1
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Bork F, Greve CL, Youn C, Chen S, N C Leal V, Wang Y, Fischer B, Nasri M, Focken J, Scheurer J, Engels P, Dubbelaar M, Hipp K, Zalat B, Szolek A, Wu MJ, Schittek B, Bugl S, Kufer TA, Löffler MW, Chamaillard M, Skokowa J, Kramer D, Archer NK, Weber ANR. naRNA-LL37 composite DAMPs define sterile NETs as self-propagating drivers of inflammation. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2914-2949. [PMID: 38783164 PMCID: PMC11239898 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a key antimicrobial feature of cellular innate immunity mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). NETs counteract microbes but are also linked to inflammation in atherosclerosis, arthritis, or psoriasis by unknown mechanisms. Here, we report that NET-associated RNA (naRNA) stimulates further NET formation in naive PMNs via a unique TLR8-NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathway. Keratinocytes respond to naRNA with expression of psoriasis-related genes (e.g., IL17, IL36) via atypical NOD2-RIPK signaling. In vivo, naRNA drives temporary skin inflammation, which is drastically ameliorated by genetic ablation of RNA sensing. Unexpectedly, the naRNA-LL37 'composite damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)' is pre-stored in resting neutrophil granules, defining sterile NETs as inflammatory webs that amplify neutrophil activation. However, the activity of the naRNA-LL37 DAMP is transient and hence supposedly self-limiting under physiological conditions. Collectively, upon dysregulated NET release like in psoriasis, naRNA sensing may represent both a potential cause of disease and a new intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bork
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten L Greve
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sirui Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius N C Leal
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Berenice Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Masoud Nasri
- Division of Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jule Focken
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Scheurer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pujan Engels
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marissa Dubbelaar
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Baher Zalat
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andras Szolek
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meng-Jen Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- CMFI - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2124) "Controlling microbes to fight infection", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bugl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 4/1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Division of Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- iFIT - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- CMFI - Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2124) "Controlling microbes to fight infection", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Weaver DF. Endogenous Antimicrobial-Immunomodulatory Molecules: Networking Biomolecules of Innate Immunity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400089. [PMID: 38658319 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial-immunomodulatory molecules (EAIMs) are essential to immune-mediated human health and evolution. Conventionally, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been regarded as the dominant endogenous antimicrobial molecule; however, AMPs are not sufficient to account for the full spectrum of antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality occurring within the human body. The threat posed by pathogenic microbes is pervasive with the capacity for widespread impact across many organ systems and multiple biochemical pathways; accordingly, the host needs the capacity to react with an equally diverse response. This can be attained by having EAIMs that traverse the full range of molecular size (small to large molecules) and structural diversity (including molecules other than peptides). This review identifies multiple molecules (peptide/protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, small organic molecule, and metallic cation) as EAIMs and discusses the possibility of cooperative, additive effects amongst the various EAIM classes during the host response to a microbial assault. This comprehensive consideration of the full molecular diversity of EAIMs enables the conclusion that EAIMs constitute a previously uncatalogued structurally diverse and collectively underappreciated immuno-active group of integrated molecular responders within the innate immune system's first line of defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, University of Toronto, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5Y 0S8, Canada
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3
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Zielke C, Nielsen JE, Lin JS, Barron AE. Between good and evil: Complexation of the human cathelicidin LL-37 with nucleic acids. Biophys J 2024; 123:1316-1328. [PMID: 37919905 PMCID: PMC11163296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides a crucial first line of defense against invading pathogens attacking the body. As the only member of the human cathelicidin family, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been shown to have antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. In complexation with nucleic acids, LL-37 is suggested to maintain its beneficial health effects while also acting as a condensation agent for the nucleic acid. Complexes formed by LL-37 and nucleic acids have been shown to be immunostimulatory with a positive impact on the human innate immune system. However, some studies also suggest that in some circumstances, LL-37/nucleic acid complexes may be a contributing factor to autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of research highlighting the beneficial health effects of LL-37/nucleic acid complexes, as well as discussing observed detrimental effects. We will emphasize why it is important to investigate and elucidate structural characteristics, such as condensation patterns of nucleic acids within complexation, and their mechanisms of action, to shed light on the intricate physiological effects of LL-37 and the seemingly contradictory role of LL-37/nucleic acid complexes in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zielke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California.
