1
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Gala Marti SL, Wagner M, Nentwig L, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. An in vitro set-up to study Pdr5-mediated substrate translocation. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5181. [PMID: 39312388 PMCID: PMC11418629 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Pdr5 is the most abundant ABC transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plays a major role in the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) network, which actively prevents cell entry of a large number of structurally unrelated compounds. Due to a high level of asymmetry in one of its nucleotide binding sites (NBS), Pdr5 serves as a perfect model system for asymmetric ABC transporter such as its medical relevant homologue Cdr1 from Candida albicans. In the past 30 years, this ABC transporter was intensively studied in vivo and in plasma membrane vesicles. Nevertheless, these studies were limited since it was not possible to isolate and reconstitute Pdr5 in a synthetic membrane system while maintaining its activity. Here, the functional reconstitution of Pdr5 in a native-like environment in an almost unidirectional inside-out orientation is described. We demonstrate that reconstituted Pdr5 is capable of translocating short-chain fluorescent NBD lipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of the proteoliposomes. Moreover, this transporter revealed its ability to utilize other nucleotides to accomplish transport of substrates in a reconstituted system. Besides, we were also able to estimate the NTPase activity of reconstituted Pdr5 and determine the kinetic parameters for ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Wagner
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- OQEMA GmbHMönchengladbachGermany
| | - Lea‐Marie Nentwig
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Structural StudiesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of BiochemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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2
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Golin J, Schmitt L. Pdr5: A master of asymmetry. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 71:101010. [PMID: 37862721 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Pdr5 is a founding member of a large (pdr) subfamily of clinically and agriculturally significant fungal ABC transporters. The tremendous power of yeast genetics combined with biochemical and structural approaches revealed the astonishing asymmetry of this efflux pump. Asymmetry is manifested in Pdr5's ATP-binding sites, drug binding sites, signal transformation interface, and molecular exit gate. Even its mode of conformational switching is asymmetric with one half of the protein remaining nearly stationary. In the case of its ATP-binding sites, asymmetry is created by replacing a set of highly conserved residues with a characteristic set of deviant ones. This contrasts with the asymmetry of the molecular gate. There, a full complement of canonical residues is present, but structural features in the vicinity prevent some of these from forming a molecular plug during closure. Compared to their canonical-functioning counterparts, the deviant ATP site and these gating residues have different, essential functions. In addition to its remarkable asymmetry, the surprising observation that Pdr5 is a drug / proton co-transporter shines a new light on this remarkable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Golin
- The Department of Biology, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Banerjee A, Pata J, Chaptal V, Boumendjel A, Falson P, Prasad R. Structure, function, and inhibition of catalytically asymmetric ABC transporters: Lessons from the PDR subfamily. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 71:100992. [PMID: 37567064 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily comprises a large group of ubiquitous transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in transporting a diverse spectrum of substrates across cellular membranes. They participate in a wide array of physiological and pathological processes including nutrient uptake, antigen presentation, toxin elimination, and drug resistance in cancer and microbial cells. ABC transporters couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to undergo conformational changes allowing substrate translocation. Within this superfamily, a set of ABC transporters has lost the capacity to hydrolyze ATP at one of their nucleotide-binding sites (NBS), called the non-catalytic NBS, whose importance became evident with extensive biochemistry carried out on yeast pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters. Recent single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) advances have further catapulted our understanding of the architecture of these pumps. We provide here a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional aspects of catalytically asymmetric ABC pumps with an emphasis on the PDR subfamily. Furthermore, given the increasing evidence of efflux-mediated antifungal resistance in clinical settings, we also discuss potential grounds to explore PDR transporters as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.
| | - Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins group, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Laboratory 5086, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Chaptal
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins group, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Laboratory 5086, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins group, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Laboratory 5086, IBCP, Lyon, France.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.
