transfected with miR-153 mimics or miR-153 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). It was found that miR-153 was downregulated in LSCC tissues. Furthermore, while miR-153 mimics inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, miR-153 ASO promoted HEp-2 cell growth and invasion. At a molecular level, it was predicted by bioinformatics that kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) has a miR-153 binding site. Luciferase and protein expression analyses revealed that miR-153 inhibited the protein expression of KLF5. These results suggest that miR-153 may act as a tumor suppressor during LSCC progression via the suppression of KLF5, and could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bin Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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21
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David CJ, Huang YH, Chen M, Su J, Zou Y, Bardeesy N, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Massagué J. TGF-β Tumor Suppression through a Lethal EMT. Cell 2016; 164:1015-30. [PMID: 26898331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β signaling can be pro-tumorigenic or tumor suppressive. We investigated this duality in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), which, with other gastrointestinal cancers, exhibits frequent inactivation of the TGF-β mediator Smad4. We show that TGF-β induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), generally considered a pro-tumorigenic event. However, in TGF-β-sensitive PDA cells, EMT becomes lethal by converting TGF-β-induced Sox4 from an enforcer of tumorigenesis into a promoter of apoptosis. This is the result of an EMT-linked remodeling of the cellular transcription factor landscape, including the repression of the gastrointestinal lineage-master regulator Klf5. Klf5 cooperates with Sox4 in oncogenesis and prevents Sox4-induced apoptosis. Smad4 is required for EMT but dispensable for Sox4 induction by TGF-β. TGF-β-induced Sox4 is thus geared to bolster progenitor identity, whereas simultaneous Smad4-dependent EMT strips Sox4 of an essential partner in oncogenesis. Our work demonstrates that TGF-β tumor suppression functions through an EMT-mediated disruption of a lineage-specific transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J David
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yun-Han Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jie Su
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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22
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Uddin S, Bhat AA, Krishnankutty R, Mir F, Kulinski M, Mohammad RM. Involvement of F-BOX proteins in progression and development of human malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 36:18-32. [PMID: 26410033 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Ruiz de Sabando A, Wang C, He Y, García-Barros M, Kim J, Shroyer KR, Bannister TD, Yang VW, Bialkowska AB. ML264, A Novel Small-Molecule Compound That Potently Inhibits Growth of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:72-83. [PMID: 26621868 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in Western civilization. Studies have shown that colorectal cancer arises as a consequence of the modification of genes that regulate important cellular functions. Deregulation of the WNT and RAS/MAPK/PI3K signaling pathways has been shown to be important in the early stages of colorectal cancer development and progression. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the proliferating intestinal crypt epithelial cells. Previously, we showed that KLF5 is a mediator of RAS/MAPK and WNT signaling pathways under homeostatic conditions and that it promotes their tumorigenic functions during the development and progression of intestinal adenomas. Recently, using an ultrahigh-throughput screening approach we identified a number of novel small molecules that have the potential to provide therapeutic benefits for colorectal cancer by targeting KLF5 expression. In the current study, we show that an improved analogue of one of these screening hits, ML264, potently inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro through modifications of the cell-cycle profile. Moreover, in an established xenograft mouse model of colon cancer, we demonstrate that ML264 efficiently inhibits growth of the tumor within 5 days of treatment. We show that this effect is caused by a significant reduction in proliferation and that ML264 potently inhibits the expression of KLF5 and EGR1, a transcriptional activator of KLF5. These findings demonstrate that ML264, or an analogue, may hold a promise as a novel therapeutic agent to curb the development and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Ruiz de Sabando
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Julie Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
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24
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Zhou Z, He C, Wang J. Regulation mechanism of Fbxw7-related signaling pathways (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2215-24. [PMID: 26324296 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (Fbxw7), the substrate-recognition component of SCFFbxw7 complex, is thought to be a tumor suppressor involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Although an increasing number of ubiquitin substrates of Fbxw7 have been identified, the best characterized substrates are cyclin E and c-Myc. Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways are tightly regulated by multiple regulators. Fbxw7 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review focused on the regulation of Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways and discussed findings to gain a better understanding of the role of Fbxw7 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chuanchao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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25
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Davis RJ, Welcker M, Clurman BE. Tumor suppression by the Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase: mechanisms and opportunities. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:455-64. [PMID: 25314076 PMCID: PMC4227608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors with widespread impact on carcinogenesis control broad spectra of oncogenic pathways. Protein degradation is an emerging mechanism by which tumor suppressors regulate a diversity of pathways and is exemplified by the SCF(Fbw7) ubiquitin ligase. Rapidly accumulating data indicate that SCF(Fbw7) regulates a network of crucial oncoproteins. Importantly, the FBXW7 gene, which encodes Fbw7, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers. These studies are yielding important new insights into tumorigenesis and may soon enable therapies targeting the Fbw7 pathway. Here, we focus on the mechanisms and consequences of Fbw7 deregulation in cancers and discuss possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Davis
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Markus Welcker
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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26
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Luan Y, Wang P. FBW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of KLF5. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:216-223. [PMID: 24921010 PMCID: PMC4050114 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family proteins are transcription factors that regulate numerous cellular functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Posttranslational modification of KLF proteins is important for their transcriptional activities and biological functions. One KLF family member with important roles in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis is KLF5. The function of KLF5 is tightly controlled by post-translational modifications, including SUMOylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Recent studies from our lab and others’ have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor FBW7 is an essential E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets KLF5 for ubiquitination and degradation. KLF5 contains functional Cdc4 phospho-degrons (CPDs), which are required for its interaction with FBW7. Mutation of CPDs in KLF5 blocks the ubiquitination and degradation of KLF5 by FBW7. The protein kinase Glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in the phosphorylation of KLF5 CPDs. In both cancer cell lines and mouse models, it has been shown that FBW7 regulates the expression of KLF5 target genes through the modulation of KLF5 stability. In this review, we summarize the current progress on delineating FBW7-mediated KLF5 ubiquitination and degradation.
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