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Schofield LG, Endacott SK, Delforce SJ, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Importance of the (Pro)renin Receptor in Activating the Renin-Angiotensin System During Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024:10.1007/s11906-024-01316-1. [PMID: 39093387 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For a healthy pregnancy to occur, a controlled interplay between the maternal circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), placental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) is necessary. Functionally, both the RAAS and iRAS interact to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output, as well as fluid and electrolyte balance. The placental RAS is important for placental development while also influencing the maternal circulating RAAS and iRAS. This narrative review concentrates on the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and its soluble form (s(P)RR) in the context of the hypertensive pregnancy pathology, preeclampsia. RECENT FINDINGS The (P)RR and the s(P)RR have become of particular interest as not only can they activate prorenin and renin, thus influencing levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), but s(P)RR has now been shown to directly interact with and stimulate the Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Levels of both placental (P)RR and maternal circulating s(P)RR are elevated in patients with preeclampsia. Furthermore, s(P)RR has been shown to increase blood pressure in non-pregnant and pregnant rats and mice. In preeclamptic pregnancies, which are characterised by maternal hypertension and impaired placental development and function, we propose that there is enhanced secretion of s(P)RR from the placenta into the maternal circulation. Due to its ability to both activate prorenin and act as an AT1R agonist, excess maternal circulating s(P)RR can act on both the maternal vasculature, and the kidney, leading to RAS over-activation. This results in dysregulation of the maternal circulating RAAS and overactivation of the iRAS, contributing to maternal hypertension, renal damage, and secondary changes to neurohumoral regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, ultimately contributing to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Schofield
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Saije K Endacott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia.
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia.
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Ohguro H, Watanabe M, Hikage F, Sato T, Nishikiori N, Umetsu A, Higashide M, Ogawa T, Furuhashi M. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4-Mediated Regulation Is Pivotally Involved in Retinal Pathophysiology: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7717. [PMID: 39062961 PMCID: PMC11277531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), a family of lipid chaperone molecules that are involved in intracellular lipid transportation to specific cellular compartments, stimulate lipid-associated responses such as biological signaling, membrane synthesis, transcriptional regulation, and lipid synthesis. Previous studies have shown that FABP4, a member of this family of proteins that are expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT). Since significant increases in the serum levels of FABP4 were detected in those patients, FABP4 has been identified as a crucial biomarker for these systemic diseases. In addition, in the field of ophthalmology, our group found that intraocular levels of FABP4 (ioFABP4) and free fatty acids (ioFFA) were substantially elevated in patients with retinal vascular diseases (RVDs) including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), for which DM and HT are also recognized as significant risk factors. Recent studies have also revealed that ioFABP4 plays important roles in both retinal physiology and pathogenesis, and the results of these studies have suggested potential molecular targets for retinal diseases that might lead to future new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Fumihito Hikage
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.S.); (T.O.)
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Nami Nishikiori
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (M.W.); (F.H.); (N.N.); (A.U.); (M.H.)
| | - Toshifumi Ogawa
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.S.); (T.O.)
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (T.S.); (T.O.)
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Rong Y, Liu SH, Tang MZ, Wu ZH, Ma GR, Li XF, Cai H. Analysis of the potential biological value of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit β in human cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:144-181. [PMID: 38292838 PMCID: PMC10824119 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i1.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit β (PDHB) gene which regulates energy metabolism is located in mitochondria. However, few studies have elucidated the role and mechanism of PDHB in different cancers. AIM To comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of PDHB was performed based on bioinformatics approaches to explore its tumor diagnostic and prognostic value and tumor immune relevance in cancer. In vitro experiments were performed to examine the biological regulation of PDHB in liver cancer. METHODS Pan-cancer data related to PDHB were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Analysis of the gene expression profiles of PDHB was based on TCGA and Genotype Tissue Expression Dataset databases. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to assess the correlation between PDHB expression and survival prognosis in cancer patients. The correlation between PDHB and receiver operating characteristic diagnostic curve, clinicopathological staging, somatic mutation, tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), DNA methylation, and drug susceptibility in pan-cancer was also analyzed. Various algorithms were used to analyze the correlation between PDHB and immune cell infiltration and tumor chemotaxis environment, as well as the co-expression analysis of PDHB and immune checkpoint (ICP) genes. The expression and functional phenotype of PDHB in single tumor cells were studied by single-cell sequencing, and the functional enrichment analysis of PDHB-related genes was performed. The study also validated the level of mRNA or protein expression of PDHB in several cancers. Finally, in vitro experiments verified the regulatory effect of PDHB on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of liver cancer. RESULTS PDHB was significantly and differently expressed in most cancers. PDHB was significantly associated with prognosis in patients with a wide range of cancers, including kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, breast invasive carcinoma, and brain lower grade glioma. In some cancers, PDHB expression was clearly associated with gene mutations, clinicopathological stages, and expression of TMB, MSI, and ICP genes. The expression of PDHB was closely related to the infiltration of multiple immune cells in the immune microenvironment and the regulation of tumor chemotaxis environment. In addition, single-cell sequencing results showed that PDHB correlated with different biological phenotypes of multiple cancer single cells. This study further demonstrated that down-regulation of PDHB expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion functions of hepatoma cells. CONCLUSION As a member of pan-cancer, PDHB may be a novel cancer marker with potential value in diagnosing cancer, predicting prognosis, and in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rong
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Song-Hua Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ming-Zheng Tang
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Wu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guo-Rong Ma
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hui Cai
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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Funke-Kaiser H, Unger T. The (pro)renin receptor as a pharmacological target in cardiorenal diseaes. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2527-2534. [PMID: 37667044 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is not only a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) but also exerts several RAS-independent functions due to its multiple signal transductions pathways. In this mini-review, we shortly discuss the molecular functions of this receptor and its pathophysiological significance with a focus on cardiorenal diseases. Finally, we provide a short summary regarding a drug discovery and drug development program on small molecule-based renin/ prorenin receptor blockers (RERBs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tsai CY, Chen PH, Chen AL, Wang TSA. Spatiotemporal Investigation of Intercellular Heterogeneity via Multiple Photocaged Probes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301067. [PMID: 37382047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular heterogeneity occurs widely under both normal physiological environments and abnormal disease-causing conditions. Several attempts to couple spatiotemporal information to cell states in a microenvironment were performed to decipher the cause and effect of heterogeneity. Furthermore, spatiotemporal manipulation can be achieved with the use of photocaged/photoactivatable molecules. Here, we provide a platform to spatiotemporally analyze differential protein expression in neighboring cells by multiple photocaged probes coupled with homemade photomasks. We successfully established intercellular heterogeneity (photoactivable ROS trigger) and mapped the targets (directly ROS-affected cells) and bystanders (surrounding cells), which were further characterized by total proteomic and cysteinomic analysis. Different protein profiles were shown between bystanders and target cells in both total proteome and cysteinome. Our strategy should expand the toolkit of spatiotemporal mapping for elucidating intercellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Po-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ai-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
