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Chen C, Han P, Qing Y. Metabolic heterogeneity in tumor microenvironment - A novel landmark for immunotherapy. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103579. [PMID: 39004158 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The surrounding non-cancer cells and tumor cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) have various metabolic rhythms. TME metabolic heterogeneity is influenced by the intricate network of metabolic control within and between cells. DNA, protein, transport, and microbial levels are important regulators of TME metabolic homeostasis. The effectiveness of immunotherapy is also closely correlated with alterations in TME metabolism. The response of a tumor patient to immunotherapy is influenced by a variety of variables, including intracellular metabolic reprogramming, metabolic interaction between cells, ecological changes within and between tumors, and general dietary preferences. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy have made great strides, their use in the accurate identification and treatment of tumors still has several limitations. The function of TME metabolic heterogeneity in tumor immunotherapy is summarized in this article. It focuses on how metabolic heterogeneity develops and is regulated as a tumor progresses, the precise molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of imbalances in intracellular metabolic homeostasis and intercellular metabolic coupling and interaction, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of targeted metabolism used in conjunction with immunotherapy. This offers insightful knowledge and important implications for individualized tumor patient diagnosis and treatment plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Han
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanping Qing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Jung JU, Jaykumar AB, Cobb MH. WNK1 in Malignant Behaviors: A Potential Target for Cancer? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:935318. [PMID: 35813203 PMCID: PMC9257110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.935318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in cancer patients. Analyses of mouse models and patient data have implicated the protein kinase WNK1 as one of a handful of genes uniquely linked to a subset of invasive cancers. WNK1 signaling pathways are widely implicated in the regulation of ion co-transporters and in controlling cell responses to osmotic stress. In this review we will discuss its actions in tumor malignancy in human cancers and present evidence for its function in invasion, migration, angiogenesis and mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Jung JU, Ghosh A, Earnest S, Deaton SL, Cobb MH. UBR5 is a novel regulator of WNK1 stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1176-C1186. [PMID: 35442829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00417.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) protein kinase maintains cellular ion homeostasis in many tissues through actions on ion cotransporters and channels. Increased accumulation of WNK1 protein leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 can be degraded via its adaptor-dependent recruitment to the Cullin3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Disruption of this process also leads to disease. To determine if this is the primary mechanism of WNK1 turnover, we examined WNK1 protein stability and degradation by measuring its rate of decay after blockade of translation. Here, we show that WNK1 protein degradation exhibits atypical kinetics in Hela cells. Consistent with this apparent complexity, we found that multiple degradative pathways can modulate cellular WNK1 protein amount. WNK1 protein is degraded not only by the proteasome, but also by the lysosome. Non-lysosomal cysteine proteases calpain and caspases also influence WNK1 degradation, as inhibitors of these proteases modestly increased WNK1 protein expression. Importantly, we discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with WNK1 and its deficiency results in increased WNK1 protein. Our results further demonstrate that increased WNK1 in UBR5-depleted cells is attributable to reduced lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the multiplicity of degradative pathways involved in WNK1 turnover and uncover UBR5 as a previously unknown regulator of WNK1 protein stability that leads to lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Staci L Deaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Kim MH, Chang HS, Lee JU, Shim JS, Park JS, Cho YJ, Park CS. Association of genetic variants of oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OXSR1) with asthma exacerbations in non-smoking asthmatics. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 34983467 PMCID: PMC8725257 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbation threatens patient's life. Several genetic studies have been conducted to determine the risk factors for asthma exacerbation, but this information is still lacking. We aimed to determine whether genetic variants of Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OXSR1), a gene with functions of salt transport, immune response, and oxidative stress, are associated with exacerbation of asthma. METHODS Clinical data were obtained from 1454 asthmatics and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of OXSR1 were genotyped. Genetic associations with annual exacerbation rate were analyzed depending on smoking status. RESULTS Eleven SNPs were selected using Asian data in the International HapMap database. The common allele of rs1384006 C > T of OXSR1 showed a significantly higher annual exacerbation rate than the rare allele in non-smoking asthmatics (CC vs. CT vs. TT: 0.43 ± 0.04 vs. 0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 0.31 ± 0.09, P = 0.004, Pcorr = 0.039). The frequent exacerbators had a significantly higher frequency of the common allele of rs1384006 C > T than did the infrequent exacerbators (74.4% vs. 55.2%, P = 0.004, Pcorr = 0.038). CONCLUSION The common allele of rs1384006 C > T of OXSR1 was associated with the asthma exacerbation rate and a higher risk of being a frequent exacerbator, indicating that non-smoking asthmatics who carry common alleles may be vulnerable to asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Uk Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung-Dong, Wonmi-Ku, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-Do, 420-020, South Korea
| | - Ji-Su Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung-Dong, Wonmi-Ku, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-Do, 420-020, South Korea.
