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Brandt N, Köper F, Hausmann J, Bräuer AU. Spotlight on plasticity-related genes: Current insights in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108687. [PMID: 38969308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system is highly complex, involving numerous developmental processes that must take place with high spatial and temporal precision. This requires a series of complex and well-coordinated molecular processes that are tighly controlled and regulated by, for example, a variety of proteins and lipids. Deregulations in these processes, including genetic mutations, can lead to the most severe maldevelopments. The present review provides an overview of the protein family Plasticity-related genes (PRG1-5), including their role during neuronal differentiation, their molecular interactions, and their participation in various diseases. As these proteins can modulate the function of bioactive lipids, they are able to influence various cellular processes. Furthermore, they are dynamically regulated during development, thus playing an important role in the development and function of synapses. First studies, conducted not only in mouse experiments but also in humans, revealed that mutations or dysregulations of these proteins lead to changes in lipid metabolism, resulting in severe neurological deficits. In recent years, as more and more studies have shown their involvement in a broad range of diseases, the complexity and broad spectrum of known and as yet unknown interactions between PRGs, lipids, and proteins make them a promising and interesting group of potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Köper
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Hausmann
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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2
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PRG3 and PRG5 C-Termini: Important Players in Early Neuronal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113007. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional importance of neuronal differentiation of the transmembrane proteins’ plasticity-related genes 3 (PRG3) and 5 (PRG5) has been shown. Although their sequence is closely related, they promote different morphological changes in neurons. PRG3 was shown to promote neuritogenesis in primary neurons; PRG5 contributes to spine induction in immature neurons and the regulation of spine density and morphology in mature neurons. Both exhibit intracellularly located C-termini of less than 50 amino acids. Varying C-termini suggested that these domains shape neuronal morphology differently. We generated mutant EGFP-fusion proteins in which the C-termini were either swapped between PRG3 and PRG5, deleted, or fused to another family member, plasticity-related gene 4 (PRG4), that was recently shown to be expressed in different brain regions. We subsequently analyzed the influence of overexpression in immature neurons. Our results point to a critical role of the PRG3 and PRG5 C-termini in shaping early neuronal morphology. However, the results suggest that the C-terminus alone might not be sufficient for promoting the morphological effects induced by PRG3 and PRG5.
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Fuchs J, Bareesel S, Kroon C, Polyzou A, Eickholt BJ, Leondaritis G. Plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins as pleiotropic regulators of neuron growth and excitability. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984655. [PMID: 36187351 PMCID: PMC9520309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasma membrane proteins are essential for integrating cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic signals to orchestrate neuronal differentiation, growth and plasticity in the developing and adult nervous system. Here, we shed light on the family of plasma membrane proteins phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins (PLPPRs) (alternative name, PRGs; plasticity-related genes) that fine-tune neuronal growth and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several studies uncovered essential functions of PLPPRs in filopodia formation, axon guidance and branching during nervous system development and regeneration, as well as in the control of dendritic spine number and excitability. Loss of PLPPR expression in knockout mice increases susceptibility to seizures, and results in defects in sensory information processing, development of psychiatric disorders, stress-related behaviors and abnormal social interaction. However, the exact function of PLPPRs in the context of neurological diseases is largely unclear. Although initially described as active lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ecto-phosphatases that regulate the levels of this extracellular bioactive lipid, PLPPRs lack catalytic activity against LPA. Nevertheless, they emerge as atypical LPA modulators, by regulating LPA mediated signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the effects of this protein family on cellular morphology, generation and maintenance of cellular protrusions as well as highlight their known neuronal functions and phenotypes of KO mice. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of PLPPRs including the deployment of phospholipids, actin-cytoskeleton and small GTPase signaling pathways, with a focus on identifying gaps in our knowledge to stimulate interest in this understudied protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shannon Bareesel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Britta J. Eickholt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Britta J. Eickholt,
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center Ioannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- George Leondaritis,
