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Du M, Chen S, Chen Y, Yuan X, Dong H. Testicular fat deposition attenuates reproductive performance via decreased follicle-stimulating hormone level and sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis in mouse. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:50-60. [PMID: 37641828 PMCID: PMC10766465 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat depositioninduced reproductive performance. METHODS High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. RESULTS It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. CONCLUSION Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109,
China
| | - Shikun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109,
China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150,
Australia
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109,
China
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284,
USA
| | - Huansheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109,
China
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2
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Li Y, Meng R, Li S, Gu B, Xu X, Zhang H, Tan X, Shao T, Wang J, Xu D, Wang F. The ZFP541-KCTD19 complex is essential for pachytene progression by activating meiotic genes during mouse spermatogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:1029-1041. [PMID: 35341968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is essential for fertility in sexually reproducing species and this sophisticated process has been extensively studied. Notwithstanding these efforts, key factors involved in meiosis have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigate the regulatory roles of zinc finger protein 541 (ZFP541) and its interacting protein potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 19 (KCTD19) in spermatogenesis. ZFP541 is expressed from leptotene to the round spermatid stage, while the expression of KCTD19 is initiated in pachytene. Depletion of Zfp541 or Kctd19 leads to infertility in male mice and delays progression from early to mid/late pachynema. In addition, Zfp541-/- spermatocytes show abnormal programmed DNA double-strand break repair, impaired crossover formation and resolution, and asynapsis of the XY chromosomes. ZFP541 interacts with KCTD19, histone deacetylase 1/2 (HDAC1/2), and deoxynucleotidyl transferase terminal-interacting protein 1 (DNTTIP1). Moreover, ZFP541 binds to and activates the expression of genes involved in meiosis and post-meiosis including Kctd19; in turn, KCTD19 promotes the transcriptional activation activity of ZFP541. Taken together, our studies reveal that the ZFP541/KCTD19 signaling complex, acting as a key transcription regulator, plays an indispensable role in male fertility by regulating pachytene progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Li
- The School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ranran Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shanze Li
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bowen Gu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haihang Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinshui Tan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyu Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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3
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She Q, Chen Y, Liu H, Tan J, Li Y. A high level of the long non-coding RNA MCF2L-AS1 is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer and MCF2L-AS1 activates YAP transcriptional activity to enhance breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13437-13451. [PMID: 36700469 PMCID: PMC9276029 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2074108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent gynecologic malignant tumors with a poor prognosis and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. In recent years, it has been shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the development of breast cancer (BC). An antisense lncRNA from the MCF2 cell line (MCF2L-AS1) has been discovered recently and has been shown to function in a variety of malignancies. However, its function as a regulator of BC development has yet to be determined. Herein, the bioinformatics study analysis showed that MCF2L-AS1 was frequently highly expressed in BC tumors, and this overexpression was associated with worse patient outcomes. BC cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion are inhibited when MCF2L-AS1 is silenced, whereas the inverse is evident when MCF2L-AS1 is overexpressed. It was also observed that MCF2L-AS1 knockdown decreased carcinogenesis in xenograft tumor models. Furthermore, we discovered that MCF2L-AS1 could bind to and improve the transcription activity of the yes-associated protein (YAP). However, following YAP knockdown, this lncRNA's ability to drive BC malignancy was considerably reduced. In conclusion, MCF2L-AS1 may represent a potential predictive biomarker in BC patients, as well as a key regulator of BC cell proliferation. It works through positive feedback processes involving direct YAP binding and subsequent modulation of intracellular gene expression. Our findings add to our understanding of MCF2L-AS1 regulation and its potential as a therapeutic target in patients with this fatal cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing She
- Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Jichao Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Youhuai Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, Baoji, China,CONTACT Youhuai Li Department of Breast Surgery, Baoji Municipal Central Hospital, 8 Jiangtan Road, Weibin District, Baoji, Shaanxi721008, China
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4
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Sherpa D, Chrustowicz J, Schulman BA. How the ends signal the end: Regulation by E3 ubiquitin ligases recognizing protein termini. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1424-1438. [PMID: 35247307 PMCID: PMC9098119 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Specificity of eukaryotic protein degradation is determined by E3 ubiquitin ligases and their selective binding to protein motifs, termed "degrons," in substrates for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. From the discovery of the first substrate degron and the corresponding E3 to a flurry of recent studies enabled by modern systems and structural methods, it is clear that many regulatory pathways depend on E3s recognizing protein termini. Here, we review the structural basis for recognition of protein termini by E3s and how this recognition underlies biological regulation. Diverse E3s evolved to harness a substrate's N and/or C terminus (and often adjacent residues as well) in a sequence-specific manner. Regulation is achieved through selective activation of E3s and also through generation of degrons at ribosomes or by posttranslational means. Collectively, many E3 interactions with protein N and C termini enable intricate control of protein quality and responses to cellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawafuti Sherpa
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jakub Chrustowicz
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany.