| | - Young-Joo Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung-Dong, Wonmi-Ku, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-Do, 420-020, South Korea
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Taylor CA, Cobb MH. CCT and CCT-like Modular Protein Interaction Domains in WNK Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:201-212. [PMID: 34312216 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNK (with-no lysine (K)) kinases and their downstream effector kinases, OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive 1) and SPAK (SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine rich kinase), have well-established functions in the maintenance of cell volume and ion homeostasis. Mutations in these kinases have been linked to an inherited form of hypertension, neurological defects, and other pathologies. A rapidly expanding body of evidence points to the involvement of WNKs in regulating multiple diverse cellular processes as well as the progression of some forms of cancer. How OSR1/SPAK contribute to these processes is well understood in some cases, but completely unknown in others. OSR1 and SPAK are targeted to both WNKs and substrates via their conserved C-terminal (CCT) protein interaction domains. Considerable effort has been put forth to understand the structure, function, and interaction specificity of the CCT domains in relation to WNK signaling, and multiple inhibitors of WNK signaling target these domains. The domains bind RFxV and RxFxV protein sequence motifs with the consensus sequence R-F-x-V/I or R-x-F-x-V/I, but residues outside the core motif also contribute to specificity. CCT interactions are required for OSR1 and SPAK activation and deactivation as well as cation-chloride cotransporter substrate phosphorylation. All four WNKs also contain CCT-like domains that have similar structures and conserved binding residues when compared to CCT domains, but their functions and interaction specificities are mostly unknown. A better understanding of the varied actions of these domains and their interactions will better define the known signaling mechanisms of the WNK pathway as well as uncover new ones. Significance Statement WNK kinases and downstream effector kinases, OSR1 and SPAK, have been shown to be involved in an array of diverse cellular processes. Here we review the function of modular protein interaction domains found in OSR1 and SPAK as well as related domains found in WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Taylor
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
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Sun Q, Wu Y, Jonusaite S, Pleinis JM, Humphreys JM, He H, Schellinger JN, Akella R, Stenesen D, Krämer H, Goldsmith EJ, Rodan AR. Intracellular Chloride and Scaffold Protein Mo25 Cooperatively Regulate Transepithelial Ion Transport through WNK Signaling in the Malpighian Tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1449-1461. [PMID: 29602832 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With No Lysine kinase (WNK) signaling regulates mammalian renal epithelial ion transport to maintain electrolyte and BP homeostasis. Our previous studies showed a conserved role for WNK in the regulation of transepithelial ion transport in the Drosophila Malpighian tubule.Methods Using in vitro assays and transgenic Drosophila lines, we examined two potential WNK regulators, chloride ion and the scaffold protein mouse protein 25 (Mo25), in the stimulation of transepithelial ion flux.ResultsIn vitro, autophosphorylation of purified Drosophila WNK decreased as chloride concentration increased. In conditions in which tubule intracellular chloride concentration decreased from 30 to 15 mM as measured using a transgenic sensor, Drosophila WNK activity acutely increased. Drosophila WNK activity in tubules also increased or decreased when bath potassium concentration decreased or increased, respectively. However, a mutation that reduces chloride sensitivity of Drosophila WNK failed to alter transepithelial ion transport in 30 mM chloride. We, therefore, examined a role for Mo25. In in vitro kinase assays, Drosophila Mo25 enhanced the activity of the Drosophila WNK downstream kinase Fray, the fly homolog of mammalian Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and oxidative stress-responsive 1 protein (OSR1). Knockdown of Drosophila Mo25 in the Malpighian tubule decreased transepithelial ion flux under stimulated but not basal conditions. Finally, whereas overexpression of wild-type Drosophila WNK, with or without Drosophila Mo25, did not affect transepithelial ion transport, Drosophila Mo25 overexpressed with chloride-insensitive Drosophila WNK increased ion flux.Conclusions Cooperative interactions between chloride and Mo25 regulate WNK signaling in a transporting renal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yipin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Sima Jonusaite
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John M Pleinis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | - Drew Stenesen
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | | | - Aylin R Rodan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Taylor CA, Juang YC, Earnest S, Sengupta S, Goldsmith EJ, Cobb MH. Domain-Swapping Switch Point in Ste20 Protein Kinase SPAK. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5063-71. [PMID: 26208601 PMCID: PMC5167558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The related protein kinases SPAK and OSR1 regulate ion homeostasis in part by phosphorylating cation cotransporter family members. The structure of the kinase domain of OSR1 was determined in the unphosphorylated inactive form and, like some other Ste20 kinases, exhibited a domain-swapped activation loop. To further probe the role of domain swapping in SPAK and OSR1, we have determined the crystal structures of SPAK 63-403 at 3.1 Å and SPAK 63-390 T243D at 2.5 Å resolution. These structures encompass the kinase domain and different portions of the C-terminal tail, the longer without and the shorter with an activating T243D point mutation. The structure of the T243D protein reveals significant conformational differences relative to unphosphorylated SPAK and OSR1 but also has some features of an inactive kinase. Both structures are domain-swapped dimers. Sequences involved in domain swapping were identified and mutated to create a SPAK monomeric mutant with kinase activity, indicating that monomeric forms are active. The monomeric mutant is activated by WNK1 but has reduced activity toward its substrate NKCC2, suggesting regulatory roles for domain swapping. The structure of partially active SPAK T243D is consistent with a multistage activation process in which phosphorylation induces a SPAK conformation that requires further remodeling to build the active structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Yu-Chi Juang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Samarpita Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Elizabeth J. Goldsmith
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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