1
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Galvagnion C, Barclay A, Makasewicz K, Marlet FR, Moulin M, Devos JM, Linse S, Martel A, Porcar L, Sparr E, Pedersen MC, Roosen-Runge F, Arleth L, Buell AK. Structural characterisation of α-synuclein-membrane interactions and the resulting aggregation using small angle scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10998-11013. [PMID: 38526443 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of amyloid fibrils is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Some amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein and amyloid β, interact with lipids, and this interaction can strongly favour the formation of amyloid fibrils. In particular the primary nucleation step, i.e. the de novo formation of amyloid fibrils, has been shown to be accelerated by lipids. However, the exact mechanism of this acceleration is still mostly unclear. Here we use a range of scattering methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) to obtain structural information on the binding of α-synuclein to model membranes formed from negatively charged lipids and their co-assembly into amyloid fibrils. We find that the model membranes take an active role in the reaction. The binding of α synuclein to the model membranes immediately induces a major structural change in the lipid assembly, which leads to a break-up into small and mostly disc- or rod-like lipid-protein particles. This transition can be reversed by temperature changes or proteolytic protein removal. Incubation of the small lipid-α-synuclein particles for several hours, however, leads to amyloid fibril formation, whereby the lipids are incorporated into the amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Abigail Barclay
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Martine Moulin
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette M Devos
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lise Arleth
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Alhadidy MM, Kanaan NM. Biochemical approaches to assess the impact of post-translational modifications on pathogenic tau conformations using recombinant protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:301-318. [PMID: 38348781 PMCID: PMC10903483 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Tau protein is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies. Aggregates of tau are thought of as a main contributor to neurodegeneration in these diseases. Increasingly, evidence points to earlier, soluble conformations of abnormally modified monomers and multimeric tau as toxic forms of tau. The biological processes driving tau from physiological species to pathogenic conformations remain poorly understood, but certain avenues are currently under investigation including the functional consequences of various pathological tau changes (e.g. mutations, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and protein-protein interactions). PTMs can regulate several aspects of tau biology such as proteasomal and autophagic clearance, solubility, and aggregation. Moreover, PTMs can contribute to the transition of tau from normal to pathogenic conformations. However, our understating of how PTMs specifically regulate the transition of tau into pathogenic conformations is partly impeded by the relative lack of structured frameworks to assess and quantify these conformations. In this review, we describe a set of approaches that includes several in vitro assays to determine the contribution of PTMs to tau's transition into known pathogenic conformations. The approaches begin with different methods to create recombinant tau proteins carrying specific PTMs followed by validation of the PTMs status. Then, we describe a set of biochemical and biophysical assays that assess the contribution of a given PTM to different tau conformations, including aggregation, oligomerization, exposure of the phosphatase-activating domain, and seeding. Together, these approaches can facilitate the advancement of our understanding of the relationships between PTMs and tau conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas M. Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
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3
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Parnetti L, Bellomo G, Compta Y. Lipoproteins and α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson's disease: "Dangerous liaisons" on the road to neurodegeneration? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 116:105884. [PMID: 37845147 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology - Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, Dept of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Section of Neurology - Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, Dept of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED (CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), ERN- RND, InstitutClínic de Neurociències UBNeuro (Maria de Maeztu Excellence Centre), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Chen L, Yu C, Xu W, Xiong Y, Cheng P, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Knoedler L, Panayi AC, Knoedler S, Wang J, Mi B, Liu G. Dual-Targeted Nanodiscs Revealing the Cross-Talk between Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3153-3167. [PMID: 36715347 PMCID: PMC9933878 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing research has highlighted the significance of the cross-play of macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) has been shown to control osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by depleting trimethylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). However, to date, the role of KDM6B in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) remains controversial. Here, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) proved that KDM6B derived from osteogenic-induced BMSCs could bind to the promoter region of BMDMs' brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein-1 (BMAL1) gene in a coculture system and activate BMAL1. Transcriptome sequencing and experiments in vitro showed that the overexpression of BMAL1 in BMDM could inhibit the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, reduce pyroptosis, and decrease the M1/M2 ratio, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, bone and macrophage dual-targeted GSK-J4 (KDM6B inhibitor)-loaded nanodiscs were synthesized via binding SDSSD-apoA-1 peptide analogs (APA) peptide, which indirectly proved the critical role of KDM6B in osteogenesis in vivo. Overall, we demonstrated that KDM6B serves as a positive circulation trigger during osteogenic differentiation by decreasing the ratio of M1/M2 both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these results provide insight into basic research in the field of osteoporosis and bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chenyan Yu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wanting Xu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus
of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ze Lin
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department
of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Immunotherapy, University of
Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02152, United States
- Department
of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Microsurgery, Burn Center,
BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University
of Heidelberg, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse
13, Ludwigshafen/Rhine 67071, Germany
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02152, United States
- Institute