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5
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Structural insights into Ubr1-mediated N-degron polyubiquitination. Nature 2021; 600:334-338. [PMID: 34789879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-degron pathway targets proteins that bear a destabilizing residue at the N terminus for proteasome-dependent degradation1. In yeast, Ubr1-a single-subunit E3 ligase-is responsible for the Arg/N-degron pathway2. How Ubr1 mediates the initiation of ubiquitination and the elongation of the ubiquitin chain in a linkage-specific manner through a single E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ubc2) remains unknown. Here we developed chemical strategies to mimic the reaction intermediates of the first and second ubiquitin transfer steps, and determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of Ubr1 in complex with Ubc2, ubiquitin and two N-degron peptides, representing the initiation and elongation steps of ubiquitination. Key structural elements, including a Ubc2-binding region and an acceptor ubiquitin-binding loop on Ubr1, were identified and characterized. These structures provide mechanistic insights into the initiation and elongation of ubiquitination catalysed by Ubr1.
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6
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Schierding W, Horsfield JA, O'Sullivan JM. Low tolerance for transcriptional variation at cohesin genes is accompanied by functional links to disease-relevant pathways. J Med Genet 2021; 58:534-542. [PMID: 32917770 PMCID: PMC8327319 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cohesin complex plays an essential role in genome organisation and cell division. A full complement of the cohesin complex and its regulators is important for normal development, since heterozygous mutations in genes encoding these components can be sufficient to produce a disease phenotype. The implication that genes encoding the cohesin subunits or cohesin regulators must be tightly controlled and resistant to variability in expression has not yet been formally tested. METHODS Here, we identify spatial-regulatory connections with potential to regulate expression of cohesin loci (Mitotic: SMC1A, SMC3, STAG1, STAG2, RAD21/RAD21-AS; Meiotic: SMC1B, STAG3, REC8, RAD21L1), cohesin-ring support genes (NIPBL, MAU2, WAPL, PDS5A, PDS5B) and CTCF, including linking their expression to that of other genes. We searched the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalogue for SNPs mapped or attributed to cohesin genes by GWAS (GWAS-attributed) and the GTEx catalogue for SNPs mapped to cohesin genes by cis-regulatory variants in one or more of 44 tissues across the human body (expression quantitative trail locus-attributed). RESULTS Connections that centre on the cohesin ring subunits provide evidence of coordinated regulation that has little tolerance for perturbation. We used the CoDeS3D SNP-gene attribution methodology to identify transcriptional changes across a set of genes coregulated with the cohesin loci that include biological pathways such as extracellular matrix production and proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Remarkably, many of the genes that are coregulated with cohesin loci are themselves intolerant to loss-of-function. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of robust regulation of cohesin genes and implicate novel pathways that may be important in the human cohesinopathy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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7
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Luo Y, Wang J, Bai X, Xiao H, Tao W, Zhou L, Wang D, Wei J. Differential expression patterns of the two paralogous Rec8 from Nile tilapia and their responsiveness to retinoic acid signaling. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 253:110563. [PMID: 33482354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
REC8 (meiotic recombination protein 8) is an essential component of meiotic cohesion complexes. Interestingly, two paralogous rec8 genes happen to exist in the stra8 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8)-absent fishes but not in stra8-existing fishes. Stra8 is usually considered as the prerequirement during RA (retinoic acid)-mediated meiosis initiation in mammals. However, how RA triggers meiosis in the stra8-absent fishes just like Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) remains elusive. Here we characterized the two paralogous rec8 genes in Nile tilapia (Onrec8a and Onrec8b), and investigated their expression patterns and responsiveness to RA signaling by treatment of ex vivo testicular culture and promoter luciferase reporter assay. OnRec8a and OnRec8b share 36% identity to each other and are true orthologs of REC8. Their expression was predominantly restricted to meiotic germline cells with differential spatiotemporal patterns. During spermatogenesis, OnRec8b predominantly exhibited nuclear expression in spermatocytes from 60 dah (days after hatching), while OnRec8a exhibited cytoplasmic expression from 90 dah. During oogenesis, OnRec8a was expressed from 30 dah, while OnRec8b from 90 dah. Further study shows that RA signaling could upregulate the expression of both Onrec8a and Onrec8b. Collectively, our data implies that OnRec8a and OnRec8b might have differential function during meiosis and be involved in RA-mediated meiosis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Lijia Middle School, Chongqing, 401122 Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Hesheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China.
