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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Zakrzewska M, Savage PB, Bucki R. Glyoxylate Shunt and Pyruvate-to-Acetoin Shift Are Specific Stress Responses Induced by Colistin and Ceragenin CSA-13 in Enterobacter hormaechei ST89. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0121523. [PMID: 37338344 PMCID: PMC10434160 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceragenins, including CSA-13, are cationic antimicrobials that target the bacterial cell envelope differently than colistin. However, the molecular basis of their action is not fully understood. Here, we examined the genomic and transcriptome responses by Enterobacter hormaechei after prolonged exposure to either CSA-13 or colistin. Resistance of the E. hormaechei 4236 strain (sequence type 89 [ST89]) to colistin and CSA-13 was induced in vitro during serial passages with sublethal doses of tested agents. The genomic and metabolic profiles of the tested isolates were characterized using a combination of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), followed by metabolic mapping of differentially expressed genes using Pathway Tools software. The exposure of E. hormaechei to colistin resulted in the deletion of the mgrB gene, whereas CSA-13 disrupted the genes encoding an outer membrane protein C and transcriptional regulator SmvR. Both compounds upregulated several colistin-resistant genes, such as the arnABCDEF operon and pagE, including genes coding for DedA proteins. The latter proteins, along with beta-barrel protein YfaZ and VirK/YbjX family proteins, were the top overexpressed cell envelope proteins. Furthermore, the l-arginine biosynthesis pathway and putrescine-ornithine antiporter PotE were downregulated in both transcriptomes. In contrast, the expression of two pyruvate transporters (YhjX and YjiY) and genes involved in pyruvate metabolism, as well as genes involved in generating proton motive force (PMF), was antimicrobial specific. Despite the similarity of the cell envelope transcriptomes, distinctly remodeled carbon metabolism (i.e., toward fermentation of pyruvate to acetoin [colistin] and to the glyoxylate pathway [CSA-13]) distinguished both antimicrobials, which possibly reflects the intensity of the stress exerted by both agents. IMPORTANCE Colistin and ceragenins, like CSA-13, are cationic antimicrobials that disrupt the bacterial cell envelope through different mechanisms. Here, we examined the genomic and transcriptome changes in Enterobacter hormaechei ST89, an emerging hospital pathogen, after prolonged exposure to these agents to identify potential resistance mechanisms. Interestingly, we observed downregulation of genes associated with acid stress response as well as distinct dysregulation of genes involved in carbon metabolism, resulting in a switch from pyruvate fermentation to acetoin (colistin) and the glyoxylate pathway (CSA-13). Therefore, we hypothesize that repression of the acid stress response, which alkalinizes cytoplasmic pH and, in turn, suppresses resistance to cationic antimicrobials, could be interpreted as an adaptation that prevents alkalinization of cytoplasmic pH in emergencies induced by colistin and CSA-13. Consequently, this alteration critical for cell physiology must be compensated via remodeling carbon and/or amino acid metabolism to limit acidic by-product production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhanya V. Prasad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Prasad SV, Piktel E, Depciuch J, Maximenko A, Suprewicz Ł, Daniluk T, Spałek J, Wnorowska U, M Zielinski P, Parlinska-Wojtan M, B Savage P, Okła S, Fiedoruk K, Bucki R. Targeting bacteria causing otitis media using nanosystems containing nonspherical gold nanoparticles and ceragenins. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2657-2678. [PMID: 34823374 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of ceragenin-conjugated nonspherical gold nanoparticles against the most common agents of otitis media. Methods: Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations and colony-counting assays, as well as colorimetric and fluorimetric methods, were used to estimate the antibacterial activity of compounds in phosphate-buffered saline and human cerumen. The nanosystems' biocompatibility and ability to decrease IL-8 release was tested using keratinocyte cells. Results: The tested compounds demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm cultures at nontoxic doses due to the induction of oxidative stress followed by the damage of bacterial membranes. Conclusion: This study indicates that ceragenin-conjugated nonspherical gold nanoparticles have potential as new treatment methods for eradicating biofilm-forming pathogens associated with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhanya V Prasad
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexey Maximenko
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, PL-30392, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Spałek
- Department of Pathology, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, PL-25317, Kielce, Poland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce, PL-25734, Kielce, Poland
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr M Zielinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - Sławomir Okła
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Holy Cross Cancer Center in Kielce, PL-25734, Kielce, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15222, Bialystok, Poland
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Piktel E, Wnorowska U, Cieśluk M, Deptuła P, Prasad SV, Król G, Durnaś B, Namiot A, Markiewicz KH, Niemirowicz-Laskowska K, Wilczewska AZ, Janmey PA, Reszeć J, Bucki R. Recombinant Human Plasma Gelsolin Stimulates Phagocytosis while Diminishing Excessive Inflammatory Responses in Mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072551. [PMID: 32272559 PMCID: PMC7177774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) is a highly conserved abundant circulating protein, characterized by diverse immunomodulatory activities including macrophage activation and the ability to neutralize pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the host and pathogen. Using a murine model of Gram-negative sepsis initiated by the peritoneal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen 5, we observed a decrease in the tissue uptake of IRDye®800CW 2-deoxyglucose, an indicator of inflammation, and a decrease in bacterial growth from ascitic fluid in mice treated with intravenous recombinant human plasma gelsolin (pGSN) compared to the control vehicle. Pretreatment of the murine macrophage line RAW264.7 with pGSN, followed by addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen 5, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of macrophages with internalized bacteria. This increased uptake was less pronounced when cells were pretreated with pGSN and then centrifuged to remove unbound pGSN before addition of bacteria to macrophages. These observations suggest that recombinant plasma gelsolin can modulate the inflammatory response while at the same time augmenting host antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Suhanya V. Prasad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Stefana Żeromskiego 5, 25-001 Kielce, Poland; (G.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Bonita Durnaś
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Stefana Żeromskiego 5, 25-001 Kielce, Poland; (G.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Andrzej Namiot
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2b, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Karolina H. Markiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (A.Z.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
| | - Agnieszka Z. Wilczewska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (K.H.M.); (A.Z.W.)