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4
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Alhumaidi M, Nentwig LM, Rahman H, Schmitt L, Rudrow A, Harris A, Dillon C, Restrepo L, Lamping E, Arya N, Ambudkar SV, Choy JS, Golin J. Residues forming the gating regions of asymmetric multidrug transporter Pdr5 also play roles in conformational switching and protein folding. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102689. [PMID: 36370844 PMCID: PMC9723933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug transporters are large, polytopic membrane proteins that exhibit astonishing promiscuity for their transport substrates. These transporters unidirectionally efflux thousands of structurally and functionally distinct compounds. To preclude the reentry of xenobiotic molecules via the drug-binding pocket, these proteins contain a highly conserved molecular gate, essentially allowing the transporters to function as molecular diodes. However, the structure-function relationship of these conserved gates and gating regions are not well characterized. In this study, we combine recent single-molecule, cryo-EM data with genetic and biochemical analyses of residues in the gating region of the yeast multidrug transporter Pdr5, the founding member of a large group of clinically relevant asymmetric ABC efflux pumps. Unlike the symmetric ABCG2 efflux gate, the Pdr5 counterpart is highly asymmetric, with only four (instead of six) residues comprising the gate proper. However, other residues in the near vicinity are essential for the gating activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that residues in the gate and in the gating regions have multiple functions. For example, we show that Ile-685 and Val-1372 are required not only for successful efflux but also for allosteric inhibition of Pdr5 ATPase activity. Our investigations reveal that the gating region residues of Pdr5, and possibly other ABCG transporters, play a role not only in molecular gating but also in allosteric regulation, conformational switching, and protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alhumaidi
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Lea-Marie Nentwig
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA; Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hadiar Rahman
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrew Rudrow
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Andrzej Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cierra Dillon
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Lucas Restrepo
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Erwin Lamping
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ontago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nidhi Arya
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Choy
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA
| | - John Golin
- The Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, USA.
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5
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Raschka SL, Harris A, Luisi BF, Schmitt L. Flipping and other astonishing transporter dance moves in fungal drug resistance. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200035. [PMID: 35451123 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In all domains of life, transmembrane proteins from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family drive the translocation of diverse substances across lipid bilayers. In pathogenic fungi, the ABC transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) subfamily confer antibiotic resistance and so are of interest as therapeutic targets. They also drive the quest for understanding how ABC transporters can generally accommodate such a wide range of substrates. The Pdr5 transporter from baker's yeast is representative of the PDR group and, ever since its discovery more than 30 years ago, has been the subject of extensive functional analyses. A new perspective of these studies has been recently provided in the framework of the first electron cryo-microscopy structures of Pdr5, as well as emergent applications of machine learning in the field. Taken together, the old and the new developments have been used to propose a mechanism for the transport process in PDR proteins. This mechanism involves a "flippase" step that moves the substrates from one leaflet of the bilayer to the other, as a central element of cellular efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Raschka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrzej Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Wagner M, Blum D, Raschka SL, Nentwig LM, Gertzen CGW, Chen M, Gatsogiannis C, Harris A, Smits SHJ, Wagner R, Schmitt L. A New Twist in ABC Transporter Mediated Multidrug Resistance - Pdr5 is a Drug/proton Co-transporter. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167669. [PMID: 35671830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The two major efflux pump systems that are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) are (i) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and (ii) secondary transporters. While the former use binding and hydrolysis of ATP to facilitate export of cytotoxic compounds, the latter utilize electrochemical gradients to expel their substrates. Pdr5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a prominent member of eukaryotic ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) and used as a frequently studied model system. Although investigated for decades, the underlying molecular mechanisms of drug transport and substrate specificity remain elusive. Here, we provide electrophysiological data on the reconstituted Pdr5 demonstrating that this MDR efflux pump does not only actively translocate its substrates across the lipid bilayer, but at the same time generates a proton motif force in the presence of Mg2+-ATP and substrates by acting as a proton/drug co-transporter. Importantly, a strictly substrate dependent co-transport of protons was also observed in in vitro transport studies using Pdr5-enriched plasma membranes. We conclude from these results that the mechanism of MDR conferred by Pdr5 and likely other transporters is more complex than the sole extrusion of cytotoxic compounds and involves secondary coupled processes suitable to increase the effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Blum
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28719 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie L Raschka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Nentwig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Center for Structural Studies Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Minghao Chen
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrzej Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Structural Studies Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard Wagner
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28719 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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7
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Banerjee A, Rahman H, Prasad R, Golin J. How Fungal Multidrug Transporters Mediate Hyperresistance Through DNA Amplification and Mutation. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:3-15. [PMID: 35611562 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A significant portion of clinically observed antifungal resistance is mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transport pumps that reside in the plasma membrane. We review the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. Hyperresistance is often brought about by several kinds of DNA amplification or by gain-of-function mutations in a variety of transcription factors. Both of these result in overexpression of ABC and MFS transporters. Recently, however, several additional modes of resistance have been observed. These include mutations in non-conserved nucleotides leading to altered mRNA stability and a mutation in yeast transporter Pdr5, which improves cooperativity between drug-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Hadiar Rahman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.,Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - John Golin