of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Junqing Wang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus
of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei
Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and
Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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5
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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6
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Jadavi S, Canepa E, Diaspro A, Canale C, Relini A, Dante S. α-Synuclein interacts differently with membranes mimicking the inner and outer leaflets of neuronal membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183814. [PMID: 34774499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of α-synuclein (α-syn), the amyloidogenic protein responsible for Parkinson's disease, is likely related to its interaction with the asymmetric neuronal membrane. α-Syn exists as cytoplasmatic and as extracellular protein as well. To shed light on the different interactions occurring at the different α-syn localizations, we have here modelled the external and internal membrane leaflets of the neuronal membrane with two complex lipid mixtures, characterized by phase coexistence and with negative charge confined to either the ordered or the disordered phase, respectively. To this purpose, we selected a five-component (DOPC/SM/DOPE/DOPS/chol) and a four-component (DOPC/SM/GM1/chol) lipid mixtures, which contained the main membrane lipid constituents and exhibited a phase separation with formation of ordered domains. We have compared the action of α-syn in monomeric form and at different concentrations (1 nM, 40 nM, and 200 nM) with respect to lipid systems with different composition and shape by AFM, QCM-D, and vesicle leakage experiments. The experiments coherently showed a higher stability of the membranes composed by the internal leaflet mixture to the interaction with α-syn. Damage to membranes made of the external leaflet mixture was detected in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the membrane damage was related to the fluidity of the lipid domains and not to the presence of negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Jadavi
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ester Canepa
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genova, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Dante
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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7
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Durell SR, Guy HR. The amyloid concentric β-barrel hypothesis: Models of synuclein oligomers, annular protofibrils, lipoproteins, and transmembrane channels. Proteins 2022; 90:512-542. [PMID: 34570382 PMCID: PMC8988847 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ of Alzheimer's disease) and α-synuclein (α-Syn of Parkinson's disease) form large fibrils. Evidence is increasing however that much smaller oligomers are more toxic and that these oligomers can form transmembrane ion channels. We have proposed previously that Aβ42 oligomers, annular protofibrils, and ion channels adopt concentric β-barrel molecular structures. Here we extend that hypothesis to the superfamily of α, β, and γ-synucleins. Our models of numerous synuclein oligomers, annular protofibrils, tubular protofibrils, lipoproteins, and ion channels were developed to be consistent with sizes, shapes, molecular weights, and secondary structures of assemblies as determined by electron microscopy and other studies. The models have the following features: (1) all subunits have identical structures and interactions; (2) they are consistent with conventional β-barrel theory; (3) the distance between walls of adjacent β-barrels is between 0.6 and 1.2 nm; (4) hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, interactions among aromatic side-chains, burial and tight packing of hydrophobic side-chains, and aqueous solvent exposure of hydrophilic side-chains are relatively optimal; and (5) residues that are identical among distantly related homologous proteins cluster in the interior of most oligomers whereas residues that are hypervariable are exposed on protein surfaces. Atomic scale models of some assemblies were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart R Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - H Robert Guy
- Amyloid Research Consultants (ARC), Cochiti Lake, New Mexico, USA
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8
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Structural and Functional Changes of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) by Incorporation of α-synuclein: A Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Activity of α-synuclein and apoA-I in HDL at High Molar Ratio of α-synuclein. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247485. [PMID: 34946565 PMCID: PMC8707077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a major culprit of Parkinson's disease (PD), although lipoprotein metabolism is very important in the pathogenesis of PD. α-syn was expressed and purified using the pET30a expression vector from an E. coli expression system to elucidate the physiological effects of α-syn on lipoprotein metabolism. The human α-syn protein (140 amino acids) with His-tag (8 amino acids) was expressed and purified to at least 95% purity. Isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis showed that the isoelectric point (pI) of α-syn and apoA-I were pI = 4.5 and pI = 6.4, respectively. The lipid-free α-syn showed almost no phospholipid-binding ability, while apoA-I showed rapid binding ability with a half-time (T1/2) = 8 ± 0.7 min. The α-syn and apoA-I could be incorporated into the reconstituted HDL (rHDL, molar ratio 95:5:1:1, palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC):cholesterol:apoA-I:α-syn with the production of larger particles (92 Å) than apoA-I-rHDL (86 and 78 Å) and α-syn-rHDL (65 Å). An rHDL containing both apoA-I and α-syn showed lower α-helicity around 45% with a red shift of the Trp wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF) from 339 nm, while apoA-I-HDL showed 76% α-helicity and 337 nm of WMF. The denaturation by urea addition showed that the incorporation of α-syn in rHDL caused a larger increase in the WMF than apoA-I-rHDL, suggesting that the destabilization of the secondary structure of apoA-I by the addition of α-syn. On the other hand, the addition of α-syn induced two-times higher resistance to rHDL glycation at apoA-I:α-syn molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. Interestingly, low α-syn in rHDL concentrations, molar ratio of 1:0.5 (apoA-I:α-syn), did not prevent glycation with more multimerization of apoA-I. In the lipid-free and lipid-bound state, α-syn showed more potent antioxidant activity than apoA-I against cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation. On the other hand, microinjection of α-syn (final 2 μM) resulted in 10% less survival of zebrafish embryos than apoA-I. A subcutaneous injection of α-syn (final 34 μM) resulted in less tail fin regeneration than apoA-I. Interestingly, incorporation of α-syn at a low molar ratio (apoA-I:α-syn, 1:0.5) in rHDL resulted destabilization of the secondary structure and impairment of apoA-I functionality via more oxidation and glycation. However, at a higher molar ratio of α-syn in rHDL (apoA-I:α-syn = 1:1 or 1:2) exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-glycation activity without aggregation. In conclusion, there might be a critical concentration of α-syn and apoA-I in HDL-like complex to prevent the aggregation of apoA-I via structural and functional enhancement.
