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Zhang MQ, Li JR, Yang L, Peng ZG, Wu S, Zhang JP. ATG10S promotes IFNL1 expression and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins mediated by IFNL1. Autophagy 2024; 20:2238-2254. [PMID: 38842055 PMCID: PMC11423677 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2361580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ATG10S is a newly discovered subtype of the autophagy protein ATG10. It promotes complete macroautophagy/autophagy, degrades multiple viral proteins, and increases the expression of type III interferons. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of ATG10S cooperation with IFNL1 to degrade viral proteins from different viruses. Using western blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), tandem sensor RFP-GFP-LC3B and in situ proximity ligation assays, we showed that exogenous recombinant ATG10S protein (rHsATG10S) could enter into cells through clathrin, and ATG10S combined with ATG7 with IFNL1 assistance to facilitate ATG12-ATG5 conjugation, thereby contributing to the autophagosome formation in multiple cell lines containing different virions or viral proteins. The results of DNA IP and luciferase assays also showed that ATG10S was able to directly bind to a core motif (CAAGGG) within a binding site of transcription factor ZNF460 on the IFNL1 promoter, by which IFNL1 transcription was activated. These results clarified that ATG10S promoted autophagosome formation with the assistance of IFNL1 to ensure autophagy flux and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins and that ATG10S could also act as a novel transcription factor to promote IFNL1 gene expression. Importantly, this study further explored the antiviral mechanism of ATG10S interaction with type III interferon and provided a theoretical basis for the development of ATG10S into a new broad-spectrum antiviral protein drug.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; ATG10S: the shorter isoform of autophagy-related 10; CC50: half cytotoxicity concentration; CCV: clathrin-coated transport vesicle; CLTC: clathrin heavy chain; CM: core motif; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CPZ: chlorpromazine; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HsCoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; IFN: interferon; PLA: proximity ligation assay; rHsATG10S: recombinant human ATG10S protein; RLU: relative light unit; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ZNF: zinc finger protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Gen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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Boldeanu MV, Siloşi I, Bărbulescu AL, Sandu RE, Geormăneanu C, Pădureanu V, Popescu-Drigă MV, Poenariu IS, Siloşi CA, Ungureanu AM, Dijmărescu AL, Boldeanu L. Host immune response in chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of cytokines and inflammasomes. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:33-43. [PMID: 32747893 PMCID: PMC7728117 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major health issue worldwide and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is evidence that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with immune senescence by way of immune activation and chronic inflammation, which lead to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as progressive liver damage. Both the innate and adaptive immunity are firmly tied to the prognosis of an infection with HCV and its response to antiviral therapy. HCV is therefore associated with increased pro-inflammatory status, heightened production of cytokines, prolonged systemic inflammation, as well as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to the progression of hepatic fibrosis and HCC, but also secondary to cardiovascular diseases. Viral hepatic pathology is increasingly considered a disease that is no longer merely limited to the liver, but one with multiple metabolic consequences. Numerous in vitro studies, using experimental models of acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, has brought new information on immunopathological mechanisms resulting from viral infections and have highlighted the importance of involving complex structures, inflammasomes complex, in these mechanisms, in addition to the involvement of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. Beyond obtaining a sustained viral response and halting the aforementioned hepatic fibrosis, the current therapeutic “treat-to-target” strategies are presently focused on immune-mediated and metabolic disorders, to improve the quality of life and long-term prognosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Virgil Boldeanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Guedes de Sá KS, Amoras EDSG, Conde SRSDS, Queiroz MAF, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Intrahepatic TLR3 and IFNL3 Expressions Are Associated with Stages of Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C. Viruses 2021; 13:1103. [PMID: 34207750 PMCID: PMC8230343 DOI: 10.3390/v13061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inefficient immune response against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), combined with viral evasion mechanisms, is responsible for the chronicity of infection. The need to evaluate the innate mechanisms of the immune response, such as TLR3 and IFN-λ3, and their relationship with the virus-host interaction is important for understanding the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expressions of TRL3 and IFNL3 in liver tissue, seeking to evaluate whether these could be potential biomarkers of HCV infection. A total of 23 liver biopsy samples were collected from patients with chronic HCV, and 8 biopsies were collected from healthy control patients. RNA extraction, reverse transcription and qPCR were performed to quantify the relative gene expressions of TLR3 and IFNL3. Data on the viral load; AST, ALT, GGT and AFP levels; and the viral genotype were collected from the patients' medical records. The intrahepatic expression of TLR3 (p = 0.0326) was higher in chronic HCV carriers than in the control group, and the expression of IFNL3 (p = 0.0037) was lower in chronic HCV carriers than in the healthy control group. The expression levels of TLR3 (p = 0.0030) and IFNL3 (p = 0.0036) were higher in the early stages of fibrosis and of necroinflammatory activity in the liver; in contrast, TLR3 and IFNL3 expressions were lower in the more advanced stages of fibrosis and inflammation. There was no correlation between the gene expression and the serum viral load. Regarding the initial METAVIR scale scores, liver transaminase levels were lower in patients with advanced fibrosis when correlated with TLR3 and IFNL3 gene expressions. The results suggest that in the early stages of the development of hepatic fibrosis, TLR3 and IFN-λ3 play important roles in the antiviral response and in the modulation of the tolerogenic liver environment because there is a decrease in the intrahepatic expressions of TLR3 and IFNL3 in the advanced stages of fibrosis, probably due to viral evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents—PPG-BAIP, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
| | - Simone Regina Souza da Silva Conde
- João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, PA, Brazil;
- School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Umarizal, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (K.S.G.d.S.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (R.I.)