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Joanna Reszeć
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (E.P.); (U.W.); (M.C.); (P.D.); (S.V.P.); (K.N.-L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Stefana Żeromskiego 5, 25-001 Kielce, Poland; (G.K.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-748-54-93
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Wnorowska U, Fiedoruk K, Piktel E, Prasad SV, Sulik M, Janion M, Daniluk T, Savage PB, Bucki R. Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: current status and potential future applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:3. [PMID: 31898542 PMCID: PMC6939332 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Suhanya V Prasad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sulik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marianna Janion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Al. IX Wiekow Kielc 19A, 25-317, Kielce, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
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Prasad SV, Fiedoruk K, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Bucki R. Expression and Function of Host Defense Peptides at Inflammation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010104. [PMID: 31877866 PMCID: PMC6982121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the complex role of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the pathophysiology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The physicochemical properties and selective interaction of HDPs with various receptors define their immunomodulatory effects. However, it is quite challenging to understand their function because some HDPs play opposing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles, depending on their expression level within the site of inflammation. While it is known that HDPs maintain constitutive host protection against invading microorganisms, the inducible nature of HDPs in various cells and tissues is an important aspect of the molecular events of inflammation. This review outlines the biological functions and emerging roles of HDPs in different inflammatory conditions. We further discuss the current data on the clinical relevance of impaired HDPs expression in inflammation and selected diseases.
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Abstract
Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence and pattern of third molar impaction and missing third molars in patients over 18 years in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns among central Indian populations. Materials and Methods The study reviewed 357 orthopantomograms of patients attending the Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Patients were evaluated to determine the prevalence of third molar impaction, angulation, and level of eruption in Class I, Class II, and Class III patients using Winter's classification to determine angulation of third molars and Pell and Gregory classification for level of impaction. Results Out of 357 patients, 187 (52.3%) were present with at least one impacted teeth. The third molar impaction was most commonly present in Class II malocclusion (60.65%). Overall, the most common angulation of impaction in both genders was the mesioangular (39%), and the most common level of impaction in both arches was Level B. In Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusion vertical angulation was the most common finding in the maxillary arch and mesioangular angulation in the mandibular arch. No significant association was observed between different types of malocclusion and third molar impaction (P > 0.4648). Conclusion This study found that almost half of the adult patients above 18 years had at least one impacted third molar. The anteroposterior relationship does not have any significant role for the third molar impaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Jain
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sharmila Debbarma
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - S V Prasad
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Scharf TW, Goeke RS, Kotula PG, Prasad SV. Synthesis of Au-MoS(2) nanocomposites: thermal and friction-induced changes to the structure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013; 5:11762-11767. [PMID: 24191763 DOI: 10.1021/am4034476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of Au-MoS2 nanocomposite thin films and the evolution of their structures during film growth, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) heating, and sliding contact were investigated. TEM revealed that the films deposited at ambient (room) temperature (RT) consisted of 2-4 nm size Au particles in a matrix of MoS2. With increasing growth temperatures, the nanocomposite film exhibited structural changes: the Au nanoparticles coarsened by diffusion-driven Ostwald ripening to 5-10 nm size and the MoS2 basal planes encapsulated the Au nanoparticles thereby forming a solid Au-core MoS2 structure. However, when the RT deposited film was heated inside the TEM, the highly ordered MoS2 basal planes did not encapsulate the Au, suggesting that MoS2 surface diffusivity during film growth is different than MoS2 bulk diffusion. Increases in MoS2 crystallinity and coarsening of Au nanoparticles (up to 10 nm at 600 °C) were observed during in situ TEM heating of the RT deposited film. Sliding contact during friction and wear tests resulted in a pressure-induced reorientation of MoS2 basal planes parallel to the sliding direction. The subsurface coarsened Au nanoparticles also provide an underlying load support allowing shear of surface MoS2 basal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Scharf
- Materials Science and Engineering Center, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-0889, United States