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Signorelli P, Conte C, Albi E. The Multiple Roles of Sphingomyelin in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091311. [PMID: 34572524 PMCID: PMC8469734 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances over the past decade have improved our understanding of the role of sphingolipid in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Much attention has been paid to ceramide derived molecules, especially glucocerebroside, and little on sphingomyelin, a critical molecule for brain physiopathology. Sphingomyelin has been proposed to be involved in PD due to its presence in the myelin sheath and for its role in nerve impulse transmission, in presynaptic plasticity, and in neurotransmitter receptor localization. The analysis of sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes, the development of specific inhibitors, and advanced mass spectrometry have all provided insight into the signaling mechanisms of sphingomyelin and its implications in Parkinson's disease. This review describes in vitro and in vivo studies with often conflicting results. We focus on the synthesis and degradation enzymes of sphingomyelin, highlighting the genetic risks and the molecular alterations associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Signorelli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Gaspar R, Idini I, Carlström G, Linse S, Sparr E. Transient Lipid-Protein Structures and Selective Ganglioside Uptake During α-Synuclein-Lipid Co-aggregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622764. [PMID: 33681202 PMCID: PMC7930334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a membrane-interacting protein involved in Parkinson's disease. Here we have investigated the co-association of α-synuclein and lipids from ganglioside-containing model membranes. Our study relies on the reported importance of ganglioside lipids, which are found in high amounts in neurons and exosomes, on cell-to-cell prion-like transmission of misfolded α-synuclein. Samples taken along various stages of the aggregation process were imaged using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and the composition of samples corresponding to the final state analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. The combined data shows that α-synuclein co-assembles with lipids from the ganglioside (GM1)-containing model membranes. The lipid-protein samples observed during the aggregation process contain non-vesicular objects not present at the final stage, thus capturing the co-existence of species under non-equilibrium conditions. A range of different lipid-protein co-assemblies are observed during the time course of the reaction and some of these appear to be transient assemblies that evolve into other co-aggregates over time. At the end of the aggregation reaction, the samples become more homogeneous, showing thin fibrillar structures heavily decorated with small vesicles. From the NMR analysis, we conclude that the ratio of GM1 to phosphatidyl choline (PC) in the supernatant of the co-aggregated samples is significantly reduced compared to the GM1/PC ratio of the lipid dispersion from which these samples were derived. Taken together, this indicates a selective uptake of GM1 into the fibrillar aggregates and removal of GM1-rich objects from the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gaspar
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Idini
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Carlström
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Musteikytė G, Jayaram AK, Xu CK, Vendruscolo M, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Interactions of α-synuclein oligomers with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183536. [PMID: 33373595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder. At the molecular level, this disease is characterized by the formation of aberrant intracellular protein deposits known as Lewy bodies. Oligomeric forms of the protein α-synuclein (αS), which are believed to be both intermediates and by-products of Lewy body formation, are considered to be the main pathogenic species. Interactions of such oligomers with lipid membranes are increasingly emerging as a major molecular pathway underpinning their toxicity. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of the interactions of αS oligomers with lipid membranes. We highlight key structural and biophysical features of αS oligomers, the effects of these features on αS oligomer membrane binding properties, and resultant implications for understanding the etiology of Parkinson's disease. We discuss mechanistic modes of αS oligomer-lipid membrane interactions and the effects of environmental factors to such modes. Finally, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main molecular determinants of αS oligomer toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Musteikytė
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Akhila K Jayaram
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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12
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D’Onofrio M, Munari F, Assfalg M. Alpha-Synuclein-Nanoparticle Interactions: Understanding, Controlling and Exploiting Conformational Plasticity. Molecules 2020; 25:E5625. [PMID: 33260436 PMCID: PMC7731430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is an extensively studied protein due to its involvement in a group of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, and its documented ability to undergo aberrant self-aggregation resulting in the formation of amyloid-like fibrils. In dilute solution, the protein is intrinsically disordered but can adopt multiple alternative conformations under given conditions, such as upon adsorption to nanoscale surfaces. The study of αS-nanoparticle interactions allows us to better understand the behavior of the protein and provides the basis for developing systems capable of mitigating the formation of toxic aggregates as well as for designing hybrid nanomaterials with novel functionalities for applications in various research areas. In this review, we summarize current progress on αS-nanoparticle interactions with an emphasis on the conformational plasticity of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.D.); (F.M.)
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13
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Drab E, Sugihara K. Cooperative Function of LL-37 and HNP1 Protects Mammalian Cell Membranes from Lysis. Biophys J 2020; 119:2440-2450. [PMID: 33157121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
LL-37, cleaved from human cathelicidin, and human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP1) from the defensin family are antimicrobial peptides that are occasionally co-released from neutrophils, which synergistically kill bacteria. We report that this couple presents another type of cooperativity against host eukaryotic cells, in which they antagonistically minimize cytotoxicity by protecting membranes from lysis. Our results describe the potential of the LL-37/HNP1 cooperativity that switches from membrane-destructive to membrane-protective functions, depending on whether the target is an enemy or a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Drab
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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14
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Adão R, Cruz PF, Vaz DC, Fonseca F, Pedersen JN, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Brito RM, Ramos CH, Otzen D, Keller S, Bastos M. DIBMA nanodiscs keep α-synuclein folded. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is a neuronal protein with an ill-defined biological function that is central to Parkinson’s disease etiology. While considered to be involved in exocytosis, how α-synuclein facilitates synaptic vesicle fusion and release remains an open question. To address this, we investigated α-synuclein–lipid interactions at the plasma membrane through the technique of cellular unroofing, which uncovers an intact basal membrane. We conclusively show that α-synuclein is recruited to exocytic sites, preferring liquid-ordered lipid domains. Importantly, heterogeneous populations of α-synuclein conformers are revealed by measurements of fluorescence lifetime distributions, which are not adequately described by current models of α-synuclein structures. Membrane-bound α-synuclein is conformationally dynamic, exquisitely sensitive to lipid/protein composition, enabling the protein to carry out its function. Parkinson’s disease is associated with α-synuclein (α-syn), a cytosolic protein enriched in presynaptic terminals. The biological function of α-syn remains elusive; however, increasing evidence suggests that the protein is involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion, signifying the importance of α-syn–lipid interactions. We show that α-syn preferentially binds to GM1-rich, liquid-ordered lipid domains on cytoplasmic membranes by using unroofed cells, which encapsulates lipid complexity and cellular topology. Moreover, proteins (Rab3a, syntaxin-1A, and VAMP2) involved in exocytosis also localize with α-syn, supporting its proposed functional role in exocytosis. To investigate how these lipid/protein interactions influence α-syn at the residue level, α-syn was derivatized with an environmentally sensitive fluorophore (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl [NBD]) at different N- and C-terminal sites. Measurements of NBD fluorescence lifetime distributions reveal that α-syn adopts a multitude of membrane-bound conformations, which were not recapitulated in simple micelle or vesicle models, indicating an exquisite sensitivity of the protein to the complex lipid environment. Interestingly, these data also suggest the participation of the C terminus in membrane localization, which is generally overlooked and thus emphasize the need to use cellularly derived and biologically relevant membranes for biophysical characterization. Collectively, our results demonstrate that α-syn is more conformationally dynamic at the membrane interface than previously appreciated, which may be important for both its physiological and pathological functions.