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Roy S, Guha Roy D, Bhushan A, Bharatiya S, Chinnaswamy S. Functional genetic variants of the IFN-λ3 (IL28B) gene and transcription factor interactions on its promoter. Cytokine 2021; 142:155491. [PMID: 33725487 PMCID: PMC7611124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ3 or IFNL3, formerly IL28B), a type III interferon, modulates immune responses during infection/inflammation. Several human studies have reported an association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the IFNL3 locus with expression level of IFNL3. Previous genetic studies, in the context of hepatitis C virus infections, had predicted three regulatory SNPs: rs4803219, rs28416813 and rs4803217 that could have functional/causal roles. Subsequent studies confirmed this prediction for rs28416813 and rs4803217. A dinucleotide TA-repeat variant (rs72258881) has also been reported to be regulating the IFN-λ3 promoter. In this study, we tested all these genetic variants using a sensitive reporter assay. We show that the minor/ancestral alleles of both rs28416813 and rs4803217, together have a strong inhibitory effect on reporter gene expression. We also show an interaction between the two principal transcription factors regulating IFNL3 promoter: IRF7 and NF-kB RelA/p65. We show that IRF7 and p65 physically interact with each other. By using a transient ChIP assay, we show that presence of p65 increases the promoter occupancy of IRF7, thereby leading to synergistic activation of the IFNL3 promoter. We reason that, in contrast to p65, a unique nature of IRF7 binding to its specific DNA sequence makes it more sensitive to changes in DNA phasing. As a result, we see that IRF7, but not p65-mediated transcriptional activity is affected by the phase changes introduced by the TA-repeat polymorphism. Overall, we see that three genetic variants: rs28416813, rs4803217 and rs72258881 could have functional roles in controlling IFNL3 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Roy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Debarati Guha Roy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Anand Bhushan
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Seema Bharatiya
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India
| | - Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, P.O.:N.S.S., Kalyani, West Bengal 741251, India.
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6
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Polyak SJ, Crispe IN, Baumert TF. Liver Abnormalities after Elimination of HCV Infection: Persistent Epigenetic and Immunological Perturbations Post-Cure. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010044. [PMID: 33430338 PMCID: PMC7825776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. While directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs are now able to cure virtually all hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, even in subjects with advanced liver disease, what happens to the liver and progression of the disease after DAA-induced cure of viremia is only beginning to emerge. Several large-scale clinical studies in different patient populations have shown that patients with advanced liver disease maintain a risk for developing HCC even when the original instigator, the virus, is eliminated by DAAs. Here we review emerging studies derived from multiple, complementary experimental systems involving patient liver tissues, human liver cell cultures, human liver slice cultures, and animal models, showing that HCV infection induces epigenetic, signaling, and gene expression changes in the liver associated with altered hepatic innate immunity and liver cancer risk. Of critical importance is the fact that these virus-induced abnormalities persist after DAA cure of HCV. These nascent findings portend the discovery of pathways involved in post-HCV immunopathogenesis, which may be clinically actionable targets for more comprehensive care of DAA-cured individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
| | - I. Nicholas Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm U1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pole Hépato-digestif, IHU, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.N.C.); (T.F.B.)
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7
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Zhang MQ, Zhao Q, Zhang JP. A new transcription factor ATG10S activates IFNL2 transcription by binding at an IRF1 site in HepG2 cells. Autophagy 2020; 16:2167-2179. [PMID: 31996071 PMCID: PMC7751675 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1719681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IFNL2 is a potent antiviral interferon, but the regulation of its gene expression is not fully clear. Here, we report the regulation of ATG10S for IFNL2 transcription. Through sequential deletion of the IFNL2 promoter sequence, we found LP1-1, a fragment of the promoter responding to ATG10S activity. Subcellular localization and DNA immunoprecipitation assays showed ATG10S translocating into the nucleus and binding to LP1-1. Online prediction for transcription factor binding sites showed an IRF1 targeting locus in LP1-1. Luciferase assays, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis revealed a core motif (CAAGAC) existing in LP1-1, which determined ATG10S and IRF1 activity; individual nucleotide substitution showed that the functional nucleotides of ATG10S targeting were C1, A3, and C6, and the ones associated with IRF1 were A3 and G4 within the core motif. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed ATG10S combination with KPNA1/importin α, KPNB1/importin β, and IRF1. The knockdown of endogenous IRF1 increased ATG10S activity on IFNL2 transcription. These results indicate that ATG10S as a transcription factor competes with IRF1 for the same binding site to promote IFNL2 gene transcription. Abbreviations: ATG10: autophagy related 10; ATG10S: the shorter isoform of autophagy related 10; BD: binding domain; CM: core motif; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HCV: hepatitis C virus; IF: immunofluorescence; IFN: interferon; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; LP: lambda promoter; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; RLU: relative light unit; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Research Station, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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8
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Liao KC, Chuo V, Fagg WS, Bradrick SS, Pompon J, Garcia-Blanco MA. The RNA binding protein Quaking represses host interferon response by downregulating MAVS. RNA Biol 2019; 17:366-380. [PMID: 31829086 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1703069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaking (QKI) is an RNA-binding protein (RBP) involved in multiple aspects of RNA metabolism and many biological processes. Despite a known immune function in regulating monocyte differentiation and inflammatory responses, the degree to which QKI regulates the host interferon (IFN) response remains poorly characterized. Here we show that QKI ablation enhances poly(I:C) and viral infection-induced IFNβ transcription. Characterization of IFN-related signalling cascades reveals that QKI knockout results in higher levels of IRF3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, complementation with QKI-5 isoform alone is sufficient to rescue this phenotype and reduce IRF3 phosphorylation. Further analysis shows that MAVS, but not RIG-I or MDA5, is robustly upregulated in the absence of QKI, suggesting that QKI downregulates MAVS and thus represses the host IFN response. As expected, MAVS depletion reduces IFNβ activation and knockout of MAVS in the QKI knockout cells completely abolishes IFNβ induction. Consistently, ectopic expression of RIG-I activates stronger IFNβ induction via MAVS-IRF3 pathway in the absence of QKI. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a novel role for QKI in negatively regulating host IFN response by reducing MAVS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Chuo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - W Samuel Fagg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Transplant Division, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Moroz K. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Liver: Good or Bad? Cells 2019; 8:E1308. [PMID: 31652893 PMCID: PMC6912708 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection triggers autophagy processes, which help clear out the dysfunctional viral and cellular components that would otherwise inhibit the virus replication. Increased cellular autophagy may kill the infected cell and terminate the infection without proper regulation. The mechanism of autophagy regulation during liver disease progression in HCV infection is unclear. The autophagy research has gained a lot of attention recently since autophagy impairment is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are three autophagy processes involved in the lysosomal degradation and extracellular release of cytosolic cargoes under excessive stress. Autophagy processes compensate for each other during extreme endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to promote host and microbe survival as well as HCC development in the highly stressed microenvironment of the cirrhotic liver. This review describes the molecular details of how excessive cellular stress generated during HCV infection activates CMA to improve cell survival. The pathological implications of stress-related CMA activation resulting in the loss of hepatic innate immunity and tumor suppressors, which are most often observed among cirrhotic patients with HCC, are discussed. The oncogenic cell programming through autophagy regulation initiated by a cytoplasmic virus may facilitate our understanding of HCC mechanisms related to non-viral etiologies and metabolic conditions such as uncontrolled type II diabetes. We propose that a better understanding of how excessive cellular stress leads to cancer through autophagy modulation may allow therapeutic development and early detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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El Aggan H, Farahat N, El Deeb N, Zeid A, El-Shendidi A. Peripheral blood and hepatic Toll-like receptor 7 expression and interferon lambda 1 levels in chronic hepatitis C: Relation to virus replication and liver injury. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:65-74. [PMID: 30926417 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) can recognize single-stranded RNA viruses like hepatitis C virus (HCV) with subsequent induction of different interferon (IFN) types including IFN lambda (IFNL), which activate an immediate anti-viral response. However, the role of TLR7 in inflammation and fibrosis, characteristics of HCV-induced liver injury, is still controversial. The present work was designed to investigate the potential role of TLR7 and IFNL1 in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in relation to viral replication and liver injury. METHODS Forty two treatment-naïve patients with CHC and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. TLR7 expression on peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes was studied by color flow cytometry and the frequency of TLR7+CD14+ cells was expressed as percentage of total monocyte count. Quantification of IFNL1 levels in serum was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Liver biopsies were examined for assessment of histological activity grade (A0-A3) and fibrosis stage (F0-F4) according to METAVIR scoring system as well as steatosis grade. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using human antibodies against TLR7 and IFNL1 and was scored semi-quantitatively (score 0-3). Hepatic expression of TLR7 and IFNL1 was further classified using a two-grade scale as low expression (score 0 or 1) and high expression (score 2 or 3). RESULTS Percentages of circulating TLR7+CD14+ monocytes and serum IFNL1 levels were significantly higher in patients with CHC than in healthy controls (P = 0.025 and P < 0.001 respectively) and were positively correlated with corresponding hepatic TLR7 and IFNL1 expression (P < 0.001 and P = 0.010 respectively). Significantly lower peripheral blood and hepatic TLR7 expression and IFNL1 levels were found in patients with viral loads between 200,000-600,000 IU/ml and >600,000 IU/ml than in those with viral load <200,000 IU/ml (P < 0.05), in patients with severe necroinflammation than in those with mild-to-moderate necroinflammation (P < 0.05) and in patients with advanced fibrosis than in those with early fibrosis (P < 0.01). Also, changes in TLR7 expression and IFNL1 production in peripheral blood and the liver were inversely correlated with serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (P < 0.05) and HCV RNA (P < 0.01), histological activity grade (P < 0.01) and fibrosis stage (P < 0.01). By plotting receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, serum IFNL1 showed higher sensitivity and specificity than percentages of circulating TLR7+CD14+ monocytes in discriminating patients with CHC according to the severity of hepatic necroinflammation (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.901 vs. 0.816 respectively) and fibrosis (AUC = 0.971 vs. 0.825 respectively) at a cut-off value of 44.75 pg/ml and 10.25% respectively. CONCLUSIONS TLR7 activation and IFNL1 production in CHC may play an important role in controlling viral replication and limiting hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and their downregulation may result in viral persistence and disease progression. The immunoregulatory role of TLR7-IFNL1 pathway in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection should be further studied. Clinical trials with a large number of patients are needed to assess the usefulness of serum IFNL1 as a potential biomarker for severity of liver injury in chronic HCV infection and other liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El Aggan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hepatobiliary Unit), Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nahla Farahat
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nevine El Deeb
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zeid
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hepatobiliary Unit), Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Assem El-Shendidi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hepatobiliary Unit), Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Zhang MQ, Li JR, Peng ZG, Zhang JP. Differential Effects of Autophagy-Related 10 Protein on HCV Replication and Autophagy Flux Are Mediated by Its Cysteine 44 and Cysteine 135. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2176. [PMID: 30319633 PMCID: PMC6165859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related 10 (ATG10) is essential for autophagy since it promotes ATG5-ATG12 complex formation. Our previous study found that there are two isoforms of the ATG10 protein, ATG10 (a longer one) and ATG10S, which have identical sequences except an absence of a 36-amino acid fragment (peptide B) in ATG10S, yet exhibit distinct effects on HCV genome replication. Here, we report the existence of two amino acids, cysteine at residue 44 and 135 (Cys44 and Cys135, respectively), in ATG10 being related to differential effects of ATG10 on HCV replication and autophagy flux. Through a series of ATG10 mutation experiments and protein modeling prediction, we found that Cys44 was involved in the dual role of the two isoforms of ATG10 protein on HCV replication and autophagy flux, and that Cys135 plays similar roles as Cys44, but the disulfide bond of Cys44-Cys135 was not verified in the ATG10 protein. Further analyses by full HCV virion infection confirmed the roles of -SH of Cys44 and Cys135 on HCV replication. ATG10 with deleted or mutated Cys44 and/or Cys135 could activate expression of innate immunity-related genes, including il28a, irf-3, irf-7, and promote complete autophagy by driving autophagosomes to interact with lysosomes via IL28A-mediation. Subcellular localization assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that ATG10 with the sulfydryl deletion or substitution of Cys44 and Cys135 could translocate into the nucleus and bind to promoter of IL28A gene; the results indicated that ATG10 with Cys44 and/or Cys135 absence might act as transcriptional factors to trigger the expression of anti-HCV immunological genes, too. In conclusion, our findings provide important information for understanding the differential roles on HCV replication and autophagy flux between ATG10 and ATG10S, and how the structure-function relationship of ATG10 transformed by a single -SH group loss on Cys44 and Cys135 in ATG10 protein, which may be a new target against HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Gen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission (NHC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Ribeiro MR, Moreli JB, Marques RE, Papa MP, Meuren LM, Rahal P, de Arruda LB, Oliani AH, Oliani DCMV, Oliani SM, Narayanan A, Nogueira ML. Zika-virus-infected human full-term placental explants display pro-inflammatory responses and undergo apoptosis. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2687-2699. [PMID: 29876782 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has been highly correlated with the development of neurological disorders and other malformations in newborns and stillborn fetuses after congenital infection. This association is supported by the presence of ZIKV in the fetal brain and amniotic fluid, and findings suggest that infection of the placental barrier is a critical step for fetal ZIKV infection in utero. Therefore, relevant models to investigate the interaction between ZIKV and placental tissues are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of Zika syndrome. In this report, we demonstrate that explant tissue from full-term human placentas sustains a productive ZIKV infection, though the results depend on the strain. Viral infection was found to be associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis of the infected tissue, and these findings confirm that placental explants are targets of ZIKV replication. We propose that human placental explants are useful as a model for studying ZIKV infection ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Rocha Ribeiro