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Bodi SG, Sagar RN, Prasad CE, Prasad SV. IMPROVEMENT IN LUNG FUNCTION WITH A UNIQUE BREATHING TECHNIQUE: SUDARSHAN KRIYA YOGA (SKY). Chest 2008. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.134.4_meetingabstracts.p144003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Kanginakudru S, Royer C, Edupalli SV, Jalabert A, Mauchamp B, Prasad SV, Chavancy G, Couble P, Nagaraju J. Targeting ie-1 gene by RNAi induces baculoviral resistance in lepidopteran cell lines and in transgenic silkworms. Insect Mol Biol 2007; 16:635-44. [PMID: 17894559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated viral inhibition has been used in a few organisms for eliciting viral resistance. In the present study, we report the use of RNAi in preventing baculovirus infection in a lepidopteran. We targeted the baculoviral immediate early-1 (ie-1) gene in both a transformed lepidopteran cell line and in the transgenic silkworm Bombyx mori L. Constitutive expression of double-stranded RNA was achieved by piggyBac-mediated transformation of Sf9 cell line with a transgene encoding double-stranded ie-1 RNA (dsie-1). Strong viral repression was seen at early stages of infection but subsequent recovery of viral proliferation was observed. In contrast, the same transgene inserted into the chromosomes of transgenic silkworms induced long-term inhibition of B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection, with nearly 40% protection compared with nontransgenic animals. Protection was efficient at larval stages after oral infection with occlusion bodies or hemocoel injection of budded viruses. Virus injected pupae also displayed resistance. These results show that heritable RNAi can be used to protect silkworm strains from baculovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanginakudru
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Cardiac myocytes respond to biomechanical stress by initiating cellular processes that lead to hypertrophy. Although cardiac hypertrophy is a response to increased stress on the heart, it is associated with elevated plasma catecholamine levels and an increase in cardiac morbidity and mortality. Understanding the cellular signals that initiate the hypertrophic response will be of critical importance to identify pathways that mediate the maladaptive deterioration of the hypertrophic heart to one of cardiac failure. This review will focus on the role of G protein-coupled receptors in the activation of signalling pathways in the heart, such as the mitogen activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rapacciuolo
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Dunbar BS, Timmons TM, Skinner SM, Prasad SV. Molecular analysis of a carbohydrate antigen involved in the structure and function of zona pellucida glycoproteins. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:951-60. [PMID: 11514363 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.3.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A lactosaminoglycan-associated antigen is associated with a carbohydrate moiety of all three zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins of pig and rabbit but is absent in the mouse and rat. A monoclonal antibody (PS1) recognizing this determinant was obtained by immunizing mice with a porcine ZP glycoprotein isoform purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conditions known to remove O-linked or sialic acid carbohydrate moieties (alkaline reduction; O-glycanase or neuraminidase enzymatic cleavage) did not remove the carbohydrate epitope. However, treatment with endo-beta-glycosidase, endoglycosidase F, or combinations of neuraminidase plus beta-galactosidase, totally removed the determinant, indicating that it is associated with a poly-N-acetyllactosaminoglycan structure present on an N-linked oligosaccharide. Molecular morphology studies using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy techniques demonstrate that the PS1 antigen is localized at the surface of the ZP. Confirmation of this localization was obtained through studies that show that this antibody will inhibit homologous sperm binding to the pig ZP. Additional analyses using modular contrast microscopy and immunocytochemistry demonstrate that this carbohydrate-associated antigen is localized in discrete layers throughout the ZP matrix. These studies are the first to demonstrate the presence of a lactosaminoglycan type carbohydrate moiety in all three ZP proteins using a monoclonal antibody that appears to be involved in sperm recognition and structural organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Dunbar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Yan C, Wang P, DeMayo J, DeMayo FJ, Elvin JA, Carino C, Prasad SV, Skinner SS, Dunbar BS, Dube JL, Celeste AJ, Matzuk MM. Synergistic roles of bone morphogenetic protein 15 and growth differentiation factor 9 in ovarian function. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:854-66. [PMID: 11376106 DOI: 10.1210/mend.15.6.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout mouse technology has been used over the last decade to define the essential roles of ovarian-expressed genes and uncover genetic interactions. In particular, we have used this technology to study the function of multiple members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily including inhibins, activins, and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9 or Gdf9). Knockout mice lacking GDF-9 are infertile due to a block in folliculogenesis at the primary follicle stage. In addition, recombinant GDF-9 regulates multiple cumulus granulosa cell functions in the periovulatory period including hyaluronic acid synthesis and cumulus expansion. We have also cloned an oocyte-specific homolog of GDF-9 from mice and humans, which is termed bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15 or Bmp15). To define the function of BMP-15 in mice, we generated embryonic stem cells and knockout mice, which have a null mutation in this X-linked gene. Male chimeric and Bmp15 null mice are normal and fertile. In contrast to Bmp15 null males and Gdf9 knockout females, Bmp15 null females (Bmp15(-/-)) are subfertile and usually have minimal ovarian histopathological defects, but demonstrate decreased ovulation and fertilization rates. To further decipher possible direct or indirect genetic interactions between GDF-9 and BMP-15, we have generated double mutant mice lacking one or both alleles of these related homologs. Double homozygote females (Bmp15(-/-)Gdf9(-/-)) display oocyte loss and cysts and resemble Gdf9(-/-) mutants. In contrast, Bmp15(-/-)Gdf9(+/-) female mice have more severe fertility defects than Bmp15(-/-) females, which appear to be due to abnormalities in ovarian folliculogenesis, cumulus cell physiology, and fertilization. Thus, the dosage of intact Bmp15 and Gdf9 alleles directly influences the destiny of the oocyte during folliculogenesis and in the periovulatory period. These studies have important implications for human fertility control and the maintenance of