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16
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Galvagnion C, Topgaard D, Makasewicz K, Buell AK, Linse S, Sparr E, Dobson CM. Lipid Dynamics and Phase Transition within α-Synuclein Amyloid Fibrils. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7872-7877. [PMID: 31790267 PMCID: PMC6937551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of coassemblies made of the small presynaptic protein, α-synuclein, and lipids in the brains of patients is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we used natural abundance 13C and 31P magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with cryo-electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to characterize the fibrils formed by α-synuclein in the presence of vesicles made of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine. Our results show that these lipids coassemble with α-synuclein molecules to give thin and curly amyloid fibrils. The coassembly leads to slower and more isotropic reorientation of lipid molecular segments and a decrease in both the temperature and enthalpy of the lipid chain-melting compared with those in the protein-free lipid lamellar phase. These findings provide new insights into the properties of lipids within protein-lipid assemblies that can be associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- German
Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn,Germany
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Makasewicz
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander K. Buell
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads 227, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Linse
- Department
of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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17
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Cholak E, Bucciarelli S, Bugge K, Johansen NT, Vestergaard B, Arleth L, Kragelund BB, Langkilde AE. Distinct α-Synuclein:Lipid Co-Structure Complexes Affect Amyloid Nucleation through Fibril Mimetic Behavior. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5052-5065. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ersoy Cholak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Saskia Bucciarelli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bugge
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, and REPIN, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Tidemand Johansen
- Structural Biophysics, Niels Bohr Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lise Arleth
- Structural Biophysics, Niels Bohr Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, and REPIN, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Annette E. Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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18
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Mukhopadhyay A, Mehra S, Kumar R, Maji SK, Krishnamoorthy G, Sharma KP. α-Synuclein Spontaneously Adopts Stable and Reversible α-Helical Structure in Water-Less Environment. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2783-2790. [PMID: 31515915 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A highly stable, spontaneous, and reversible α-helical-structure formation in recombinant and chemically modified α-synuclein protein is demonstrated for the first time in a water-less (1.5 % w/w H2 O) polymer surfactant environment. Using a combination of circular dichroism and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, we show that whilst native α-synuclein in aqueous solution shows a predominant unordered conformation (≈64 %), mixing with polyethylene glycol based anionic polymer surfactant (PS) and removing water reveals a 25 % unordered, 25 % α-helical, and 27 % β-sheet structure. Interestingly, bioconjugation of native α-synuclein with a diamine molecule, to increase the positive charge on the protein chain, and subsequent electrostatic coupling with the PS forms a conjugate with a retained unordered structure. Removal of water from this system provides a highly stable α-helical (≈74 %) water-less liquid system. Surprisingly, the α-helical-to-unordered state transition is completely reversible and is achieved at ≈25-30 w/w% of water in the system. Moreover, the α-helix shows an extraordinary temporal stability (>6 months) in a waterless environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasua Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-, 400076, INDIA
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-, 400076, INDIA
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-, 400076, INDIA
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-, 400076, INDIA
| | - G Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai-, 600025, INDIA
| | - Kamendra P Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-, 400076, INDIA
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19
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Shahmoradian SH, Lewis AJ, Genoud C, Hench J, Moors TE, Navarro PP, Castaño-Díez D, Schweighauser G, Graff-Meyer A, Goldie KN, Sütterlin R, Huisman E, Ingrassia A, Gier YD, Rozemuller AJM, Wang J, Paepe AD, Erny J, Staempfli A, Hoernschemeyer J, Großerüschkamp F, Niedieker D, El-Mashtoly SF, Quadri M, Van IJcken WFJ, Bonifati V, Gerwert K, Bohrmann B, Frank S, Britschgi M, Stahlberg H, Van de Berg WDJ, Lauer ME. Lewy pathology in Parkinson's disease consists of crowded organelles and lipid membranes. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1099-1109. [PMID: 31235907 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the most common age-related movement disorder, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with unclear etiology. Key neuropathological hallmarks are Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites: neuronal inclusions immunopositive for the protein α-synuclein. In-depth ultrastructural analysis of Lewy pathology is crucial to understanding pathogenesis of this disease. Using correlative light and electron microscopy and tomography on postmortem human brain tissue from Parkinson's disease brain donors, we identified α-synuclein immunopositive Lewy pathology and show a crowded environment of membranes therein, including vesicular structures and dysmorphic organelles. Filaments interspersed between the membranes and organelles were identifiable in many but not all α-synuclein inclusions. Crowding of organellar components was confirmed by stimulated emission depletion (STED)-based super-resolution microscopy, and high lipid content within α-synuclein immunopositive inclusions was corroborated by confocal imaging, Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering infrared imaging and lipidomics. Applying such correlative high-resolution imaging and biophysical approaches, we discovered an aggregated protein-lipid compartmentalization not previously described in the Parkinsons' disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Shahmoradian
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Amanda J Lewis
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim E Moors
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula P Navarro
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Castaño-Díez
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schweighauser
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosmarie Sütterlin
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelien Huisman
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ingrassia
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Gier
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Erny
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Staempfli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Hoernschemeyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Preclinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Bohrmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area/Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Britschgi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area/Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wilma D J Van de Berg
