Repeating structures of the major staphylococcal autolysin are essential for the interaction with human thrombospondin 1 and vitronectin

Platelet interaction and performance of antibacterial bioinspired nanostructures passivated with human plasma

The ever-increasing ageing of the world population is demanding superior orthopedic devices. Issues such as implant infection, poor osseointegration, or chronic inflammation remain problematic to the lifespan and long-term efficacy of implants. Fabrication of materials with bioinspired nanostructures is one emerging antibacterial strategy to prevent implant infection, however their interactions with blood components, and whether they retain their bactericidal properties in an environment displaying a complex protein corona, remains largely unexplored. In the present study, titanium alloy, commercially pure and plasma-sprayed titania were hydrothermally etched, passivated with human native plasma to develop a protein corona, and then incubated with either Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or human platelets. Surface analysis was first used to characterize the topography, chemical composition or crystallinity of each material. Fluorescence staining and SEM were performed to evaluate the nanostructure bactericidal properties, as well as to study platelet attachment and morphology. Composition of platelet supernatant was studied using ELISA and flow cytometry. Overall, our study showed that the bioinspired nanostructured surfaces displayed both impressive antibacterial properties in a complex environment, and a superior blood biocompatibility profile in terms of platelet activation (particularly for titanium alloy). Additionally, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines released by platelets was found to be no different to that found in native plasma (background levels) and, in some cases, presented a more pro-healing profile with an increased secretion of factors such as TGF-β, PDGF-BB or BMP-2. The nanostructured surfaces performed equally, or better, than hydroxyapatite-coated titanium which is one of the current gold standards in orthopedics. Although further in vivo studies are required to validate these results, such bioinspired nanostructured surfaces certainly show promise to be safely applied to medical device surfaces used in orthopedics and other areas.

Recruitment of Vitronectin by Bacterial Pathogens: A Comprehensive Overview

The key factor that enables pathogenic bacteria to establish successful infections lies largely in their ability to escape the host's immune response and adhere to host surfaces. Vitronectin (Vn) is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously present in blood and the extracellular matrix of several tissues, where it plays important roles as a regulator of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation and as a mediator of cell adhesion. Vn has emerged as an intriguing target for several microorganisms. Vn binding by bacterial receptors confers protection from lysis resulting from MAC deposition. Furthermore, through its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, Vn can bind several host cell integrins. Therefore, Vn recruited to the bacterial cell functions as a molecular bridge between bacteria and host surfaces, where it triggers several host signaling events that could promote bacterial internalization. Each bacterium uses different receptors that recognize specific Vn domains. In this review, we update the current knowledge of Vn receptors of major bacterial pathogens, emphasizing the role they may play in the host upon Vn binding. Focusing on the structural properties of bacterial proteins, we provide details on the residues involved in their interaction with Vn. Furthermore, we discuss the possible involvement of Vn adsorption on biomaterials in promoting bacterial adhesion on abiotic surfaces and infection.

Autolysin-mediated peptidoglycan hydrolysis is required for the surface display of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall-anchored proteins

Peptidoglycan hydrolases, or autolysins, play a critical role in cell wall remodeling and degradation, facilitating bacterial growth, cell division, and cell separation. In Staphylococcus aureus, the so-called "major" autolysin, Atl, has long been associated with host adhesion; however, the molecular basis underlying this phenomenon remains understudied. To investigate, we used the type V glycopeptide antibiotic complestatin, which binds to peptidoglycan and blocks the activity of autolysins, as a chemical probe of autolysin function. We also generated a chromosomally encoded, catalytically inactive variant of the Atl enzyme. Autolysin-mediated peptidoglycan hydrolysis, in particular Atl-mediated daughter cell separation, was shown to be critical for maintaining optimal surface levels of S. aureus cell wall-anchored proteins, including the fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) and protein A (Spa). As such, disrupting autolysin function reduced the affinity of S. aureus for host cell ligands, and negatively impacted early stages of bacterial colonization in a systemic model of S. aureus infection. Phenotypic studies revealed that Spa was sequestered at the septum of complestatin-treated cells, highlighting that autolysins are required to liberate Spa during cell division. In summary, we reveal the hydrolytic activities of autolysins are associated with the surface display of S. aureus cell wall-anchored proteins. We demonstrate that by blocking autolysin function, type V glycopeptide antibiotics are promising antivirulence agents for the development of strategies to control S. aureus infections.

Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to the host

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathobiont capable of colonizing and infecting most tissues within the human body, resulting in a multitude of different clinical outcomes. Adhesion of S. aureus to the host is crucial for both host colonization and the establishment of infections. Underlying the pathogen's success is a complex and diverse arsenal of adhesins. In this review, we discuss the different classes of adhesins, including a consideration of the various adhesion sites throughout the body and the clinical outcomes of each infection type. The development of therapeutics targeting the S. aureus host-pathogen interaction is a relatively understudied area. Due to the increasing global threat of antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial that innovative and alternative approaches are considered. Neutralizing virulence factors, through the development of antivirulence agents, could reduce bacterial pathogenicity and the ever-increasing burden of S. aureus infections. This review provides insight into potentially efficacious adhesion-associated targets for the development of novel decolonizing and antivirulence strategies.

Staphylococcus aureus cell wall maintenance - the multifaceted roles of peptidoglycan hydrolases in bacterial growth, fitness, and virulence

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and livestock pathogen that is well-protected against environmental insults by a thick cell wall. Accordingly, the wall is a major target of present-day antimicrobial therapy. Unfortunately, S. aureus has mastered the art of antimicrobial resistance, as underscored by the global spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The major cell wall component is peptidoglycan. Importantly, the peptidoglycan network is not only vital for cell wall function, but it also represents a bacterial Achilles' heel. In particular, this network is continuously opened by no less than 18 different peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) encoded by the S. aureus core genome, which facilitate bacterial growth and division. This focuses attention on the specific functions executed by these enzymes, their subcellular localization, their control at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, their contributions to staphylococcal virulence and their overall importance in bacterial homeostasis. As highlighted in the present review, our understanding of the different aspects of PGH function in S. aureus has been substantially increased over recent years. This is important because it opens up new possibilities to exploit PGHs as innovative targets for next-generation antimicrobials, passive or active immunization strategies, or even to engineer them into effective antimicrobial agents.

Development and validation of a high-throughput whole cell assay to investigate Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to host ligands

Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to the host's skin and mucosae enables asymptomatic colonization and the establishment of infection. This process is facilitated by cell wall-anchored adhesins that bind to host ligands. Therapeutics targeting this process could provide significant clinical benefits; however, the development of anti-adhesives requires an in-depth knowledge of adhesion-associated factors and an assay amenable to high-throughput applications. Here, we describe the development of a sensitive and robust whole cell assay to enable the large-scale profiling of S. aureus adhesion to host ligands. To validate the assay, and to gain insight into cellular factors contributing to adhesion, we profiled a sequence-defined S. aureus transposon mutant library, identifying mutants with attenuated adhesion to human-derived fibronectin, keratin, and fibrinogen. Our screening approach was validated by the identification of known adhesion-related proteins, such as the housekeeping sortase responsible for covalently linking adhesins to the cell wall. In addition, we also identified genetic loci that could represent undescribed anti-adhesive targets. To compare and contrast the genetic requirements of adhesion to each host ligand, we generated a S. aureus Genetic Adhesion Network, which identified a core gene set involved in adhesion to all three host ligands, and unique genetic signatures. In summary, this assay will enable high-throughput chemical screens to identify anti-adhesives and our findings provide insight into the target space of such an approach.

A Giant Extracellular Matrix Binding Protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis Binds Surface-Immobilized Fibronectin via a Novel Mechanism

Although it is normally an innocuous part of the human skin microbiota, Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen, and implanted foreign materials are an essential risk factor for the development of an infection. The extraordinary efficiency of S. epidermidis to colonize artificial surfaces is particularly related to the ability to form biofilms. Biofilm formation itself critically depends on stable pathogen binding to extracellular host matrix components, e.g. fibronectin (Fn), covering inserted devices in vast amounts. Extracellular matrix binding protein (Embp) and its subdomains referred to as the F-repeat and the FG-repeat are critical for adherence of S. epidermidis to surface-immobilized Fn. Embp-Fn interactions preferentially occur with surface-bound, but not folded, globular Fn via binding to the F3 domain. High-resolution structure analysis of F- and FG-repeats revealed that both repeats are composed of two tightly connected triple α-helix bundles, exhibiting an elongated but rather rigid structural organization in solution. Both F- and FG-repeat possess Fn-binding capacity via interactions with type III subdomain FN12, involving residues within the C and F β-sheet. FN12 essentially supports stability of the globular Fn state, and thus these findings reasonably explain why Embp-mediated interaction of S. epidermidis necessitates Fn surface immobilization. Thus, Embp employs an uncharacterized bacterial Fn-binding mechanism to promote staphylococcal adherence.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading pathogen in implant-associated hospital infections. The pathogenesis critically depends on bacterial binding to ECM components, specifically fibronectin (Fn). The cell surface-localized, 1-MDa extracellular matrix binding protein (Embp) is essentially characterized by 10 F- and 40 FG-repeats. These repetitive units, each characterized by two α-helical bundles, organize themselves in a rigid, elongated form. Embp binds preferentially to surface-localized but not soluble Fn, with both F- and FG-repeats being sufficient for Fn binding and resulting bacterial adherence. Binding preferentially involves Fn type III domain, specifically residues of FN12 β-sheets C and F. Both play key role in stabilizing the globular Fn conformation, explaining the necessity of Fn surface immobilization for a subsequent interaction with Embp. In comparison to many other bacterial Fn-binding proteins using the Fn N terminus, Embp employs a previously undescribed mechanism supporting the adhesion of S. epidermidis to surface-immobilized Fn.

The iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein from Staphylococcus aureus acts as a receptor for the host protein vitronectin

Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and other animals. S. aureus expresses a variety of virulence factors that promote infection with this pathogen. These include cell-surface proteins that mediate adherence of the bacterial cells to host extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin and fibrinogen. Here, using immunoblotting, ELISA, and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we report that the iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein, besides being involved in heme transport, plays a novel role as a receptor for the plasma and extracellular matrix protein vitronectin (Vn). Vn-binding activity was expressed by staphylococcal strains grown under iron starvation conditions when Isd proteins are expressed. Recombinant IsdB bound Vn dose dependently and specifically. Both near-iron transporter motifs NEAT₁ and NEAT₂ of IsdB individually bound Vn in a saturable manner, with K_D values in the range of 16-18 nm Binding of Vn to IsdB was specifically blocked by heparin and reduced at high ionic strength. Furthermore, IsdB-expressing bacterial cells bound significantly higher amounts of Vn from human plasma than did an isdB mutant. Adherence to and invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells by IsdB-expressing S. aureus cells was promoted by Vn, and an α_vβ₃ integrin-blocking mAb or cilengitide inhibited adherence and invasion by staphylococci, suggesting that Vn acts as a bridge between IsdB and host α_vβ₃ integrin.

Complement C9 binding site and the anti-microbial activity of caprine vitronectin are localized in close proximity in the N-terminal region of the protein

Vitronectin (Vn) is a ligand for complement C9 and modulates its activity that favors bacterial growth and survival. At the same time, the anti-microbial activity of the heparin-binding region of human Vn has been documented. To understand these diverse and opposite functions of the protein, we have analyzed the interaction of caprine Vn with C9 in the homologous system. In a previous study, the C9 binding activity was mapped to the N-fragment of the caprine Vn (N-Vn), representing the first 200 amino acids. Interestingly, this fragment also inhibited bacterial growth. In this study, we have generated four sub-fragments of N-Vn and analyzed C9 binding by ELISA, blot overlay, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These sub-fragments were also tested for antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus by drop plate method and analyzing cell death by flow cytometry. Results of these analyses together with previous data suggest that in addition to the second RGD motif (106-108 amino acids), the first 47 residues are also required for C9 binding. The anti-microbial tests employed indicate that the growth inhibitory property is contributed by 101-150 residues of Vn. These results provide an initial insight into two diverse Vn functions.

Host and body site-specific adaptation of Lactobacillus crispatus genomes

Lactobacillus crispatus is a common inhabitant of both healthy poultry gut and human vaginal tract, and the absence of this species has been associated with a higher risk of developing infectious diseases. In this study, we analyzed 105 L. crispatus genomes isolated from a variety of ecological niches, including the human vaginal tract, human gut, chicken gut and turkey gut, to shed light on the genetic and functional features that drive evolution and adaptation of this important species. We performed in silico analyses to identify the pan and core genomes of L. crispatus, and to reveal the genomic differences and similarities associated with their origins of isolation. Our results demonstrated that, although a significant portion of the genomic content is conserved, human and poultry L. crispatus isolates evolved to encompass different genomic features (e.g. carbohydrate usage, CRISPR-Cas immune systems, prophage occurrence) in order to thrive in different environmental niches. We also observed that chicken and turkey L. crispatus isolates can be differentiated based on their genomic information, suggesting significant differences may exist between these two poultry gut niches. These results provide insights into host and niche-specific adaptation patterns in species of human and animal importance.

