1
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Reddy V, Hwang C, Reddy GPV, Kim SH. A Novel Role of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Telomere Stability in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1176-1185. [PMID: 37477641 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression increases with prostate cancer grade and progression; however, the role of PSMA in prostate cancer progression remains poorly understood. Telomere stability is essential for the survival and genome stability of cancer cells. We found massive telomere DNA damage in PSMA-negative prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) compared with PSMA-positive prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells. The ectopic expression of PSMA suppressed telomere DNA damage in PC3 cells. PSMA inhibitor, 2-PMPA, and PSMA knockdown induced telomere DNA damage in PSMA-positive LNCaP cells but not in PSMA-negative PC-3 cells, suggesting that PSMA plays a critical role in telomere stability in prostate cancer cells. In addition, we observed that inhibition of PSMA or inhibition of glutamate receptor, which mediates PSMA-dependent activation of AKT, suppressed AKT phosphorylation, and caused telomere DNA damage. Furthermore, 2-PMPA-induced telomere DNA damage in LNCaP cells was associated with telomere aberrations, such as telomere-telomere fusions, sister-chromatid telomere fusions, and telomere breakages. AKT is reported to promote cell growth by stabilizing telomere association with telomere-binding proteins TRF1 and TPP1. We observed that TRF1 and TPP1 transfection of LNCaP cells attenuated the inhibitory effect of 2-PMPA on cell growth and telomere DNA damage. Together, these observations indicate that PSMA role in maintaining telomere stability in prostate cancer cells is mediated by AKT. Thus, these studies reveal an important role of PSMA in maintaining telomere stability that can promote cell survival and, thereby, prostate cancer progression. IMPLICATIONS Role of PSMA in telomere stability suggests a strong correlation between PSMA expression and prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyavathi Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Clara Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - G Prem-Veer Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sahn-Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Physiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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2
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Bhoir S, De Benedetti A. Targeting Prostate Cancer, the 'Tousled Way'. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11100. [PMID: 37446279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the mainstay of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment, with success in developing more effective inhibitors of androgen synthesis and antiandrogens in clinical practice. However, hormone deprivation and AR ablation have caused an increase in ADT-insensitive PCas associated with a poor prognosis. Resistance to ADT arises through various mechanisms, and most castration-resistant PCas still rely on the androgen axis, while others become truly androgen receptor (AR)-independent. Our research identified the human tousled-like kinase 1 (TLK1) as a crucial early mediator of PCa cell adaptation to ADT, promoting androgen-independent growth, inhibiting apoptosis, and facilitating cell motility and metastasis. Although explicit, the growing role of TLK1 biology in PCa has remained underrepresented and elusive. In this review, we aim to highlight the diverse functions of TLK1 in PCa, shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from androgen-sensitive (AS) to an androgen-insensitive (AI) disease mediated by TLK1, and explore potential strategies to counteract this process. Targeting TLK1 and its associated signaling could prevent PCa progression to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC) stage and provide a promising approach to treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Bhoir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Arrigo De Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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3
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White RE, Bannister M, Day A, Bergom HE, Tan VM, Hwang J, Dang Nguyen H, Drake JM. Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate AR activity in CRPC. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1210487. [PMID: 37456235 PMCID: PMC10348659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1210487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E. White
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maxwell Bannister
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hannah E. Bergom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Victor M. Tan
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Justin Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Member, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Member, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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4
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White RE, Bannister M, Day A, Bergom HE, Tan VM, Hwang J, Nguyen HD, Drake JM. Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate androgen receptor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.22.537922. [PMID: 37163118 PMCID: PMC10168214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y 534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.