- Department of Biology, Stern College, Yeshiva University, New York, NY
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8
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Harris A, Wagner M, Du D, Raschka S, Nentwig LM, Gohlke H, Smits SHJ, Luisi BF, Schmitt L. Structure and efflux mechanism of the yeast pleiotropic drug resistance transporter Pdr5. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5254. [PMID: 34489436 PMCID: PMC8421411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdr5, a member of the extensive ABC transporter superfamily, is representative of a clinically relevant subgroup involved in pleiotropic drug resistance. Pdr5 and its homologues drive drug efflux through uncoupled hydrolysis of nucleotides, enabling organisms such as baker’s yeast and pathogenic fungi to survive in the presence of chemically diverse antifungal agents. Here, we present the molecular structure of Pdr5 solved with single particle cryo-EM, revealing details of an ATP-driven conformational cycle, which mechanically drives drug translocation through an amphipathic channel, and a clamping switch within a conserved linker loop that acts as a nucleotide sensor. One half of the transporter remains nearly invariant throughout the cycle, while its partner undergoes changes that are transmitted across inter-domain interfaces to support a peristaltic motion of the pumped molecule. The efflux model proposed here rationalises the pleiotropic impact of Pdr5 and opens new avenues for the development of effective antifungal compounds. Pdr5 is an ABC transporter conferring multidrug resistance to pathogenic fungi. Here, structural analysis of Pdr5 provides insights into the transport mechanism featuring asymmetric movements of Pdr5 domain and enabling efflux of a broad spectrum of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medac GmbH, Theatherstraße 6, Wedel, Germany
| | - Dijun Du
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefanie Raschka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Nentwig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Pharmacy, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ben F Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Banerjee A, Pata J, Sharma S, Monk BC, Falson P, Prasad R. Directed Mutational Strategies Reveal Drug Binding and Transport by the MDR Transporters of Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020068. [PMID: 33498218 PMCID: PMC7908972 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters belonging to either the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) or Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) groups are major determinants of clinical drug resistance in fungi. The overproduction of these proteins enables the extrusion of incoming drugs at rates that prevent lethal effects. The promiscuity of these proteins is intriguing because they export a wide range of structurally unrelated molecules. Research in the last two decades has used multiple approaches to dissect the molecular basis of the polyspecificity of multidrug transporters. With large numbers of drug transporters potentially involved in clinical drug resistance in pathogenic yeasts, this review focuses on the drug transporters of the important pathogen Candida albicans. This organism harbors many such proteins, several of which have been shown to actively export antifungal drugs. Of these, the ABC protein CaCdr1 and the MFS protein CaMdr1 are the two most prominent and have thus been subjected to intense site-directed mutagenesis and suppressor genetics-based analysis. Numerous results point to a common theme underlying the strategy of promiscuity adopted by both CaCdr1 and CaMdr1. This review summarizes the body of research that has provided insight into how multidrug transporters function and deliver their remarkable polyspecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Brian C. Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, 69367 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (R.P.)
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10
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Gräfe K, Schmitt L. The ABC transporter G subfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:92-106. [PMID: 32459300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters are ubiquitously present in all kingdoms and mediate the transport of a large spectrum of structurally different compounds. Plants possess high numbers of ABC transporters in relation to other eukaryotes; the ABCG subfamily in particular is extensive. Earlier studies demonstrated that ABCG transporters are involved in important processes influencing plant fitness. This review summarizes the functions of ABCG transporters present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These transporters take part in diverse processes such as pathogen response, diffusion barrier formation, or phytohormone transport. Studies involving knockout mutations reported pleiotropic phenotypes of the mutants. In some cases, different physiological roles were assigned to the same protein. The actual transported substrate(s), however, still remain to be determined for the majority of ABCG transporters. Additionally, the proposed substrate spectrum of different ABCG proteins is not always reflected by sequence identities between ABCG members. Applying only reverse genetics is thereby insufficient to clearly identify the substrate(s). We therefore stress the importance of in vitro studies in addition to in vivo studies in order to (i) clarify the substrate identity; (ii) determine the transport characteristics including directionality; and (iii) identify dimerization partners of the half-size proteins, which might in turn affect substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gräfe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Banerjee A, Moreno A, Pata J, Falson P, Prasad R. ABCG: a new fold of ABC exporters and a whole new bag of riddles! ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 123:163-191. [PMID: 33485482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily comprises membrane transporters that power the active transport of substrates across biological membranes. These proteins harness the energy of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis to fuel substrate translocation via an alternating-access mechanism. The primary structural blueprint is relatively conserved in all ABC transporters. A transport-competent ABC transporter is essentially made up of two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) and two transmembrane domains (TMDs). While the NBDs are conserved in their primary sequence and form at their interface two nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) for ATP binding and hydrolysis, the TMDs are variable among different families and form the translocation channel. Transporters catalyzing the efflux of substrates from the cells are called exporters. In humans, they range from A to G subfamilies, with the B, C and G subfamilies being involved in chemoresistance. The recently elucidated structures of ABCG5/G8 followed by those of ABCG2 highlighted a novel structural fold that triggered extensive research. Notably, suppressor genetics in the orthologous yeast Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR) subfamily proteins have pointed to a crosstalk between TMDs and NBDs modulating substrate export. Considering the structural information provided by their neighbors from the G subfamily, these studies provide mechanistic keys and posit a functional role for the non-hydrolytic NBS found in several ABC exporters. The present chapter provides an overview of structural and functional aspects of ABCG proteins with a special emphasis on the yeast PDR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Alexis Moreno