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4
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Liu S, He M, Jiang J, Duan X, Chai B, Zhang J, Tao Q, Chen H. Triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis: a review and update. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:108. [PMID: 38347543 PMCID: PMC10860266 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, involving a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, non-genetic factors are also necessary to trigger the onset and recurrence of psoriasis in genetically predisposed individuals, which include infections, microbiota dysbiosis of the skin and gut, dysregulated lipid metabolism, dysregulated sex hormones, and mental illness. Psoriasis can also be induced by other environmental triggers, such as skin trauma, unhealthy lifestyles, and medications. Understanding how these triggers play a role in the onset and recurrence of psoriasis provides insights into psoriasis pathogenesis, as well as better clinical administration. In this review, we summarize the triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis and update the current evidence on the underlying mechanism of how these factors elicit the disease. Video Abstract.
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Grants
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengwen He
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoru Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bao Chai
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qingxiao Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
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5
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Lin P, Niimi H, Hirota T, Ohsugi Y, Shimohira T, Toyoshima K, Katagiri S, Iwata T, Aoki A. Effects of low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation on proliferation and gene expression in primary gingival fibroblasts isolated from mouse maxilla. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300166. [PMID: 37975254 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation on proliferation and alternations in early gene expression of gingival fibroblasts. Mice primary gingival fibroblasts were irradiated with an Er:YAG laser (1.8, 3.9, and 5.8 J/cm2 ). Irradiation at 3.9 J/cm2 promoted cell proliferation without significant changes in lactate dehydrogenase or Hspa1a expression. Three hours after irradiation at 3.9 J/cm2 , the Fn1 expression level was significantly increased. RNA-seq identified 15 differentially expressed genes between irradiated and non-irradiated cells, some of which belonged to immediate early genes (IEGs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated MAPK pathway enhancement, and gene set enrichment analysis showed enrichment in the TGF-β signaling gene set. Enhanced proliferation via laser irradiation disappeared upon inhibition of Dusp4, Dusp5, and Tgfr1 expression. Low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation, especially at 3.9 J/cm2 without a major temperature elevation, enhanced fibroblast proliferation, via TGF-β and the MAPK signaling pathway following IEG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiya Lin
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Niimi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Research Center for Medical Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yujin Ohsugi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimohira
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Toyoshima
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Kadunc Polajnar L, Lainšček D, Gašperšič R, Sušjan-Leite P, Kovačič U, Butinar M, Turk B, Jerala R, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Engineered combinatorial cell device for wound healing and bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1168330. [PMID: 37234478 PMCID: PMC10206319 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1168330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors are the key regulators that promote tissue regeneration and healing processes. While the effects of individual growth factors are well documented, a combination of multiple secreted growth factors underlies stem cell-mediated regeneration. To avoid the potential dangers and labor-intensive individual approach of stem cell therapy while maintaining their regeneration-promoting effects based on multiple secreted growth factors, we engineered a "mix-and-match" combinatorial platform based on a library of cell lines producing growth factors. Treatment with a combination of growth factors secreted by engineered mammalian cells was more efficient than with individual growth factors or even stem cell-conditioned medium in a gap closure assay. Furthermore, we implemented in a mouse model a device for allogenic cell therapy for an in situ production of growth factors, where it improved cutaneous wound healing. Augmented bone regeneration was achieved on calvarial bone defects in rats treated with a cell device secreting IGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF-β, and VEGF. In both in vivo models, the systemic concentration of secreted factors was negligible, demonstrating the local effect of the regeneration device. Finally, we introduced a genetic switch that enables temporal control over combinations of trophic factors released at different stages of regeneration mimicking the maturation of natural wound healing to improve therapy and prevent scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Kadunc Polajnar
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Gašperšič