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5
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Enzymatic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection with an emphasis on the telomere-associated enzymes. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:333-345. [PMID: 36707451 PMCID: PMC9883136 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be over in most countries. However, the unexpected behaviour and unstable nature of coronaviruses, including temporary hiatuses, re-emergence, emergence of new variants, and changing outbreak epicentres during the COVID-19 pandemic, have been frequently reported. The mentioned trend shows the fact that in addition to vaccine development, different strategies should be considered to deal effectively with this disease, in long term. In this regard, the role of enzymes in regulating immune responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently attracted much attention. Moreover, several reports confirm the association of short telomeres with sever COVID-19 symptoms. This review highlights the role of several enzymes involved in telomere length (TL) regulation and explains their relevance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Apparently, inhibition of telomere shortening (TS) through inhibition and/or activation of these enzymes could be a potential target in the treatment of COVID-19, which may also lead to a reduction in disease severity.
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6
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Gulliver C, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinases as therapeutic targets and stratification indicators for prostate cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106230. [PMID: 35609768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response is an integral part of a cells' ability to maintain genomic integrity by responding to and ameliorating DNA damage, or initiating cell death for irrepairably damaged cells. This response is often hijacked by cancer cells to evade cell death allowing mutant cells to persist, as well as in the development of treatment resistance to DNA damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiation. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells often exhibit alterations in DNA damage response genes including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), correlating with aggressive disease phenotype. The recent success of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition has led to several clinically approved PARP inhibitors for the treatment of men with metastatic PCa, however a key limitation is the development of drug resistance and relapse. An alternative approach is selectively targeting ATM and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) which, due to their position at the forefront of the DDR, represent attractive pharmacological targets. ATR inhibition has been shown to act synergistically with PARP inhibition and other cancer treatments to enhance anti-tumour activity. ATM-deficiency is a common characteristic of PCa and a synthetic lethal relationship exists between ATM and ATR, with ATR inhibition inducing selective cell death in ATM-deficient PCa cells. The current research highlights the feasibility of therapeutically targeting ATR in ATM-deficient prostate tumours and in combination with other treatments to enhance overall efficacy and reduce therapeutic resistance. ATM also represents an important molecular biomarker to stratify patients into targeted treatment groups and aid prognosis for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gulliver
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Philips Research Europe, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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7
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Sigorski D, Iżycka-Świeszewska E, Bodnar L. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, and Preclinical and Clinical Data. Target Oncol 2020; 15:709-722. [PMID: 33044685 PMCID: PMC7701127 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The incidence of genetic alterations in homologous recombination repair genes increases during cancer progression, and 20% of prostate cancers (PCas) have defects in DNA repair genes. Several somatic and germline gene alterations drive prostate cancer tumorigenesis, and the most important of these are BRCA2, BRCA1, ATM and CHEK2. There is a group of BRCAness tumours that share phenotypic and genotypic properties with classical BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) show synthetic lethality in cancer cells with impaired homologous recombination genes, and patients with these alterations are candidates for PARPi therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is the mainstay of PCa therapy. PARPis decrease androgen signalling by interaction with molecular mechanisms of the androgen nuclear complex. The PROFOUND phase III trial, comparing olaparib with enzalutamide/abiraterone therapy, revealed increased radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM mutations. The clinical efficacy of PARPis has been confirmed in ovarian, breast, pancreatic and recently also in a subset of PCa. There is growing evidence that molecular tumour boards are the future of the oncological therapeutic approach in prostate cancer. In this review, we summarise the data concerning the molecular mechanisms and preclinical and clinical data of PARPis in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Sigorski
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Iżycka-Świeszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lubomir Bodnar
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
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8
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Wengner AM, Scholz A, Haendler B. Targeting DNA Damage Response in Prostate and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8273. [PMID: 33158305 PMCID: PMC7663807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone signaling induces vast gene expression programs which necessitate the local formation of transcription factories at regulatory regions and large-scale alterations of the genome architecture to allow communication among distantly related cis-acting regions. This involves major stress at the genomic DNA level. Transcriptionally active regions are generally instable and prone to breakage due to the torsional stress and local depletion of nucleosomes that make DNA more accessible to damaging agents. A dedicated DNA damage response (DDR) is therefore essential to maintain genome integrity at these exposed regions. The DDR is a complex network involving DNA damage sensor proteins, such as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, as central regulators. The tight interplay between the DDR and steroid hormone receptors has been unraveled recently. Several DNA repair factors interact with the androgen and estrogen receptors and support their transcriptional functions. Conversely, both receptors directly control the expression of agents involved in the DDR. Impaired DDR is also exploited by tumors to acquire advantageous mutations. Cancer cells often harbor germline or somatic alterations in DDR genes, and their association with disease outcome and treatment response led to intensive efforts towards identifying selective inhibitors targeting the major players in this process. The PARP-1 inhibitors are now approved for ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer with specific genomic alterations. Additional DDR-targeting agents are being evaluated in clinical studies either as single agents or in combination with treatments eliciting DNA damage (e.g., radiation therapy, including targeted radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) or addressing targets involved in maintenance of genome integrity. Recent preclinical and clinical findings made in addressing DNA repair dysfunction in hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast tumors are presented. Importantly, the combination of anti-hormonal therapy with DDR inhibition or with radiation has the potential to enhance efficacy but still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Haendler
- Preclinical Research, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.W.); (A.S.)