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Gross I, Brandt N, Vonk D, Köper F, Wöhlbrand L, Rabus R, Witt M, Heep A, Plösch T, Hipp MS, Bräuer AU. Plasticity-Related Gene 5 Is Expressed in a Late Phase of Neurodifferentiation After Neuronal Cell-Fate Determination. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:797588. [PMID: 35496908 PMCID: PMC9053830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.797588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During adult neurogenesis, neuronal stem cells differentiate into mature neurons that are functionally integrated into the existing network. One hallmark during the late phase of this neurodifferentiation process is the formation of dendritic spines. These morphological specialized structures form the basis of most excitatory synapses in the brain, and are essential for neuronal communication. Additionally, dendritic spines are affected in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease or schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms underlying spinogenesis, as well as spine pathologies, are poorly understood. Plasticity-related Gene 5 (PRG5), a neuronal transmembrane protein, has previously been linked to spinogenesis in vitro. Here, we analyze endogenous expression of the PRG5 protein in different mouse brain areas, as well as on a subcellular level. We found that native PRG5 is expressed dendritically, and in high abundance in areas characterized by their regenerative capacity, such as the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. During adult neurogenesis, PRG5 is specifically expressed in a late phase after neuronal cell-fate determination associated with dendritic spine formation. On a subcellular level, we found PRG5 not to be localized at the postsynaptic density, but at the base of the synapse. In addition, we showed that PRG5-induced formation of membrane protrusions is independent from neuronal activity, supporting a possible role in the morphology and stabilization of spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gross
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Brandt
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Danara Vonk
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Köper
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Wöhlbrand
- General and Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Rabus
- General and Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Heep
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Perinatal Neurobiology Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mark S. Hipp
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anja U. Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anja U. Bräuer,
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5
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LPPR5 Expression in Glioma Affects Growth, Vascular Architecture, and Sunitinib Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063108. [PMID: 35328529 PMCID: PMC8952597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research, glioblastoma remains almost invariably fatal. Various promising drugs targeting specific aspects of glioma biology, in addition to or as an alternative to antiproliferative chemotherapy, were not successful in larger clinical trials. Further insights into the biology of glioma and the mechanisms behind the evasive-adaptive response to targeted therapies is needed to help identify new therapeutic targets, prognostics, or predictive biomarkers. As a modulator of the canonically oncogenic Rho-GTPase pathway, Lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 5 (LPPR5) is pivotal in influencing growth, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance. We used a GL261 murine orthotopic allograft glioma model to quantify the tumor growth and to obtain tissue for histological and molecular analysis. Epicortical intravital epi-illumination fluorescence video microscopy of the tumor cell spheroids was used to characterize the neovascular architecture and hemodynamics. GL261-glioma growth was delayed and decelerated after LPPR5 overexpression (LPPR5OE). We observed increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A in LPPR5OE glioma. Hence, an altered micro-angioarchitecture consisting of dysfunctional small blood vessels was discovered in the LPPR5OE tumors. Sunitinib therapy eliminated these vessels but had no effect on tumor growth or apoptosis. In general, LPPR5 overexpression generated a more benign, proapoptotic glioma phenotype with delayed growth and a dysfunctional vascular architecture.
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6
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Gross I, Tschigor T, Salman AL, Yang F, Luo J, Vonk D, Hipp MS, Neidhardt J, Bräuer AU. Systematic expression analysis of plasticity-related genes in mouse brain development brings PRG4 into play. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:714-728. [PMID: 34622503 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasticity-related genes (Prgs/PRGs) or lipid phosphate phosphatase-related proteins (LPPRs) comprise five known members, which have been linked to neuronal differentiation processes, such as neurite outgrowth, axonal branching, or dendritic spine formation. PRGs are highly brain-specific and belong to the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) superfamily, which influence lipid metabolism by dephosphorylation of bioactive lipids. PRGs, however, do not possess enzymatic activity, but modify lipid metabolism in a way that is still under investigation. RESULTS We analyzed mRNA expression levels of all Prgs during mouse brain development, in the hippocampus, neocortex, olfactory bulbs, and cerebellum. We found different spatio-temporal expression patterns for each of the Prgs, and identified a high expression of the uncharacterized Prg4 throughout brain development. Unlike its close family members PRG3 and PRG5, PRG4 did not induce filopodial outgrowth in non-neuronal cell lines, and does not localize to the plasma membrane of filopodia. CONCLUSION We showed PRG4 to be highly expressed in the developing and the adult brain, suggesting that it is of vital importance for normal brain function. Despite its similarities to other family members, it seems not to be involved in changes of cell morphology; instead, it is more likely to be associated with intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gross
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tabea Tschigor
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Angelina L Salman
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Danara Vonk