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Clinical Neuroanatomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias E Lauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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O'Leary EI, Lee JC. Interplay between α-synuclein amyloid formation and membrane structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:483-491. [PMID: 30287222 PMCID: PMC6445794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. While it is unknown how these disorders are initiated, in vitro and cellular experiments confirm the importance of membranes. Ubiquitous in vivo, membranes induce conformational changes in amyloidogenic proteins and in some cases, facilitate aggregation. Reciprocally, perturbations in the bilayer structure can be induced by amyloid formation. Here, we review studies in the last 10 years describing α-synuclein (α-syn) and its interactions with membranes, detailing the roles of anionic and zwitterionic lipids in aggregation, and their contribution to Parkinson's disease. We summarize the impact of α-syn - comparing monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar forms - on membrane structure, and the effect of membrane remodeling on amyloid formation. Finally, perspective on future studies investigating the interplay between α-syn aggregation and membranes is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I O'Leary
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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21
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Falke M, Victor J, Wördehoff MM, Peduzzo A, Zhang T, Schröder GF, Buell AK, Hoyer W, Etzkorn M. α-Synuclein-derived lipoparticles in the study of α-Synuclein amyloid fibril formation. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 220:57-65. [PMID: 30826264 PMCID: PMC6451039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the protein α-Synuclein (αSyn) is of great interest due to its involvement in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. However, under in vitro conditions αSyn is very soluble and kinetically stable for extended time periods. As a result, most αSyn aggregation assays rely on conditions that artificially induce or enhance aggregation, often by introducing rather non-native conditions. It has been shown that αSyn interacts with membranes and conditions have been identified in which membranes can promote as well as inhibit αSyn aggregation. It has also been shown that αSyn has the intrinsic capability to assemble lipid-protein-particles, in a similar way as apolipoproteins can form lipid-bilayer nanodiscs. Here we show that these αSyn-lipid particles (αSyn-LiPs) can also effectively induce, accelerate or inhibit αSyn aggregation, depending on the applied conditions. αSyn-LiPs therefore provide a general platform and additional tool, complementary to other setups, to study various aspects of αSyn amyloid fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Falke
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Victor
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael M Wördehoff
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessia Peduzzo
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Etzkorn
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.
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22
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Fakhree MAA, Engelbertink SAJ, van Leijenhorst-Groener KA, Blum C, Claessens MMAE. Cooperation of Helix Insertion and Lateral Pressure to Remodel Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1217-1223. [PMID: 30653915 PMCID: PMC6581421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nature
has developed different protein mediated mechanisms to remodel
cellular membranes. One of the proteins that is implicated in these
processes is α-synuclein (αS). Here we investigate if
besides αS’s membrane bound amphipathic helix the disordered,
solvent exposed tail of the protein contributes to membrane reshaping.
We produced αS variants with elongated or truncated disordered
solvent exposed domains. We observe a transformation of opaque multi
lamellar vesicle solutions into nonscattering solutions containing
smaller structures upon addition of all αS variants. Experimental
data combined with model calculations show that the cooperation of
helix insertion and lateral pressure exerted by the disordered domain
makes the full length protein decidedly more efficient in membrane
remodeling than the truncated version. Using disordered domains may
not only be cost-efficient, it may also add a new level of control
over vesicle fusion/fission by expansion or compaction of the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A A Fakhree
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd A J Engelbertink
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A van Leijenhorst-Groener
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Blum
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Mireille M A E Claessens
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
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23
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Ekanayake V, Nisan D, Ryzhov P, Yao Y, Marassi FM. Lipoprotein Particle Formation by Proapoptotic tBid. Biophys J 2018; 115:533-542. [PMID: 30017071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of Bcl-2 family proteins with intracellular lipids are essential for the regulation of apoptosis, a mechanism of programmed cell death that is central to the health and development of multicellular organisms. Bid and its caspase-8 cleavage product, tBid, promote the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and sequester antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to counter their cytoprotective activity. Bid and tBid also promote lipid exchange, a characteristic trait of apoptosis. Here, we show that tBid is capable of associating with phospholipids to form soluble, nanometer-sized lipoprotein particles that retain binding affinity for the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The tBid lipoprotein particles form with a lipid/protein stoichiometry in the range of 20/1 and have a diameter of ∼11.5 nm. Lipoparticle-bound tBid retains an α-helical structure and binds Bcl-xL through its third Bcl-2 homology motif, forming a soluble, lipid-associated heteroprotein complex. The results shed light on the role of lipids in mediating Bcl-2 protein mobility and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindana Ekanayake
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Danielle Nisan
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Pavel Ryzhov
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yong Yao
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesca M Marassi
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
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24
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Viennet T, Wördehoff MM, Uluca B, Poojari C, Shaykhalishahi H, Willbold D, Strodel B, Heise H, Buell AK, Hoyer W, Etzkorn M. Structural insights from lipid-bilayer nanodiscs link α-Synuclein membrane-binding modes to amyloid fibril formation. Commun Biol 2018; 1:44. [PMID: 30271927 PMCID: PMC6123806 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein α-Synuclein (αS) is linked to Parkinson’s disease through its abnormal aggregation, which is thought to involve cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of αS. Following previous studies using micelles and vesicles, we present a comprehensive study of αS interaction with phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs. Using a combination of NMR-spectroscopic, biophysical, and computational methods, we structurally and kinetically characterize αS interaction with different membrane discs in a quantitative and site-resolved way. We obtain global and residue-specific αS membrane affinities, and determine modulations of αS membrane binding due to αS acetylation, membrane plasticity, lipid charge density, and accessible membrane surface area, as well as the consequences of the different binding modes for αS amyloid fibril formation. Our results establish a structural and kinetic link between the observed dissimilar binding modes and either aggregation-inhibiting properties, largely unperturbed aggregation, or accelerated aggregation due to membrane-assisted fibril nucleation. Thibault Viennet and colleagues gain structural insight into amyloid fibril formation from their innovative use of lipid bilayer nanodiscs. This study connects α-Synuclein membrane binding modes to its aggregation properties, furthering our understanding of the cause of neurodegerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Viennet
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael M Wördehoff
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boran Uluca
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Chetan Poojari
- Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, 33720, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, 00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hamed Shaykhalishahi
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Henrike Heise
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander K Buell