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9
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Singh V, Bhoir S, Chikhale RV, Hussain J, Dwyer D, Bryce RA, Kirubakaran S, De Benedetti A. Generation of Phenothiazine with Potent Anti-TLK1 Activity for Prostate Cancer Therapy. iScience 2020; 23:101474. [PMID: 32905878 PMCID: PMC7486443 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Through in vitro kinase assays and docking studies, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a phenothiazine analog J54 with potent TLK1 inhibitory activity for prostate cancer (PCa) therapy. Most PCa deaths result from progressive failure in standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Treatments that can suppress the conversion to mCRPC have high potential to be rapidly implemented in the clinics. ADT results in increased expression of TLK1B, a key kinase upstream of NEK1 and ATR and mediating the DNA damage response that typically results in temporary cell-cycle arrest of androgen-responsive PCa cells, whereas its abrogation leads to apoptosis. We studied J54 as a potent inhibitor of this axis and as a mediator of apoptosis in vitro and in LNCaP xenografts, which has potential for clinical investigation in combination with ADT. J54 has low affinity for the dopamine receptor in modeling and competition studies and weak detrimental behavioral effects in mice and C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Siddhant Bhoir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rupesh V. Chikhale
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Javeena Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Donard Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Richard A. Bryce
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Arrigo De Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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Berei J, Eckburg A, Miliavski E, Anderson AD, Miller RJ, Dein J, Giuffre AM, Tang D, Deb S, Racherla KS, Patel M, Vela MS, Puri N. Potential Telomere-Related Pharmacological Targets. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:458-484. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200109114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres function as protective caps at the terminal portion of chromosomes, containing
non-coding nucleotide sequence repeats. As part of their protective function, telomeres preserve genomic
integrity and minimize chromosomal exposure, thus limiting DNA damage responses. With
continued mitotic divisions in normal cells, telomeres progressively shorten until they reach a threshold
at a point where they activate senescence or cell death pathways. However, the presence of the enzyme
telomerase can provide functional immortality to the cells that have reached or progressed past
senescence. In senescent cells that amass several oncogenic mutations, cancer formation can occur due
to genomic instability and the induction of telomerase activity. Telomerase has been found to be expressed
in over 85% of human tumors and is labeled as a near-universal marker for cancer. Due to this
feature being present in a majority of tumors but absent in most somatic cells, telomerase and telomeres
have become promising targets for the development of new and effective anticancer therapeutics.
