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Hughes MP, Clarke KSP, Hoque R, Griffiths OV, Kruchek EJ, Johnson MP, Tariq MH, Kohli N, Lewis R, Labeed FH. Label-free, non-contact determination of resting membrane potential using dielectrophoresis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18477. [PMID: 39122771 PMCID: PMC11316104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurement of cellular resting membrane potential (RMP) is important in understanding ion channels and their role in regulation of cell function across a wide range of cell types. However, methods available for the measurement of RMP (including patch clamp, microelectrodes, and potential-sensitive fluorophores) are expensive, slow, open to operator bias, and often result in cell destruction. We present non-contact, label-free membrane potential estimation which uses dielectrophoresis to determine the cytoplasm conductivity slope as a function of medium conductivity. By comparing this to patch clamp data available in the literature, we have demonstratet the accuracy of this approach using seven different cell types, including primary suspension cells (red blood cells, platelets), cultured suspension cells (THP-1), primary adherent cells (chondrocytes, human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells), and adherent (HeLa) and suspension (Jurkat) cancer cell lines. Analysis of the effect of ion channel inhibitors suggests the effects of pharmaceutical agents (TEA on HeLa; DMSO and neuraminidase on red blood cells) can also be measured. Comparison with published values of membrane potential suggest that the differences between our estimates and values recorded by patch clamp are accurate to within published margins of error. The method is low-cost, non-destructive, operator-independent and label-free, and has previously been shown to allow cells to be recovered after measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pycraft Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Krista S P Clarke
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Rashedul Hoque
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Oreoluwa V Griffiths
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Emily J Kruchek
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Muhammad Hamza Tariq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nupur Kohli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Fatima H Labeed
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
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Hwang J, Moon H, Kim H, Kim KY. Identification of a Novel ERK5 (MAPK7) Inhibitor, MHJ-627, and Verification of Its Potent Anticancer Efficacy in Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6154-6169. [PMID: 37504304 PMCID: PMC10377775 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is involved in key cellular processes. However, overexpression and upregulation of ERK5 have been reported in various cancers, and ERK5 is associated with almost every biological characteristic of cancer cells. Accordingly, ERK5 has become a novel target for the development of anticancer drugs as inhibition of ERK5 shows suppressive effects of the deleterious properties of cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and identification of a novel ERK5 inhibitor, MHJ-627, and verify its potent anticancer efficacy in a yeast model and the cervical cancer HeLa cell line. MHJ-627 successfully inhibited the kinase activity of ERK5 (IC50: 0.91 μM) and promoted the mRNA expression of tumor suppressors and anti-metastatic genes. Moreover, we observed significant cancer cell death, accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels of the cell proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), following ERK5 inhibition due to MHJ-627 treatment. We expect this finding to serve as a lead compound for further identification of inhibitors for ERK5-directed novel approaches for oncotherapy with increased specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghye Hwang
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Moon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Vasileva VY, Khairullina ZM, Sudarikova AV, Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin VI. Role of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia K562 Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:583. [PMID: 37367787 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) are important participants in calcium signaling pathways due to their ability to be activated by an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. KCa channels are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in both normal and pathophysiological conditions, including oncotransformation. Previously, using patch-clamp, we registered the KCa currents in the plasma membrane of human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells, whose activity was controlled by local Ca2+ entry via mechanosensitive calcium-permeable channels. Here, we performed the molecular and functional identification of KCa channels and have uncovered their role in the proliferation, migration and invasion of K562 cells. Using a combined approach, we identified the functional activity of SK2, SK3 and IK channels in the plasma membrane of the cells. Selective SK and IK channel inhibitors, apamin and TRAM-34, respectively, reduced the proliferative, migratory and invasive capabilities of human myeloid leukemia cells. At the same time, the viability of K562 cells was not affected by KCa channel inhibitors. Ca2+ imaging showed that both SK and IK channel inhibitors affect Ca2+ entry and this could underlie the observed suppression of pathophysiological reactions of K562 cells. Our data imply that SK/IK channel inhibitors could be used to slow down the proliferation and spreading of chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells that express functionally active KCa channels in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Y Vasileva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zuleikha M Khairullina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Sudarikova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Mazumder K, Sumi TS, Golder M, Biswas B, Maknoon, Kerr PG. Antidiabetic profiling, cytotoxicity and acute toxicity evaluation of aerial parts of Phragmites karka (Retz.). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113781. [PMID: 33421602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phragmites karka (Retz.) of family Poaceae is a pristine tropical plant that is well known to the local healers for ailments of diabetes, fever, diarrhea and CNS depression but lacks the scientific evidence behind its traditional usage. Hence, we explicated this plant to find the scientific basis of its traditional utilization. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study aims to find out the antidiabetic potential, toxicity after oral administration and in vitro cytotoxic activity of aerial parts of the plant on HeLa cells. METHODS The plant was extracted with methanol by maceration and the crude extract was then subjected to solvent partitioning with modified Kupchan method for preparing several fractions. Phytochemical screening and total phenolic content of the plant was first determined through established procedures. Acute toxicity of the plant was studied by orally administering a single high dose (5000 mg/kg) of drug. Cytotoxicity of the methanolic plant extract was determined by measuring the percentage of cell viability on human cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa. In vitro antidiabetic activity was determined through iodine starch and DNSA (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method of α-amylase inhibition. Finally, in vivo oral glucose tolerance test and alloxan induced antidiabetic activity test was performed at 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight doses of plant extract to confirm the in vivo antidiabetic activity. RESULTS No mortality was demonstrated by Phragmites karka in the acute toxicity test. However, signs of cellular toxicity was observed and histopathological studies on major organs exhibited necrosis in liver and kidney. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed the death of HeLa cells by DCM (dichloromethane) and n-hexane fractions of plant extract at 100 and 10 μg/mL concentrations. The IC50 value of the fractions were later evaluated by MTT assay (316.1 and 96.7 μg/mL for n-hexane and DCM fractions, respectively). In the iodine starch and DNSA method of α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity test, substantial inhibition of enzyme was observed with the IC50 values of 2.05 and 2.08 mg/mL, respectively. In the in vivo antidiabetic activity test, considerable reduction in blood glucose level of diabetic mice was detected in both oral glucose tolerance test and alloxan induced antidiabetic activity test. In addition, the microscopic examination of pancreas showed noticeable recovery of pancreatic β cells and the blood lipid profile analysis represented a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of total cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein) and triglyceride level in plant extract treated mice. CONCLUSION Results of this study reveals that the Phragmites karka extract is toxic at cellular level after oral administration and cytotoxic when tested on HeLa cells. The plant also evidenced hypoglycemic property, possibly through the inhibition of α-amylase enzyme and recovered the pancreatic beta cells along with the improvement of lipid profile of diabetic mice. However, robust studies on this plant is required to isolate the bioactive compounds, elucidate structures and evaluate their mechanism of actions in support of our findings. CLASSIFICATION Toxicology and Safety, Quality Traditional Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; School of Biomedical Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tahamina Sultana Sumi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Mimi Golder
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Biswajit Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Maknoon
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Foy's Lake, Chiittagong, 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Philip G Kerr
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Han M, Sun D. Rational creation and systematic analysis of cervical cancer kinase–inhibitor binding profile. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:689-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Campos RP, Schultz IC, de Andrade Mello P, Davies S, Gasparin MS, Bertoni APS, Buffon A, Wink MR. Cervical cancer stem-like cells: systematic review and identification of reference genes for gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:139-152. [PMID: 28949053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Among many factors, the presence of cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells inside the tumor, has been associated with a worse prognosis. Considering the importance of gene expression studies to understand the biology of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSC), this work identifies stable reference genes for cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their respective cancer stem-like cells. A literature review was performed to identify validated reference genes currently used to normalize RT-qPCR data in cervical cancer cell lines. Then, cell lines were cultured in regular monolayer or in a condition that favors tumor sphere formation. RT-qPCR was performed using five reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP. Stability was assessed to validate the selected genes as suitable reference genes. The evaluation validated B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP in these experimental conditions. Among them, GAPDH and TBP presented the lowest variability according to the analysis by Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCq methods, being therefore the most adequate genes to normalize the combination of all samples. These results suggest that B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP are suitable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data of established cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their derived cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, GAPDH and TBP seem to be the most convenient choices for studying gene expression in these cells in monolayers or spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P de Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iago C Schultz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Davies