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Manuel Etzkorn
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Instititue of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
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25
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Galvagnion C. The Role of Lipids Interacting with α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:433-450. [PMID: 28671142 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein is a small protein abundantly expressed in the brain and mainly located in synaptic terminals. The conversion of α-synuclein into oligomers and fibrils is the hallmark of a range of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. α-synuclein is disordered in solution but can adopt an α-helical conformation upon binding to lipid membranes. This lipid-protein interaction plays an important role in its proposed biological function, i.e., synaptic plasticity, but can also entail the aggregation of the protein. Both the chemical properties of the lipids and the lipid-to-protein-ratio have been reported to modulate the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein. In this review, the influence of changes in the nature and levels of lipids on the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein in vivo and in vitro will be discussed within a common general framework. In particular, while biophysical measurements and kinetic analyses of the time courses of α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of different types of lipid vesicles allow a mechanistic dissection of the influence of the lipids on α-synuclein aggregation, biological studies of cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease allow the determination of changes in lipid levels and properties associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Rawat A, Langen R, Varkey J. Membranes as modulators of amyloid protein misfolding and target of toxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1863-1875. [PMID: 29702073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation is a hallmark of various human diseases. α-Synuclein, a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease, is found in aggregated form within Lewy bodies that are characteristically observed in the brains of PD patients. Similarly, deposits of aggregated human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) are found in the pancreatic islets in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Significant number of studies have focused on how monomeric, disaggregated proteins transition into various amyloid structures leading to identification of a vast number of aggregation promoting molecules and processes over the years. Inasmuch as these factors likely enhance the formation of toxic, misfolded species, they might act as risk factors in disease. Cellular membranes, and particularly certain lipids, are considered to be among the major players for aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP, and membranes might also be the target of toxicity. Past studies have utilized an array of biophysical tools, both in vitro and in vivo, to expound the membrane-mediated aggregation. Here, we focus on membrane interaction of α-synuclein and IAPP, and how various kinds of membranes catalyze or modulate the aggregation of these proteins and how, in turn, these proteins disrupt membrane integrity, both in vitro and in vivo. The membrane interaction and subsequent aggregation has been briefly contrasted to aggregation of α-synuclein and IAPP in solution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Rawat
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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27
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Jayaraman S, Gantz DL, Haupt C, Fändrich M, Gursky O. Serum amyloid A sequesters diverse phospholipids and their hydrolytic products, hampering fibril formation and proteolysis in a lipid-dependent manner. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3532-3535. [PMID: 29565436 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A action in immune response and deposition in inflammation-linked amyloidosis involve SAA-lipid interactions. We show that SAA sequesters neutral and anionic phospholipids and their hydrolytic products to form nanoparticles, suggesting a synergy with phospholipase A2. The lipid charge and shape affect SAA protection from proteolysis, aggregation and fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobini Jayaraman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W302, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Donald L Gantz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W302, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Christian Haupt
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Fändrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany St., W302, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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28
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Cytotoxic Oligomers and Fibrils Trapped in a Gel-like State of α-Synuclein Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Kumar R, Das S, Mohite GM, Rout SK, Halder S, Jha NN, Ray S, Mehra S, Agarwal V, Maji SK. Cytotoxic Oligomers and Fibrils Trapped in a Gel-like State of α-Synuclein Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy; IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ganesh M. Mohite
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Saroj K. Rout
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Saayak Halder
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Ranga Reddy District Hyderabad 500 017 India
| | - Narendra Nath Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Soumik Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Sy. No. 36/P, Gopanpally Ranga Reddy District Hyderabad 500 017 India
| | - Samir K. Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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30
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Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy elucidates membrane protein structures and dynamics in atomic detail to yield mechanistic insights. By interrogating membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers that closely resemble biological membranes, SSNMR spectroscopists have revealed ion conduction mechanisms, substrate transport dynamics, and oligomeric interfaces of seven-transmembrane helix proteins. Research has also identified conformational plasticity underlying virus-cell membrane fusions by complex protein machineries, and β-sheet folding and assembly by amyloidogenic proteins bound to lipid membranes. These studies collectively show that membrane proteins exhibit extensive structural plasticity to carry out their functions. Because of the inherent dependence of NMR frequencies on molecular orientations and the sensitivity of NMR frequencies to dynamical processes on timescales from nanoseconds to seconds, SSNMR spectroscopy is ideally suited to elucidate such structural plasticity, local and global conformational dynamics, protein-lipid and protein-ligand interactions, and protonation states of polar residues. New sensitivity-enhancement techniques, resolution enhancement by ultrahigh magnetic fields, and the advent of 3D and 4D correlation NMR techniques are increasingly aiding these mechanistically important structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Jonathan K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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31
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Jiang Z, Flynn JD, Teague WE, Gawrisch K, Lee JC. Stimulation of α-synuclein amyloid formation by phosphatidylglycerol micellar tubules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1840-1847. [PMID: 29501608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a presynaptic protein that is accumulated in its amyloid form in the brains of Parkinson's patients. Although its biological function remains unclear, α-syn has been suggested to bind to synaptic vesicles and facilitate neurotransmitter release. Recently, studies have found that α-syn induces membrane tubulation, highlighting a potential mechanism for α-syn to stabilize highly curved membrane structures which could have both functional and dysfunctional consequences. To understand how membrane remodeling by α-syn affects amyloid formation, we have studied the α-syn aggregation process in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) micellar tubules, which were the first reported example of membrane tubulation by α-syn. Aggregation kinetics, β-sheet content, and macroscopic protein-lipid structures were observed by Thioflavin T fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Collectively, the presence of PG micellar tubules formed at a stochiometric (L/P = 1) ratio was found to stimulate α-syn fibril formation. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the co-assembly of PG and α-syn into fibril structures. However, isolated micellar tubules do not form fibrils by themselves, suggesting an important role of free α-syn monomers during amyloid formation. In contrast, fibrils did not form in the presence of excess PG lipids (≥L/P = 50), where most of the α-syn molecules are in a membrane-bound α-helical form. Our results provide new mechanistic insights into how membrane tubules modulate α-syn amyloid formation and support a pivotal role of protein-lipid interaction in the dysfunction of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Jiang