In this review, we evaluate novel anticancer targets in development which aim to alter telomerase
or telomere function. Additionally, we analyze the progress that has been made, including preclinical
studies and clinical trials, with therapeutics directed at telomere-related targets. Furthermore, we review
the potential telomere-related therapeutics that are used in combination therapy with more traditional
cancer treatments. Throughout the review, topics related to medicinal chemistry are discussed,
including drug bioavailability and delivery, chemical structure-activity relationships of select therapies,
and the development of a unique telomere assay to analyze compounds affecting telomere elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Berei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Adam Eckburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Edward Miliavski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Austin D. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Rachel J. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Joshua Dein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Allison M. Giuffre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Diana Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Shreya Deb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Kavya Sri Racherla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Monica Saravana Vela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
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Reddy V, Iskander A, Hwang C, Divine G, Menon M, Barrack ER, Reddy GPV, Kim SH. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: Androgen receptor inactivation induces telomere DNA damage, and damage response inhibition leads to cell death. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211090. [PMID: 31083651 PMCID: PMC6513077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere stability is important for cell viability, as cells with telomere DNA damage that is not repaired do not survive. We reported previously that androgen receptor (AR) antagonist induces telomere DNA damage in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells; this triggers a DNA damage response (DDR) at telomeres that includes activation of ATM, and blocking ATM activation prevents telomere DNA repair and leads to cell death. Remarkably, AR antagonist induces telomere DNA damage and triggers ATM activation at telomeres also in 22Rv1 castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells that are not growth inhibited by AR antagonist. Treatment with AR antagonist enzalutamide (ENZ) or ATM inhibitor (ATMi) by itself had no effect on growth in vitro or in vivo, but combined treatment with ENZ plus ATMi significantly inhibited cell survival in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. By inducing telomere DNA damage and activating a telomere DDR, an opportunity to inhibit DNA repair and promote cell death was created, even in CRPC cells. 22Rv1 cells express both full-length AR and AR splice variant AR-V7, but full-length AR was found to be the predominant form of AR associated with telomeres and required for telomere stability. Although 22Rv1 growth of untreated 22Rv1 cells appears to be driven by AR-V7, it is, ironically, expression of full-length AR that makes them sensitive to growth inhibition by combined treatment with ENZ plus ATMi. Notably, this combined treatment approach to induce telomere DNA damage and inhibit the DDR was effective in inducing cell death also in other CRPC cell lines (LNCaP/AR and C4-2B). Thus, the use of ENZ in combination with a DDR inhibitor, such as ATMi, may be effective in prolonging disease-free survival of patients with AR-positive metastatic CRPC, even those that co-express AR splice variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyavathi Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Asm Iskander
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Clara Hwang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - George Divine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Mani Menon
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Evelyn R. Barrack
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - G. Prem-Veer Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Sahn-Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Sekhar KR, Wang J, Freeman ML, Kirschner AN. Radiosensitization by enzalutamide for human prostate cancer is mediated through the DNA damage repair pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214670. [PMID: 30933998 PMCID: PMC6443157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is often combined with androgen deprivation therapy in the treatment of aggressive localized prostate cancer. However, castration-resistant disease may not respond to testosterone deprivation approaches. Enzalutamide is a second-generation anti-androgen with high affinity and activity that is used for the treatment of metastatic disease. Although radiosensitization mechanisms are known to be mediated through androgen receptor activity, this project aims to uncover the detailed DNA damage repair factors influenced by enzalutamide using multiple models of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and castration-resistant human prostate cancer (22Rv1 and DU145). Enzalutamide is able to radiosensitize both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent human prostate cancer models in cell culture and xenografts in mice, as well as a treatment-resistant patient-derived xenograft. The enzalutamide-mediated mechanism of radiosensitization includes delay of DNA repair through temporal prolongation of the repair factor complexes and halting the cell cycle, which results in decreased colony survival. Altogether, these findings support the use of enzalutamide concurrently with radiotherapy to enhance the treatment efficacy for prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- DNA Damage/genetics