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Song X, Chen M, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang D, Song C, Shang X, Tan Q. Multi-stage nuclear transcriptomic insights of morphogenesis and biparental role changes in Lentinula edodes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12624-y. [PMID: 37439832 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on six offspring with different mitochondrial (M) and parental nuclear (N) genotypes, the multi-stage morphological characteristics and nuclear transcriptomes of Lentinula edodes were compared to investigate morphogenesis mechanisms during cultivation, the key reason for cultivar resistance to genotype changes, and regulation related to biparental role changes. Six offspring had specific transcriptomic data and morphological characteristics that were mainly regulated by the two parental nuclei, followed by the cytoplasm, at different growth stages. Importing a wild N genotype easily leads to failure or instability of fruiting; however, importing wild M genotypes may improve cultivars. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes encoding specific metabolites in spawns may play crucial roles in fruiting body formation. Pellets from submerged cultivation and spawns from sawdust substrate cultivation showed different carbon metabolic pathways, especially in secondary metabolism, degradation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and plasma membrane transport (mainly MFS). When the stage of small young pileus (SYP) was formed on the surface of the bag, the spawns inside were mainly involved in nutrient accumulation. Just broken pileus (JBP) showed a different expression of plasma membrane transporter genes related to intracellular material transport compared to SYP and showed different ribosomal proteins and cytochrome P450 functioning in protein biosynthesis and metabolism than near spreading pileus (NSP). Biparental roles mainly regulate offspring metabolism, growth, and morphogenesis by differentially expressing specific genes during different vegetative growth stages. Additionally, some genes encoding glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins, F-box, and folliculin-interacting protein repeat-containing proteins may be related to multi-stage morphogenesis. KEY POINTS: • Replacement of nuclear genotype is not suitable for cultivar breeding of L. edodes. • Some genes show a biparental role-divergent expression at mycelial growth stage. • Transcriptomic changes of some sawdust substrate cultivation stages have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Song
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Dang Zhang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tan
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
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Funke-Kaiser H, Unger T. The (Pro)renin Receptor - A Regulatory Nodal Point in Disease Networks. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1093-1098. [PMID: 37885110 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501250617231016052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Experimental inhibition of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a promising therapeutic strategy in different disease models ranging from cardiorenal to oncological entities. Here, we briefly review the direct protein-protein interaction partners of the (P)RR and the plethora of distinct diseases in which the (P)RR is involved. The first structural work on the (P)RR using AlphaFold, which was recently published by Ebihara et al., is the center of this mini-review since it can mechanistically link the protein-protein interaction level with the pathophysiological level. More detailed insights into the 3D structure of the (P)RR and its interaction domains might guide drug discovery on this novel target. Finally, antibody- and small molecule-based approaches to inhibit the (P)RR are shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Edelman WC, Kiianitsa K, Virmani T, Martinez RA, Young JE, Keene CD, Bird TD, Raskind WH, Korvatska O. Reduced gene dosage is a common mechanism of neuropathologies caused by ATP6AP2 splicing mutations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 101:31-38. [PMID: 35779466 PMCID: PMC10012809 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations that alter splicing of X-linked ATP6AP2 cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies including parkinsonism in affected males. All previously reported splicing mutations increase the level of a minor isoform with skipped exon 4 (Δe4) that encodes a functionally deficient protein. OBJECTIVES We investigated the pathogenic mechanism of a novel c.168+6T>A variant reported in a family with X-linked intellectual disability, epilepsy, and parkinsonism. We also analyzed ATP6AP2 splicing defects in brains of carriers of a c.345C>T variant associated with X-linked spasticity and parkinsonism. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with c.168+6T>A, reprogrammed them to neural progenitor cells and analyzed them by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. We also quantified ATP6AP2 isoforms in the brains of c.345C>T carriers by Nanostring nCounter. RESULTS The c.168+6T>A increased skipping of ATP6AP2 exon 2 and usage of cryptic intronic donor splice sites. This results in out-of-frame splicing products and a reciprocal 50% reduction in functional full-length ATP6AP2 transcripts. Neural progenitors of patients with c.168+6T>A exhibited downregulated neural development gene networks. Analysis of blood transcriptomes of c.168+6T>A carriers identified potential biomarkers of ATP6AP2 deficiency in non-neural tissues. The c.345C>T variant increased exon 4 skipping with concomitant decrease of full length ATP6AP2 in brains of carriers. CONCLUSION A common pathogenic consequence of splicing mutations affecting inclusion of different ATP6AP2 exons is reduction of the functional full-length transcript. The exacerbated ATP6AP2 splicing defect in brains of c.345C>T carriers is consistent with their CNS-restricted clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Edelman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tuhin Virmani
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Refugio A Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Targeting renin receptor for the inhibition of renin angiotensin aldosterone system: An alternative approach through in silico drug discovery. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Hoffmann N, Peters J. Functions of the (pro)renin receptor (Atp6ap2) at molecular and system levels: pathological implications in hypertension, renal and brain development, inflammation, and fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105922. [PMID: 34607004 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR, Atp6ap2] was initially discovered as a membrane-bound binding partner of prorenin and renin. A soluble (P)RR has additional paracrine effects and is involved in metabolic syndrome and kidney damage. Meanwhile it is clear that most of the effects of the (P)RR are independent of prorenin. In the kidney, (P)RR plays an important role in renal dysfunction by activating proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules. In the brain, (P)RR is expressed in cardiovascular regulatory nuclei and is linked to hypertension. (P)RR is known to be an essential component of the v-ATPase as a key accessory protein and plays an important role in kidney, brain and heart via regulating the pH of the extracellular space and intracellular compartments. V-ATPase and (P)RR together act on WNT and mTOR signalling pathways, which are responsible for cellular homeostasis and autophagy. (P)RR through its role in v-ATPase assembly and function is also important for fast recycling endocytosis by megalin. In the kidney, megalin together with v-ATPase and (P)RR is crucial for endocytic uptake of components of the RAS and their intracellular processing. In the brain, (P)RR, v-ATPases and megalin are important regulators both during development and in the adult. All three proteins are associated with diseases such as XLMR, XMRE, X-linked parkinsonism and epilepsy, cognitive disorders with Parkinsonism, spasticity, intellectual disability, and Alzheimer's Disease which are characterized by impaired neuronal function and/or neuronal loss. The present review focusses on the relevant effects of Atp6ap2 without assigning them necessarily to the RAS. Mechanistically, many effects can be well explained by the role of Atp6ap2 for v-ATPase assembly and function. Furthermore, application of a soluble (P)RR analogue as new therapeutic option is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Peters