Extracellular Matrix Interactions with Gram-Positive Pathogens

The main strategies used by pathogenic bacteria to infect eukaryotic tissue include their adherence to cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), the subsequent colonization and invasion as well as the evasion of immune defences. A variety of structurally and functionally characterized adhesins and binding proteins of gram-positive bacteria facilitate these processes by specifically recognizing and interacting with various components of the host ECM, including different collagens, fibronectin and other macromolecules. The ECM affects the cellular physiology of our body and is critical for adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of many host cell types, but also provides the support for infiltrating pathogens, particularly under conditions of injury and trauma. Moreover, microbial binding to a variety of adhesive components in host tissue fluids leads to structural and/or functional alterations of host proteins and to the activation of cellular mechanisms that influence tissue and cell invasion of pathogens. Since the diverse interactions of gram-positive bacteria with the ECM represent important pathogenicity mechanisms, their characterization not only allows a better understanding of microbial invasion but also provides clues for the design of novel therapeutic strategies to manage infectious diseases.

Contribution of Human Thrombospondin-1 to the Pathogenesis of Gram-Positive Bacteria

A successful colonization of different compartments of the human host requires multifactorial contacts between bacterial surface proteins and host factors. Extracellular matrix proteins and matricellular proteins such as thrombospondin-1 play a pivotal role as adhesive substrates to ensure a strong interaction with pathobionts like the Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The human glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 is a component of the extracellular matrix and is highly abundant in the bloodstream during bacteremia. Human platelets secrete thrombospondin-1, which is then acquired by invading pathogens to facilitate colonization and immune evasion. Gram-positive bacteria express a broad spectrum of surface-exposed proteins, some of which also recognize thrombospondin-1. This review highlights the importance of thrombospondin-1 as an adhesion substrate to facilitate colonization, and we summarize the variety of thrombospondin-1-binding proteins of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus.

Pentadecanal inspired molecules as new anti-biofilm agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis, a harmless human skin colonizer, is a significant nosocomial pathogen in predisposed hosts because of its capability to form a biofilm on indwelling medical devices. In a recent paper, the purification and identification of the pentadecanal produced by the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125, able to impair S. epidermidis biofilm formation, were reported. Here the authors report on the chemical synthesis of pentadecanal derivatives, their anti-biofilm activity on S. epidermidis, and their action in combination with antibiotics. The results clearly indicate that the pentadecanal derivatives were able to prevent, to a different extent, biofilm formation and that pentadecanoic acid positively modulated the antimicrobial activity of the vancomycin. The cytotoxicity of these new anti-biofilm molecules was tested on two different immortalized eukaryotic cell lines in view of their potential applications.

Autolysin mediated adherence of Staphylococcus aureus with Fibronectin, Gelatin and Heparin

Major autolysin (Atl) of Staphylococcus aureusis a cell surface associated peptidoglycan hydrolase with amidase and glucosaminidase domains. Atl enzymes (amidase and glucosaminidase) are known to participate in biofilm formation and also can bind with host matrices. Earlier studies demonstrated the binding of Atlwithfibronectin, thrombospondin 1, vitronectin and heat shock cognate protein Hsc70. Here, we have shown, Atl mediates attachment of S.aureus to heparin and gelatine as well. The atl mutant strain demonstrated around 2.5 fold decreased adherence with fibronectin, gelatin and heparin coated microtiter plates. The microscopic studies confirmed the reduced binding of atl mutant with them compared to its parental wild type and complemented mutant strains. Amidase and glucosaminidase were expressed as N-terminal histidine tagged proteins from Escherichia coli, purified and refolded. We found refolded amidase bind with fibronectin, gelatin and heparin; whereas refolded glucosaminidase binds with only fibronectin and heparin but not gelatin. These results reemphasize Atl as one of the crucial proteins from Staphylococcus that facilitate their binding with multiple host cellular components during colonization and infection.