- Department of Biology, School of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatological, Infectious, and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), National Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Premazzi Papa
- Paulo de Góes Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lana Monteiro Meuren
- Paulo de Góes Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, School of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Barros de Arruda
- Paulo de Góes Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Helio Oliani
- Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatological, Infectious, and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Cristina Mós Vaz Oliani
- Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatological, Infectious, and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Department of Biology, School of Biosciences, Humanities and the Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatological, Infectious, and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Liang HP, Hak H, Ji JM. A study on the relationship between HCV NS3 and endogenous IRF-3. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218784453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A and endogenous interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3). The localization of endogenous IRF-3 protein before and after virus infection was analyzed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA results revealed that the synergistic action of transfection and HCV virus infection could more effectively reduce the nuclear translocation of endogenous IRF-3 in HeLa cells, compared to the activation of Sendai virus infection alone. The highest nuclear translocation of endogenous IRF-3 in transfected HeLa cells occurred at 24 h after Sendai virus infection. Our study was consistent with a published paper, which revealed that HCV NS3/4A protease could suppress the activation of IRF-3 and was indispensable in the transcription of interferon (IFN)-α/β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hotta Hak
- Department of Microbiology and Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jian-Min Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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14
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Dual Roles of Two Isoforms of Autophagy-related Gene ATG10 in HCV-Subgenomic replicon Mediated Autophagy Flux and Innate Immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11250. [PMID: 28900156 PMCID: PMC5595887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and immune response are two defense systems that human-body uses against viral infection. Previous studies documented that some viral mechanisms circumvented host immunity mechanisms and hijacked autophagy for its replication and survival. Here, we focus on interactions between autophagy mechanism and innate-immune-response in HCV-subgenomic replicon cells to find a mechanism linking the two pathways. We report distinct effects of two autophagy-related protein ATG10s on HCV-subgenomic replication. ATG10, a canonical long isoform in autophagy process, can facilitate HCV-subgenomic replicon amplification by promoting autophagosome formation and by combining with and detaining autophagosomes in cellular periphery, causing impaired autophagy flux. ATG10S, a non-canonical short isoform of ATG10 proteins, can activate expression of IL28A/B and immunity genes related to viral ds-RNA including ddx-58, tlr-3, tlr-7, irf-3 and irf-7, and promote autophagolysosome formation by directly combining and driving autophagosomes to perinuclear region where lysosomes gather, leading to lysosomal degradation of HCV-subgenomic replicon in HepG2 cells. ATG10S also can suppress infectious HCV virion replication in Huh7.5 cells. Another finding is that IL28A protein directly conjugates ATG10S and helps autophagosome docking to lysosomes. ATG10S might be a new host factor against HCV replication, and as a target for screening chemicals with new anti-virus mechanisms.
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15
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Xu D, Jiang Y, Yang L, Hou X, Wang J, Gu W, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang J, Lu H. Long noncoding RNAs expression profile and functional networks in rheumatoid arthritis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95280-95292. [PMID: 29221127 PMCID: PMC5707021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The modifying effects of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recently have drawn much attention; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we aim to investigate the expression profile of lncRNAs in RA and identify promising targets for RA diagnosis and treatment. Microarray screening and real-time PCR of lncRNAs were performed by use of serum samples from 3 RA patients and 3 healthy controls. Significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs were verified in serum samples from 43 RA patients and 40 healthy controls by real-time PCR. We found that there were 73 up-regulated and 61 down-regulated lncRNAs as well as 128 up-regulated and 37 down-regulated mRNAs in serum samples of RA patients. Validation in RA clinical samples indicated 5 of these lncRNAs were significantly up-regulated including RNA143598, RNA143596, HIX0032090, IGHCgamma1, and XLOC_002730. Significant association was observed between these lncRNAs and the disease course, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF) as well as anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody. Additionally, 55 of the differentially expressed mRNAs were associated with 41 lncRNAs and were involved in signaling pathways of toll like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and cytokine, especially the IRF3/IRF7 mediated signaling transduction. Our study firstly shows the specific profile of lncRNAs in the serum of RA patients and potential signaling pathways involved in RA pathogenesis, which may provide novel targets for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China.,Clinical Medicine College of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xixing Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Weijun Gu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Lanyu Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Weifang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College and Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Hongying Lu
- Functional Laboratory, Clinical Medicine College of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
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16
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Kotenko SV, Durbin JE. Contribution of type III interferons to antiviral immunity: location, location, location. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7295-7303. [PMID: 28289095 PMCID: PMC5418032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.777102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) and the more recently identified type III IFNs (IFN-λ) function as the first line of defense against virus infection and regulate the development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Type III IFNs were originally identified as a novel ligand-receptor system acting in parallel with type I IFNs, but subsequent studies have provided increasing evidence for distinct roles for each IFN family. In addition to their compartmentalized antiviral actions, these two systems appear to have multiple levels of cross-regulation and act coordinately to achieve effective antimicrobial protection with minimal collateral damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kotenko
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, and
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Joan E Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, and
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey 07103
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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17
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Yin X, Li X, Ambardekar C, Hu Z, Lhomme S, Feng Z. Hepatitis E virus persists in the presence of a type III interferon response. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006417. [PMID: 28558073 PMCID: PMC5466342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like RNA helicase (RLR)-mediated interferon (IFN) response plays a pivotal role in the hepatic antiviral immunity. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) counter this response by encoding a viral protease that cleaves the mitochondria antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), a common signaling adaptor for RLRs. However, a third hepatotropic RNA virus, the hepatitis E virus (HEV), does not appear to encode a functional protease yet persists in infected cells. We investigated HEV-induced IFN responses in human hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. HEV infection resulted in persistent virus replication despite poor spread. This was companied by a type III IFN response that upregulated multiple IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), but type I IFNs were barely detected. Blocking type III IFN production or signaling resulted in reduced ISG expression and enhanced HEV replication. Unlike HAV and HCV, HEV did not cleave MAVS; MAVS protein size, mitochondrial localization, and function remained unaltered in HEV-replicating cells. Depletion of MAVS or MDA5, and to a less extent RIG-I, also diminished IFN production and increased HEV replication. Furthermore, persistent activation of the JAK/STAT signaling rendered infected cells refractory to exogenous IFN treatment, and depletion of MAVS or the receptor for type III IFNs restored the IFN responsiveness. Collectively, these results indicate that unlike other hepatotropic RNA viruses, HEV does not target MAVS and its persistence is associated with continuous production of type III IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xinlei Li