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Kovačič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Butinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Leite ML, Duque HM, Rodrigues GR, da Cunha NB, Franco OL. The LL-37 domain: a clue to cathelicidin immunomodulatory response? Peptides 2023; 165:171011. [PMID: 37068711 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are naturally occurring polypeptide sequences that, in addition to being active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other parasites, may stimulate immunomodulatory responses. Cathelicidins, a family of HDPs, are produced by diverse animal species, such as mammals, fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, to protect them against pathogen infections. These peptides have variable C-terminal domains responsible for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and a highly conserved N-terminal pre-pro region homologous to cathelin. Although cathelicidins are the major components of innate immunity, the molecular basis by which they induce an immune response is still unclear. In this review, we will address the role of the LL-37 domain and its SK-24, IV-20, FK-13 and LL-37 fragments in the immunity response. Other cathelicidins also share structural and functional characteristics with the LL-37 domain, suggesting that these fragments may be responsible for interaction between these peptides and receptors in humans. Fragments of the LL-37 domain can give us clues about how homologous cathelicidins, in general, induce an immune response. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL: No data was used for the research described in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lopes Leite
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Harry Morales Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brasil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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8
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Zhang LJ, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Chen SX, Zhang X, Yin M, Li F, Wu S, Chen J, Li M, Liu Y, Jiang SIB, Hata T, Plikus MV, Gallo RL. Diet-induced obesity promotes infection by impairment of the innate antimicrobial defense function of dermal adipocyte progenitors. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/577/eabb5280. [PMID: 33472955 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a major complication of obesity, but the mechanisms responsible for impaired defense against microbes are not well understood. Here, we found that adipocyte progenitors were lost from the dermis during diet-induced obesity (DIO) in humans and mice. The loss of adipogenic fibroblasts from mice resulted in less antimicrobial peptide production and greatly increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection. The decrease in adipocyte progenitors in DIO mice was explained by expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) by mature adipocytes that then inhibited adipocyte progenitors and the production of cathelicidin in vitro. Administration of a TGFβ receptor inhibitor or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist reversed this inhibition in both cultured adipocyte progenitors and in mice and subsequently restored the capacity of obese mice to defend against S. aureus skin infection. Together, these results explain how obesity promotes dysfunction of the antimicrobial function of reactive dermal adipogenesis and identifies potential therapeutic targets to manage skin infection associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China. .,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stella X Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meimei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Joyce Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shang I B Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tissa Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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10
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Patiño MI, Restrepo LM, Becerra NY, van der Mei HC, van Kooten TG, Sharma PK. Nonviral Expression of LL-37 in a Human Skin Equivalent to Prevent Infection in Skin Wounds. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1147-1157. [PMID: 33980038 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient autologous tissue recovery in skin wounds increases the susceptibility of patients to infections caused by multidrug resistant microorganisms, resulting in a high mortality rate. Genetic modification of skin cells has become an important field of study because it could lead to the construction of more functional skin grafts, through the overexpression of antimicrobial peptides that would prevent early contamination and infection with bacteria. In this study, we produce and evaluate human skin equivalents (HSEs) containing transfected human primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes by polyplexes to express the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. The effect of LL-37 on the metabolic activity of normal HSEs was evaluated before the construction of the transfected HSEs, and the antimicrobial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Subsequently, the levels of LL-37 in the culture supernatants of transfected HSEs, as well as the local expression, were determined. It was found that LL-37 treatment significantly promoted the cellular proliferation of HSEs. Furthermore, HSEs that express elevated levels of LL-37 were shown to possess histological characteristics close to the normal skin and display enhanced antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in vitro. These findings demonstrate that HSEs expressing LL-37 through nonviral modification of skin cells are a promising approach for the prevention of bacterial colonization in wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Patiño
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luz Marina Restrepo
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Yiset Becerra