Adaptation in a Fibronectin Binding Autolysin of Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Human-pathogenic bacteria are found in a variety of niches, including free-living, zoonotic, and microbiome environments. Identifying bacterial adaptations that enable invasive disease is an important means of gaining insight into the molecular basis of pathogenesis and understanding pathogen emergence. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a leading cause of urinary tract infections, can be found in the environment, food, animals, and the human microbiome. We identified a selective sweep in the gene encoding the Aas adhesin, a key virulence factor that binds host fibronectin. We hypothesize that the mutation under selection (aas_2206A>C) facilitates colonization of the urinary tract, an environment where bacteria are subject to strong shearing forces. The mutation appears to have enabled emergence and expansion of a human-pathogenic lineage of S. saprophyticus. These results demonstrate the power of evolutionary genomic approaches in discovering the genetic basis of virulence and emphasize the pleiotropy and adaptability of bacteria occupying diverse niches. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus saprophyticus is an important cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in women; such UTI are common, can be severe, and are associated with significant impacts to public health. In addition to being a cause of human UTI, S. saprophyticus can be found in the environment, in food, and associated with animals. After discovering that UTI strains of S. saprophyticus are for the most part closely related to each other, we sought to determine whether these strains are specially adapted to cause disease in humans. We found evidence suggesting that a mutation in the gene aas is advantageous in the context of human infection. We hypothesize that the mutation allows S. saprophyticus to survive better in the human urinary tract. These results show how bacteria found in the environment can evolve to cause disease.

Serotype 3 pneumococci sequester platelet-derived human thrombospondin-1 via the adhesin and immune evasion protein Hic

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 strains emerge frequently within clinical isolates of invasive diseases. Bacterial invasion into deeper tissues is associated with colonization and immune evasion mechanisms. Thus, pneumococci express a versatile repertoire of surface proteins sequestering and interacting specifically with components of the human extracellular matrix and serum. Hic, a PspC-like pneumococcal surface protein, possesses vitronectin and factor H binding activity. Here, we show that heterologously expressed Hic domains interact, similar to the classical PspC molecule, with human matricellular thrombospondin-1 (hTSP-1). Binding studies with isolated human thrombospondin-1 and various Hic domains suggest that the interaction between hTSP-1 and Hic differs from binding to vitronectin and factor H. Binding of Hic to hTSP-1 is inhibited by heparin and chondroitin sulfate A, indicating binding to the N-terminal globular domain or type I repeats of hTSP-1. Competitive inhibition experiments with other pneumococcal hTSP-1 adhesins demonstrated that PspC and PspC-like Hic recognize similar domains, whereas PavB and Hic can bind simultaneously to hTSP-1. In conclusion, Hic binds specifically hTSP-1; however, truncation in the N-terminal part of Hic decreases the binding activity, suggesting that the full length of the α-helical regions of Hic is required for an optimal interaction.

Host-derived extracellular RNA promotes adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to endothelial and epithelial cells

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The infection process involves bacterial cell surface receptors, which interact with host extracellular matrix components to facilitate colonization and dissemination of bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of host-derived extracellular RNA (eRNA) in the process of pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our study demonstrates that eRNA dose-dependently increased S. pneumoniae invasion of alveolar epithelial cells. Extracellular enolase (Eno), a plasminogen (Plg) receptor, was identified as a novel eRNA-binding protein on S. pneumoniae surface, and six Eno eRNA-binding sites including a C-terminal 15 amino acid motif containing lysine residue 434 were characterized. Although the substitution of lysine 434 for glycine (K434G) markedly diminished the binding of eRNA to Eno, the adherence to and internalization into alveolar epithelial cells of S. pneumoniae strain carrying the C-terminal lysine deletion and the mutation of internal Plg-binding motif were only marginally impaired. Accordingly, using a mass spectrometric approach, we identified seven novel eRNA-binding proteins in pneumococcal cell wall. Given the high number of eRNA-interacting proteins on pneumococci, treatment with RNase1 completely inhibited eRNA-mediated pneumococcal alveolar epithelial cell infection. Our data support further efforts to employ RNAse1 as an antimicrobial agent to combat pneumococcal infectious diseases.

Vitronectin Binds to a Specific Stretch within the Head Region of Yersinia Adhesin A and Thereby Modulates Yersinia enterocolitica Host Interaction

Complement resistance is an important virulence trait of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye). The predominant virulence factor expressed by Ye is Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), which enables bacterial attachment to host cells and extracellular matrix and additionally allows the acquisition of soluble serum factors. The serum glycoprotein vitronectin (Vn) acts as an inhibitory regulator of the terminal complement complex by inhibiting the lytic pore formation. Here, we show YadA-mediated direct interaction of Ye with Vn and investigated the role of this Vn binding during mouse infection in vivo. Using different Yersinia strains, we identified a short stretch in the YadA head domain of Ye O:9 E40, similar to the 'uptake region' of Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII YadA, as crucial for efficient Vn binding. Using recombinant fragments of Vn, we found the C-terminal part of Vn, including heparin-binding domain 3, to be responsible for binding to YadA. Moreover, we found that Vn bound to the bacterial surface is still functionally active and thus inhibits C5b-9 formation. In a mouse infection model, we demonstrate that Vn reduces complement-mediated killing of Ye O:9 E40 and, thus, improved bacterial survival. Taken together, these findings show that YadA-mediated Vn binding influences Ye pathogenesis.