fertility and normal ovarian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The incidence of infertility related to both male and female factors continues to rise despite many advances in reproductive technologies. Some abnormalities in human gamete interaction have been shown to be due to defects in the sperm, and others have been attributed to defects in the zona pellucida (ZP). Our lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of human sperm with the ZP in fertile as compared with infertile females and males has been limited because of the unavailability of human oocytes and ethical restraints on experimental studies. It is becoming increasingly apparent that improved clinical assays are necessary for evaluating sperm-ZP interaction in order to assess the optimal procedures for successful fertilization and pregnancy. With advances in molecular biology, the genes encoding the three major human ZP proteins have been identified and complementary DNAs are available to begin to better evaluate the molecular basis of sperm-ZP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Prasad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Esposito G, Prasad SV, Rapacciuolo A, Mao L, Koch WJ, Rockman HA. Cardiac overexpression of a G(q) inhibitor blocks induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activity in in vivo pressure overload. Circulation 2001; 103:1453-8. [PMID: 11245652 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.10.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the cellular signals that initiate cardiac hypertrophy is of critical importance in identifying the pathways that mediate heart failure. The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPKs, may play specific roles in myocardial growth and function. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the mechanism of activation of MAPK pathways during the development of cardiac hypertrophy, we evaluated the induction of MAPK activity after aortic constriction in wild-type and in 2 types of cardiac gene-targeted mice: one overexpressing a carboxyl-terminal peptide of Galpha(q) that inhibits G(q)-mediated signaling (TG GqI mouse) and another overexpressing a carboxyl-terminal peptide of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 that inhibits Gbetagamma signaling (TG betaARKct mouse). Wild-type mice with pressure overload showed an acute induction of JNK, followed by the induction of p38/p38beta at 3 days and ERK at 7 days. Both JNK and p38 activity remained elevated at 7 days after banding. In TG GqI mice, hypertrophy was significantly attenuated, and induction of ERK and JNK activity was abolished, whereas the induction of p38 and p38beta was robust, but delayed. By contrast, all 3 MAPK pathways were activated by aortic constriction in the TG betaARKct hearts, suggesting a role for Galpha(q), but not Gbetagamma. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that the induction of ERK and JNK activity in in vivo pressure-overload hypertrophy is mediated through the stimulation of G(q)-coupled receptors and that non-G(q)-mediated pathways are recruited to activate p38 and p38beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Prasad SV, Skinner SM, Carino C, Wang N, Cartwright J, Dunbar BS. Structure and function of the proteins of the mammalian Zona pellucida. Cells Tissues Organs 2000; 166:148-64. [PMID: 10729725 DOI: 10.1159/000016730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zona pellucida (ZP) is the extracellular matrix that plays important roles in sperm-egg interaction. The ZP is composed of three major glycoproteins that exhibit heterogeneity due to extensive post-translational modifications including glycosylation and sulfation. Because of these modifications the nomenclature of ZP proteins from different species based on electrophoretic mobilities has been confusing. As the cDNAs and genes encoding the different ZP proteins have been isolated and sequenced, it is now possible to relate these ZP proteins according to gene families. Using the mouse ZP nomenclature, the ZP proteins from different mammalian species can be classified into three protein families: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. Although some of the structural domains of the ZP proteins of different species are conserved within each family, they exhibit distinct biological properties. In the mouse it has been established that ZP3 is the primary sperm receptor while ZP2 has secondary sperm receptor properties. In the pig, however, ZP1 has been shown to have sperm receptor activity similar to that observed in the rabbit and nonhuman primates. It is of interest that the human ZP2 and ZP3 gene families are 60-70% conserved with respect to the mouse ZP amino acid sequence, while the mouse ZP1 is only 39% conserved with respect to human ZP1. Such differences in protein structure and glysosylation may explain the marked species differences in the biochemical, physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the ZP. Studies have now shown that the proteins of the ZP are expressed in a stage specific manner and that there is increasing evidence that ZP proteins are expressed by both granulosa cells and the oocyte and may play a role in granulosa cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. , USA
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16
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Abstract
Zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins contain numerous antigenic determinants including carbohydrate, protein, and conformational epitopes; and the immunogenicity of these complex glycoproteins varies in different mammalian hosts. Studies have now shown that antibodies from primates immunized with a cDNA-expressed recombinant rabbit ZP protein (the homologue of the human ZP1 [hZP1]) inhibit sperm binding to the ZP without altering ovarian function, unlike immunization with ZP3 and ZP2 protein families. The ZP1 protein or peptides derived from it (recombinant or synthetic) are therefore primary candidates for use in designing safe and reversible human and animal contraceptive vaccines. In order to define peptide epitope(s) that may be critical for eliciting an immune response sufficient to effect immunological contraception without causing any adverse effects on ovarian physiology, studies have been carried out to identify immunodominant B-cell epitopes of the ZP1 protein. The amino acid sequence of the hZP1 was used to design a set of 94 (15-mer) biotinylated peptides having an overlap of 9 amino acids. Using these peptides in a modified enzyme-linked immunoassay, antibodies in sera from rabbits or baboons immunized with native porcine ZP protein were screened for ZP1 peptide recognition. These studies demonstrate that there are a limited number of peptides recognized by primate antibodies but that the overlapping peptides sharing the sequence GPLTLELQI are recognized by both rabbit and baboon antibodies regardless of the adjuvant system used to induce the immune response. This peptide is 100% conserved in amino acid sequence between the human and pig, although the rabbit protein has two conserved amino acid substitutions (100% similar, 77% identical). Because this peptide is immunogenic as well as antigenic in primates, it could play a major role in the development of human contraceptive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Skinner