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Sun Y, Ma L, Jin M, Zheng Y, Wang D, Ni H. Effects of Melatonin on Neurobehavior and Cognition in a Cerebral Palsy Model of plppr5-/- Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:598788. [PMID: 33692754 PMCID: PMC7937640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.598788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP), a group of clinical syndromes caused by non-progressive brain damage in the developing fetus or infant, is one of the most common causes of lifelong physical disability in children in most countries. At present, many researchers believe that perinatal cerebral hypoxic ischemic injury or inflammatory injury are the main causes of cerebral palsy. Previous studies including our works confirmed that melatonin has a protective effect against convulsive brain damage during development and that it affects the expression of various molecules involved in processes such as metabolism, plasticity and signaling in the brain. Integral membrane protein plppr5 is a new member of the plasticity-related protein family, which is specifically expressed in brain and spinal cord, and induces filopodia formation as well as neurite growth. It is highly expressed in the brain, especially in areas of high plasticity, such as the hippocampus. The signals are slightly lower in the cortex, the cerebellum, and in striatum. Noteworthy, during development plppr5 mRNA is expressed in the spinal cord, i.e., in neuron rich regions such as in medial motor nuclei, suggesting that plppr5 plays an important role in the regulation of neurons. However, the existing literature only states that plppr5 is involved in the occurrence and stability of dendritic spines, and research on its possible involvement in neonatal ischemic hypoxic encephalopathy has not been previously reported. We used plppr5 knockout (plppr5-/-) mice and their wild-type littermates to establish a model of hypoxicischemic brain injury (HI) to further explore the effects of melatonin on brain injury and the role of plppr5 in this treatment in an HI model, which mainly focuses on cognition, exercise, learning, and memory. All the tests were performed at 3-4 weeks after HI. As for melatonin treatment, which was performed 5 min after HI injury and followed by every 24h. In these experiments, we found that there was a significant interaction between genotype and treatment in novel object recognition tests, surface righting reflex tests and forelimb suspension reflex tests, which represent learning and memory, motor function and coordination, and the forelimb grip of the mice, respectively. However, a significant main effect of genotype and treatment on performance in all behavioral tests were observed. Specifically, wild-type mice with HI injury performed better than plppr5-/- mice, regardless of treatment with melatonin or vehicle. Moreover, treatment with melatonin could improve behavior in the tests for wild-type mice with HI injury, but not for plppr5-/- mice. This study showed that plppr5 knockout aggravated HI damage and partially weakened the neuroprotection of melatonin in some aspects (such as novel object recognition test and partial nerve reflexes), which deserves further study.
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8
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Brosig A, Fuchs J, Ipek F, Kroon C, Schrötter S, Vadhvani M, Polyzou A, Ledderose J, van Diepen M, Holzhütter HG, Trimbuch T, Gimber N, Schmoranzer J, Lieberam I, Rosenmund C, Spahn C, Scheerer P, Szczepek M, Leondaritis G, Eickholt BJ. The Axonal Membrane Protein PRG2 Inhibits PTEN and Directs Growth to Branches. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2028-2040.e8. [PMID: 31722215 PMCID: PMC6856728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing neurons, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control axon growth and branching by positively regulating PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3, but how neurons are able to generate sufficient PI(3,4,5)P3 in the presence of high levels of the antagonizing phosphatase PTEN is difficult to reconcile. We find that normal axon morphogenesis involves homeostasis of elongation and branch growth controlled by accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 through PTEN inhibition. We identify a plasma membrane-localized protein-protein interaction of PTEN with plasticity-related gene 2 (PRG2). PRG2 stabilizes membrane PI(3,4,5)P3 by inhibiting PTEN and localizes in nanoclusters along axon membranes when neurons initiate their complex branching behavior. We demonstrate that PRG2 is both sufficient and necessary to account for the ability of neurons to generate axon filopodia and branches in dependence on PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3 and PTEN. Our data indicate that PRG2 is part of a neuronal growth program that induces collateral branch growth in axons by conferring local inhibition of PTEN. Neuronal axon growth and branching is globally regulated by PI3K/PTEN signaling PRG2 inhibits PTEN and stabilizes PIP3 and F-actin PRG2 localizes to nanoclusters on the axonal membrane and coincides with branching PRG2 promotes axonal filopodia and branching dependent on PI3K/PTEN
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brosig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatih Ipek
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, T.H. Chan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Mayur Vadhvani
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiel van Diepen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College, London, UK
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Spahn
