1
|
van Senten JR, Møller TC, Von Moo E, Seiersen SD, Bräuner-Osborne H. Use of CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells reveals that both conventional and novel protein kinase C isozymes are involved in mGlu 5a receptor internalization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102466. [PMID: 36087841 PMCID: PMC9530845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). However, most tools available to study the contribution of PKC isozymes have considerable limitations, including a lack of selectivity. In this study, we generated and characterized human embryonic kidney 293A (HEK293A) cell lines devoid of conventional or novel PKC isozymes (ΔcPKC and ΔnPKC) and employ these to investigate the contribution of PKC isozymes in the internalization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5). Direct activation of PKC and mutation of rat mGlu5a Ser901, a PKC-dependent phosphorylation site in the receptor C-tail, both showed that PKC isozymes facilitate approximately 40% of the receptor internalization. Nonetheless, we determined that mGlu5a internalization was not altered upon the loss of cPKCs or nPKCs. This indicates that isozymes from both classes are involved, compensate for the absence of the other class, and thus fulfill dispensable functions. Additionally, using the Gαq/11 inhibitor YM-254890, GPCR kinase 2 and 3 (GRK2 and GRK3) knock-out cells and a receptor containing a mutated putative adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) interaction motif, we demonstrate that internalization of rat mGlu5a is mediated by Gαq/11 proteins (77% of the response), GRK2 (27%) and AP-2 (29%), but not GRK3. Our PKC knock-out cell lines expand the repertoire of knock-out HEK293A cell lines available to research GPCR pharmacology. Moreover, since pharmacological tools to study PKC isozymes generally lack specificity and/or potency, we present the PKC knock-out cell lines as more specific research tools to investigate PKC-mediated aspects of cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ee Von Moo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
OXTR High stroma fibroblasts control the invasion pattern of oral squamous cell carcinoma via ERK5 signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5124. [PMID: 36045118 PMCID: PMC9433374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pattern Of Invasion (POI) of tumor cells into adjacent normal tissues clinically predicts postoperative tumor metastasis/recurrence of early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the mechanisms underlying the development of these subtypes remain unclear. Focusing on the highest score of POIs (Worst POI, WPOI) present within each tumor, we observe a disease progression-driven shift of WPOI towards the high-risk type 4/5, associated with a mesenchymal phenotype in advanced OSCC. WPOI 4-5-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFsWPOI4-5), characterized by high oxytocin receptor expression (OXTRHigh), contribute to local-regional metastasis. OXTRHigh CAFs induce a desmoplastic stroma and CCL26 is required for the invasive phenotype of CCR3+ tumors. Mechanistically, OXTR activates nuclear ERK5 transcription signaling via Gαq and CDC37 to maintain high levels of OXTR and CCL26. ERK5 ablation reprograms the pro-invasive phenotype of OXTRHigh CAFs. Therefore, targeting ERK5 signaling in OXTRHigh CAFs is a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC patients with WPOI 4-5. Worst pattern of invasion (WPOI) is a parameter used to quantify tumor invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here the authors show that a fibroblast subset characterized by the expression of the oxytocin receptor is enriched in highly invasive WPOI 4-5 OSCC tumors and can be targeted to reduce the desmoplastic stroma and tumor metastasis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gq Signaling in Autophagy Control: Between Chemical and Mechanical Cues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081599. [PMID: 36009317 PMCID: PMC9405508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All processes in human physiology relies on homeostatic mechanisms which require the activation of specific control circuits to adapt the changes imposed by external stimuli. One of the critical modulators of homeostatic balance is autophagy, a catabolic process that is responsible of the destruction of long-lived proteins and organelles through a lysosome degradative pathway. Identification of the mechanism underlying autophagic flux is considered of great importance as both protective and detrimental functions are linked with deregulated autophagy. At the mechanistic and regulatory levels, autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress conditions (food deprivation, hyperthermia and hypoxia), even a novel perspective highlight the potential role of physical forces in autophagy modulation. To understand the crosstalk between all these controlling mechanisms could give us new clues about the specific contribution of autophagy in a wide range of diseases including vascular disorders, inflammation and cancer. Of note, any homeostatic control critically depends in at least two additional and poorly studied interdependent components: a receptor and its downstream effectors. Addressing the selective receptors involved in autophagy regulation is an open question and represents a new area of research in this field. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest and druggable targets membrane receptor protein superfamily. By exerting their action through G proteins, GPCRs play fundamental roles in the control of cellular homeostasis. Novel studies have shown Gαq, a subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, as a core modulator of mTORC1 and autophagy, suggesting a fundamental contribution of Gαq-coupled GPCRs mechanisms in the control of this homeostatic feedback loop. To address how GPCR-G proteins machinery integrates the response to different stresses including oxidative conditions and mechanical stimuli, could provide deeper insight into new signaling pathways and open potential and novel therapeutic strategies in the modulation of different pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Devost D, Zingg HH, Hébert TE. The MAP kinase ERK5/MAPK7 is a downstream effector of oxytocin signaling in myometrial cells. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110211. [PMID: 34902542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hormone oxytocin (OT) has pleiotropic activities both in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral tissues, including uterotonic effects on the myometrium during parturition. OT effects are mediated by a single transmembrane receptor, belonging to the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) superfamily and coupled primarily to Gq- and Gi-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Upon receptor stimulation, one well-studied downstream effect is activation of the ERK1/2 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase, and studies have shown that induction of COX-2 by OT in the myometrium required ERK1/2 activity. Many studies investigating the role of ERK1/2 in myometrial tissue were based on the use of chemical inhibitors that, to varying degrees, also inhibited ERK5/MAPK7. Here we report that OT activates ERK5 in a human myometrial cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the activation of Gi/o heterotrimers. Using complementary approaches, we demonstrate that OT-induced COX-2 induction and the concomitant release of PGF2α into the media are primarily ERK5-dependent and to a much lesser extent ERK1/2-dependent. Moreover, in contrast to ERK1/2 activation, ERK5 activation is downstream of Gi/o activation. Here, we also found that ERK5 impacted both basal and to a lesser extent, OT-mediated myometrial cell contraction in vitro. Finally, tracking both ERK1/2 and ERK5 activity during different stages of gestation in rat myometrium, we showed that they followed distinct patterns starting at the onset of labor corresponding to the highest COX-2 expression levels. Overall, our results reveal an important, hitherto unrecognized role for ERK5 in myometrial cell contraction involving induction of COX-2. This novel pathway is likely to play an important role in supporting uterine contractions during parturition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Hans H Zingg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cabezudo S, Sanz-Flores M, Caballero A, Tasset I, Rebollo E, Diaz A, Aragay AM, Cuervo AM, Mayor F, Ribas C. Gαq activation modulates autophagy by promoting mTORC1 signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4540. [PMID: 34315875 PMCID: PMC8316552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTORC1 node plays a major role in autophagy modulation. We report a role of the ubiquitous Gαq subunit, a known transducer of plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors signaling, as a core modulator of mTORC1 and autophagy. Cells lacking Gαq/11 display higher basal autophagy, enhanced autophagy induction upon different types of nutrient stress along with a decreased mTORC1 activation status. They are also unable to reactivate mTORC1 and thus inactivate ongoing autophagy upon nutrient recovery. Conversely, stimulation of Gαq/11 promotes sustained mTORC1 pathway activation and reversion of autophagy promoted by serum or amino acids removal. Gαq is present in autophagic compartments and lysosomes and is part of the mTORC1 multi-molecular complex, contributing to its assembly and activation via its nutrient status-sensitive interaction with p62, which displays features of a Gαq effector. Gαq emerges as a central regulator of the autophagy machinery required to maintain cellular homeostasis upon nutrient fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Cabezudo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Structural Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Sanz-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Tasset
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elena Rebollo
- Molecular Imaging Platform (MIP), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna M Aragay
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murga C, Arcones AC, Cruces-Sande M, Briones AM, Salaices M, Mayor F. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30837878 PMCID: PMC6390810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a central signaling node involved in the modulation of many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also displaying regulatory functions in other cell signaling routes. GRK2 levels and activity have been reported to be enhanced in patients or in preclinical models of several relevant pathological situations, such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance conditions, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Therefore, targeting GRK2 by different strategies emerges as a potentially relevant approach to treat cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or NAFLD, pathological conditions which are frequently interconnected and present as co-morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kapfhamer J, Waite C, Ascoli M. The Gα q/11-provoked induction of Akr1c18 in murine luteal cells is mediated by phospholipase C. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:179-187. [PMID: 29107092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Towards the end of gestation prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) stimulates the expression of Akr1c18 in the murine corpus luteum. Akr1c18 codes for 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme that precipitates parturition by catabolizing progesterone. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that this effect of PGF2α is mediated by the activation of Gαq/11, but the downstream effector(s) of Gαq/11 that elicit the increase in Akr1c18 expression have not been identified. The physiological effects of Gαq/11 are mediated by its ability to interact with phospholipase Cβ, p63RhoGEF, and PKCζ. In the experiments described herein we used biochemical and pharmacological approaches, as well as adenoviral-mediated expression of a constitutively active form of Gαq and mutants thereof, to examine the role of each of these effectors as potential mediators of the increased expression of luteal Akr1c18. By measuring the effects of PGF2α on the activation of RhoA (activated by p63RhoGEF) and the effects of activators and inhibitors of RhoA on the PGF2α-induced expression of luteal Akr1c18, we determined that RhoA is neither activated by PGF2α or involved in the PGF2α-induced expression of luteal Akr1c18. The potential involvement of PKCζ was ruled out by the inability of a mutant of a constitutively active Gαq that prevents PKCζ binding to block the increased expression of Akr1c18. Furthermore, PGF2α does not increase the phosphorylation of ERK-5, the only known downstream target of PKCζ. On the other hand, three different mutants of a constitutively active Gαq that prevent phospholipase C activation blocked the induction of luteal Akr1c18. We conclude that the induction of luteal Akr1c18 by Gαq/11 is mediated by the activation of phospholipase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kapfhamer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Courtney Waite
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Mario Ascoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jurek B, Neumann ID. The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1805-1908. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The many facets of the oxytocin (OXT) system of the brain and periphery elicited nearly 25,000 publications since 1930 (see FIGURE 1 , as listed in PubMed), which revealed central roles for OXT and its receptor (OXTR) in reproduction, and social and emotional behaviors in animal and human studies focusing on mental and physical health and disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of OXT expression and release, expression and binding of the OXTR in brain and periphery, OXTR-coupled signaling cascades, and their involvement in behavioral outcomes to assemble a comprehensive picture of the central and peripheral OXT system. Traditionally known for its role in milk let-down and uterine contraction during labor, OXT also has implications in physiological, and also behavioral, aspects of reproduction, such as sexual and maternal behaviors and pair bonding, but also anxiety, trust, sociability, food intake, or even drug abuse. The many facets of OXT are, on a molecular basis, brought about by a single receptor. The OXTR, a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor capable of binding to either Gαior Gαqproteins, activates a set of signaling cascades, such as the MAPK, PKC, PLC, or CaMK pathways, which converge on transcription factors like CREB or MEF-2. The cellular response to OXT includes regulation of neurite outgrowth, cellular viability, and increased survival. OXTergic projections in the brain represent anxiety and stress-regulating circuits connecting the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or the medial prefrontal cortex. Which OXT-induced patterns finally alter the behavior of an animal or a human being is still poorly understood, and studying those OXTR-coupled signaling cascades is one initial step toward a better understanding of the molecular background of those behavioral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jurek
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga D. Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo W, Shang DM, Cao JH, Feng K, He YC, Jiang Y, Wang S, Gao YF. Identifying and Analyzing Novel Epilepsy-Related Genes Using Random Walk with Restart Algorithm. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6132436. [PMID: 28255556 PMCID: PMC5309434 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a pathological condition, epilepsy is caused by abnormal neuronal discharge in brain which will temporarily disrupt the cerebral functions. Epilepsy is a chronic disease which occurs in all ages and would seriously affect patients' personal lives. Thus, it is highly required to develop effective medicines or instruments to treat the disease. Identifying epilepsy-related genes is essential in order to understand and treat the disease because the corresponding proteins encoded by the epilepsy-related genes are candidates of the potential drug targets. In this study, a pioneering computational workflow was proposed to predict novel epilepsy-related genes using the random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm. As reported in the literature RWR algorithm often produces a number of false positive genes, and in this study a permutation test and functional association tests were implemented to filter the genes identified by RWR algorithm, which greatly reduce the number of suspected genes and result in only thirty-three novel epilepsy genes. Finally, these novel genes were analyzed based upon some recently published literatures. Our findings implicate that all novel genes were closely related to epilepsy. It is believed that the proposed workflow can also be applied to identify genes related to other diseases and deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Outpatient, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Dong-Mei Shang
- Department of Outpatient, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jing-Hui Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Yi-Chun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - ShaoPeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| |
Collapse
|