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411 Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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17
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Rao PS, Prasad SV, Arunkumar G, Shivananda PG. Salmonella typhi VI antigen co-agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. Indian J Med Sci 1999; 53:7-9. [PMID: 10798017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A slide Co-agglutination test for the detection of Salmonella typhi Vi antigen in blood was evaluated for its efficiency in rapid diagnosis of Typhoid fever. The results were compared with conventional methods like Blood culture and Widal test. The test showed a sensitivity of 86.67% and specificity of 88.83% when compared with blood culture positivity or Widal titre above 160. This is a useful rapid diagnostic test for the early diagnosis of Typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical Medical College, Manipal
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18
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Sundermeyer K, Hendricks JK, Prasad SV, Wells MA. The precursor protein of the structural apolipoproteins of lipophorin: cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 26:735-738. [PMID: 9014323 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(96)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A 10 138 bp cDNA from the fat body of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, which encodes the precursor protein for apolipophorin aPOLP-1 and -II, the structural apolipoproteins of the insect lipoprotein, lipophorin, has been cloned and sequenced. The cDNA has a single 9915 bp open reading frame beginning at an initiating ATG at bp 59 and extending to a stop codon at position 9974. This open reading frame encodes a 3305 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 366 812 Da. Signal peptide cleavage is predicted to occur after residue 23, leaving a 3,282 amino acid precursor protein. The precursor protein is arranged with apoLp-II at the amino terminal end and apoLp-I at the carboxy terminal end. At present, the site of cleavage of the precursor protein to generate apoLp-I and -II is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sundermeyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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19
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Abstract
A cDNA encoding the rabbit 55 kDa ZP protein was expressed using a baculovirus expression system and was evaluated for its ability to elicit antibodies which may interfere with sperm-ZP interaction. The expressed glycosylated protein, BV55, was purified by wheat germ agglutinin lectin affinity chromatography. Antisera made in guinea pigs immunized with BV55 (GP-alpha-BV55) is specific for the 55 kDa rabbit ZP protein. Indirect immunofluorescence studies indicate that GP-alpha-BV55 localizes to a filamentous meshwork on the surface of the ZP of isolated rabbit eggs. Immunohistochemical analysis of rabbit ovaries demonstrated that this antigen is localized within the ZP of primary and more advanced stage ovarian follicles but is not detected in primordial follicles. In addition, the 55 kDa antigen was detected in the granulosa cells of secondary stage follicles but not in the oocyte. GP-alpha-BV55 effectively blocked the binding of rabbit sperm to rabbit eggs in vitro. However, Fab fragments generated from GP-alpha-BV55 failed to block sperm binding, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of GP-alpha-BV55 was due to stearic hindrance rather than specific blocking of a sperm receptor site. Although the Fab fragment did not inhibit sperm binding, additional studies demonstrated that biotinylated BV55 protein bound to rabbit sperm in the acrosomal region in a manner consistent with ligand activity in the sperm-ZP interaction, and that BV55 bound to rabbit sperm in a dose-dependent manner. These studies therefore demonstrate that antibodies against recombinant ZP proteins recognize the native intact ZP and inhibit sperm-ZP interaction. They also provide evidence that the rabbit 55 kDa ZP protein, which is the homolog of the pig ZP3 alpha sperm receptor protein, has sperm receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Skinner
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Prasad SV, Mujtaba S, Lee VH, Dunbar BS. Immunogenicity enhancement of recombinant rabbit 55-kilodalton zona pellucida protein expressed using the baculovirus expression system. Biol Reprod 1995; 52:1167-78. [PMID: 7626718 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod52.5.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have used a molecular approach to evaluate the immunogenicity and antigenicity of glycosylated and non-glycosylated recombinant rabbit 55-kDa zona pellucida (ZP) protein. The 55-kDa cDNA was expressed in insect (Sf9) cells through use of a baculovirus expression system to obtain nonfusion glycosylated recombinant ZP protein (BV-55). SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the recombinant protein is expressed as two forms having relative molecular masses of 70 kDa and 80 kDa. Because cells treated with tunicamycin produce predominantly the 70-kDa form, this heterogeneity is presumed to be due to differential glycosylation. Further studies using lectin blot and immunoblot analyses showed that the BV-55 protein has both N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. However, this glycosylation is distinct from that of the native 55-kDa ZP protein, since it was not recognized by a monoclonal antibody associated with lactosaminoglycan-type carbohydrate epitopes in native ZP proteins. Immunogenicity studies demonstrated that antibodies against the BV-55 protein are developed by female rabbits and guinea pigs and that these antibodies recognize epitopes associated with native, enzyme-deglycosylated as well as nonglycosylated recombinant forms of the rabbit 55-kDa ZP protein. In contrast, recombinant protein expressed in bacteria did not elicit antibodies in either rabbits or guinea pigs. These results demonstrate that expression of the 55-kDa recombinant protein in the baculovirus expression system enhances its immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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Abstract