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Charuta Ambardekar
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Hu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Lhomme
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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18
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The Role of Type III Interferons in Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Therapy. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7232361. [PMID: 28255563 PMCID: PMC5309426 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7232361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human interferon (IFN) response is a key innate immune mechanism to fight virus infection. IFNs are host-encoded secreted proteins, which induce IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with antiviral properties. Among the three classes of IFNs, type III IFNs, also called IFN lambdas (IFNLs), are an essential component of the innate immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV). In particular, human polymorphisms in IFNL gene loci correlate with hepatitis C disease progression and with treatment response. To date, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly elusive; however it seems clear that viral infection of the liver induces IFNL responses. As IFNL receptors show a more restricted tissue expression than receptors for other classes of IFNs, IFNL treatment has reduced side effects compared to the classical type I IFN treatment. In HCV therapy, however, IFNL will likely not play an important role as highly effective direct acting antivirals (DAA) exist. Here, we will review our current knowledge on IFNL gene expression, protein properties, signaling, ISG induction, and its implications on HCV infection and treatment. Finally, we will discuss the lessons learnt from the HCV and IFNL field for virus infections beyond hepatitis C.
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19
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Kelm NE, Zhu Z, Ding VA, Xiao H, Wakefield MR, Bai Q, Fang Y. The role of IL-29 in immunity and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:91-8. [PMID: 27637354 PMCID: PMC7129698 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a new member of the recently discovered interferon λ (IFNλ) family. It is produced predominantly by maturing dendritic cells and macrophages. It has been implicated in numerous immunological responses and has shown antiviral activity similar to the Type I interferons, although its target cell population is more limited than the Type I interferons. In recent years, the role of IL-29 in the pathogenesis of various cancers has also been extensively studied. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances of IL-29 in immunological processes and the pathogenesis of various cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah E Kelm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, United States
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Vivi A Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, United States
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, United States; The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States.
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20
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Hashimoto S, Yamamoto S, Ogasawara N, Sato T, Yamamoto K, Katoh H, Kubota T, Shiraishi T, Kojima T, Himi T, Tsutsumi H, Yokota SI. Mumps Virus Induces Protein-Kinase-R-Dependent Stress Granules, Partly Suppressing Type III Interferon Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161793. [PMID: 27560627 PMCID: PMC4999214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic granular aggregations that are induced by cellular stress, including viral infection. SGs have opposing antiviral and proviral roles, which depend on virus species. The exact function of SGs during viral infection is not fully understood. Here, we showed that mumps virus (MuV) induced SGs depending on activation of protein kinase R (PKR). MuV infection strongly induced interferon (IFN)-λ1, 2 and 3, and IFN-β through activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) via retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway. MuV-induced IFNs were strongly upregulated in PKR-knockdown cells. MuV-induced SG formation was suppressed by knockdown of PKR and SG marker proteins, Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein 1 and T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1, and significantly increased the levels of MuV-induced IFN-λ1. However, viral titer was not altered by suppression of SG formation. PKR was required for induction of SGs by MuV infection and regulated type III IFN (IFN-λ1) mRNA stability. MuV-induced SGs partly suppressed type III IFN production by MuV; however, the limited suppression was not sufficient to inhibit MuV replication in cell culture. Our results provide insight into the relationship between SGs and IFN production induced by MuV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soh Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kubota
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Hsu YL, Wang MY, Ho LJ, Lai JH. Dengue virus infection induces interferon-lambda1 to facilitate cell migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24530. [PMID: 27456172 PMCID: PMC4960520 DOI: 10.1038/srep24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A marked increase in the rate of dengue virus (DENV) infection has resulted in more than 212 deaths in Taiwan since the beginning of 2015, mostly from fatal outcomes such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The pathogenic mechanisms of these fatal manifestations are poorly understood. Cytokines induce an overwhelming immune reaction and thus have crucial roles. Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ), a newly identified IFN subtype, has antiviral effects, but its immunologic effects in DENV infection have not been investigated. In the present study, we show that DENV infection preferentially induced production of IFN-λ1 in human dendritic cells (DCs) and human lung epithelial cells. Virus nonstructural 1 (NS1) glycoprotein was responsible for the effect. DENV-induced production of IFN-λ1 was dependent on signaling pathways involving toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, interferon regulation factor (IRF)-3, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). Blocking interaction between IFN-λ1 and its receptor IFN-λR1 through siRNA interference reduced DENV-induced DC migration towards the chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21, by inhibiting CCR7 expression. Furthermore, IFN-λ1 itself induced CCR7 expression and DC migration. Our study presents the first evidence of the mechanisms and effects of IFN-λ1 induction in DENV-infected DCs and highlights the role of this cytokine in the immunopathogenesis of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Yi Wang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ling-Jun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Research, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Sun Q, Wang Q, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. Immune Activation in the Liver by Nucleic Acids. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:151-7. [PMID: 27350945 PMCID: PMC4913071 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection in the liver, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The infection triggers a pro-inflammatory response in patients that is crucial for host defense. Recent studies have identified multiple transmembrane and cytosolic receptors that recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acids, and these receptors are essential for driving immune activation in the liver. In addition to sensing DNA/RNA from pathogens, these intracellular receptors can be activated by nucleic acids of host origin in response to sterile injuries. In this review, we discuss the expanding roles of these receptors in both immune and nonimmune cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J. Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Timothy R. Billiar, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Suite F1281, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tel: +1-412-647-1749, Fax: +1-412-647-3247,
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23