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8
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Hua R, Wei H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Liu S, Guo Y, Cui Y, Zhang X, Guo X, Li W, Liu M. FBXO47 regulates telomere-inner nuclear envelope integration by stabilizing TRF2 during meiosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11755-11770. [PMID: 31724724 PMCID: PMC7145685 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, telomere attachment to the inner nuclear envelope is required for proper pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination. Here, we identified F-box protein 47 (FBXO47) as a regulator of the telomeric shelterin complex that is specifically expressed during meiotic prophase I. Knockout of Fbxo47 in mice leads to infertility in males. We found that the Fbxo47 deficient spermatocytes are unable to form a complete synaptonemal complex. FBXO47 interacts with TRF1/2, and the disruption of Fbxo47 destabilizes TRF2, leading to unstable telomere attachment and slow traversing through the bouquet stage. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism of FBXO47 in telomeric shelterin subunit stabilization during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Huafang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, P.R. China
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9
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Reichmann J, Dobie K, Lister LM, Crichton JH, Best D, MacLennan M, Read D, Raymond ES, Hung CC, Boyle S, Shirahige K, Cooke HJ, Herbert M, Adams IR. Tex19.1 inhibits the N-end rule pathway and maintains acetylated SMC3 cohesin and sister chromatid cohesion in oocytes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201702123. [PMID: 32232464 PMCID: PMC7199850 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent oocyte aneuploidy, a major cause of Down syndrome, is associated with declining sister chromatid cohesion in postnatal oocytes. Here we show that cohesion in postnatal mouse oocytes is regulated by Tex19.1. We show Tex19.1-/- oocytes have defects maintaining chiasmata, missegregate their chromosomes during meiosis, and transmit aneuploidies to the next generation. Furthermore, we show that mouse Tex19.1 inhibits N-end rule protein degradation mediated by its interacting partner UBR2, and that Ubr2 itself has a previously undescribed role in negatively regulating the acetylated SMC3 subpopulation of cohesin in mitotic somatic cells. Lastly, we show that acetylated SMC3 is associated with meiotic chromosome axes in mouse oocytes, and that this population of cohesin is specifically depleted in the absence of Tex19.1. These findings indicate that Tex19.1 regulates UBR protein activity to maintain acetylated SMC3 and sister chromatid cohesion in postnatal oocytes and prevent aneuploidy from arising in the female germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Reichmann
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Dobie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa M. Lister
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James H. Crichton
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diana Best
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie MacLennan
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Read
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor S. Raymond
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chao-Chun Hung
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shelagh Boyle
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Howard J. Cooke
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary Herbert
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Fertility Centre, Biomedicine West Wing, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian R. Adams
