Changes in the Concentrations of Proangiogenic Cytokines in Human Brain Glioma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and glioma are some of the most common malignancies, with ALL most often affecting children and glioma affecting adult men. Proangiogenic cytokines and growth factors play an important role in the development of both of these tumors. Glioma is characterized by an extremely extensive network of blood vessels, which continues to expand mainly in the process of neoangiogenesis, the direct inducers of which are cytokines from the family of vascular endothelial growth factors, i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and its receptor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF-R2), as well as a cytokine from the fibroblast growth factor family, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2 or bFGF). Growth factors are known primarily for their involvement in the progression and development of solid tumors, but there is evidence that local bone marrow angiogenesis and increased blood vessel density are also present in hematological malignancies, including leukemias. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2, and FGF-2 (with a molecular weight of 17 kDa) in a group of patients divided into specific grades of malignancy (glioma) and a control group; changes of VEGF-A and FGF-2 concentrations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a control group; and to determine correlations between the individual proteins as well as the influence of the patient's age, diet, and other conditions that may place the patient in the risk group. During the statistical analysis, significant differences in concentrations were found between the patient and control groups in samples from people with diagnosed glioma and from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but in general, there are no significant differences in the concentrations of VEGF-A, VEGF-R2, and FGF-2 between different grades of glioma malignancy. Among individuals treated for glioma, there was no significant impact from the patient's gender and age, consumption of food from plastic packaging, frequency of eating vegetables and fruit, smoking of tobacco products, the intensity of physical exercise, or the general condition of the body (Karnofsky score) on the concentrations of the determined cytokines and receptor. The listed factors do not bring about an actual increase in the risk of developing brain glioma.

Proline Metabolism in WHO G4 Gliomas Is Altered as Compared to Unaffected Brain Tissue

Proline metabolism has been identified as a significant player in several neoplasms, but knowledge of its role in gliomas is limited despite it providing a promising line of pursuit. Data on proline metabolism in the brain are somewhat historical. This study aims to investigate alterations of proline metabolism in gliomas of WHO grade 4 (GG4) in the context of the brain. A total of 20 pairs of samples were studied, consisting of excised tumor and unaffected brain tissue, obtained when partial brain resection was required to reach deep-seated lesions. Levels of proline oxidase/proline dehydrogenase (POX/PRODH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductases (PYCR1/2/3), prolidase (PEPD), and metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) were assessed, along with the concentration of proline and proline-related metabolites. In comparison to normal brain tissue, POX/PRODH expression in GG4 was found to be suppressed, while PYCR1 expression and activity of PEPD, MMP-2, and -9 were upregulated. The GG4 proline concentration was 358% higher. Hence, rewiring of the proline metabolism in GG4 was confirmed for the first time, with a low-POX/PRODH/high-PYCR profile. High PEPD and MMPs activity is in keeping with GG4-increased collagen turnover and local aggressiveness. Further studies on the mechanisms of the interplay between altered proline metabolism and the GG4 microenvironment are warranted.

The Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on the Course of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Morbidly Obese Patients during One Year of Follow Up

BACKGROUND

Morbid obesity co-exists with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in up to 90% of cases. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy leads to a reduction in body mass and thus may improve the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on the resolution of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

METHODS

The study included 55 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at a tertiary institution. The analysis consisted of preoperative liver biopsy, abdominal ultrasound, weight loss parameters, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Fibrosis Score and selected laboratory parameters.

RESULTS

Before the surgery, 6 patients were diagnosed with grade 1 liver steatosis, 33 patients with grade 2 and 16 patients with grade 3. One year after the surgery, only 21 patients had features of liver steatosis at ultrasound. All weight loss parameters showed statistically significant changes during the observation; the median percentage of total weight loss was 31.0% (IQR: 27.5; 34.5) with p = 0.0003, the median percentage of excess weight loss was 61.8% (IQR: 52.4; 72.3) with p = 0.0013 and the median percentage of excess body mass index loss was 71.0% (IQR: 61.3; 86.9) with p = 0.0036 12 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The median Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Fibrosis Score at baseline was 0.2 (IQR: -0.8; 1.0) and decreased to -1.6 (IQR: -2.4; -0.4) (p < 0.0001). Moderate negative correlations between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Fibrosis Score and percentage of total weight loss (r = -0.434, p < 0.0001), percentage of excess weight loss (r = -0.456, p < 0.0001) and percentage of excess body mass index loss (r = -0.512, p < 0.0001) were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The study supports the thesis that laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is an effective method for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with morbid obesity.