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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Sasaki N, Morimoto S, Suda C, Shimizu S, Ichihara A. Urinary soluble (pro)renin receptor excretion is associated with urine pH in humans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254688. [PMID: 34310595 PMCID: PMC8312976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] binds to renin and its precursor prorenin to activate the tissue renin-angiotensin system. It is cleaved to generate soluble (P)RR and M8–9, a residual hydrophobic truncated protein. The (pro)renin receptor also functions as an intracellular accessory protein of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, which plays an essential role in controlling the intracellular vesicular acid environment. Thus, in the kidney, (P)RR may play a role in transporting H+ to urine in the collecting duct. Although blood soluble (P)RR has been recognized as a biomarker reflecting the status of the tissue renin-angiotensin system and/or tissue (P)RR, the significance of urinary soluble (P)RR excretion has not been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of urinary soluble (P)RR excretion. Urinary soluble (P)RR excretion was measured, and its association with background factors was investigated in 441 patients. Relationships between changes in urine pH due to vitamin C treatment, which reduce urine pH, and urinary soluble (P)RR excretion were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. Urinary soluble (P)RR excretion was 1.46 (0.44–2.92) ng/gCre. Urine pH showed a significantly positive association with urinary soluble (P)RR excretion, independent of other factors. Changes in urine pH and urinary soluble (P)RR excretion due to vitamin C treatment were significantly and positively correlated (ρ = 0.8182, p = 0.0038). These data showed an association between urinary soluble (P)RR excretion and urine pH in humans, suggesting that (P)RR in the kidney might play a role in urine pH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Sasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chikahito Suda
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shimizu
- School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Detection of significantly high vitreous concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein 4 in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12382. [PMID: 34117325 PMCID: PMC8196157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid-binding protein4 (FABP4) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) play key roles in the metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), respectively. To identify FABP4 in vitreous fluid in PDR, vitreous concentrations of FABP4 (V-FABP4) and VEGFA (V-VEGFA) from PDR (n = 20) and non-PDR (n = 20) patients were determined by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays. The data, which included height and weight, systemic blood pressures, several blood biochemical parameters and blood flow at the optic nerve head (ONH) by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) were collected. The levels of V-FABP4 and V-VEGFA were significantly higher in PDR patients than in non-PDR patients (P < 0.001) with a high positive correlation (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) between them. The findings were not affected by body mass index values and the presence of vitreous hemorrhaging. Among the clinical parameters, V-FABP4 correlated positively with creatinine and negatively with age and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, while V-VEGFA correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels but negatively with AST. Multiple regression analyses indicated that V-VEGFA, or V-FABP4, AST and HbA1c were independent predictors of V-FABP4 or V-VEGFA, respectively. Both were negatively correlated, but more evident in V-FABP4, with the ONH ocular blood flow.
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13
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Morosin SK, Lochrin AJ, Delforce SJ, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and soluble (pro)renin receptor (s(P)RR) in pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 116:43-50. [PMID: 34020806 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional protein that can be proteolytically cleaved and released in a soluble form (s(P)RR). Recently, the (P)RR and s(P)RR have become of interest in pregnancy and its associated pathologies. This is because the (P)RR not only activates tissue renin angiotensin systems, but it is also an integral component of vacuolar-ATPase, activates the wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin and extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways, and stabilises the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Additionally, s(P)RR is detected in plasma and urine, and maternal plasma levels are elevated in pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Therefore, s(P)RR has potential as a biomarker for these pregnancy pathologies. Preliminary functional findings suggest that s(P)RR may be important for regulating fluid balance, inflammation and blood pressure, all of which contribute to a successful pregnancy. The (P)RR and s(P)RR regulate pathways that are known to be important in maintaining pregnancy, however their role in the physiological context of pregnancy is poorly characterised. This review summarises the known and potential functions of the (P)RR and s(P)RR in pregnancy, and how their dysregulation may contribute to pregnancy complications. It also highlights the need for further research into the source and function of s(P)RR in pregnancy. Soluble (P)RR levels could be indicative of placental, kidney or liver dysfunction and therefore be a novel clinical biomarker, or therapeutic target, to improve the detection and treatment of pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saije K Morosin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alyssa J Lochrin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, 2305, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Lu H, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Zhang M, Wang T, Zhao H, Zeng P. Detection of Genetic Overlap Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using GWAS Summary Statistics. Front Genet 2021; 12:656545. [PMID: 33815486 PMCID: PMC8012913 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.656545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and epidemiological studies have suggested systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are comorbidities and common genetic etiologies can partly explain such coexistence. However, shared genetic determinations underlying the two diseases remain largely unknown. Methods Our analysis relied on summary statistics available from genome-wide association studies of SLE (N = 23,210) and RA (N = 58,284). We first evaluated the genetic correlation between RA and SLE through the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC). Then, we performed a multiple-tissue eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) weighted integrative analysis for each of the two diseases and aggregated association evidence across these tissues via the recently proposed harmonic mean P-value (HMP) combination strategy, which can produce a single well-calibrated P-value for correlated test statistics. Afterwards, we conducted the pleiotropy-informed association using conjunction conditional FDR (ccFDR) to identify potential pleiotropic genes associated with both RA and SLE. Results We found there existed a significant positive genetic correlation (rg = 0.404, P = 6.01E-10) via LDSC between RA and SLE. Based on the multiple-tissue eQTL weighted integrative analysis and the HMP combination across various tissues, we discovered 14 potential pleiotropic genes by ccFDR, among which four were likely newly novel genes (i.e., INPP5B, OR5K2, RP11-2C24.5, and CTD-3105H18.4). The SNP effect sizes of these pleiotropic genes were typically positively dependent, with an average correlation of 0.579. Functionally, these genes were implicated in multiple auto-immune relevant pathways such as inositol phosphate metabolic process, membrane and glucagon signaling pathway. Conclusion This study reveals common genetic components between RA and SLE and provides candidate associated loci for understanding of molecular mechanism underlying the comorbidity of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huashuo Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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15