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Kechko OI, Petrushanko IY, Brower CS, Adzhubei AA, Moskalev AA, Piatkov KI, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. Beta-amyloid induces apoptosis of neuronal cells by inhibition of the Arg/N-end rule pathway proteolytic activity. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6134-6152. [PMID: 31446431 PMCID: PMC6738421 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by the dysfunction of intracellular protein homeostasis systems, in particular the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is involved in the processes of neurodegeneration in AD, is a substrate of this system, however its effect on UPS activity is still poorly explored. Here we found that Aβ peptides inhibited the proteolytic activity of the antiapoptotic Arg/N-end rule pathway that is a part of UPS. We identified arginyltransferase Ate1 as a specific component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway targeted by Aβs. Aβ bearing the familial English H6R mutation, known to cause early-onset AD, had an even greater inhibitory effect on protein degradation through the Arg/N-end rule pathway than intact Aβ. This effect was associated with a significant decrease in Ate1-1 and Ate1-3 catalytic activity. We also found that the loss of Ate1 in neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells eliminated the apoptosis-inducing effects of Aβ peptides. Together, our results show that the apoptotic effect of Aβ peptides is linked to their impairment of Ate1 catalytic activity leading to suppression of the Arg/N-end rule pathway proteolytic activity and ultimately cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kechko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Alexei A Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar 167000, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Konstantin I Piatkov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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11
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Crichton JH, Playfoot CJ, MacLennan M, Read D, Cooke HJ, Adams IR. Tex19.1 promotes Spo11-dependent meiotic recombination in mouse spermatocytes. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006904. [PMID: 28708824 PMCID: PMC5533463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis relies on the SPO11 endonuclease to generate the recombinogenic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) required for homologous chromosome synapsis and segregation. The number of meiotic DSBs needs to be sufficient to allow chromosomes to search for and find their homologs, but not excessive to the point of causing genome instability. Here we report that the mammal-specific gene Tex19.1 promotes Spo11-dependent recombination in mouse spermatocytes. We show that the chromosome asynapsis previously reported in Tex19.1-/- spermatocytes is preceded by reduced numbers of recombination foci in leptotene and zygotene. Tex19.1 is required for normal levels of early Spo11-dependent recombination foci during leptotene, but not for upstream events such as MEI4 foci formation or accumulation of H3K4me3 at recombination hotspots. Furthermore, we show that mice carrying mutations in Ubr2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with TEX19.1, phenocopy the Tex19.1-/- recombination defects. These data suggest that Tex19.1 and Ubr2 are required for mouse spermatocytes to accumulate sufficient Spo11-dependent recombination to ensure that the homology search is consistently successful, and reveal a hitherto unknown genetic pathway promoting meiotic recombination in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Crichton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Playfoot
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie MacLennan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Read
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Howard J. Cooke
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Kumar R. Separase: Function Beyond Cohesion Cleavage and an Emerging Oncogene. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1283-1299. [PMID: 27966791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proper and timely segregation of genetic endowment is necessary for survival and perpetuation of every species. Mis-segregation of chromosomes and resulting aneuploidy leads to genetic instability, which can jeopardize the survival of an individual or population as a whole. Abnormality with segregation of genetic contents has been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, sterility, mental retardation, spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, and other birth related defects. Separase, by irreversible cleavage of cohesin complex subunit, paves the way for metaphase/anaphase transition during the cell cycle. Both over or reduced expression and altered level of separase have been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, as a result separase now emerges as an important oncogene and potential molecular target for medical intervenes. Recently, separase is also found to be essential in separation and duplication of centrioles. Here, I review the role of separase in mitosis, meiosis, non-canonical roles of separase, separase regulation, as a regulator of centriole disengagement, nonproteolytic roles, diverse substrates, structural insights, and association of separase with cancer. At the ends, I proposed a model which showed that separase is active throughout the cell cycle and there is a mere increase in separase activity during metaphase contrary to the common believes that separase is inactive throughout cell cycle except for metaphase. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1283-1299, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Deka K, Singh A, Chakraborty S, Mukhopadhyay R, Saha S. Protein arginylation regulates cellular stress response by stabilizing HSP70 and HSP40 transcripts. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16074. [PMID: 27752365 PMCID: PMC5045964 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATE1-mediated post-translational addition of arginine to a protein has been shown to regulate activity, interaction, and stability of the protein substrates. Arginylation has been linked to many different stress conditions, namely ER stress, cytosolic misfolded protein stress, and nitrosative stress. However, clear understanding about the effect of arginylation in cellular stress responses is yet to emerge. In this study, we investigated the role of arginylation in heat-stress response. Our findings suggest that Ate1 knock out (KO) cells are more susceptible to heat stress compared with its wild-type counterparts due to the induction of apoptosis in KO cells. Gene expression analysis of inducible heat-shock proteins (HSP70.1, HSP70.3, and HSP40) showed induction of these genes in KO cells early in the heat shock, but were drastically diminished at the later period of heat shock. Further analysis revealed that loss of ATE1 drastically reduced the stability of all three HSP mRNAs. These phenotypes were greatly restored by overexpression of Ate1 in KO cells. Our findings show that arginylation plays a protective role during heat stress by regulating HSP gene expression and mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakshi Deka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Surajit Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Sougata Saha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University , Napaam, Assam, India
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14
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Justa-Schuch D, Silva-Garcia M, Pilla E, Engelke M, Kilisch M, Lenz C, Möller U, Nakamura F, Urlaub H, Geiss-Friedlander R. DPP9 is a novel component of the N-end rule pathway targeting the tyrosine kinase Syk. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27614019 PMCID: PMC5039030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopeptidase DPP9 removes dipeptides from N-termini of substrates having a proline or alanine in second position. Although linked to several pathways including cell survival and metabolism, the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood. We identified a novel interaction of DPP9 with Filamin A, which recruits DPP9 to Syk, a central kinase in B-cell signalling. Syk signalling can be terminated by degradation, requiring the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl. We show that DPP9 cleaves Syk to produce a neo N-terminus with serine in position 1. Pulse-chases combined with mutagenesis studies reveal that Ser1 strongly influences Syk stability. Furthermore, DPP9 silencing reduces Cbl interaction with Syk, suggesting that DPP9 processing is a prerequisite for Syk ubiquitination. Consistently, DPP9 inhibition stabilizes Syk, thereby modulating Syk signalling. Taken together, we demonstrate DPP9 as a negative regulator of Syk and conclude that DPP9 is a novel integral aminopeptidase of the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Engelke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kilisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Möller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Physiological functions and clinical implications of the N-end rule pathway. Front Med 2016; 10:258-70. [PMID: 27492620 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a unique branch of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in which the determination of a protein's half-life is dependent on its N-terminal residue. The N-terminal residue serves as the degradation signal of a protein and thus called N-degron. N-degron can be recognized and modifed by several steps of post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, deamination, arginylation or acetylation, it then polyubiquitinated by the N-recognin for degradation. The molecular basis of the N-end rule pathway has been elucidated and its physiological functions have been revealed in the past 30 years. This pathway is involved in several biological aspects, including transcription, differentiation, chromosomal segregation, genome stability, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control, cardiovascular development, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Disturbance of this pathway often causes the failure of these processes, resulting in some human diseases. This review summarized the physiological functions of the N-end rule pathway, introduced the related biological processes and diseases, with an emphasis on the inner link between this pathway and certain symptoms.