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G van Kooten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Prashant K Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Lee EY, Srinivasan Y, de Anda J, Nicastro LK, Tükel Ç, Wong GCL. Functional Reciprocity of Amyloids and Antimicrobial Peptides: Rethinking the Role of Supramolecular Assembly in Host Defense, Immune Activation, and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32849553 PMCID: PMC7412598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological self-assembly is a concept that is classically associated with amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. In prokaryotic organisms, amyloids are assembled extracellularly in a similar fashion to human amyloids. Pathogenicity of amyloids is attributed to their ability to transform into several distinct structural states that reflect their downstream biological consequences. While the oligomeric forms of amyloids are thought to be responsible for their cytotoxicity via membrane permeation, their fibrillar conformations are known to interact with the innate immune system to induce inflammation. Furthermore, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic amyloids can self-assemble into molecular chaperones to bind nucleic acids, enabling amplification of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recent work has shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) follow a strikingly similar paradigm. Previously, AMPs were thought of as peptides with the primary function of permeating microbial membranes. Consistent with this, many AMPs are facially amphiphilic and can facilitate membrane remodeling processes such as pore formation and fusion. We show that various AMPs and chemokines can also chaperone and organize immune ligands into amyloid-like ordered supramolecular structures that are geometrically optimized for binding to TLRs, thereby amplifying immune signaling. The ability of amphiphilic AMPs to self-assemble cooperatively into superhelical protofibrils that form structural scaffolds for the ordered presentation of immune ligands like DNA and dsRNA is central to inflammation. It is interesting to explore the notion that the assembly of AMP protofibrils may be analogous to that of amyloid aggregates. Coming full circle, recent work has suggested that Aβ and other amyloids also have AMP-like antimicrobial functions. The emerging perspective is one in which assembly affords a more finely calibrated system of recognition and response: the detection of single immune ligands, immune ligands bound to AMPs, and immune ligands spatially organized to varying degrees by AMPs, result in different immunologic outcomes. In this framework, not all ordered structures generated during multi-stepped AMP (or amyloid) assembly are pathological in origin. Supramolecular structures formed during this process serve as signatures to the innate immune system to orchestrate immune amplification in a proportional, situation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren K Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Yang X, Guo JL, Han J, Si RJ, Liu PP, Zhang ZR, Wang AM, Zhang J. Chitosan hydrogel encapsulated with LL-37 peptide promotes deep tissue injury healing in a mouse model. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:20. [PMID: 32321591 PMCID: PMC7175584 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LL-37 peptide is a member of the human cathelicidin family, and has been shown to promote the healing of pressure ulcers. However, the low stability of this peptide within the wound environment limits its clinical use. Chitosan (CS) hydrogel is commonly used as a base material for wound dressing material. METHODS CS hydrogel (2.5% w/v) was encapsulated with LL-37. Cytotoxicity of the product was examined in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Effects on immune response was examined by measuring tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from RAW 264.7 macrophages upon exposure to lipopolysaccharides. Antibacterial activity was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus. Potential effect on pressure ulcers was examined using a mouse model. Briefly, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to skin pressure using magnets under a 12/12 h schedule for 21 days. Mice were randomized to receive naked LL-37 (20 μg), chitosan gel containing 20-μg LL-37 (LL-37/CS hydrogel) or hydrogel alone under the ulcer bed (n = 6). A group of mice receiving no intervention was also included as a control. RESULTS LL-37/CS hydrogel did not affect NIH3T3 cell viability. At a concentration of 1-5 μg/ml, LL-37/CS inhibited TNF-α release from macrophage. At 5 μg/ml, LL-37/CS inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The area of the pressure ulcers was significantly lower in mice receiving LL-37/CS hydrogel in comparison to all other 3 groups on days 11 (84.24% ± 0.25%), 13 (56.22% ± 3.91%) and 15 (48.12% ± 0.28%). Histological examination on days 15 and 21 showed increased epithelial thickness and density of newly-formed capillary with naked LL-37 and more so with LL-37/CS. The expression of key macromolecules in the process of angiogenesis (i.e., hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)) in wound tissue was increased at both the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION Chitosan hydrogel encapsulated with LL-37 is biocompatible and could promote the healing of pressure ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jing-Lin Guo
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Rui-Juan Si
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Zi-Rui Zhang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ai-Min Wang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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13