Hemolymph of Manduca sexta contains proteins from the serpin superfamily, which are inhibitors of serine proteinases. We have used probes specific for M. sexta serpin gene-1 mRNA and protein to study the expression and hormonal regulation of this gene. Serpin gene-1 is expressed at a high level in larval fat body and at a lower abundance in hemocytes, where serpin protein is localized in the granules of granular cells. Serpin gene-1 mRNA is abundant in the fat body of feeding fourth and fifth instar larvae, but disappears abruptly at molts and at the wandering stage. The concentration of serpin proteins in hemolymph during development is correlated with the abundance of serpin mRNA in fat body. Results of in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that 20-hydroxyecdysone has a role in negative regulation of serpin gene-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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23
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Singhi S, Gulati S, Prasad SV. Frequency and significance of potassium disturbances in sick children. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31:460-3. [PMID: 7875872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Singhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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24
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Prasad SV, Singhi S, Chugh KS. Hyponatremia in sick children seeking pediatric emergency care. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31:287-94. [PMID: 7896363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated the frequency, clinical characteristics and causes of hyponatremia (serum sodium < 130 mEq/L) in 727 children upto 12 years of age, who were brought for emergency care, and needed hospitalization. Hyponatremia was found in 29.8% and was more frequent in summer (36%; 123/341) than in winter (24%; 94/386) (p < 0.001). Acute lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) and acute diarrhea each accounted for 20% cases of hyponatremia; others were accounted for by meningitis/encephalitis (12%) septicemia (8%), and renal, heart and liver diseases (6-7% each). Clinical evaluation and concurrent plasma and urinary osmolality and urine sodium suggested that hyponatremia associated with pneumonia, meningitis/encephalitis, septicemia, seizures and miscellaneous diseases was of hypotonic-euvolemic (dilutional) type in more than 80% patients while in all children with acute diarrhea it was of hypovolemic type. The study has shown that hyponatremia occurs frequently in sick children requiring emergency care, especially in summer months, and should receive appropriate attention in the management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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25
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Thippanna G, Mohan SR, Prasad SV, Reddy PN. Inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma of the posterior mediastinum. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1994; 36:35-40. [PMID: 7959948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of inflammatory type from posterior mediastinum which is a rare site is reported here. Its clinico-pathological features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thippanna
- Department of TB and Chest Diseases, Andhra Pradesh Chest Hospital, Hyderabad
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26
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Singhi S, Prasad SV, Chugh KS. Hyponatremia in sick children: a marker of serious illness. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31:19-25. [PMID: 7883314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To study the association between hyponatremia (serum sodium < or = 130 mEq/L) and the final outcome of the illness, we correlated serum sodium concentration at the time of hospitalization with the length of hospital stay and mortality in a prospective study of 727 sick children aged upto 12 years, who sought emergency care. The mean +/- SE duration of hospital stay (7.7 +/- 0.4 days) among 217 children with serum sodium < or = 130 mEq/L was about 30% longer than that of 510 children with serum sodium > or = 131 mEq/L (5.9 +/- 0.3 days) (p < 0.01). This remained unaffected by the sex and the age group, but was further prolonged in children with hypotonic--euvolemic type of hyponatremia as compared to those with hypovolemic hyponatremia. The mortality rate in 510 children with normal serum sodium concentration (> or = 131 mEq/L) was 5.3%. In contrast, it was 17% in 47 children with serum sodium < 125 mEq/L (Relative Risk 3.2; 95% Confidence Interval 1.6-6.7) and 9.3% in 170 children with serum sodium between 126-130 mEq/L (Relative Risk--1.8; 95% Confidence Interval 1.1-3.7) (p < 0.01). Hyponatremia in acutely ill children at admission indicates a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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27
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Thippanna G, Prasad SV, Kumar MS. Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating rheumatoid lung disease. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1989; 31:287-90. [PMID: 2638671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes the pleuro-pulmonary involvement in a young patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of one and half year duration. The early involvement of lung interstitium in a 27-year-old male and development of pneumothorax were the unusual features. The various aspects of rheumatoid lung disease (RLD) and its clinical significance were briefly discussed.