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16
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Eldeeb MA, Fahlman RP. Phosphorylation Impacts N-end Rule Degradation of the Proteolytically Activated Form of BMX Kinase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22757-22768. [PMID: 27601470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling leading to the initiation of apoptosis typically results in the activation of caspases, which in turn leads to the proteolytic generation of protein fragments with new or altered cellular functions. Increasing numbers of reports are demonstrating that the activity of many of these proteolytically activated protein fragments can be attenuated by their selective degradation by the N-end rule pathway. Here we report the first evidence that selective degradation of a caspase product by the N-end rule pathway can be modulated by phosphorylation. We demonstrate that the pro-apoptotic fragment of the bone marrow kinase on chromosome X (BMX) generated by caspase cleavage in the prostate cancer-derived PC3 cell line is metabolically unstable in cells because its N-terminal tryptophan targets it for proteasomal degradation via the N-end rule pathway. In addition, we have demonstrated that phosphorylation of tyrosine 566 relatively inhibits degradation of the C-terminal BMX catalytic fragment, and this phosphorylation is crucial for its pro-apoptotic function. Overall, our results demonstrate that cleaved BMX is a novel N-end rule substrate, and its degradation exhibits a novel interplay between substrate phosphorylation and N-end rule degradation, revealing an increasing complex regulatory network of apoptotic proteolytic signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and .,Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6J 2H7, Canada
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17
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Wadas B, Piatkov KI, Brower CS, Varshavsky A. Analyzing N-terminal Arginylation through the Use of Peptide Arrays and Degradation Assays. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20976-20992. [PMID: 27510035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nα-terminal arginylation (Nt-arginylation) of proteins is mediated by the Ate1 arginyltransferase (R-transferase), a component of the Arg/N-end rule pathway. This proteolytic system recognizes proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, polyubiquitylates these proteins, and thereby causes their degradation by the proteasome. The definitively identified ("canonical") residues that are Nt-arginylated by R-transferase are N-terminal Asp, Glu, and (oxidized) Cys. Over the last decade, several publications have suggested (i) that Ate1 can also arginylate non-canonical N-terminal residues; (ii) that Ate1 is capable of arginylating not only α-amino groups of N-terminal residues but also γ-carboxyl groups of internal (non-N-terminal) Asp and Glu; and (iii) that some isoforms of Ate1 are specific for substrates bearing N-terminal Cys residues. In the present study, we employed arrays of immobilized 11-residue peptides and pulse-chase assays to examine the substrate specificity of mouse R-transferase. We show that amino acid sequences immediately downstream of a substrate's canonical (Nt-arginylatable) N-terminal residue, particularly a residue at position 2, can affect the rate of Nt-arginylation by R-transferase and thereby the rate of degradation of a substrate protein. We also show that the four major isoforms of mouse R-transferase have similar Nt-arginylation specificities in vitro, contrary to the claim about the specificity of some Ate1 isoforms for N-terminal Cys. In addition, we found no evidence for a significant activity of the Ate1 R-transferase toward previously invoked non-canonical N-terminal or internal amino acid residues. Together, our results raise technical concerns about earlier studies that invoked non-canonical arginylation specificities of Ate1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Wadas
- From the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Konstantin I Piatkov
- the Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia, and
| | | | - Alexander Varshavsky
- From the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125,
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18
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Xu Z, Song Z, Li G, Tu H, Liu W, Liu Y, Wang P, Wang Y, Cui X, Liu C, Shang Y, de Rooij DG, Gao F, Li W. H2B ubiquitination regulates meiotic recombination by promoting chromatin relaxation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9681-9697. [PMID: 27431324 PMCID: PMC5175339 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is essential for fertility in most sexually reproducing species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood in mammals. Here, we show that RNF20-mediated H2B ubiquitination is required for meiotic recombination. A germ cell-specific knockout of the H2B ubiquitination E3 ligase RNF20 results in complete male infertility. The Stra8-Rnf20−/− spermatocytes arrest at the pachytene stage because of impaired programmed double-strand break (DSB) repair. Further investigations reveal that the depletion of RNF20 in the germ cells affects chromatin relaxation, thus preventing programmed DSB repair factors from being recruited to proper positions on the chromatin. The gametogenetic defects of the H2B ubiquitination deficient cells could be partially rescued by forced chromatin relaxation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RNF20/Bre1p-mediated H2B ubiquitination regulates meiotic recombination by promoting chromatin relaxation, and suggest an old drug may provide a new way to treat some oligo- or azoospermia patients with chromatin relaxation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoping Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huayu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weixiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongliang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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