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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12
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Stockner T, Gradisch R, Schmitt L. The role of the degenerate nucleotide binding site in type I ABC exporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3815-3838. [PMID: 33179257 PMCID: PMC7756269 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are fascinating molecular machines that are capable of transporting a large variety of chemically diverse compounds. The energy required for translocation is derived from binding and hydrolysis of ATP. All ABC transporters share a basic architecture and are composed of two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). The latter harbor all conserved sequence motifs that hallmark the ABC transporter superfamily. The NBDs form the nucleotide binding sites (NBSs) in their interface. Transporters with two active NBSs are called canonical transporters, while ABC exporters from eukaryotic organisms, including humans, frequently have a degenerate NBS1 containing noncanonical residues that strongly impair ATP hydrolysis. Here, we summarize current knowledge on degenerate ABC transporters. By integrating structural information with biophysical and biochemical evidence of asymmetric function, we develop a model for the transport cycle of degenerate ABC transporters. We will elaborate on the unclear functional advantages of a degenerate NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stockner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Gradisch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Papay M, Klein C, Hapala I, Petriskova L, Kuchler K, Valachovic M. Mutations in the nucleotide‐binding domain of putative sterol importers Aus1 and Pdr11 selectively affect utilization of exogenous sterol species in yeast. Yeast 2019; 37:5-14. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Papay
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Cornelia Klein
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Ivan Hapala
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Livia Petriskova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
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14
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Banerjee A, Moreno A, Khan MF, Nair R, Sharma S, Sen S, Mondal AK, Pata J, Orelle C, Falson P, Prasad R. Cdr1p highlights the role of the non-hydrolytic ATP-binding site in driving drug translocation in asymmetric ABC pumps. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183131. [PMID: 31734312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple ATP binding and hydrolysis to the translocation of allocrites across membranes. Two shared nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) participate in this cycle. In asymmetric ABC pumps, only one of them hydrolyzes ATP, and the functional role of the other remains unclear. Using a drug-based selection strategy on the transport-deficient mutant L529A in the transmembrane domain of the Candida albicans pump Cdr1p; we identified a spontaneous secondary mutation restoring drug-translocation. The compensatory mutation Q1005H was mapped 60 Å away, precisely in the ABC signature sequence of the non-hydrolytic NBS. The same was observed in the homolog Cdr2p. Both the mutant and suppressor proteins remained ATPase active, but remarkably, the single Q1005H mutant displayed a two-fold reduced ATPase activity and a two-fold increased drug-resistance as compared to the wild-type protein, pointing at a direct control of the non-hydrolytic NBS in substrate-translocation through ATP binding in asymmetric ABC pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India; School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alexis Moreno
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | | | - Remya Nair
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Orelle
- Bacterial Nucleotide-binding Proteins: Resistance to Antibiotics and New Enzymes Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Falson
- Bacterial Nucleotide-binding Proteins: Resistance to Antibiotics and New Enzymes Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India; Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
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15
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Multidrug ABC transporters in bacteria. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:381-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Moreno A, Banerjee A, Prasad R, Falson P. PDR-like ABC systems in pathogenic fungi. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:417-425. [PMID: 31562919 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters of the Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR) family are the main actors of antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. While their involvement in clinical resistant strains has been proven, their transport mechanism remains unclear. Notably, one hallmark of PDR transporters is their asymmetry, with one canonical nucleotide-binding site capable of ATP hydrolysis while the other site is not. Recent publications reviewed here show that the so-called "deviant" site is of crucial importance for drug transport and is a step towards alleviating the mystery around the existence of non-catalytic binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Moreno
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
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17
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Mutagenesis separates ATPase and thioesterase activities of the peroxisomal ABC transporter, Comatose. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10502. [PMID: 31324846 PMCID: PMC6642094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal ABC transporter, Comatose (CTS), a full length transporter from Arabidopsis has intrinsic acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) activity, important for physiological function. We used molecular modelling, mutagenesis and biochemical analysis to identify amino acid residues important for ACOT activity. D863, Q864 and T867 lie within transmembrane helix 9. These residues are orientated such that they might plausibly contribute to a catalytic triad similar to type II Hotdog fold thioesterases. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutation of these residues to alanine resulted in defective of β-oxidation. All CTS mutants were expressed and targeted to peroxisomes and retained substrate-stimulated ATPase activity. When expressed in insect cell membranes, Q864A and S810N had similar ATPase activity to wild type but greatly reduced ACOT activity, whereas the Walker A mutant K487A had greatly reduced ATPase and no ATP-dependent ACOT activity. In wild type CTS, ATPase but not ACOT was stimulated by non-cleavable C14 ether-CoA. ACOT activity was stimulated by ATP but not by non-hydrolysable AMPPNP. Thus, ACOT activity depends on functional ATPase activity but not vice versa, and these two activities can be separated by mutagenesis. Whether D863, Q864 and T867 have a catalytic role or play a more indirect role in NBD-TMD communication is discussed.