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter E Teague
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Klaus Gawrisch
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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Surguchov A. Commentary: α-Synuclein Interacts with Lipoproteins in Plasma. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:362. [PMID: 29163037 PMCID: PMC5673846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Surguchov
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University of Medical Center Research Institute, Kansas City, MI, United States
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33
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neural cell death in the substantia nigra of the brain and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in Lewy bodies. α-Syn can be detected in blood and is a potential biomarker for PD. It has been shown recently that α-syn can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanism is not yet understood. We hypothesized that α-syn could interact with lipoproteins, and in association with these particles, could pass through the BBB. Here, we show that apoE, apoJ, and apoA1, but not apoB, were co-immunocaptured along with α-syn from human blood plasma, suggesting that α-syn is associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL). This association was also supported by experiments involving western blotting of plasma fractions separated by gel filtration, which revealed that α-syn was found in fractions identified as HDL. Interestingly, we could also detect α-syn and ApoJ in the intermediate fraction between HDL and LDL, referred to as lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. Overall, the results provide best support for the hypothesis that α-syn interacts with HDL, and this has potential implications for transport of α-syn from the brain to peripheral blood, across the BBB.
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34
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Markley JL, Westler WM. Biomolecular NMR: Past and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 628:3-16. [PMID: 28495511 PMCID: PMC5701516 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The editors of this special volume suggested this topic, presumably because of the perspective lent by our combined >90-year association with biomolecular NMR. What follows is our personal experience with the evolution of the field, which we hope will illustrate the trajectory of change over the years. As for the future, one can confidently predict that it will involve unexpected advances. Our narrative is colored by our experience in using the NMR Facility for Biomedical Studies at Carnegie-Mellon University (Pittsburgh) and in developing similar facilities at Purdue (1977-1984) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1984-). We have enjoyed developing NMR technology and making it available to collaborators and users of these facilities. Our group's association with the Biological Magnetic Resonance data Bank (BMRB) and with the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) has also been rewarding. Of course, many groups contributed to the early growth and development of biomolecular NMR, and our brief personal account certainly omits many important milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Markley
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - William Milo Westler
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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35
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Varkey J, Langen R. Membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins studied by EPR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 280:127-139. [PMID: 28579098 PMCID: PMC5461824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in site-directed spin labeling of proteins has enabled EPR studies to expand into newer research areas within the umbrella of protein-membrane interactions. Recently, membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins has gained a substantial interest in relation to driving and controlling vital cellular processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, shaping of organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, intracellular vesicular trafficking, formation of filopedia and multivesicular bodies, mitochondrial fusion and fission, and synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling in neurotransmission. Misregulation in any of these processes due to an aberrant protein (mutation or misfolding) or alteration of lipid metabolism can be detrimental to the cell and cause disease. Dissection of the structural basis of membrane remodeling by proteins is thus quite necessary for an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, but it remains a formidable task due to the difficulties of various common biophysical tools in monitoring the dynamic process of membrane binding and bending by proteins. This is largely since membranes generally complicate protein structure analysis and this problem is amplified for structural analysis in the presence of different types of membrane curvatures. Recent EPR studies on membrane remodeling by proteins show that a significant structural information can be generated to delineate the role of different protein modules, domains and individual amino acids in the generation of membrane curvature. These studies also show how EPR can complement the data obtained by high resolution techniques such as X-ray and NMR. This perspective covers the application of EPR in recent studies for understanding membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins that is useful for researchers interested in using or complimenting EPR to gain better understanding of membrane remodeling. We also discuss how a single protein can generate different type of membrane curvatures using specific conformations for specific membrane structures and how EPR is a versatile tool well-suited to analyze subtle alterations in structures under such modifying conditions which otherwise would have been difficult using other biophysical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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36
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McDowall JS, Ntai I, Hake J, Whitley PR, Mason JM, Pudney CR, Brown DR. Steady-State Kinetics of α-Synuclein Ferrireductase Activity Identifies the Catalytically Competent Species. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2497-2505. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. McDowall
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Ioanna Ntai
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Jonathon Hake
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Paul R. Whitley
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Jody M. Mason
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - Christopher R. Pudney
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, U.K
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37
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Flynn JD, Lee JC. Physical Chemistry in Biomedical Research: From Cuvettes toward Cellular Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1943-1945. [PMID: 28468500 PMCID: PMC5521168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Membrane proteins play a most important part in metabolism, signaling, cell motility, transport, development, and many other biochemical and biophysical processes which constitute fundamentals of life on the molecular level. Detailed understanding of these processes is necessary for the progress of life sciences and biomedical applications. Nanodiscs provide a new and powerful tool for a broad spectrum of biochemical and biophysical studies of membrane proteins and are commonly acknowledged as an optimal membrane mimetic system that provides control over size, composition, and specific functional modifications on the nanometer scale. In this review we attempted to combine a comprehensive list of various applications of nanodisc technology with systematic analysis of the most attractive features of this system and advantages provided by nanodiscs for structural and mechanistic studies of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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39