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Morimoto S, Morishima N, Watanabe D, Kato Y, Shibata N, Ichihara A. Immunohistochemistry for (Pro)renin Receptor in Humans. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:8828610. [PMID: 34367278 PMCID: PMC8337151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8828610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor is a multifunctional protein with roles in angiotensin-II-dependent and -independent intracellular cell signaling and roles as an intracellular accessory protein for the vacuolar H+-ATPase, including hormone secretion. While (pro)renin receptor mRNA is widely expressed in various human tissues, localization of (pro)renin receptor protein expression has not yet been systemically determined. Therefore, this study localized (pro)renin receptor protein expression in human organs. Systemic immunohistochemical examination of (pro)renin receptor expression was performed in whole body organs of autopsy cases. (Pro)renin receptor immunostaining was observed in the cytoplasm of cells in almost all human organs. It was observed in thyroid follicular epithelial cells, hepatic cells, pancreatic duct epithelial cells, zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland, proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney, cardiomyocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. In the brain, (pro)renin receptor staining was detected in neurons throughout all areas, especially in the medulla oblongata, paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, cerebrum, granular layer of the hippocampus, Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the pituitary anterior and posterior lobes. In the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, all types of anterior pituitary hormone-positive cells showed double staining with (pro)renin receptor. These data showed that (pro)renin receptor protein was expressed in almost all organs of the human body. Its expression pattern was not uniform, and cell-specific expression pattern was observed, supporting the notion that (pro)renin receptor plays numerous physiological roles in each human organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Shibayama Y, Takahashi K, Yamaguchi H, Yasuda J, Yamazaki D, Rahman A, Fujimori T, Fujisawa Y, Takai S, Furukawa T, Nakagawa T, Ohsaki H, Kobara H, Wong JH, Masaki T, Yuzawa Y, Kiyomoto H, Yachida S, Fujimoto A, Nishiyama A. Aberrant (pro)renin receptor expression induces genomic instability in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through upregulation of SMARCA5/SNF2H. Commun Biol 2020; 3:724. [PMID: 33247206 PMCID: PMC7695732 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] has a role in various diseases, such as cardiovascular and renal disorders and cancer. Aberrant (P)RR expression is prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) which is the most common pancreatic cancer. Here we show whether aberrant expression of (P)RR directly leads to genomic instability in human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. (P)RR-expressing HPDE cells show obvious cellular atypia. Whole genome sequencing reveals that aberrant (P)RR expression induces large numbers of point mutations and structural variations at the genome level. A (P)RR-expressing cell population exhibits tumour-forming ability, showing both atypical nuclei characterised by distinctive nuclear bodies and chromosomal abnormalities. (P)RR overexpression upregulates SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF)-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 5 (SMARCA5) through a direct molecular interaction, which results in the failure of several genomic stability pathways. These data reveal that aberrant (P)RR expression contributes to the early carcinogenesis of PDAC. Yuki Shibayama et al. find that high expression of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in human pancreatic ductal cells causes increased genomic instability, leading to the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. They show that (P)RR exerts its carcinogenic effects through direct binding and activation of the chromatin regulator SMARCA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shibayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hisateru Yamaguchi
- Division of Biomedical Polymer Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, School of Nursing and Medical Care, Yokkaichi Nursing and Medical Care University, Mie, 512-8045, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asadur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.,Fujimori Clinic for Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Kagawa, 761-8075, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujisawa
- Health Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohsaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Jing Hao Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yukio Yuzawa
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Kiyomoto
- Community Medical Support, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
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17
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Bréa D, Soler L, Fleurot I, Melo S, Chevaleyre C, Berri M, Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Pujo J, Cenac N, Bähr A, Klymiuk N, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M, Caballero I. Intrinsic alterations in peripheral neutrophils from cystic fibrosis newborn piglets. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:830-836. [PMID: 32165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is a neutrophil dominated lung environment that is associated to chronic lung tissue destruction and ultimately the patient's death. It is unclear whether the exacerbated neutrophil response is primary related to a defective CFTR or rather secondary to chronic bacterial colonization and inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that CF peripheral blood neutrophils present intrinsic alteration at birth before the start of an inflammatory process. METHODS Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from newborn CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- piglets. Neutrophils immunophenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry. Lipidomic and proteomic profile were characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) followed by top-down high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), respectively. The ability of CF neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa was also evaluated. RESULTS Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites analysis did not show any difference between CFTR+/+ and CFTR-/- neutrophils. On the other hand, a predictive mathematical model based on the ICM-MS proteomic profile was able to discriminate between both genotypes. Top-down proteomic analysis identified 19 m/z differentially abundant masses that corresponded mainly to proteins related to the antimicrobial response and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, no alteration in the ability of CFTR-/- neutrophils to kill pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro was observed. CONCLUSIONS ICM-MS demonstrated that CFTR-/- neutrophils present intrinsic alterations already at birth, before the presence of any infection or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Bréa
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Fleurot
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sandrine Melo
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Mustapha Berri
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA UMR85-CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d'Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement (CIRE), Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules (PAIB), Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plate-forme de Chirurgie et d'Imagerie pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement (CIRE), Pôle d'Analyse et d'Imagerie des Biomolécules (PAIB), Nouzilly, France
| | - Julien Pujo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU Tours, service de médecine intensive réanimation, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France; Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Tours, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays important roles in regulating blood pressure and body fluid, which contributes to the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular/renal diseases. However, accumulating evidence has further revealed the complexity of this signal transduction system, including direct interactions with other receptors and proteins. This review focuses on recent research advances in RAAS with an emphasis on its receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Both systemically and locally produced angiotensin II (Ang II) bind to Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and elicit strong biological functions. Recent studies have shown that Ang II-induced activation of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) elicits the opposite functions to those of AT1R. However, accumulating evidence has now expanded the components of RAAS, including (pro)renin receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin 1-7, and Mas receptor. In addition, the signal transductions of AT1R and AT2R are regulated by not only Ang II but also its receptor-associated proteins such as AT1R-associated protein and AT2R-interacting protein. Recent studies have indicated that inappropriate activation of local mineralocorticoid receptor contributes to cardiovascular and renal tissue injuries through aldosterone-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Since the mechanisms of RAAS signal transduction still remain to be elucidated, further investigations are necessary to explore novel molecular mechanisms of the RAAS, which will provide alternative therapeutic agents other than existing RAAS blockers.