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18
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Wagner M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. In vitro NTPase activity of highly purified Pdr5, a major yeast ABC multidrug transporter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7761. [PMID: 31123301 PMCID: PMC6533308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABC transporter Pdr5 of S. cerevisiae is a key player of the PDR network that works as a first line of defense against a wide range of xenobiotic compounds. As the first discovered member of the family of asymmetric PDR ABC transporters, extensive studies have been carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of drug efflux and the details of the catalytic cycle. Pdr5 turned out to be an excellent model system to study functional and structural characteristics of asymmetric, uncoupled ABC transporters. However, to date studies have been limited to in vivo or plasma membrane systems, as it was not possible to isolate Pdr5 in a functional state. Here, we describe the solubilization and purification of Pdr5 to homogeneity in a functional state as confirmed by in vitro assays. The ATPase deficient Pdr5 E1036Q mutant was used as a control and proves that detergent-purified wild-type Pdr5 is functional resembling in its activity the one in its physiological environment. Finally, we show that the isolated active Pdr5 is monomeric in solution. Taken together, our results described in this study will enable a variety of functional investigations on Pdr5 required to determine molecular mechanism of this asymmetric ABC transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Sachs J, Döhl K, Weber A, Bonus M, Ehlers F, Fleischer E, Klinger A, Gohlke H, Pietruszka J, Schmitt L, Teusch N. Novel 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins Inhibit Human P-gp and BCRP in Multidrug Resistant Tumors and Demonstrate Substrate Inhibition of Yeast Pdr5. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:400. [PMID: 31040786 PMCID: PMC6476959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors and pathogens remains a major problem in the efficacious treatment of patients by reduction of therapy options and subsequent treatment failure. Various mechanisms are described to be involved in the development of MDR with overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters reflecting the most extensively studied. These membrane transporters translocate a wide variety of substrates utilizing energy from ATP hydrolysis leading to decreased intracellular drug accumulation and impaired drug efficacy. One treatment strategy might be inhibition of transporter-mediated efflux by small molecules. Isocoumarins and 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins are a large group of natural products derived from various sources with great structural and functional variety, but have so far not been in the focus as potential MDR reversing agents. Thus, three natural products and nine novel 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins were designed and analyzed regarding cytotoxicity induction and inhibition of human ABC transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in a variety of human cancer cell lines as well as the yeast ABC transporter Pdr5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dual inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP and inhibitors of Pdr5 were identified, and distinct structure-activity relationships for transporter inhibition were revealed. The strongest inhibitor of P-gp and BCRP, which inhibited the transporters up to 80 to 90% compared to the respective positive controls, demonstrated the ability to reverse chemotherapy resistance in resistant cancer cell lines up to 5.6-fold. In the case of Pdr5, inhibitors were identified that prevented substrate transport and/or ATPase activity with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. However, cell toxicity was not observed. Molecular docking of the test compounds to P-gp revealed that differences in inhibition capacity were based on different binding affinities to the transporter. Thus, these small molecules provide novel lead structures for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sachs
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Köln, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Katja Döhl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michele Bonus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Ehlers
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Köln, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich Supercomputing Centre and Institute for Complex Systems - Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Teusch
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Köln, Leverkusen, Germany
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20
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Can Saccharomyces cerevisiae keep up as a model system in fungal azole susceptibility research? Drug Resist Updat 2019; 42:22-34. [PMID: 30822675 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty of manipulation and limited availability of genetic tools for use in many pathogenic fungi hamper fast and adequate investigation of cellular metabolism and consequent possibilities for antifungal therapies. S. cerevisiae is a model organism that is used to study many eukaryotic systems. In this review, we analyse the potency and relevance of this model system in investigating fungal susceptibility to azole drugs. Although many of the concepts apply to multiple pathogenic fungi, for the sake of simplicity, we will focus on the validity of using S. cerevisiae as a model organism for two Candida species, C. albicans and C. glabrata. Apart from the general benefits, we explore how S. cerevisiae can specifically be used to improve our knowledge on azole drug resistance and enables fast and efficient screening for novel drug targets in combinatorial therapy. We consider the shortcomings of the model system, yet conclude that it is still opportune to use S. cerevisiae as a model system for pathogenic fungi in this era.