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Chinnaswamy S, Bhushan A, Behera AK, Ghosh S, Rampurkar V, Chandra V, Pandit B, Kundu TK. Roles for Transcription Factors Sp1, NF-κB, IRF3, and IRF7 in Expression of the Human IFNL4 Gene. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:49-63. [PMID: 26684959 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of a biologically active human IFNλ4 depends on the presence of a frameshift deletion polymorphism within the first exon of the interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) gene. In this report, we use the lung carcinoma-derived cell line, A549, which is genetically viable to express a functional IFNλ4, to address transcriptional requirements of the IFNL4 gene. We show that the GC-rich DNA-binding transcription factor (TF) specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is recruited to the IFNL4 promoter and has a role in induction of gene expression upon stimulation with viral RNA mimic poly(I:C). By using RNAi and overexpression strategies, we also show key roles in IFNL4 gene expression for the virus-inducible TFs, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IRF7. Interestingly, we also observe that overexpression of IFNλ4 influences IFNL4 promoter activity, which may further be dependent on the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway. Together, our work for the first time reports on the functional characterization of the human IFNL4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anand Bhushan
- 1 National Institute of Biomedical Genomics , Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit K Behera
- 2 Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore, India
| | - Sumona Ghosh
- 1 National Institute of Biomedical Genomics , Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Rampurkar
- 1 National Institute of Biomedical Genomics , Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikas Chandra
- 1 National Institute of Biomedical Genomics , Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhaswati Pandit
- 1 National Institute of Biomedical Genomics , Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- 2 Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore, India
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24
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Aboulnasr F, Hazari S, Nayak S, Chandra PK, Panigrahi R, Ferraris P, Chava S, Kurt R, Song K, Dash A, Balart LA, Garry RF, Wu T, Dash S. IFN-λ Inhibits MiR-122 Transcription through a Stat3-HNF4α Inflammatory Feedback Loop in an IFN-α Resistant HCV Cell Culture System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141655. [PMID: 26657215 PMCID: PMC4686105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV replication in persistently infected cell culture remains resistant to IFN-α/RBV combination treatment, whereas IFN-λ1 induces viral clearance. The antiviral mechanisms by which IFN-λ1 induces sustained HCV clearance have not been determined. AIM To investigate the mechanisms by which IFN-λ clears HCV replication in an HCV cell culture model. METHODS IFN-α sensitive (S3-GFP) and resistant (R4-GFP) cells were treated with equivalent concentrations of either IFN-α or IFN-λ. The relative antiviral effects of IFN-α and IFN-λ1 were compared by measuring the HCV replication, quantification of HCV-GFP expression by flow cytometry, and viral RNA levels by real time RT-PCR. Activation of Jak-Stat signaling, interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression, and miRNA-122 transcription in S3-GFP and R4-GFP cells were examined. RESULTS We have shown that IFN-λ1 induces HCV clearance in IFN-α resistant and sensitive replicon cell lines in a dose dependent manner through Jak-Stat signaling, and induces STAT 1 and STAT 2 activation, ISRE-luciferase promoter activation and ISG expression. Stat 3 activation is also involved in IFN-λ1 induced antiviral activity in HCV cell culture. IFN-λ1 induced Stat 3 phosphorylation reduces the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) through miR-24 in R4-GFP cells. Reduced expression of HNF4α is associated with decreased expression of miR-122 resulting in an anti-HCV effect. Northern blot analysis confirms that IFN-λ1 reduces miR-122 levels in R4-GFP cells. Our results indicate that IFN-λ1 activates the Stat 3-HNF4α feedback inflammatory loop to inhibit miR-122 transcription in HCV cell culture. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the classical Jak-Stat antiviral signaling pathway, IFN-λ1 inhibits HCV replication through the suppression of miRNA-122 transcription via an inflammatory Stat 3-HNF4α feedback loop. Inflammatory feedback circuits activated by IFNs during chronic inflammation expose non-responders to the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Aboulnasr
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Sidhartha Hazari
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Satyam Nayak
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Partha K. Chandra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Panigrahi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Pauline Ferraris
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Srinivas Chava
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Ramazan Kurt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Kyongsub Song
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Asha Dash
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Balart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Tong Wu
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA-70112, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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25
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Vallinoto ACR, Santana BB, Sá KSG, Ferreira TCS, Sousa RCM, Azevedo VN, Feitosa RNM, Machado LFA, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Is Not Associated with SNP rs12979860 of the IL-28B Gene. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:804167. [PMID: 26609200 PMCID: PMC4644563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/804167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between the rs12979860 polymorphism in the IL-28B gene and HTLV-1 infection as well as the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1-infected patients (26 HAM/TSP symptomatic and 53 asymptomatic) and 300 seronegative healthy controls were investigated. Plasma levels of the cytokines TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ from infected patients were measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The HTLV proviral load was measured using a real-time PCR assay, and T-cell subset counts were determined by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was used to genotype the rs12979860 SNP. The allelic and genotypic distributions displayed no significant differences among the investigated groups. No significant association between the serum cytokine levels and the presence of the rs12979860 SNP in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects was observed. A positive correlation (p = 0.0015) between TNF-β and IFN-γ was observed in the asymptomatic group, but a positive correlation was only observed (p = 0.0180) between TNF-α and IL-6 in the HAM/TSP group. The proviral load was significantly higher in HAM/TSP patients than in asymptomatic subjects. The present results do not support a previous report indicating an association between the SNP rs12979860 and HAM/TSP outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. R. Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Brasil Santana
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Keyla S. G. Sá
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rita Catarina M. Sousa
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66050-240 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vânia N. Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rosimar N. M. Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marluísa O. G. Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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26
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Sun J, Rajsbaum R, Yi M. Immune and non-immune responses to hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10739-10748. [PMID: 26478666 PMCID: PMC4600576 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The host innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in nearly every step of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In patients, the outcome is determined by a series of complex host-virus interactions, whether it is a natural infection or results from clinical intervention. Strong and persistent CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses are critical in HCV clearance, as well as cytokine-induced factors that can directly inhibit virus replication. Newly available direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are very effective in viral clearance in patients. DAA treatment may further result in the down-regulation of programmed death-1, leading to rapid restoration of HCV-specific CD8+ T cell functions. In this review, we focus on recent studies that address the host responses critical for viral clearance and disease resolution. Additional discussion is devoted to the prophylactic vaccine development as well as to current efforts aimed at understanding the host innate responses against HCV infection. Current theories on how the ubiquitin system and interferon-stimulated genes may affect HCV replication are also discussed.