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Eichmann C, Kumari P, Riek R. High-density lipoprotein-like particle formation of Synuclein variants. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:304-311. [PMID: 28027392 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein in solution whose fibrillar aggregates are the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the specific function of α-Syn is still unclear, its high structural plasticity is key for the interactions of α-Syn with biological membranes. Recently, it has been observed that α-Syn is able to form high-density lipoprotein-like (HDL-like) particles that are reminiscent of self-assembling phospholipid bilayer nanodiscs. Here, we extended our preparation method for the production of α-Syn lipoprotein particles to the β- and γ-Syn variants, and the PD-related familial α-Syn mutants. We show that all human Syns can form stable and homogeneous populations of HDL-like particles with distinct morphologies. Our results characterize the impact of the individual Syns on the formation capacity of these particles and indicate that Syn HDL-like particles are neither causing toxicity nor a toxicity-related loss of α-Syn in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Eichmann
- In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Department of NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Structural Characteristics of α-Synuclein Oligomers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 329:79-143. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Wang S, Zhang S, Xu C, Barron A, Galiano F, Patel D, Lee YJ, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA, Witt SN. Chemical Compensation of Mitochondrial Phospholipid Depletion in Yeast and Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164465. [PMID: 27736935 PMCID: PMC5063346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have been investigating the role that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) content plays in modulating the solubility of the Parkinson’s disease protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. One enzyme that synthesizes PE is the conserved enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd1/yeast; PSD-1/worms), which is lodged in the inner mitochondrial membrane. We previously found that decreasing the level of PE due to knockdown of Psd1/psd-1 affects the homeostasis of α-syn in vivo. In S. cerevisiae, the co-occurrence of low PE and α-syn in psd1Δ cells triggers mitochondrial defects, stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, misprocessing of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, and a 3-fold increase in the level of α-syn. The goal of this study was to identify drugs that rescue this phenotype. We screened the Prestwick library of 1121 Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs using psd1Δ + α-syn cells and identified cyclosporin A, meclofenoxate hydrochloride, and sulfaphenazole as putative protective compounds. The protective activity of these drugs was corroborated using C. elegans in which α-syn is expressed specifically in the dopaminergic neurons, with psd-1 depleted by RNAi. Worm populations were examined for dopaminergic neuron survival following psd-1 knockdown. Exposure to cyclosporine, meclofenoxate, and sulfaphenazole significantly enhanced survival at day 7 in α-syn-expressing worm populations whereby 50–55% of the populations displayed normal neurons, compared to only 10–15% of untreated animals. We also found that all three drugs rescued worms expressing α-syn in dopaminergic neurons that were deficient in the phospholipid cardiolipin following cardiolipin synthase (crls-1) depletion by RNAi. We discuss how these drugs might block α-syn pathology in dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
| | - Addie Barron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Floyd Galiano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Yong Joo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
| | - Stephan N. Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Lee JH, Ying J, Bax A. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Observation of α-Synuclein Membrane Interaction by Monitoring the Acetylation Reactivity of Its Lysine Side Chains. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4949-59. [PMID: 27455358 PMCID: PMC5015657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
interaction between α-synuclein (αS) protein and
lipid membranes is key to its role in synaptic vesicle homeostasis
and plays a role in initiating fibril formation, which is implicated
in Parkinson’s disease. The natural state of αS inside
the cell is generally believed to be intrinsically disordered, but
chemical cross-linking experiments provided evidence of a tetrameric
arrangement, which was reported to be rich in α-helical secondary
structure based on circular dichroism (CD). Cross-linking relies on
chemical modification of the protein’s Lys Cε amino groups, commonly by glutaraldehyde, or by disuccinimidyl glutarate
(DSG), with the latter agent preferred for cellular assays. We used
ultra-high-resolution homonuclear decoupled nuclear magnetic resonance
experiments to probe the reactivity of the 15 αS Lys residues
toward N-succinimidyl acetate, effectively half the
DSG cross-linker, which results in acetylation of Lys. The intensities
of both side chain and backbone amide signals of acetylated Lys residues
provide direct information about the reactivity, showing a difference
of a factor of 2.5 between the most reactive (K6) and the least reactive
(K102) residue. The presence of phospholipid vesicles decreases reactivity
of most Lys residues by up to an order of magnitude at high lipid:protein
stoichiometries (500:1), but only weakly at low ratios. The decrease
in Lys reactivity is found to be impacted by lipid composition, even
for vesicles that yield similar αS CD signatures. Our data provide
new insight into the αS–bilayer interaction, including
the pivotal state in which the available lipid surface is limited.
Protection of Lys Cε amino groups by αS–bilayer
interaction will strongly impact quantitative interpretation of DSG
cross-linking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jinfa Ying
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ad Bax
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Okada AK, Teranishi K, Isas JM, Bedrood S, Chow RH, Langen R. Diabetic Risk Factors Promote Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Misfolding by a Common, Membrane-mediated Mechanism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31094. [PMID: 27531121 PMCID: PMC4987648 DOI: 10.1038/srep31094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current diabetes epidemic is associated with a diverse set of risk factors including obesity and exposure to plastics. Notably, significant elevations of negatively charged amphiphilic molecules are observed in obesity (e.g. free fatty acids and phosphatidic acid) and plastics exposure (monophthalate esters). It remains unclear whether these factors share pathogenic mechanisms and whether links exist with islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) misfolding, a process central to β-cell dysfunction and death. Using a combination of fluorescence, circular dichroism and electron microscopy, we show that phosphatidic acid, oleic acid, and the phthalate metabolite MBzP partition into neutral membranes and enhance IAPP misfolding. The elevation of negative charge density caused by the presence of the risk factor molecules stabilizes a common membrane-bound α-helical intermediate that, in turn, facilitates IAPP misfolding. This shared mechanism points to a critical role for the membrane-bound intermediate in disease pathogenesis, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kazuki Teranishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Mario Isas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sahar Bedrood
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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