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21
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Zhou Y, Ojeda-May P, Nagaraju M, Kim B, Pu J. Mapping Free Energy Pathways for ATP Hydrolysis in the E. coli ABC Transporter HlyB by the String Method. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102652. [PMID: 30332773 PMCID: PMC6222333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HlyB functions as an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that enables bacteria to secrete toxins at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Our previous work, based on potential energy profiles from combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations, has suggested that the highly conserved H-loop His residue H662 in the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of E. coli HlyB may catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP through proton relay. To further test this hypothesis when entropic contributions are taken into account, we obtained QM/MM minimum free energy paths (MFEPs) for the HlyB reaction, making use of the string method in collective variables. The free energy profiles along the MFEPs confirm the direct participation of H662 in catalysis. The MFEP simulations of HlyB also reveal an intimate coupling between the chemical steps and a local protein conformational change involving the signature-loop residue S607, which may serve a catalytic role similar to an Arg-finger motif in many ATPases and GTPases in stabilizing the phosphoryl-transfer transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Pedro Ojeda-May
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mulpuri Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Bryant Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jingzhi Pu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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22
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ABC transporters as cancer drivers: Potential functions in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:52-60. [PMID: 30268729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABC transporters have attracted considerable attention for their function as drug transporters in a broad range of tumours and are therefore considered as major players in cancer chemoresistance. However, less attention has been focused on their potential role as active players in cancer development and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the evidence suggesting that ABC transporters might have a more active role in cancer other than the well known involvement in multidrug resistance and discusses the potential strategies to target each ABC transporter for a specific tumour setting. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests that ABC transporters are able to transport bioactive molecules capable of playing key roles in tumour development. Characterization of the effects of these transporters in specific cancer settings opens the possibility for the development of personalized treatments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A more targeted approach of ABC transporters should be implemented that considers which specific transporter is playing a major role in a particular tumour setting in order to achieve a more successful outcome for ABC transporters inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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23
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Liu J, Zhai Y, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Liu G, Che Y. Heterologous Biosynthesis of the Fungal Sesquiterpene Trichodermol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1773. [PMID: 30127776 PMCID: PMC6087768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichodermol, a fungal sesquiterpene derived from the farnesyl diphosphate pathway, is the biosynthetic precursor for trichodermin, a member of the trichothecene class of fungal toxins produced mainly by the genera of Trichoderma and Fusarium. Trichodermin is a promising candidate for the development of fungicides and antitumor agents due to its significant antifungal and cytotoxic effects. It can also serve as a scaffold to generate new congeners for structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. We reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of trichodermol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, and investigated the effect of produced trichodermol on the host by de novo RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative Real-time PCR analyses. Co-expression of pESC::FgTRI5 using plasmid pLLeu-tHMGR-UPC2.1 led to trichodiene production of 683 μg L-1, while integration of only the codon-optimized FgTRI5 into the chromosome of yeast improved the production to 6,535 μg L-1. Subsequent expression of the codon-optimized cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoding genes, TaTRI4 and TaTRI11, resulted in trichodermol, with an estimated titer of 252 μg L-1 at shake flask level. RNA-Seq and qPCR analyses revealed that the produced trichodermol downregulated the expression of the genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, but significantly upregulated the expression of PDR5 related to membrane transport pathway in S. cerevisiae. Collectively, we achieved the first heterologous biosynthesis of trichodermol by reconstructing its biosynthetic pathway in yeast, and the reconstructed pathway will serve as a platform to generate trichodermin analogs as potential candidates for agrochemicals and anticancer agents through further optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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24