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19
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Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was first identified as a single-transmembrane receptor in human kidneys and initially attracted attention owing to its potential role as a regulator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Subsequent studies found that the (P)RR is widely distributed in organs throughout the body, including the kidneys, heart, brain, eyes, placenta and the immune system, and has multifaceted functions in vivo. The (P)RR has roles in various physiological processes, such as the cell cycle, autophagy, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, embryonic development, T cell homeostasis, water balance, blood pressure regulation, cardiac remodelling and maintenance of podocyte structure. These roles of the (P)RR are mediated by its effects on important biological systems and pathways including the tissue RAS, vacuolar H+-ATPase, Wnt, partitioning defective homologue (Par) and tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, the (P)RR has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diabetic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity. Current evidence suggests that the (P)RR has key roles in the normal development and maintenance of vital organs and that dysfunction of the (P)RR is associated with diseases that are characterized by a disruption of the homeostasis of physiological functions.
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Xiong J, Cao X, Qiao S, Yu S, Li L, Yu Y, Fu C, Jiang F, Dong B, Su Q. (Pro)renin Receptor is Involved in Myocardial Damage in Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2344-2353. [PMID: 31498445 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel member of the renin-angiotensin system, participates in various cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of PRR in alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM), which is caused by alcohol intake and manifests as myocardial damage and cardiac dysfunction, remains unclear. METHODS PRR gene silencing was achieved by transfecting recombinant adenovirus expressing anti-PRR short hairpin RNA (PRR-shRNA). In vitro, primary rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were cultured with the stimulation of alcohol (200 mM), with or without PRR-shRNA and PD98059. Immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and Western blot were used to measure the protein and messenger (mRNA) expression of PRR, fibrotic factors, and members of related signaling pathways. In vivo, Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 9% (v/v) alcohol or a normal diet for 3 months, with or without PRR-shRNA. Sirius Red staining, immunohistochemical staining, and toluidine blue staining were used to evaluate myocardial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation response. RESULTS Alcohol markedly increased PRR mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in CFs. The increased expression of fibrotic factors induced by alcohol was prevented by PRR-shRNA and PD98059. Moreover, PRR-shRNA decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 in CFs. Furthermore, PRR-shRNA decreased cardiac fibrosis, reduced oxidative stress, and alleviated inflammation response in the myocardial tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that PRR-ERK1/2 signaling was involved in the development of ACM and that PRR could be a new target for the treatment of ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinran Cao
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyuan Qiao
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiran Yu
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Li
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yalin Yu
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changning Fu
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Dong
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Su
- From the, Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Liu Y, Kanda A, Wu D, Ishizuka ET, Kase S, Noda K, Ichihara A, Ishida S. Suppression of Choroidal Neovascularization and Fibrosis by a Novel RNAi Therapeutic Agent against (Pro)renin Receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:113-125. [PMID: 31254924 PMCID: PMC6599885 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-associated prorenin system refers to the pathogenic mechanism whereby prorenin binding to (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] dually activates the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and RAS-independent signaling, and its activation contributes to the molecular pathogenesis of various ocular diseases. We recently developed a new single-stranded RNAi agent targeting both human and mouse (P)RR ((P)RR-proline-modified short hairpin RNA [(P)RR-PshRNA]), and confirmed its therapeutic effect on murine models of ocular inflammation. Here, we investigated the efficacy of (P)RR-PshRNA against laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Administration of (P)RR-PshRNA in mice significantly reduced CNV formation, together with the expression of inflammatory molecules, macrophage infiltration, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. In addition, (P)RR-PshRNA attenuated subretinal fibrosis, together with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers including phosphorylated SMAD2. The suppressive effect of (P)RR-PshRNA is comparable with aflibercept, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug widely used for AMD therapy. AMD patient specimens demonstrated (P)RR co-localization with phosphorylated ERK1/2 in neovascular endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These results indicate that (P)RR contributes to the ocular pathogenesis of both inflammation-related angiogenesis and EMT-driven fibrosis, and that (P)RR-PshRNA is a promising therapeutic agent for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Erdal Tan Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Perturbed Biochemical Pathways and Associated Oxidative Stress Lead to Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8458472. [PMID: 30962865 PMCID: PMC6431380 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state. Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any alteration to retinal vasculature affects retinal functions. The blood retinal barrier, a prerequisite to vision acuity, is most susceptible to damage during the progression of DR. This is a consequence of impaired biochemical pathways such as the polyol, advanced end glycation products (AGE), hexosamine, protein kinase C (PKC), and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Moreover, the role of histone modification and altered miRNA expression is also emerging as a major contributor. Epigenetic changes create a link between altered protein function and redox status of retinal cells, creating a state of metabolic memory. Although various biochemical pathways underlie the etiology of DR, the major insult to the retina is due to oxidative stress, a unifying factor of altered biochemical pathways. This review primarily focuses on the critical biochemical pathways altered in DR leading to vascular dysfunctions and discusses antioxidants as plausible treatment strategies.
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Kanda A, Ishida S. (Pro)renin receptor: Involvement in diabetic retinopathy and development of molecular targeted therapy. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:6-17. [PMID: 29575757 PMCID: PMC6319493 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a crucial regulator of systemic blood pressure (circulatory RAS), plays distinct roles in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in various organs (tissue RAS), such as diabetic microvascular complications. Using ocular clinical samples and animal disease models, we elucidated molecular mechanisms in which tissue RAS excites the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A responsible for retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, the two major pathological events in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, we showed the involvement of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction (e.g., extracellular signal-regulated kinase); namely, the (P)RR-induced dual pathogenic bioactivity referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system. Indeed, neovascular endothelial cells in the fibrovascular tissue collected from eyes with proliferative DR were immunoreactive for the receptor-associated prorenin system components including prorenin, (P)RR, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and VEGF-A. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR increased with its positive correlations with prorenin, renin enzymatic activity and VEGF in the vitreous of proliferative DR eyes, suggesting a close link between (P)RR and VEGF-A-driven angiogenic activity. Furthermore, we revealed an unsuspected, PAPS-independent role of (P)RR in glucose-induced oxidative stress. Recently, we developed an innovative single-strand ribonucleic acid interference molecule selectively targeting human and mouse (P)RR, and confirmed its efficacy in suppressing diabetes-induced retinal inflammation in mice. Our data using clinical samples and animal models suggested the significant implication of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of DR, and the potential usefulness of the ribonucleic acid interference molecule as a therapeutic agent to attenuate ocular inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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24
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Nath M, Halder N, Chandra P, Singh SB, Deorari AK, Kumar A, Velpandian T. Ocular kinetics and safety of intravitreally injected angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Int J Retina Vitreous 2018; 4:42. [PMID: 30460043 PMCID: PMC6234689 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-018-0146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The study investigated the intravitreal safety and vitreous disposition of lisinopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in rabbits for its projected use in retinopathy. Methods For the safety study, following the baseline ERG recording and fundus photography, 40 µg/50 µl of lisinopril sterile injection was injected unilaterally in the rabbit eyes (n = 4), where other eye served as a control. The electroretinogram and fundus images were obtained at 24, 48, 72 and 168 h following the intravitreal injection. For pharmacokinetics evaluation of the lisinopril, one eye of each rabbit (n = 4) received an intravitreal injection of lisinopril (40 µg/50 µl). The concentration of lisinopril in the ocular tissues, humours, plasma, lung, kidney and liver were measured through ESI-LC-MS/MS.