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27
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Wack A, Terczyńska-Dyla E, Hartmann R. Guarding the frontiers: the biology of type III interferons. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:802-9. [PMID: 26194286 PMCID: PMC7096991 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) or IFN-λs regulate a similar set of genes as type I IFNs, but whereas type I IFNs act globally, IFN-λs primarily target mucosal epithelial cells and protect them against the frequent viral attacks that are typical for barrier tissues. IFN-λs thereby help to maintain healthy mucosal surfaces through immune protection, without the significant immune-related pathogenic risk associated with type I IFN responses. Type III IFNs also target the human liver, with dual effects: they induce an antiviral state in hepatocytes, but specific IFN-λ4 action impairs the clearance of hepatitis C virus and could influence inflammatory responses. This constitutes a paradox that has yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wack
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Li X, Zhang W, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Alkelai A, Lerer B, Jiang HY, Zhang DF, Yu L, Xu XF, Li M, Yao YG. Common variants of IRF3 conferring risk of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:67-73. [PMID: 25843157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder with high heritability. Recent studies have implicated genes involved in the immune response pathway in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a virus-immune-related gene, activates the transcription of several interferon-induced genes, and functionally interacts with several schizophrenia susceptibility genes. To test whether IRF3 is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene, we analyzed the associations of its SNPs with schizophrenia in independent population samples as well as reported data from expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in healthy individuals. We observed multiple independent SNPs in IRF3 showing nominally significant associations with schizophrenia (P < 0.05); more intriguingly, a SNP (rs11880923), which is significantly correlated with IRF3 expression in independent samples (P < 0.05), is also consistently associated with schizophrenia across different cohorts and in combined samples (odds ratio = 1.075, Pmeta = 2.08 × 10(-5)), especially in Caucasians (odds ratio = 1.078, Pmeta = 2.46 × 10(-5)). These results suggested that IRF3 is likely a risk gene for schizophrenia, at least in Caucasians. Although the clinical associations of IRF3 with diagnosis did not achieve genome-wide level of statistical significance, the observed odds ratio is comparable with other susceptibility loci identified through large-scale genetic association studies on schizophrenia, which could be regarded simply as small but detectable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Todd Lencz
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Darvasi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Alkelai
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Deng-feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Impairment of type I but not type III IFN signaling by hepatitis C virus infection influences antiviral responses in primary human hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121734. [PMID: 25826356 PMCID: PMC4380495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peginterferon lambda-1a (Lambda), a type III interferon (IFN), acts through a unique receptor complex with limited cellular expression outside the liver which may result in a differentiated tolerability profile compared to peginterferon alfa (alfa). In Phase 2b clinical studies, Lambda administered in combination with ribavirin (RBV) was efficacious in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection representing genotypes 1 through 4, and was associated with more rapid declines in HCV RNA compared to alfa plus RBV. To gain insights into potential mechanisms for this finding, we investigated the effects of HCV replication on IFN signaling in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and in induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs). HCV infection resulted in rapid down-regulation of the type I IFN-α receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) transcript in hepatocytes while the transcriptional level of the unique IFN-λ receptor subunit IL28RA was transiently increased. In line with this observation, IFN signaling was selectively impaired in infected cells upon stimulation with alfa but not in response to Lambda. Importantly, in contrast to alfa, Lambda was able to induce IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in HCV-infected hepatocytes, reflecting the onset of innate responses. Moreover, global transcriptome analysis in hepatocytes indicated that Lambda stimulation prolonged the expression of various ISGs that are potentially beneficial to antiviral defense mechanisms. Collectively, these observed effects of HCV infection on IFN receptor expression and signaling within infected hepatocytes provide a possible explanation for the more pronounced early virologic responses observed in patients treated with Lambda compared to alfa.