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Pan X, Zhang Q, Qu S, Huang S, Wang H, Mei H. Allosteric effects of ATP binding on the nucleotide-binding domain of a heterodimeric ATP-binding cassette transporter. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1158-1169. [PMID: 27731447 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) exporters mediate vital transport of a variety of molecules across the lipid bilayer in all organisms. To explore the allosteric effect of ATP binding at the asymmetric ATPase sites, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of a heterodimeric exporter TM287/288 in 4 different ATP-bound states. The results showed that ATP bound at the degenerate site can maintain a semi-open conformation of NBD1-NBD2, which may be defective in ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, when bound at the consensus site, ATP can induce an intra-domain rotation of the α-helical subdomain towards the RecA-like subdomain of NBD2 at the degenerate site. The rotation of the α-helical subdomain rearranged the hydrogen bond networks at the NBD1-NBD2 interface, induced a significant conformational change in the D-loop at the degenerate site and inter- and intra-domain communications at both sites, and eventually elicited dimerization of NBD1-NBD2. These findings indicate that the asymmetric ATPase sites of the heterodimeric exporter are structurally and functionally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- Chongqing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Sujun Qu
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuheng Huang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Huicong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hu Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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25
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Sohail MI, Schmid D, Wlcek K, Spork M, Szakács G, Trauner M, Stockner T, Chiba P. Molecular Mechanism of Taurocholate Transport by the Bile Salt Export Pump, an ABC Transporter Associated with Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:401-413. [PMID: 28784620 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) transports bile salts from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi. Its malfunction is associated with severe liver disease. One reason for functional impairment of BSEP is systemic administration of drugs, which as a side effect inhibit the transporter. Therefore, drug candidates are routinely screened for potential interaction with this transporter. Hence, understanding the functional biology of BSEP is of key importance. In this study, we engineered the transporter to dissect interdomain communication paths. We introduced mutations in noncanonical and in conserved residues of either of the two nucleotide binding domains and determined the effect on BSEP basal and substrate-stimulated ATPase activity as well as on taurocholate transport. Replacement of the noncanonical methionine residue M584 (Walker B sequence of nucleotide binding site 1) by glutamate imparted hydrolysis competency to this site. Importantly, this mutation was able to sustain 15% of wild-type transport activity, when the catalytic glutamate of the canonical nucleotide binding site 2 was mutated to glutamine. Kinetic modeling of experimental results for the ensuing M584E/E1244Q mutant suggests that a transfer of hydrolytic capacity from the canonical to the noncanonical nucleotide binding site results in loss of active and adoption of facilitative characteristics. This facilitative transport is ATP-gated. To the best of our knowledge, this result is unprecedented in ATP-binding cassette proteins with one noncanonical nucleotide binding site. Our study promotes an understanding of the domain interplay in BSEP as a basis for exploration of drug interactions with this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Sohail
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Diethart Schmid
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Katrin Wlcek
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Matthias Spork
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Michael Trauner
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
| | - Peter Chiba
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics (M.I.S., M.S., P.C.), Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (D.S.), Institute of Cancer Research (G.S.), Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (M.T.), and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology (T.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan (M.I.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (K.W.)
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26
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Wagner M, Doehl K, Schmitt L. Transmitting the energy: interdomain cross-talk in Pdr5. Biol Chem 2017; 398:145-154. [PMID: 27543784 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters are ubiquitous integral membrane proteins catalyzing the active export or import of structurally and functionally unrelated compounds. In humans, these proteins are clinically and economically important, as their dysfunction is responsible for a number of diseases. In the case of multidrug resistance (MDR) ABC exporters, they particularly confer resistance to a broad spectrum of toxic compounds, placing them in the focus of clinical research. However, ABC-mediated drug resistance is not only restricted to humans. In yeast for example, MDR is called pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). Important and well-studied members of the PDR subfamily of ABC transporters are Pdr5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its homolog Cdr1 from Candida albicans. Mutational studies of these two transporters provided many insights into the complexity and conceivable mechanism of the interdomain cross-talk that transmits the energy gained from ATP hydrolysis to the substrate translocation process across the membrane. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current knowledge of the interdomain cross-talk as well as new results obtained for asymmetric ABC transporters and derive possible structural and functional implications for Pdr5.