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, is today a leading cause of unpredictable lifelong disability in young adults. The treatment of patients in progressive stages remains highly challenging, alluding to our limited understanding of the underlying pathological processes. In this review, we provide insights into the mechanisms underpinning MS progression from a perspective of epigenetics, that refers to stable and mitotically heritable, yet reversible, changes in the genome activity and gene expression. We first recapitulate findings from epigenetic studies examining the brain tissue of progressive MS patients, which support a contribution of DNA and histone modifications in impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation, defective myelination/remyelination and sustained neuro-axonal vulnerability. We next explore possibilities for identifying factors affecting progression using easily accessible tissues such as blood by comparing epigenetic signatures in peripheral immune cells and brain tissue. Despite minor overlap at individual methylation sites, nearly 30% of altered genes reported in peripheral immune cells of progressive MS patients were found in brain tissue, jointly converging on alterations of neuronal functions. We further speculate about the mechanisms underlying shared epigenetic patterns between blood and brain, which likely imply the influence of internal (genetic control) and/or external (e.g. smoking and ageing) factors imprinting a common signature in both compartments. Overall, we propose that epigenetics might shed light on clinically relevant mechanisms involved in disease progression and open new avenues for the treatment of progressive MS patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kular
- From the, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Jagodic
- From the, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hao Y, Guo M, Feng Y, Dong Q, Cui M. Lysophospholipids and Their G-Coupled Protein Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: From Physiological Performance to Pathological Impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:58. [PMID: 32351364 PMCID: PMC7174595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are bioactive signaling lipids that are generated from phospholipase-mediated hydrolyzation of membrane phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are two of the best-characterized LPLs which mediate a variety of cellular physiological responses via specific G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mediated signaling pathways. Considerable evidence now demonstrates the crucial role of LPA and S1P in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Dysfunction of LPA and S1P metabolism can lead to aberrant accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation and ultimately neuronal death. Summarizing LPA and S1P signaling profile may aid in profound health and pathological processes. In the current review, we will introduce the metabolism as well as the physiological roles of LPA and S1P in maintaining the normal functions of the nervous system. Given these pivotal functions, we will further discuss the role of dysregulation of LPA and S1P in promoting AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Hao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Tilve S, Iweka CA, Bao J, Hawken N, Mencio CP, Geller HM. Phospholipid phosphatase related 1 (PLPPR1) increases cell adhesion through modulation of Rac1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111911. [PMID: 32061832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a six-transmembrane protein that belongs to the family of plasticity-related gene proteins, which is a novel brain-specific subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. PLPPR1-5 have prominent roles in synapse formation and axonal pathfinding. We found that PLPPR1 overexpression in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) results in increase in cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. During migration, these cells leave behind long fibrous looking extensions of the plasma membrane causing a peculiar phenotype. Cells expressing PLPPR1 showed decreased actin turnover and decreased disassembly of focal adhesions. PLPPR1 also reduced active Rac1, and expressing dominant negative Rac1 produced a similar phenotype to overexpression of PLPPR1. The PLPPR1-induced phenotype of long fibers was reversed by introducing constitutively active Rac1. In summary, we show that PLPPR1 decreases active Rac1 levels that leads to cascade of events which increases cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Hawken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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12
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Gross I, Bräuer AU. Modulation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor activity: the key to successful neural regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:53-54. [PMID: 31535643 PMCID: PMC6862401 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gross
- Research Group Anatomy, School for Medicine and Health Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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13
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Neßlauer AM, Gläser A, Gräler M, Engelmann R, Müller-Hilke B, Frank M, Burstein C, Rolfs A, Neidhardt J, Wree A, Witt M, Bräuer AU. A therapy with miglustat, 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and allopregnanolone restores splenic cholesterol homeostasis in Niemann-pick disease type C1. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:146. [PMID: 31248418 PMCID: PMC6598286 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal-recessive lipid-storage disorder with an estimated minimal incidence of 1/120,000 live births. Besides other neuronal and visceral symptoms, NPC1 patients develop spleen dysfunction, isolated spleno- or hepatosplenomegaly and infections. The mechanisms of splenomegaly and alterations of lipid metabolism-related genes in NPC1 disease are still poorly understood. METHODS Here, we used an NPC1 mouse model to study a splenoprotective effect of a treatment with miglustat, 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and allopregnanolone and showed that this treatment has a positive effect on spleen morphology and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Disease progress can be halted and blocked at the molecular level. Mutant Npc1 (Npc1-/-) mice showed increased spleen weight and increased lipid accumulation that could be avoided by our treatment. Also, FACS analyses showed that the increased number of splenic myeloid cells in Npc1-/- mice was normalized by the treatment. Treated Npc1-/- mice showed decreased numbers of cytotoxic T cells and increased numbers of T helper cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the treatment promotes normal spleen morphology, stabilization of lipid homeostasis and blocking of inflammation, but alters the composition of T cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Neßlauer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department für Humanmedizin, Abteilung Anatomie, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), and the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robby Engelmann