Application of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis to identify protein changes between center, margin, and adjacent non-tumor tissues obtained from non-small-cell lung cancer with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma subtype

Lung cancer is responsible for the most cancer-related mortality worldwide and the mechanism of its development is poorly understood. Proteomics has become a powerful tool offering vital knowledge related to cancer development. Using a two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) approach, we sought to compare tissue samples from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients taken from the tumor center and tumor margin. Two subtypes of NSCLC, adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were compared. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032736 and PXD032962 for ADC and SCC, respectively. For ADC proteins, 26 significant canonical pathways were identified, including Rho signaling pathways, a semaphorin neuronal repulsive signaling pathway, and epithelial adherens junction signaling. For SCC proteins, nine significant canonical pathways were identified, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, and phagosome maturation. Proteins differentiating the tumor center and tumor margin were linked to cancer invasion and progression, including cell migration, adhesion and invasion, cytoskeletal structure, protein folding, anaerobic metabolism, tumor angiogenesis, EMC transition, epithelial adherens junctions, and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, we identified several proteins that are important for the better characterization of tumor development and molecular specificity of both lung cancer subtypes. We also identified proteins that may be important as biomarkers and/or targets for anticancer therapy.

Extracellular Vimentin as a Target Against SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion

Infection of human cells by pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, typically proceeds by cell surface binding to a crucial receptor. The primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), yet new studies reveal the importance of additional extracellular co-receptors that mediate binding and host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that is increasingly recognized as being present on the extracellular surface of a subset of cell types, where it can bind to and facilitate pathogens' cellular uptake. Biophysical and cell infection studies are done to determine whether vimentin might bind SARS-CoV-2 and facilitate its uptake. Dynamic light scattering shows that vimentin binds to pseudovirus coated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and antibodies against vimentin block in vitro SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection of ACE2-expressing cells. The results are consistent with a model in which extracellular vimentin acts as a co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with a binding affinity less than that of the spike protein with ACE2. Extracellular vimentin may thus serve as a critical component of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 complex in mediating SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, and vimentin-targeting agents may yield new therapeutic strategies for preventing and slowing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Growing Teratoma Syndrome and Gliomatosis Peritonei in a 15-Year-Old Girl With Immature Ovarian Teratoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Gliomatosis peritonei (GP) is a rare clinical condition characterized by presence of mature glial cells in the peritoneum. Growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) is described as an uncommon phenomenon that could be related to the incidence of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. We report a case of a patient treated for immature ovarian teratoma, in whom both GP and GTS were observed, an association to date scarcely described in literature. A 15-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with severe pain in her lower abdomen and right lumbar region. Upon admission, concentration of α-fetoprotein (AFP) was 1500 ng/mL and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) less than 2 ng/mL. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdominal cavity and pelvis confirmed the presence of an anomalous mass in the abdominal cavity and pelvis. Initial surgery was performed. Histopathology revealed the presence of immature teratoma with epithelial elements. Normalization of AFP was achieved within 8 weeks. Five months after surgery, a progressive increase in AFP was noted. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans of the pelvis minor showed local relapse. Evaluation of the remission after 2 blocks of preoperative chemotherapy revealed the presence of a large tumor mass in the pelvis minor, despite normalization of the AFP concentration. After opening the abdominal walls, numerous abnormal white nodules were observed in the peritoneum. Histopathology revealed the presence of mature glial tissue (gliomatosis peritonei). The remaining tumor mass was removed, and histopathology confirmed existence of mature teratoma (growing teratoma syndrome). Postoperative chemotherapy was continued. To date, the patient remains under clinical and laboratory remission. Concomitant incidence of GP and GTS, although rare, should always be taken into consideration in pediatric patients with diagnosis of either condition.

Myelin-associated proteins are potential diagnostic markers in patients with primary brain tumour

INTRODUCTION

Taking into account the possibility of myelin-associated proteins having a role in brain tumour development, the study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of myelin-associated proteins (Nogo-A, MAG, OMgp) released into extracellular space in patients with brain tumours.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Protein concentration in primary brain tumour (n = 49) and non-tumoural subjects (n = 24) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum by means of ELISA. Immunohistochemistry for IDH1-R132H was done on 5-μm thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour sections with the use of an antibody specific for the mutant IDH1-R132H protein.

RESULTS

The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that CSF Nogo-A and serum MAG were useful in differentiating patients with primary brain tumour from non-tumoural individuals. This was also true in the case of the separate analysis of the astrocytic tumour versus non-tumoural groups and the meningeal tumour versus non-tumoural groups. Neither Nogo-A nor MAG or OMgp concentrations were significantly different, in serum or CSF, between IDH1 wild-type astrocytic brain tumour patients compared to IDH1 mutant patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated the potential usefulness of CSF Nogo-A and serum MAG evaluation as circulating biomarkers of primary brain tumours. Because blood is relatively easy to obtain, future research should be conducted to explicitly indicate the value of serum MAG concentration evaluation as a brain tumour biomarker.Key messagesMyelin-associated proteins may be circulating brain tumour biomarkers.Nogo-A and MAG proteins seem to be the most useful in brain tumour diagnosis.Decreased CSF Nogo-A concentration is an adverse prognostic factor for patients' survival.