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Repair/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/radiation effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Phenylthiohydantoin/therapeutic use
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/radiotherapy
- Radiation Tolerance/drug effects
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Konjeti R. Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Austin N. Kirschner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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13
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Singh V, Jaiswal PK, Ghosh I, Koul HK, Yu X, De Benedetti A. Targeting the TLK1/NEK1 DDR axis with Thioridazine suppresses outgrowth of androgen independent prostate tumors. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1055-1067. [PMID: 30737777 PMCID: PMC6617729 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Standard therapy for advanced Prostate Cancer (PCa) consists of antiandrogens, which provide respite from disease progression, but ultimately fail resulting in the incurable phase of the disease: mCRPC. Targeting PCa cells before their progression to mCRPC would greatly improve the outcome. Combination therapy targeting the DNA Damage Response (DDR) has been limited by general toxicity, and a goal of clinical trials is how to target the DDR more specifically. We now show that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) of LNCaP cells results in increased expression of TLK1B, a key kinase upstream of NEK1 and ATR and mediating the DDR that typically results in a temporary cell cycle arrest of androgen responsive PCa cells. Following DNA damage, addition of the TLK specific inhibitor, thioridazine (THD), impairs ATR and Chk1 activation, establishing the existence of a ADT > TLK1 > NEK1 > ATR > Chk1, DDR pathway, while its abrogation leads to apoptosis. Treatment with THD suppressed the outgrowth of androgen‐independent (AI) colonies of LNCaP and TRAMP‐C2 cells cultured with bicalutamide. Moreover, THD significantly inhibited the growth of several PCa cells in vitro (including AI lines). Administration of THD or bicalutamide was not effective at inhibiting long‐term tumor growth of LNCaP xenografts. In contrast, combination therapy remarkably inhibited tumor growth via bypass of the DDR. Moreover, xenografts of LNCaP cells overexpressing a NEK1‐T141A mutant were durably suppressed with bicalutamide. Collectively, these results suggest that targeting the TLK1/NEK1 axis might be a novel therapy for PCa in combination with standard of care (ADT). What's new? Standard therapy for advanced Prostate Cancer (PCa) consists of anti‐androgens, which only provide temporary respite from disease progression to metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, the authors show in the LNCaP cell model that the increased expression with ADT of TLK1B, a prosurvival checkpoint pathway that is enacted before conversion to androgen‐independent growth, offers a unique target for attacking more specifically PCa cells before their conversion to CRPC. Moreover, they suggest to re‐purpose thioridazine or other phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs as inhibitors of the TLK1 > Nek1 > ATR > Chk1 DNA Damage Response (DDR) axis for the early treatment of advanced PCa still responsive to ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Praveen Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Ishita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Hari K Koul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.,Feist Weiller Cancer Center, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA.,Overton Brooks VA Medical center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Arrigo De Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
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14
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Yin Y, Xu L, Chang Y, Zeng T, Chen X, Wang A, Groth J, Foo WC, Liang C, Hu H, Huang J. N-Myc promotes therapeutic resistance development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer by differentially regulating miR-421/ATM pathway. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:11. [PMID: 30657058 PMCID: PMC6337850 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MYCN amplification or N-Myc overexpression is found in approximately 40% NEPC and up to 20% CRPC patients. N-Myc has been demonstrated to drive disease progression and hormonal therapeutic resistance of NEPC/CRPC. Here, we aim to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the N-Myc-driven therapeutic resistance and provide new therapeutic targets for those N-Myc overexpressed NEPC/CRPC. Methods N-Myc overexpressing stable cell lines for LNCaP and C4–2 were generated by lentivirus infection. ADT-induced senescence was measured by SA-β-gal staining in LNCaP cells in vitro and in LNCaP xenograft tumors in vivo. Migration, cell proliferation and colony formation assays were used to measure the cellular response after overexpressing N-Myc or perturbing the miR-421/ATM pathway. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to knock out ATM in C4–2 cells and MTS cell viability assay was used to evaluate the drug sensitivity of N-Myc overexpressing C4–2 cells in response to Enzalutamide and ATM inhibitor Ku60019 respectively or in combination. Results N-Myc overexpression suppressed ATM expression through upregulating miR-421 in LNCaP cells. This suppression alleviated the ADT-induced senescence in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, N-Myc overexpression upregulated ATM expression in C4–2 cells and this upregulation promoted migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Further, the N-Myc-induced ATM upregulation in C4–2 cells rendered the cells resistance to Enzalutamide, and inhibition of ATM by CRISPR-Cas9 knockout or ATM inhibitor Ku60019 re-sensitized them to Enzalutamide. Conclusions N-Myc differentially regulating miR-421/ATM pathway contributes to ADT resistance and Enzalutamide resistance development respectively. Combination treatment with ATM inhibitor re-sensitizes N-Myc overexpressed CRPC cells to Enzalutamide. Our findings would offer a potential combination therapeutic strategy using ATM kinase inhibitor and Enzalutamide for the treatment of a subset of mCRPC with N-Myc overexpression that accounts for up to 20% CRPC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-0941-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yin