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstraße 14, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Burstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - John Neidhardt
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department für Humanmedizin, Abteilung Anatomie, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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14
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Tan F, Wang J, Liu JX, Wang C, Li M, Gu Y. Electroacupuncture stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4943-4950. [PMID: 30542450 PMCID: PMC6257304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) may stimulate neurogenesis in animal models of ischemic stroke; however, the associated mechanisms are not clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the neurogenesis efficacy of EA on ischemic stroke and the underlying associated mechanisms. A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was employed as the rat model of brain ischemia and reperfusion. EA treatment at the GV20 (Baihui) and GV14 (Dazhui) acupoints was conducted for 30 min daily following MCAO. Immunofluorescence was performed to measure the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/nestin- or BrdU/doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the sham, MCAO and MCAO + EA groups. Results indicated that EA stimulation significantly decreased the neurological score and neuronal loss in rats in the MCAO group (both P<0.05). Furthermore, immunostaining assays indicated that BrdU/nestin- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in EA-treated rats were significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared with the rats in the MCAO group, indicating EA may induce the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, EA treatment significantly enhanced the protein expression levels of plasticity-related gene 5 (PRG5), a critical neurogenesis factor, and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of three neurogenesis inhibiting molecules, NogoA, lysophosphatidic acid and RhoA (all P<0.05). These results suggested that EA promotes the proliferation and differentiation of eNSCs, likely through modulating PRG5/RhoA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medical, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Miaodan Li
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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15
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PRG-1 Regulates Synaptic Plasticity via Intracellular PP2A/β1-Integrin Signaling. Dev Cell 2016; 38:275-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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van Coevorden-Hameete MH, de Graaff E, Titulaer MJ, Hulsenboom E, Sabater L, Hoogenraad CC, Sillevis Smitt PA. Plasticity-related gene 5: A novel surface autoantigen in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e156. [PMID: 26445730 PMCID: PMC4582903 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H van Coevorden-Hameete
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther de Graaff
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Hulsenboom
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Sabater
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter A Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Biology (M.H.v.C.-H., E.d.G., C.C.H.), div Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.H.v.C.-H, M.J.T., E.H., P.A.S.S.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Service of Neurology Hospital Clinic (L.S.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Yu P, Agbaegbu C, Malide DA, Wu X, Katagiri Y, Hammer JA, Geller HM. Cooperative interactions of LPPR family members in membrane localization and alteration of cellular morphology. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3210-22. [PMID: 26183180 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid phosphate phosphatase-related proteins (LPPRs), also known as plasticity-related genes (PRGs), are classified as a new brain-enriched subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) superfamily. They induce membrane protrusions, neurite outgrowth or dendritic spine formation in cell lines and primary neurons. However, the exact roles of LPPRs and the mechanisms underlying their effects are not certain. Here, we present the results of a large-scale proteome analysis to determine LPPR1-interacting proteins using co-immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry. We identified putative LPPR1-binding proteins involved in various biological processes. Most interestingly, we identified the interaction of LPPR1 with its family member LPPR3, LPPR4 and LPPR5. Their interactions were characterized by co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization analysis using confocal and super-resolution microscopy. Moreover, co-expressing two LPPR members mutually elevated their protein levels, facilitated their plasma membrane localization and resulted in an increased induction of membrane protrusions as well as the phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein. Taken together, we revealed a new functional cooperation between LPPR family members and discovered for the first time that LPPRs likely exert their function through forming complex with its family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yu
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniela A Malide
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Molecular Cell Biology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Molecular Cell Biology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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