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Kumar P, Gupta SK, Reddy KN, Murthy JS, Somanath HS, Prasad SV, Abraham KA. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia by Holter monitoring and its relation to severity of coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J 1989; 41:150-2. [PMID: 2777297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five patients of chronic stable angina, unstable angina and post MI angina, who were on medical treatment, underwent 24 hours Holter monitoring and coronary angiography to find out the incidence of Silent Myocardial Ischemia (SMI) and its relation to anatomic severity of coronary artery disease. Total duration of Holter monitoring was 835.32 hours (average 23.40 hours per patient) with 48 ischemic episodes out of which 16 were painful and 32 painless. Total duration of painful episodes was 189 minutes and that of painless episodes was 428 minutes (70% was constituted by SMI). Out of 35 patients, 6 (17.14%) had SMI; 2 of 17 (11.7%) of chronic stable angina, 2 of 8 (25%) of unstable angina, and 2 of 10 (20%) of post-infarction angina patients. On analysis of coronary angiogram, all 6 (100%) patients with SMI, and only 22 out of 29 (76%) without SMI, had severe multiple coronary artery disease. Thus, although the overall incidence of SMI in this series is low, its presence invariably indicates a severe degree of coronary artery disease.
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29
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Kanost MR, Prasad SV, Wells MA. Primary structure of a member of the serpin superfamily of proteinase inhibitors from an insect, Manduca sexta. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:965-72. [PMID: 2463253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone isolated from a fat body cDNA library from an insect, Manduca sexta, has been sequenced and shown to code for a member of the serpin family of proteinase inhibitors. The cDNA has an open reading frame which codes for a 392-residue polypeptide of Mr = 43,500 with a hydrophobic NH2-terminal sequence which appears to be a signal peptide. An alignment of this amino acid sequence with 11 members of the serpin superfamily reveals that the insect protein is 25-30% identical with most members of the superfamily. The alignment was used to construct an evolutionary tree of the serpin sequences analyzed, which indicates that the progenitor of the M. sexta serpin and the human serpins most closely related to it diverged from other serpin genes prior to the divergence of the vertebrates and invertebrates. The M. sexta serpin is predicted to inhibit elastase due to the presence of alanine at the P1 position of its reactive center and is classified as an alaserpin. A glycoprotein of Mr = 47,000 isolated from hemolymph of M. sexta larvae has an NH2-terminal sequence identical to that deduced from the alaserpin cDNA clone and inhibits porcine pancreatic elastase and bovine chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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30
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Kanost MR, Prasad SV, Wells MA. Primary Structure of a Member of the Serpin Superfamily of Proteinase Inhibitors from an Insect, Manduca sexta. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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31
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Murthy JS, Gupta SK, Reddy KN, Prasad SV, Somanath HS, Abraham KA, Gupta SR. Left main coronary artery disease in Indian subjects. Indian Heart J 1988; 40:452-9. [PMID: 3248803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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32
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Ravi Kishore AG, Gupta SK, Reddy KN, Murthy JS, Prasad SV, Abraham KA. Coronary artery disease in patients with isolated aortic valve stenosis. Indian Heart J 1988; 40:481-4. [PMID: 3248808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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33
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Reddy KN, Gupta SK, Gupta SR, Murthy JS, Prasad SV, Abraham KA. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)--application in evolving myocardial infarction. Indian Heart J 1988; 40:161-71. [PMID: 2976390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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34
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Prasad SV, Gupta SK, Reddy KN, Murthy JS, Gupta SR, Somnath HS. Isolated interrupted aortic arch in adult. Indian Heart J 1988; 40:108-12. [PMID: 3192256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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35
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Prasad SV, Fernando-Warnakulasuriya GJ, Sumida M, Law JH, Wells MA. Lipoprotein biosynthesis in the larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:17174-6. [PMID: 3782159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein biosynthesis in larvae of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) was investigated. By immunoblotting, it was shown that the apoproteins are present in the fat body, but not in the midgut. Fat body incubated in vitro with [35S]methionine secreted labeled apoproteins. However, when the density of the secreted particle was determined, it was found at 1.24-1.28 g/ml instead of 1.15 g/ml, which is the density of the circulating lipoprotein. Lipid analysis of immunoprecipitated lipoprotein secreted by the fat body showed a phospholipid/diacylglycerol ratio of 8.3 rather than 0.9, the ratio found in the circulating lipoprotein. When labeled oleic acid or triolein was fed to larvae, it was found that greater than 98% of the label in the circulating lipoprotein was in diacylglycerol. In studies using animals raised on a fat-free diet, it was shown that the circulating lipoprotein has properties comparable to those of the material secreted in vitro by the fat body and that this diacylglycerol-poor particle can be converted to the normal lipoprotein by feeding a bolus of triolein. These data support the hypothesis that the fat body makes and secretes a "nascent" lipoprotein which contains apoproteins and phospholipid, but is devoid of diacylglycerol. The diacylglycerol is then picked up from the midgut to complete assembly of the mature circulating lipoprotein.