Results Upon the electroretinography studies, no significant difference was observed in the ERG pattern in the lisinopril injected eye when compared to the baseline of the respective animals till the 7th day of the study. In the fundus imaging, no morphological changes were observed in the retina of the animal. The concentration of the lisinopril was found to be above to the IC50 in the retina-choroid till 36 h. The concentration found in the plasma and body tissues were many folds less than the IC50 of the lisinopril. Conclusions Intravitreal injection of 40 µg/50 µl of lisinopril found to be safe in the rabbit eye as evidenced by the electroretinography and fundus imaging studies. The average half-life of lisinopril is 12.6 h and the above-mentioned dose able to sustain its IC50 value till the 36 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Nath
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Nabanita Halder
- 2Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Parijat Chandra
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Deorari
- 4Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Atul Kumar
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- 2Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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25
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Angiotensin generation in the brain: a re-evaluation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:839-850. [PMID: 29712882 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a so-called brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is controversial. Given the presence of the blood-brain barrier, angiotensin generation in the brain, if occurring, should depend on local synthesis of renin and angiotensinogen. Yet, although initially brain-selective expression of intracellular renin was reported, data in intracellular renin knockout animals argue against a role for this renin in angiotensin generation. Moreover, renin levels in brain tissue at most represented renin in trapped blood. Additionally, in neurogenic hypertension brain prorenin up-regulation has been claimed, which would generate angiotensin following its binding to the (pro)renin receptor. However, recent studies reported no evidence for prorenin expression in the brain, nor for its selective up-regulation in neurogenic hypertension, and the (pro)renin receptor rather displays RAS-unrelated functions. Finally, although angiotensinogen mRNA is detectable in the brain, brain angiotensinogen protein levels are low, and even these low levels might be an overestimation due to assay artefacts. Taken together, independent angiotensin generation in the brain is unlikely. Indeed, brain angiotensin levels are extremely low, with angiotensin (Ang) I levels corresponding to the small amounts of Ang I in trapped blood plasma, and Ang II levels at most representing Ang II bound to (vascular) brain Ang II type 1 receptors. This review concludes with a unifying concept proposing the blood origin of angiotensin in the brain, possibly resulting in increased levels following blood-brain barrier disruption (e.g. due to hypertension), and suggesting that interfering with either intracellular renin or the (pro)renin receptor has consequences in an RAS-independent manner.
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26
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Prediction of response to medical therapy by serum soluble (pro)renin receptor levels in Graves' disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195464. [PMID: 29621332 PMCID: PMC5886569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithyroid drugs are generally selected as the first-line treatment for Graves’ Disease (GD); however, the existence of patients showing resistance or severe side effects to these drugs is an important issue to be solved. The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a multi-functional protein that activates the tissue renin-angiotensin system and is an essential constituent of vacuolar H+-ATPase, necessary for the autophagy-lysosome pathway. (P)RR is cleaved to soluble (s)(P)RR, which reflects the status of (P)RR expression. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate whether serum s(P)RR concentration can be used as a biomarker to predict the outcome of antithyroid drug treatment in GD patients. Serum s(P)RR levels were measured in 54 untreated GD patients and 47 control participants. Effects of medical treatment with antithyroid drugs on these levels were investigated in GD patients. Serum s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in patients with Graves’ disease than in control subjects (P<0.005) and were significantly reduced after medical treatment for Graves’ disease. High serum s(P)RR levels were associated with resistance to antithyroid drug treatment, suggesting that serum s(P)RR concentration can be used as a useful biomarker to predict the outcome of antithyroid drug treatment in these patients. Patients with Graves’ disease with low body mass index showed higher levels of serum soluble (pro)renin receptor levels than those with high body mass index. In addition, in patients with Graves’ disease, serum triglyceride levels were negatively correlated with serum soluble (pro)renin receptor levels. All these data indicated an association between low nutrient condition due to hyperthyroidism and increased (pro)renin receptor expression in these patients, suggesting that (pro)renin receptor expression could be increased in the process of stimulating intracellular energy production via activating autophagy function to compensate energy loss.
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27
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Seki Y, Yatabe M, Suda C, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Elevated (Pro)renin Receptor Expression Contributes to Maintaining Aerobic Metabolism in Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:252-265. [PMID: 29594258 PMCID: PMC5836533 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) leads to obesity and may induce tissue hypoxia. As (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is reported to contribute to the aerobic metabolism by stabilizing pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), it may play a substantial role in GHD. Objective We aimed to investigate serum soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR] concentration, the origin of s(P)RR, and significance of (P)RR in GHD. Design, Setting, and Participants Serum s(P)RR concentration was examined in 72 patients with pituitary diseases, including 32 patients with severe GHD (SGHD) and after GH replacement in 16 SGHD patients. Leptin-deficient ob/ob obese mice were treated with pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist, to explore the source of elevated serum s(P)RR in GHD. Adipocytes were cultured with 5% O2 to examine the effects of hypoxia. Results Serum s(P)RR concentration was higher in patients with SGHD than in those without SGHD. Obesity was the important determinant of s(P)RR concentration. Serum s(P)RR concentration significantly decreased after GH replacement in SGHD patients. (P)RR mRNA expression was increased specifically in the adipose tissue (AT) of pegvisomant-treated obese mice compared with that of control obese mice. Hypoxia in cultured adipocytes increased (P)RR expression without affecting the PDH E1 β subunit (PDHB) expression; however, with (P)RR knockdown by small interfering RNA, hypoxia significantly decreased the expression of PDHB. Conclusion GHD patients showed increased serum s(P)RR concentration, possibly caused by obesity and hypoxia. (P)RR expression in AT of GHD patients may be elevated to help maintain aerobic metabolism under hypoxia. Thus, the elevated serum s(P)RR level may reflect hypoxia in ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Seki
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yatabe
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikahito Suda
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Ren L, Sun Y, Lu H, Ye D, Han L, Wang N, Daugherty A, Li F, Wang M, Su F, Tao W, Sun J, Zelcer N, Mullick AE, Danser AHJ, Jiang Y, He Y, Ruan X, Lu X. (Pro)renin Receptor Inhibition Reprograms Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatosteatosis. Circ Res 2018; 122:730-741. [PMID: 29301853 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE An elevated level of plasma LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recently, we reported that the (pro)renin receptor ([P]RR) regulates LDL metabolism in vitro via the LDLR (LDL receptor) and SORT1 (sortilin-1), independently of the renin-angiotensin system. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physiological role of (P)RR in lipid metabolism in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We used N-acetylgalactosamine modified antisense oligonucleotides to specifically inhibit hepatic (P)RR expression in C57BL/6 mice and studied the consequences this has on lipid metabolism. In line with our earlier report, hepatic (P)RR silencing increased plasma LDL-C (LDL cholesterol). Unexpectedly, this also resulted in markedly reduced plasma triglycerides in a SORT1-independent manner in C57BL/6 mice fed a normal- or high-fat diet. In LDLR-deficient mice, hepatic (P)RR inhibition reduced both plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, in a diet-independent manner. Mechanistically, we found that (P)RR inhibition decreased protein abundance of ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase). This alteration reprograms hepatic metabolism, leading to reduced lipid synthesis and increased fatty acid oxidation. As a result, hepatic (P)RR inhibition attenuated diet-induced obesity and hepatosteatosis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study suggests that (P)RR plays a key role in energy homeostasis and regulation of plasma lipids by integrating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ren
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Hong Lu
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Dien Ye
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Lijuan Han
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Na Wang
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Furong Li
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Fengting Su
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Wenjun Tao
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Jie Sun
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Noam Zelcer
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Adam E Mullick
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Yongcheng He
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.)