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Enhanced Wound Healing- and Inflammasome-Associated Gene Expression in TNFAIP3-Interacting Protein 1- (TNIP1-) Deficient HaCaT Keratinocytes Parallels Reduced Reepithelialization. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5919150. [PMID: 32377162 PMCID: PMC7191359 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5919150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TNIP1 protein is a widely expressed, cytoplasmic inhibitor of inflammatory signaling initiated by membrane receptors such as TLRs which recognize pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). Keratinocyte TNIP1 deficiency sensitizes cells to PAMPs and DAMPs promoting hyperresponsive expression and secretion of cytokine markers (e.g., IL-8 and IL-6) relevant to cases of chronic inflammation, like psoriasis, where TNIP1 deficiency has been reported. Here, we examined the impact of TNIP1 deficiency on gene expression and cellular responses (migration and viability) relevant to acute inflammation as typically occurs in wound healing. Using siRNA-mediated TNIP1 expression knockdown in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes, we investigated TNIP1 deficiency effects on signaling downstream of TLR3 agonism with low-concentration poly (I:C), a representative PAMP/DAMP. The combination of TNIP1 knockdown and PAMP/DAMP signaling disrupted expression of specific keratinocyte differentiation markers (e.g., transglutaminase 1 and involucrin). These same conditions promoted synergistically increased expression of wound-associated markers (e.g., S100A8, TGFβ, and CCN2) suggesting potential benefit of increased inflammatory response from reduced TNIP1 protein. Unexpectedly, poly (I:C) challenge of TNIP1-deficient cells restricted reepithelialization and reduced cell viability. In these cells, there was not only increased expression for genes associated with inflammasome assembly (e.g., ASC, procaspase 1) but also for A20, a TNIP1 partner protein that represses cell-death signaling. Despite this possibly compensatory increase in A20 mRNA, there was a decrease in phospho-A20 protein, the form necessary for quenching inflammation. Hyperresponsiveness to poly (I:C) in TNIP1-deficient keratinocytes was in part mediated through p38 and JNK pathways. Taken together, we conclude that TNIP1 deficiency promotes enhanced expression of factors associated with promoting wound healing. However, the coupled, increased potential priming of the inflammasome and reduced compensatory activity of A20 has a net negative effect on overall cell recovery potential manifested by poor reepithelialization and viability. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for TNIP1 protein in limiting inflammation during successful progression through early wound healing stages.
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14
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Fang Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Yin Y, Hu X, Xu W, Liu Y, Wang H. Cytosolic mtDNA released from pneumolysin-damaged mitochondria triggers IFN-β production in epithelial cells. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:435-445. [PMID: 32191844 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pneumolysin (Ply) is a major virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ply-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) expression in host macrophages has been shown to be due to the accumulation of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) in the cytoplasm during S. pneumoniae infection. Our findings extend this work to show human bronchial epithelial cells that reside at the interface of inflammatory injury, BEAS-2B, adapt to local cues by altering mitochondrial states and releasing excess mtDNA. The results in this research showed that purified Ply induced the expression of IFN-β in human epithelial cells, which was accompanied by mitochondrial damage both in vivo and in vitro. The observations also were supported by the increased mtDNA concentrations in the bronchial lavage fluid of mice infected with S. pneumoniae. In summary, our study demonstrated that Ply triggered the production of IFN-β in epithelial cells, and this response was mediated by mtDNA released from Ply-damaged mitochondria. It displayed an impressive modulation of IFN-β response to S. pneumoniae in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Yin
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexue Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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15
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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Bucki R. Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010104. [PMID: 31877866 PMCID: PMC6982121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the complex role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the pathophysiology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The physicochemical properties and selective interaction of HDPs with various receptors define their immunomodulatory effects. However, it is quite challenging to understand their function because some HDPs play opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles, depending on their expression level within the site of inflammation. While it is known that HDPs maintain constitutive host protection against invading microorganisms, the inducible nature of HDPs in various cells and tissues is an important aspect of the molecular events of inflammation. This review outlines the biological functions and emerging roles of HDPs in different inflammatory conditions. We further discuss the current data on the clinical relevance of impaired HDPs expression in inflammation and selected diseases.