Conserved Patterns of Microbial Immune Escape: Pathogenic Microbes of Diverse Origin Target the Human Terminal Complement Inhibitor Vitronectin via a Single Common Motif

Pathogenicity of many microbes relies on their capacity to resist innate immunity, and to survive and persist in an immunocompetent human host microbes have developed highly efficient and sophisticated complement evasion strategies. Here we show that different human pathogens including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, acquire the human terminal complement regulator vitronectin to their surface. By using truncated vitronectin fragments we found that all analyzed microbial pathogens (n = 13) bound human vitronectin via the same C-terminal heparin-binding domain (amino acids 352-374). This specific interaction leaves the terminal complement complex (TCC) regulatory region of vitronectin accessible, allowing inhibition of C5b-7 membrane insertion and C9 polymerization. Vitronectin complexed with the various microbes and corresponding proteins was thus functionally active and inhibited complement-mediated C5b-9 deposition. Taken together, diverse microbial pathogens expressing different structurally unrelated vitronectin-binding molecules interact with host vitronectin via the same conserved region to allow versatile control of the host innate immune response.

TSP-1 Deficiency Alters Ocular Microbiota: Implications for Sjögren's Syndrome Pathogenesis

PURPOSE

The potential role of commensals as triggering factors that promote inflammation in dry eye disease has not been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ocular microbiota changes with the onset of dry eye disease in thrombospondin-1-deficient (TSP-1(-/-)) mice, a strain that develops Sjögren's syndrome-like disease.

METHODS

Conjunctival swabs were collected from TSP-1(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice and analyzed for bacterial presence. Opsonophagocytosis of the bacterial conjunctival isolates derived from the aged TSP-1(-/-) mice by neutrophils derived from either TSP-1(-/-) or C57BL/6 bone marrow was evaluated. The bactericidal activities of TSP-1-derived peptide were examined.

RESULTS

We found that in TSP-1(-/-) mice, the conjunctival colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci sp (CNS) species was significantly increased with aging and preceded that of the wild-type C57BL/6 control mice. This correlated with increased neutrophil infiltration into the conjunctiva of the TSP-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that TSP-1 plays a significant role in regulating immunity to commensals. Accordingly, the TSP-1(-/-) PMNs opsonophagocytozed the ocular commensals less efficiently than the TSP-1-sufficient neutrophils. Furthermore, a TSP-1-derived peptide, 4N1K, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity when compared to a control peptide against commensal sp.

CONCLUSION

These studies illustrate that alterations in the commensal frequency occur in the early stages of development of Sjögren's-like pathology and suggest that interventions that limit commensal outgrowth such as the use of TSP-1-derived peptides could be used for treatment during the early stages of the disease to reduce the commensal burden and ensuing inflammation.

Pneumococcal Adhesins PavB and PspC Are Important for the Interplay with Human Thrombospondin-1

The human matricellular glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 (hTSP-1) is released by activated platelets and mediates adhesion of Gram-positive bacteria to various host cells. In staphylococci, the adhesins extracellular adherence protein (Eap) and autolysin (Atl), both surface-exposed proteins containing repeating structures, were shown to be involved in the acquisition of hTSP-1 to the bacterial surface. The interaction partner(s) on the pneumococcal surface was hitherto unknown. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that pneumococcal adherence and virulence factor B (PavB) and pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) are key players for the interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with matricellular hTSP-1. PavB and PspC are pneumococcal surface-exposed adhesins and virulence factors exhibiting repetitive sequences in their core structure. Heterologously expressed fragments of PavB and PspC containing repetitive structures exhibit hTSP-1 binding activity as shown by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance studies. Binding of hTSP-1 is charge-dependent and inhibited by heparin. Importantly, the deficiency in PavB and PspC reduces the recruitment of soluble hTSP-1 by pneumococci and decreases hTSP-1-mediated pneumococcal adherence to human epithelial cells. Platelet activation assays suggested that PavB and PspC are not involved in the activation of purified human platelets by pneumococci. In conclusion, this study indicates a pivotal role of PavB and PspC for pneumococcal recruitment of soluble hTSP-1 to the bacterial surface and binding of pneumococci to host cell-bound hTSP-1 during adhesion.