- Department of Urology, First Affilated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.,Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affilated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.,Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Urology, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeff Groth
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Foo
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, First Affilated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke Unversity School of Medicine, DUMC box 103864, 905 S. Lasalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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15
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Targeting NPRL2 to enhance the efficacy of Olaparib in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:620-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Vlachostergios PJ, Paddock M, Molina AM. Molecular Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64096-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Wang M, Liu G, Shan GP, Wang BB. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of ATM/ATR Signaling Pathway on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Radiosensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2017; 32:193-203. [PMID: 28820634 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Bing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
Aberrations in telomere biology are among the earliest events in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and continue during tumour progression. Substantial telomere shortening occurs in prostate cancer cells and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Not all mechanisms of telomere shortening are understood, but oxidative stress from local inflammation might accelerate prostatic telomere loss. Critically short telomeres can drive the accumulation of tumour-promoting genomic alterations; however, continued telomere erosion is unsustainable and must be mitigated to ensure cancer cell survival and unlimited replication potential. Prostate cancers predominantly maintain telomeres by activating telomerase, but alternative mechanisms of telomere extension can occur in metastatic disease. Telomerase activity and telomere length assessment might be useful in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Telomere shortening in normal stromal cells has been associated with prostate cancer, whereas variable telomere lengths in prostate cancer cells and telomere shortening in cancer-associated stromal cells correlated with lethal disease. Single-agent telomerase-targeted treatments for solid cancers were ineffective in clinical trials but have not been investigated in prostate cancer and might be useful in combination with established regimens. Telomere-directed strategies have not been explored as extensively. Telomere deprotection strategies have the advantage of being effective in both telomerase-dependent and telomerase-independent cancers. Disruption of androgen receptor function in prostate cancer cells results in telomere dysfunction, indicating telomeres and telomerase as potential therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.
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19
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Chiang PK, Tsai WK, Chen M, Lin WR, Chow YC, Lee CC, Hsu JM, Chen YJ. Zerumbone Regulates DNA Repair Responding to Ionizing Radiation and Enhances Radiosensitivity of Human Prostatic Cancer Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:292-298. [PMID: 28602099 PMCID: PMC6041927 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417712008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Radiation therapy using ionizing radiation is widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer. The intrinsic radiation sensitivity of cancer cells could be enhanced by modulating multiple factors including the capacity to repair DNA damage, especially double-strand breaks (DSBs). We aimed to examine the effect of zerumbone on radiation sensitivity and its protective effects against ionizing radiation–induced DSB in human prostate cancer cells. Materials and Methods. The human prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cell lines were used. A colony formation assay was performed to analyze the radiation survival of cells. DNA histogram and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined using flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of regulatory molecules related to DNA damage repair. Results. Pretreatment with zerumbone enhanced the radiation effect on prostate cancer cells. Zerumbone delayed the abrogation of radiation-induced expression of γ-H2AX, an indicator of DNA DSB. Zerumbone pretreatment markedly reduced ionizing radiation–induced upregulated expression of phosphorylated ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated), which was partially reversed by the ATM agonist methyl methanesulfonate. Ionizing radiation augmented and zerumbone pretreatment reduced the expression of Jak2 and Stat3, which are involved in DNA damage repair signaling. No significant effect on the generation of ROS and expression of ATR was noted after zerumbone treatment. Conclusion: Zerumbone sensitized DU145 and PC3 prostatic cancer cells to ionizing radiation by modulating radiation-induced ATM activation during repair of DNA DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Kai Chiang