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuela S Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Bertoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Jenson LJ, Sun B, Bloomquist JR. Voltage-sensitive potassium channels expressed after 20-Hydroxyecdysone treatment of a mosquito cell line. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 87:75-80. [PMID: 28668511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to express receptors and ion channels in hormone-treated insect cell lines. Treatment of Anopheles gambiae Sua1B cells with 20-hydroxyecdysone showed an inhibition of cell growth over a time course of three days, with no change in cellular morphology. The effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone was enhanced in the presence of the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, but not tetraethylammonium. Concentration-response curves of 4-aminopyridine in the presence of 42 μM (1 mg/ml) 20-hydroxyecdysone showed similar IC50 values (6-10 μM) across 3 day exposures. Whole cell patch clamp confirmed the expression of delayed-rectifier (Kv2) potassium channels in hormone-supplemented Sua1B cells, whereas untreated Sua1B cells showed no evidence of Kv2 expression. The hormone-induced expression of Kv2 channels occurred in as little as 4 h after treatment, but were not observed after 24 h of exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone, suggesting they played a role in cell death. The expressed channels had current-voltage relationships diagnostic for the Kv2 subtype, and were inhibited with an IC50 = 13 mM of tetraethylammonium. Overall, these parameters were similar to Anopheles gambiae Kv2 potassium channels expressed in HEK-293 cells. The induced presence of ion channels (and possibly receptors) in these cells has potential utility for high throughput screening and basic neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Jenson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA; Bedoukian Research Inc., 21 Finance Drive, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Baonan Sun
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA.
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Atif F, Patel NR, Yousuf S, Stein DG. The Synergistic Effect of Combination Progesterone and Temozolomide on Human Glioblastoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131441. [PMID: 26110872 PMCID: PMC4482510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive malignant brain tumor. Despite optimal treatment and evolving standard of care, the median survival of patients diagnosed with GBM is only 12–15 months. In this study, we combined progesterone (PROG) and temozolomide (TMZ), a standard chemotherapeutic agent for human GBM, to test whether PROG enhances the antitumor effects of TMZ and reduces its side effects. Two WHO grade IV human GBM cells lines (U87MG and U118MG) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were repeatedly exposed to PROG and TMZ either alone or in combination for 3 and 6 days. Cell death was measured by MTT reduction assay. PROG and TMZ individually induced tumor cell death in a dose-dependent manner. PROG at high doses produced more cell death than TMZ alone. When combined, PROG enhanced the cell death-inducing effect of TMZ. In HDFs, PROG did not reduce viability even at the same high cytotoxic doses, but TMZ did so in a dose-dependent manner. In combination, PROG reduced TMZ toxicity in HDFs. PROG alone and in combination with TMZ suppressed the EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and MGMT expression in U87MG cells, thus suppressing cell proliferation. PROG and TMZ individually reduced cell migration in U87MG cells but did so more effectively in combination. PROG enhances the cytotoxic effects of TMZ in GBM cells and reduces its toxic side effects in healthy primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil R. Patel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
| | - Donald G. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States of America
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Hirst CS, Foong JPP, Stamp LA, Fegan E, Dent S, Cooper EC, Lomax AE, Anderson CR, Bornstein JC, Young HM, McKeown SJ. Ion channel expression in the developing enteric nervous system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123436. [PMID: 25798587 PMCID: PMC4370736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) that migrate caudally along the embryonic gut. The expression of ion channels by ENCCs in embryonic mice was investigated using a PCR-based array, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Many ion channels, including chloride, calcium, potassium and sodium channels were already expressed by ENCCs at E11.5. There was an increase in the expression of numerous ion channel genes between E11.5 and E14.5, which coincides with ENCC migration and the first extension of neurites by enteric neurons. Previous studies have shown that a variety of ion channels regulates neurite extension and migration of many cell types. Pharmacological inhibition of a range of chloride or calcium channels had no effect on ENCC migration in cultured explants or neuritogenesis in vitro. The non-selective potassium channel inhibitors, TEA and 4-AP, retarded ENCC migration and neuritogenesis, but only at concentrations that also resulted in cell death. In summary, a large range of ion channels is expressed while ENCCs are colonizing the gut, but we found no evidence that ENCC migration or neuritogenesis requires chloride, calcium or potassium channel activity. Many of the ion channels are likely to be involved in the development of electrical excitability of enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Hirst
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaime P. P. Foong
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Fegan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephan Dent
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward C. Cooper
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan E. Lomax
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin R. Anderson
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather M. Young
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja J. McKeown
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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