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16
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Lee MW, Lee EY, Ferguson AL, Wong GCL. Machine learning antimicrobial peptide sequences: Some surprising variations on the theme of amphiphilic assembly. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 38:204-213. [PMID: 31093008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) collectively constitute a key component of the host innate immune system. They span a diverse space of sequences and can be α-helical, β-sheet, or unfolded in structure. Despite a wealth of knowledge about them from decades of experiments, it remains difficult to articulate general principles governing such peptides. How are they different from other molecules that are also cationic and amphiphilic? What other functions, in immunity and otherwise, are enabled by these simple sequences? In this short review, we present some recent work that engages these questions using methods not usually applied to AMP studies, such as machine learning. We find that not only do AMP-like sequences confer membrane remodeling activity to an unexpectedly broad range of protein classes, their cationic and amphiphilic signature also allows them to act as meta-antigens and self-assemble with immune ligands into nanocrystalline complexes for multivalent presentation to Toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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17
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Lee EY, Lee MW, Wong GCL. Modulation of toll-like receptor signaling by antimicrobial peptides. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:173-184. [PMID: 29432957 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are typically thought of as molecular hole punchers that directly kill pathogens by membrane permeation. However, recent work has shown that AMPs are pleiotropic, multifunctional molecules that can strongly modulate immune responses. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the immunomodulatory properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides, with a special focus on human cathelicidin and defensins. We also summarize the various mechanisms of AMP immune modulation and outline key structural rules underlying the recently-discovered phenomenon of AMP-mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In particular, we describe several complementary studies demonstrating how AMPs self-assemble with nucleic acids to form nanocrystalline complexes that amplify TLR-mediated inflammation. In a broader scope, we discuss how this new conceptual framework allows for the prediction of immunomodulatory behavior in AMPs, how the discovery of hidden antimicrobial activity in known immune signaling proteins can inform these predictions, and how these findings reshape our understanding of AMPs in normal host defense and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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18
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Chin-Smith EC, Hezelgrave NL, Tribe RM. Host Defense Peptide Expression in Human Cervical Cells and Regulation by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Presence of Cytokines and Bacterial Endotoxin. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1208-1217. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117737847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evonne C. Chin-Smith
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Natasha L. Hezelgrave
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rachel M. Tribe
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
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19
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Sato E, Zhang LJ, Dorschner RA, Adase CA, Choudhury BP, Gallo RL. Activation of Parathyroid Hormone 2 Receptor Induces Decorin Expression and Promotes Wound Repair. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1774-1783. [PMID: 28454729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report that TIP39, a parathyroid hormone ligand family member that was recently identified to be expressed in the skin, can induce decorin expression and enhance wound repair. Topical treatment of mice with TIP39 accelerated wound repair, whereas TIP39-deficient mice had delayed repair that was associated with formation of abnormal collagen bundles. To study the potential mechanism responsible for the action of TIP39 in the dermis, fibroblasts were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels, a process that results in enhanced decorin expression unless activated to differentiate to adipocytes, whereupon these cells reduce expression of several proteoglycans, including decorin. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R), the receptor for TIP39, suppressed the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes, including decorin, collagens, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteases. Skin wounds in TIP39-/- mice had decreased decorin expression, and addition of TIP39 to cultured fibroblasts induced decorin and increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CREB. Fibroblasts differentiated to adipocytes and treated with TIP39 also showed increased decorin and production of chondroitin sulfate. Furthermore, the skin of PTH2R-/- mice showed abnormal extracellular matrix structure, decreased decorin expression, and skin hardness. Thus, the TIP39-PTH2R system appears to be a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulation of extracellular matrix formation and wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ling-Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert A Dorschner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher A Adase
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Biswa P Choudhury
- Glycotechnology Core Resource, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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20
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Sato E, Williams MR, Sanford JA, Sen GL, Nakama T, Imafuku S, Gallo RL. The parathyroid hormone family member TIP39 interacts with sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ - ATPase activity by influencing calcium homoeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:792-797. [PMID: 28094886 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Darier disease (DD) is a genetic skin disease that is associated with mutations in the ATP2A2 gene encoding the type 2 sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ - ATPase (SERCA2). Mutations of this gene result in alterations of calcium homoeostasis, abnormal epidermal adhesion and dyskeratosis. Silencing of ATP2A2 in monolayer cell culture of keratinocytes reduces desmoplakin expression at the borders of cells and impacts cell adhesion. Here, we report establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) epidermal model of DD and use this model to evaluate peptide therapy with tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) to normalize calcium transport. Gene silencing of ATP2A2 in keratinocytes grown in a 3D model resulted in dyskeratosis, partial parakeratosis and suprabasal clefts that resembled the histological changes seen in skin biopsies from patients with DD. TIP39, a peptide recently identified as a regulator of keratinocyte calcium transport, was then applied to this ATP2A2-silenced 3D epidermal model. In normal keratinocytes, TIP39 increased [Ca2+ ]i through the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor pathway and stimulated differentiation. In monolayer ATP2A2-silenced keratinocytes, although TIP39 increased cytosolic calcium from the ER, the response was incomplete compared with its control. TIP39 was observed to reduce intercellular clefts of the gene-silenced epidermal model but did not significantly upregulate keratinocyte differentiation genes such as keratin 10 and filaggrin. These findings indicate that TIP39 is a modulator of ER calcium signalling and may be used as a potential strategy for improving aspects of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James A Sanford
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takekuni Nakama
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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