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30
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Crow MS, Javitt A, Cristea IM. A proteomics perspective on viral DNA sensors in host defense and viral immune evasion mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1995-2012. [PMID: 25728651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of viral DNA is an essential step of cellular immune response to infections with DNA viruses. These human pathogens are spread worldwide, triggering a wide range of virus-induced diseases, and are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Despite similarities between DNA molecules, mammalian cells have the remarkable ability to distinguish viral DNA from their own DNA. This detection is carried out by specialized antiviral proteins, called DNA sensors. These sensors bind to foreign DNA to activate downstream immune signaling pathways and alert neighboring cells by eliciting the expression of antiviral cytokines. The sensing of viral DNA was shown to occur both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of infected cells, disproving the notion that sensing occurred by simple spatial separation of viral and host DNA. A number of omic approaches, in particular, mass-spectrometry-based proteomic methods, have significantly contributed to the constantly evolving field of viral DNA sensing. Here, we review the impact of omic methods on the identification of viral DNA sensors, as well as on the characterization of mechanisms involved in host defense or viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni S Crow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Aaron Javitt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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31
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Jiménez-Sousa MA, Rallón N, Berenguer J, Pineda-Tenor D, López JC, Soriano V, Guzmán-Fulgencio M, Cosín J, Retana D, García-Álvarez M, Miralles P, Benito JM, Resino S. TLR3 polymorphisms are associated with virologic response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. J Clin Virol 2015; 65:62-7. [PMID: 25766991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) is a cellular receptor that may recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses, resulting in production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons, which are important for the adaptive immune response. OBJECTIVES To analyze the association between Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) polymorphisms (rs3775291 and rs13126816) and virologic response to pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin (pegIFNα/RBV) therapy in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective study in 321 naïve patients treated with pegIFNα/RBV. Genotyping was performed by using the GoldenGate(®) assay with VeraCode(®). The outcome variables were early virologic response (EVR) and sustained virologic response (SVR). RESULTS In a multivariate analysis, rs3775291 A allele decreased the likelihood of achieving EVR (aOR = 0.20; p = 0.018) and SVR (aOR = 0.38; p = 0.024). Regarding rs13126816, the percentage of EVR decreased with each minor A allele (p = 0.034) in HCV-GT2/3 patients, although no significant association was obtained in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.076). Regarding TLR3 haplotypes (comprised of rs3775291 and rs13126816), GT2/3 patients with AA haplotype had decreased odds of achieving EVR (p = 0.030), whereas GG haplotype increased the likelihood (p = 0.018). Regarding SVR, GG haplotype carriers had increased odds of achieving SVR (p = 0.019, p = 0.043 and p = 0.070 for all, GT2/3 and GT1/4 patients, respectively). Besides, GT1/4 patients with GA haplotype had lower odds of achieving SVR (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the first evidence that two TLR3 polymorphisms (rs3775291 and rs13126816) seem to be related to the HCV therapy response in HCV/HIV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Norma Rallón
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pineda-Tenor
- Unidad de Infección viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Guzmán-Fulgencio
- Unidad de Infección viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Cosín
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Retana
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Álvarez
- Unidad de Infección viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Miralles
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Benito
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Griffiths SJ, Dunnigan CM, Russell CD, Haas JG. The Role of Interferon-λ Locus Polymorphisms in Hepatitis C and Other Infectious Diseases. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:231-42. [PMID: 25634147 PMCID: PMC6738896 DOI: 10.1159/000369902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2003, the type III interferon-λ (IFN-λ) family has been found to contribute significantly to the host response to infection. Whilst IFN-λ shares many features with type I IFN induction and signalling pathways, the tissue-specific restricted expression of its receptor, IL28RA, makes IFN-λ a major mediator of host innate immunity in tissues and organs with a high epithelial cell content. Host susceptibility and responses to infection are known to be heterogeneous, and the identification of common genetic variants linked to disease outcome by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has underscored the significance of host polymorphisms in responses to infection. Several such GWAS have highlighted the IFN-λ locus on chromosome 19q13 as an area of genetic variation significantly associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and the rs12979860 genotype can be used in clinical practice as a biomarker for predicting a successful response to treatment with pegylated IFN and ribavarin. Here, we discuss IFN-λ genetic polymorphisms and their role in HCV and other infectious diseases as well as their potential impact on clinical diagnostics, patient stratification and therapy. Finally, the broader role of IFN-λ in the immunopathogenesis of non-infectious inflammatory diseases is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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Laidlaw SM, Dustin LB. Interferon lambda: opportunities, risks, and uncertainties in the fight against HCV. Front Immunol 2014; 5:545. [PMID: 25400636 PMCID: PMC4215632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is key to the fight against the daily onslaught from viruses that our bodies are subjected to. Essential to this response are the interferons (IFNs) that prime our cells to block viral pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that the Type III (λ) IFNs are intimately associated with the immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms within the IFN-λ gene locus that correlate with response to IFNα-based antiviral therapy and with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. The mechanisms for these correlations are incompletely understood. Restricted expression of the IFN-λ receptor, and the ability of IFN-λ to induce IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected cells, suggest potential roles for IFN-λ in HCV therapy even in this era of directly acting antivirals. This review summarizes our current understanding of the IFN-λ family and the role of λ IFNs in the natural history of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Egli A, Santer DM, O'Shea D, Tyrrell DL, Houghton M. The impact of the interferon-lambda family on the innate and adaptive immune response to viral infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e51. [PMID: 26038748 PMCID: PMC4126180 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type-III interferons (IFN-λ, IFNL) are the most recently described family of IFNs. This family of innate cytokines are increasingly being ascribed pivotal roles in host-pathogen interactions. Herein, we will review the accumulating evidence detailing the immune biology of IFNL during viral infection, and the implications of this novel information on means to advance the development of therapies and vaccines against existing and emerging pathogens. IFNLs exert antiviral effects via induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNL3, IFNL4 and the IFNL receptor α-subunit genes have been strongly associated with IFN-α-based treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The clinical impact of these SNPs may be dependent on the status of viral infection (acute or chronic) and the potential to develop viral resistance. Another important function of IFNLs is macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, which prime helper T-cell activation and proliferation. It has been demonstrated that IFNL increase Th1- and reduce Th2-cytokines. Therefore, can such SNPs affect the IFNL signaling and thereby modulate the Th1/Th2 balance during infection? In turn, this may influence the subsequent priming of cytotoxic T cells versus antibody-secreting B cells, with implications for the breadth and durability of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Egli
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel , 4031 Basel, Switzerland ; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Basel , 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deanna M Santer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Daire O'Shea
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada ; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Hepatitis C virus and human miR-122: insights from the bench to the clinic. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:11-8. [PMID: 24721497 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function as part of RNA-induced silencing complexes that repress the expression of target genes. Over the past few years, miRNAs have been found to mediate complex regulation of a wide variety of mammalian viral infections, including Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we focus on a highly abundant, liver-specific miRNA, miR-122. In a unique and unusual interaction, miR-122 binds to two sites in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the HCV genome and promotes viral RNA accumulation. We will discuss what has been learned about this important interaction to date, provide insights into how miR-122 is able to modulate HCV RNA accumulation, and how miR-122 might be exploited for antiviral intervention.
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