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Ryan RO, Prasad SV, Henriksen EJ, Wells MA, Law JH. Lipoprotein interconversions in an insect, Manduca sexta. Evidence for a lipid transfer factor in the hemolymph. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:563-8. [PMID: 3941092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolymph lipoproteins (lipophorins) of adult Manduca sexta are disinct from larval forms in density, lipid content, composition, and the presence of a third, low molecular weight apoprotein. Generally, only one lipoprotein species exists in M. sexta hemolymph during any given life stage. Progression through the life cycle results in alterations of existing lipoproteins to produce new forms, without new protein synthesis. The observed alterations in lipoprotein density could result from facilitated lipid transfer in insect hemolymph. An in vitro assay of facilitated lipid transfer was developed which employs a high density lipophorin from the wandering larva (density = 1.18 g/ml) as acceptor and adult low density lipophorin (density = 1.03 g/ml) as donor. Adult lipophorin-deficient hemolymph was shown to catalyze a time-dependent equilibration of the starting lipoproteins to produce a new intermediate lipophorin, Lp-I. Hydrodynamic experiments on the donor, acceptor, and product lipoproteins excluded fusion as the mechanism whereby Lp-I is produced. Thus, it is concluded that Lp-I results from facilitated net lipid transfer from low to high density lipoprotein. Furthermore, experiments conducted with radioiodinated donor and radioiodinated acceptor lipoproteins demonstrated that apoprotein exchange does not occur during the lipid transfer reaction. When donor lipoprotein was labeled in the lipid moiety with carbon-14, evidence of diacylglycerol and phospholipid exchange was obtained. Partial characterization of the lipid transfer factor revealed a relationship between incubation time, donor concentration, acceptor concentration, lipophorin-deficient hemolymph concentration, and transfer activity, as measured by Lp-I production. It is concluded that lipophorin-deficient hemolymph contains one or more factor(s) that catalyze net lipid transfer as well as diacylglycerol and phospholipid exchange between lipophorins to produce a single form at equilibrium.
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Prasad SV, Ryan RO, Law JH, Wells MA. Changes in lipoprotein composition during larval-pupal metamorphosis of an insect, Manduca sexta. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:558-62. [PMID: 3941091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the transition from the last feeding larval stage to the pupal stage of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, significant changes occur in the properties of lipophorin, the major hemolymph lipoprotein. Within the first 24 h after cessation of feeding, the larval lipophorin (HDLp-L) is first converted to a higher density form (HDLp-W2) and then HDLp-W2 is converted to a lower density form (HDLp-W1). HDLp-W1 remains in the hemolymph until pupation, when another form, HDLp-P, with a density between HDLp-W1 and HDLp-L, is present. Although all the lipophorins contain identical apoproteins, they differ in lipid content and composition; the differences in density being primarily related to diacylglycerol content. The conversion of HDLp-L to HDLp-W1 is accompanied by a loss of hydrocarbon and uptake of carotenes. These latter changes in lipophorin composition reflect alterations in cuticular lipid composition. HDLp-L was radiolabeled in the apoproteins by injecting animals with 3H-amino acids early in the last larval stage. Subsequently HDLp-L was isolated at the end of the larval stage, HDLp-W2 and HDLp-W1 were isolated during the wandering stage, and HDLp-P was isolated after pupation. The specific activity of the apoproteins in the four lipophorins was not significantly different, suggesting that the observed alterations in lipophorin properties do not require synthesis of new apoproteins but result from retailoring the lipid composition of preexisting molecules. Examination of the hemolymph of individual animals during these transitions showed that only one species of lipoprotein was present, never a mixture of two or more species. These observations suggest that the lipoprotein conversions are precisely timed and that lipoprotein metabolism during larval development and pupation cannot be considered a static process. The unique finding of these studies was that synthesis of lipophorin apoproteins proceeds actively during the first part of the fifth instar but then ceases and does not recommence during the wandering or early pupal stages.
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Prasad SV, Ryan RO, Law JH, Wells MA. Changes in lipoprotein composition during larval-pupal metamorphosis of an insect, Manduca sexta. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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James PL, Prasad SV. Gingival fibromatosis: report of case. J Oral Surg 1971; 29:55-9. [PMID: 5276353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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