| | - Xiongzhong Ruan
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.).
| | - Xifeng Lu
- From the AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, China (L.R., Y.S., D.Y., L.H., N.W., M.W., F.S., W.T., J.S., X.R., X.L.); Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China (L.R., Y.S., F.L., X.L.); Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam University, The Netherlands (L.R., Y.S., A.H.J.D.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L., A.D.); Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (N.Z.); Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M.); Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, China (Y.J.); The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, China (Y.H.); and John Moorhead Laboratory, Center for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.R.).
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Oliva J. Proteasome and Organs Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010106. [PMID: 29301204 PMCID: PMC5796056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of organ failure on patients requires the transplantation of functional organs, from donors. Over time, the methodology of transplantation was improved by the development of organ preservation solutions. The storage of organs in preservation solutions is followed by the ischemia of the organ, resulting in a shortage of oxygen and nutrients, which damage the tissues. When the organ is ready for the transplantation, the reperfusion of the organ induces an increase of the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation which causes tissue damage, resulting in a decrease of the transplantation success. However, the addition of proteasome inhibitor in the preservation solution alleviated the injuries due to the ischemia-reperfusion process. The proteasome is a protein structure involved in the regulation the inflammation and the clearance of damaged proteins. The goal of this review is to summarize the role of the proteasome and pharmacological compounds that regulate the proteasome in protecting the organs from the ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oliva
- Department of Medicine, LA BioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Malty RH, Aoki H, Kumar A, Phanse S, Amin S, Zhang Q, Minic Z, Goebels F, Musso G, Wu Z, Abou-Tok H, Meyer M, Deineko V, Kassir S, Sidhu V, Jessulat M, Scott NE, Xiong X, Vlasblom J, Prasad B, Foster LJ, Alberio T, Garavaglia B, Yu H, Bader GD, Nakamura K, Parkinson J, Babu M. A Map of Human Mitochondrial Protein Interactions Linked to Neurodegeneration Reveals New Mechanisms of Redox Homeostasis and NF-κB Signaling. Cell Syst 2017; 5:564-577.e12. [PMID: 29128334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein (MP) dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs); however, the discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying NDs has been impeded by the limited characterization of interactions governing MP function. Here, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of 210 affinity-purified mitochondrial (mt) fractions isolated from 27 epitope-tagged human ND-linked MPs in HEK293 cells, we report a high-confidence MP network including 1,964 interactions among 772 proteins (>90% previously unreported). Nearly three-fourths of these interactions were confirmed in mouse brain and multiple human differentiated neuronal cell lines by primary antibody immunoprecipitation and MS, with many linked to NDs and autism. We show that the SOD1-PRDX5 interaction, critical for mt redox homeostasis, can be perturbed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 allelic variants and establish a functional role for ND-linked factors coupled with IκBɛ in NF-κB activation. Our results identify mechanisms for ND-linked MPs and expand the human mt interaction landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy H Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Shahreen Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Zoran Minic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Florian Goebels
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gabriel Musso
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hosam Abou-Tok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Michael Meyer
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Viktor Deineko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Sandy Kassir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Vishaldeep Sidhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xuejian Xiong
- Hospital for Sick Children, 21-9830 PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James Vlasblom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bhanu Prasad
- Department of Medicine, Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK S4P 0W5, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tiziana Alberio
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, Busto Arsizio I-21052, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, via L. Temolo, 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John Parkinson
- Hospital for Sick Children, 21-9830 PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Sun Y, Danser AHJ, Lu X. (Pro)renin receptor as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases? Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:48-56. [PMID: 28532817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 15years ago stimulated ideas on prorenin being more than renin's inactive precursor. Indeed, binding of prorenin to the (P)RR induces a conformational change in the prorenin molecule, allowing it to display angiotensin-generating activity, and additionally results in intracellular signaling in an angiotensin-independent manner. However, the prorenin levels required to observe these angiotensin-dependent and -independent effects of the (P)RR are many orders above its in vivo concentrations, both under normal and pathological conditions. Given this requirement, the idea that the (P)RR has a function within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is now being abandoned. Instead, research is now focused on the (P)RR as an accessory protein of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), potentially determining its integrity. Acting as an adaptor between Frizzled co-receptor LRP6 and V-ATPase, the (P)RR appears to be indispensable for Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus explaining why (P)RR deletion (unlike renin deletion) is lethal even when restricted to specific cells, such as cardiomyocytes, podocytes and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the (P)RR may play important roles in lipoprotein metabolism and overall energy metabolism. In this review, we summarize the controversial RAS-related effects of the (P)RR, and critically review the novel non-RAS-related functions of the (P)RR, ending with a discussion on the potential of targeting the (P)RR to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xifeng Lu
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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33
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Wanka H, Lutze P, Staar D, Peters B, Morch A, Vogel L, Chilukoti RK, Homuth G, Sczodrok J, Bäumgen I, Peters J. (Pro)renin receptor (ATP6AP2) depletion arrests As4.1 cells in the G0/G1 phase thereby increasing formation of primary cilia. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1394-1410. [PMID: 28215051 PMCID: PMC5487920 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR, ATP6AP2] is a multifunctional transmembrane protein that activates local renin-angiotensin systems, but also interacts with Wnt pathways and vacuolar H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase) during organogenesis. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of ATP6AP2 in the cell cycle in more detail. ATP6AP2 down-regulation by siRNA in renal As4.1 cells resulted in a reduction in the rate of proliferation and a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. We identified a number of novel target genes downstream of ATP6AP2 knock-down that were related to the primary cilium (Bbs-1, Bbs-3, Bbs-7, Rabl5, Ttc26, Mks-11, Mks-5, Mks-2, Tctn2, Nme7) and the cell cycle (Pierce1, Clock, Ppif). Accordingly, the number of cells expressing the primary cilium was markedly increased. We found no indication that these effects were dependent of V-ATPase activity, as ATP6AP2 knock-down did not affect lysosomal pH and bafilomycin A neither influenced the ciliary expression pattern nor the percentage of ciliated cells. Furthermore, ATP6AP2 appears to be essential for mitosis. ATP6AP2 translocated from the endoplasmatic reticulum to mitotic spindle poles (pro-, meta- and anaphase) and the central spindle bundle (telophase) and ATP6AP2 knock-down results in markedly deformed spindles. We conclude that ATP6AP2 is necessary for cell division, cell cycle progression and mitosis. ATP6AP2 also inhibits ciliogenesis, thus promoting proliferation and preventing differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wanka