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27
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Shekhar-Guturja T, Gunaherath GMKB, Wijeratne EMK, Lambert JP, Averette AF, Lee SC, Kim T, Bahn YS, Tripodi F, Ammar R, Döhl K, Niewola-Staszkowska K, Schmitt L, Loewith RJ, Roth FP, Sanglard D, Andes D, Nislow C, Coccetti P, Gingras AC, Heitman J, Gunatilaka AAL, Cowen LE. Dual action antifungal small molecule modulates multidrug efflux and TOR signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:867-75. [PMID: 27571477 PMCID: PMC5030160 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new strategies to treat invasive fungal infections, which are a leading cause of human mortality. Here, we establish two activities of the natural product beauvericin, which potentiates the activity of the most widely deployed class of antifungal against the leading human fungal pathogens, blocks the emergence of drug resistance, and renders antifungal-resistant pathogens responsive to treatment in mammalian infection models. Harnessing genome sequencing of beauvericin-resistant mutants, affinity purification of a biotinylated beauvericin analog, and biochemical and genetic assays reveals that beauvericin blocks multidrug efflux and inhibits the global regulator TORC1 kinase, thereby activating the protein kinase CK2 and inhibiting the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Substitutions in the multidrug transporter Pdr5 that enable beauvericin efflux impair antifungal efflux, thereby impeding resistance to the drug combination. Thus, dual targeting of multidrug efflux and TOR signaling provides a powerful, broadly effective therapeutic strategy for treating fungal infectious disease that evades resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G M Kamal B Gunaherath
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna F Averette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Taeyup Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca and SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ron Ammar
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katja Döhl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robbie J Loewith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Corey Nislow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca and SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Tsujimoto Y, Shimizu Y, Otake K, Nakamura T, Okada R, Miyazaki T, Watanabe K. Multidrug resistance transporters Snq2p and Pdr5p mediate caffeine efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1103-10. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
SNQ2 was identified as a caffeine-resistance gene by screening a genomic library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a multicopy vector YEp24. SNQ2 encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter and is highly homologous to PDR5. Multicopy of PDR5 also conferred resistance to caffeine, while its resistance was smaller than that of SNQ2. Residual caffeine contents were analyzed after transiently exposing cells to caffeine. The ratios of caffeine contents were 21.3 ± 8.8% (YEp24-SNQ2) and 81.9 ± 8.7% (YEp24-PDR5) relative to control (YEp24, 100%). In addition, multicopies of SNQ2 or PDR5 conferred resistance to rhodamine 6G (R6G), which was widely used as a substrate for transport assay. R6G was exported by both transporters, and their efflux activities were inhibited by caffeine with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 5.3 ± 1.9 (YEp24-SNQ2) and 17.2 ± 9.6 mM (YEp24-PDR5). These results demonstrate that Snq2p is a more functional transporter of caffeine than Pdr5p in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Otake
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Okada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Golin J, Ambudkar SV. The multidrug transporter Pdr5 on the 25th anniversary of its discovery: an important model for the study of asymmetric ABC transporters. Biochem J 2015; 467:353-63. [PMID: 25886173 PMCID: PMC4784962 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters make up a significant proportion of this important superfamily of integral membrane proteins. These proteins contain one canonical (catalytic) ATP-binding site and a second atypical site with little enzymatic capability. The baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Pdr5 multidrug transporter is the founding member of the Pdr subfamily of asymmetric ABC transporters, which exist only in fungi and slime moulds. Because these organisms are of considerable medical and agricultural significance, Pdr5 has been studied extensively, as has its medically important homologue Cdr1 from Candida albicans. Genetic and biochemical analyses of Pdr5 have contributed important observations that are likely to be applicable to mammalian asymmetric ABC multidrug transporter proteins, including the basis of transporter promiscuity, the function of the non-catalytic deviant ATP-binding site, the most complete description of an in vivo transmission interface, and the recent discovery that Pdr5 is a molecular diode (one-way gate). In the present review, we discuss the observations made with Pdr5 and compare them with findings from clinically important asymmetric ABC transporters, such as CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), Cdr1 and Tap1/Tap2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Golin
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, U.S.A
| | - Suresh V. Ambudkar
- The Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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30
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Mehla J, Ernst R, Moore R, Wakschlag A, Marquis MK, Ambudkar SV, Golin J. Evidence for a molecular diode-based mechanism in a multispecific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) exporter: SER-1368 as a gatekeeping residue in the yeast multidrug transporter Pdr5. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26597-26606. [PMID: 25112867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette multidrug efflux pumps transport a wide range of substrates. Current models suggest that a drug binds relatively tightly to a transport site in the transmembrane domains when the protein is in the closed inward facing conformation. Upon binding of ATP, the transporter can switch to an outward facing (drug off or drug releasing) structure of lower affinity. ATP hydrolysis is critically important for remodeling the drug-binding site to facilitate drug release and to reset the transporter for a new transport cycle. We characterized the novel phenotype of an S1368A mutant that lies in the putative drug-binding pocket of the yeast multidrug transporter Pdr5. This substitution created broad, severe drug hypersensitivity, although drug binding, ATP hydrolysis, and intradomain signaling were indistinguishable from the wild-type control. Several different rhodamine 6G efflux and accumulation assays yielded evidence consistent with the possibility that Ser-1368 prevents reentry of the excluded drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Mehla
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Robert Ernst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany 60438, and
| | - Rachel Moore
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Adina Wakschlag
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Mary Kate Marquis
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John Golin
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064,.
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