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kung Tsai
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Rong Lin
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chiong Chow
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiao Lee
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ming Hsu
- 1 Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,3 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Wulaningsih W, Astuti Y, Matsuguchi T, Anggrandariyanny P, Watkins J. Circulating Prostate-Specific Antigen and Telomere Length in a Nationally Representative Sample of Men Without History of Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:22-32. [PMID: 27566127 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with leukocyte telomere length, which may be altered in preclinical prostate malignancies. METHODS This study was based on the 2001-2002 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A subsample of 1,127 men aged 40-85 years without prior history of prostate cancer who provided informed consent and blood samples were selected. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) relative to standard DNA reference (T/S ratio) was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Survey-weighted multivariable linear regression was performed to examine T/S ratio across quintiles of total and free PSA and free-to-total PSA ratio (%fPSA). A sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding men dying from prostate cancer during follow-up through to December 31, 2006. Stratification analyses were carried out to assess any effect modification by age group, race, body mass index (BMI), and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation. RESULTS Higher total PSA levels were associated to longer LTL, with approximately 8% increase in log-transformed T/S ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2-13%) among men in the highest quintile of total PSA compared to the lowest in the fully adjusted model (Ptrend = 0.01). No significant association was found for free PSA or %fPSA, although nonlinearity between all PSA measures and T/S ratio was indicated. Similar results were found after excluding men who died from prostate cancer during follow-up. We also found the associations between total PSA and T/S ratio to be strongest among non-Hispanic blacks, non-obese men (BMI <30 kg/m2 ), and those with low CRP. However, a significant interaction was only found between total PSA and race/ethnicity (Pinteraction = 0.01). CONCLUSION Total PSA levels were strongly associated to LTL, particularly among non-Hispanic blacks. Our findings support a potential link between PSA and specific mechanisms contributing to prostate cancer development. Prostate 77:22-32, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Wulaningsih
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- PILAR Research and Education, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuliana Astuti
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, Driver Group, L.L.C., San Francisco, California
| | - Putri Anggrandariyanny
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Johnathan Watkins
- PILAR Research and Education, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Zhang R, Zhu L, Zhang L, Xu A, Li Z, Xu Y, He P, Wu M, Wei F, Wang C. PTEN enhances G2/M arrest in etoposide-treated MCF‑7 cells through activation of the ATM pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2707-14. [PMID: 26986476 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As an effective tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has attracted the increased attention of scientists. Recent studies have shown that PTEN plays unique roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and can interact with the Chk1 pathway. However, little is known about how PTEN contributes to DDR through the ATM-Chk2 pathway. It is well-known that etoposide induces G2/M arrest in a variety of cell lines, including MCF-7 cells. The DNA damage-induced G2/M arrest results from the activation of protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), followed by the activation of Chk2 that subsequently inactivates CDC25C, resulting in G2/M arrest. In the present study, we assessed the contribution of PTEN to the etoposide-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. PTEN was knocked down in MCF-7 cells by specific shRNA, and the effects of PTEN on the ATM-Chk2 pathway were investigated through various approaches. The results showed that knockdown of PTEN strongly antagonized ATM activation in response to etoposide treatment, and thereby reduced the phosphorylation level of ATM substrates, including H2AX, P53 and Chk2. Furthermore, depletion of PTEN reduced the etoposide-induced phosphorylation of CDC25C and strikingly compromised etoposide-induced G2/M arrest in the MCF-7 cells. Altogether, we demonstrated that PTEN plays a unique role in etoposide-induced G2/M arrest by facilitating the activation of the ATM pathway, and PTEN was required for the proper activation of checkpoints in response to DNA damage in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Anli Xu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Clinical Medicine College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Clinical Medicine College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Pei He
- Clinical Medicine College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Maoqing Wu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
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