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutze
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Doreen Staar
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Peters
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Anica Morch
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Vogel
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Ravi Kumar Chilukoti
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw Sczodrok
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Inga Bäumgen
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Peters
- Department of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
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Kanda A, Ishizuka ET, Shibata A, Matsumoto T, Toyofuku H, Noda K, Namba K, Ishida S. A Novel Single-Strand RNAi Therapeutic Agent Targeting the (Pro)renin Receptor Suppresses Ocular Inflammation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624188 PMCID: PMC5415971 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS) refers to the pathogenic mechanism whereby prorenin binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] dually activates the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and RAS-independent intracellular signaling. Here we revealed significant upregulation of prorenin and soluble (P)RR levels in the vitreous fluid of patients with uveitis compared to non-inflammatory controls, together with a positive correlation between these RAPS components and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 among several upregulated cytokines. Moreover, we developed a novel single-strand RNAi agent, proline-modified short hairpin RNA directed against human and mouse (P)RR [(P)RR-PshRNA], and we determined its safety and efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Application of (P)RR-PshRNA in mice caused significant amelioration of acute (uveitic) and chronic (diabetic) models of ocular inflammation with no apparent adverse effects. Our findings demonstrate the significant implication of RAPS in the pathogenesis of human uveitis and the potential usefulness of (P)RR-PshRNA as a therapeutic agent to reduce ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Erdal Tan Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Division of Research and Development, BONAC Corporation, Fukuoka BIO Factory, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Division of Research and Development, BONAC Corporation, Fukuoka BIO Factory, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Toyofuku
- Division of Research and Development, BONAC Corporation, Fukuoka BIO Factory, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenichi Namba
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
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Arun S, Liu L, Donmez G. Mitochondrial Biology and Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:143-54. [PMID: 26903445 PMCID: PMC4825945 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150703154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are extremely active organelles that perform a variety of roles in the cell including energy production, regulation of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and population maintenance through fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of oxidative stress and mutations can contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and Huntington’s diseases (HD). Abnormalities of Complex I function in the electron transport chain have been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases, inhibiting ATP production and generating reactive oxygen species that can cause major damage to mitochondria Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can contribute to neurodegenerative disease, although the pathogenesis of these conditions tends to focus on nuclear mutations. In PD, nuclear genome mutations in the PINK1 and parkin genes have been implicated in neurodegeneration [1], while mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 have been implicated in a variety of clinical symptoms of AD [5]. Mutant htt protein is known to cause HD [2]. Much progress has been made to determine some causes of these neurodegenerative diseases, though permanent treatments have yet to be developed. In this review, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gizem Donmez
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave. Boston MA, 02111, USA.
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Kanda A, Ishida S. Receptor-associated prorenin system contributes to development of inflammation and angiogenesis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:22. [PMID: 29259695 PMCID: PMC5725647 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a potential role in the development of end-organ damage, and tissue RAS activation has been suggested as a risk factor of several diseases including diabetes. So far, using animal disease models, we have shown molecular mechanisms, in which tissue RAS stimulates retinal angiogenesis, and the critical roles of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction, referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS). Moreover, we recently reported that the protein levels of prorenin and soluble (P)RR increased in the vitreous fluids obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), suggesting the association of (P)RR with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-driven angiogenic activity in human PDR, and also showed a close relationship between the vitreous renin activity and VEGF-induced pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Our data using animal disease models and human clinical samples suggest that both vitreous RAS and retinal RAPS play critical roles in the molecular pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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Li A, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Wang M, Zan L. Molecular Characterization and Transcriptional Regulation Analysis of the Bovine PDHB Gene. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157445. [PMID: 27379520 PMCID: PMC4933360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (PDHB) is a subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), which catalyzes pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and provides a linkage between the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the glycolysis pathway. Previous studies demonstrated PDHB to be positively related to the intramuscular fat (IMF) content. However, the transcriptional regulation of PDHB remains unclear. In our present study, the cDNA of bovine PDHB was cloned and the genomic structure was analyzed. The phylogenetic tree showed bovine PDHB to be closely related to goat and sheep, and least related to chicken. Spatial expression pattern analysis revealed the products of bovine PDHB to be widely expressed with the highest level in the fat of testis. To understand the transcriptional regulation of bovine PDHB, 1899 base pairs (bp) of the 5’-regulatory region was cloned. Sequence analysis neither found consensus TATA-box nor CCAAT-box in the 5’-flanking region of bovine PDHB. However, a CpG island was predicted from nucleotides -284 to +117. Serial deletion constructs of the 5’-flanking region, evaluated in dual-luciferase reporter assay, revealed the core promoter to be located 490bp upstream from the transcription initiation site (+1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) in combination with asite-directed mutation experiment indicated both myogenin (MYOG) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPß) to be important transcription factors for bovine PDHB in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes. Our results provide an important basis for further investigation of the bovine PDHB function and regulation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhidong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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