The Ability of Metabolomics to Discriminate Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Subtypes Depends on the Stage of the Disease and the Type of Material Studied

Identification of the NSCLC subtype at an early stage is still quite sophisticated. Metabolomics analysis of tissue and plasma of NSCLC patients may indicate new, and yet unknown, metabolic pathways active in the NSCLC. Our research characterized the metabolomics profile of tissue and plasma of patients with early and advanced NSCLC stage. Samples were subjected to thorough metabolomics analyses using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. Tissue and/or plasma samples from 137 NSCLC patients were analyzed. Based on the early stage tissue analysis, more than 200 metabolites differentiating adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCC) subtypes as well as normal tissue, were identified. Most of the identified metabolites were amino acids, fatty acids, carnitines, lysoglycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, plasmalogens and glycerophospholipids. Moreover, metabolites related to N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) biosynthesis, namely glycerophospho (N-acyl) ethanolamines (GP-NAE), which discriminated early-stage SCC from ADC, have also been identified. On the other hand, the analysis of plasma of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and NSCLC patients allowed exclusion of the metabolites related to the inflammatory state in lungs and the identification of compounds (lysoglycerophospholipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins) truly characteristic to cancer. Our results, among already known, showed novel, thus far not described, metabolites discriminating NSCLC subtypes, especially in the early stage of cancer. Moreover, the presented results also indicated the activity of new metabolic pathways in NSCLC. Further investigations on the role of NAE biosynthesis pathways in the early stage of NSCLC may reveal new prognostic and diagnostic targets.

Inhomogeneity of stiffness and density of the extracellular matrix within the leukoplakia of human oral mucosa as potential physicochemical factors leading to carcinogenesis

Oral leukoplakia is a clinical term relating to various morphological lesions, including squamous cell hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. Leukoplakia morphologically manifested as hyperplasia with epithelial dysplasia is clinically treated as precancerous condition. Nevertheless, there is a lack of good markers indicating the transformation of premalignancies towards cancer. A better understanding of the mechanical environment within the tissues where tumors grow might be beneficial for the development of prevention, diagnostic, and treatment methods in cancer management. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and immunohistology techniques were used to assess changes in the stiffness and morphology of oral mucosa and leukoplakia samples at different stages of their progression towards cancer. The Young's moduli of the tested leukoplakia samples were significantly higher than those of the surrounding mucus. Robust inhomogeneity of stiffness within leukoplakia samples, reflecting an increase in regeneration and collagen accumulation (increasing density) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), was observed. Within the histologically confirmed cancer samples, Young's moduli were significantly lower than those within the precancerous ones. Inhomogeneous stiffness within leukoplakia might act as "a mechanoagonist" that promotes oncogenesis. In contrast, cancer growth might require the reorganization of tissue structure to create a microenvironment with lower and homogenous stiffness. The immunohistology data collected here indicates that changes in tissue stiffness are achieved by increasing cell/ECM density. The recognition of new markers of premalignancy will aid in the development of new therapies and will expand the diagnostic methods.

Extracellular vimentin as a target against SARS-CoV-2 host cell invasion

Infection of human cells by pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, typically proceeds by cell surface binding to a crucial receptor. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a necessary receptor, but not all ACE2-expressing cells are equally infected, suggesting that other extracellular factors are involved in host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that is increasingly recognized as being present on the extracellular surface of a subset of cell types, where it can bind to and facilitate pathogens' cellular uptake. Here, we present evidence that extracellular vimentin might act as a critical component of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 complex in mediating SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. We demonstrate direct binding between vimentin and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus coated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and show that antibodies against vimentin block in vitro SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection of ACE2-expressing cells. Our results suggest new therapeutic strategies for preventing and slowing SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on targeting cell host surface vimentin.

Blood bioactive sphingolipids in patients with advanced serous epithelial ovarian cancer - mass spectrometry analysis

INTRODUCTION

Due to the lack of highly specific and sensitive methods for diagnosing ovarian cancer at advanced stages (according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification stage III-IV), new noninvasive biomarkers are urgently needed. This study aims to investigate how the levels of plasma bioactive sphingolipids (ceramides, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingosine and sphinganine) are altered in serum, erythrocytes and platelets of patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 135 patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer and 159 women with normal ovarian morphology were enrolled. Plasma levels of sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphinganine, ceramide C14:0-Cer, C16:0-Cer, C18:1-Cer, C18:0-Cer, C20:0-Cer, C22:0-Cer, C24:1-Cer and C24:0-Cer were assessed by LC/MS/MS.

RESULTS

Plasma concentrations of C16-Cer, C18:1-Cer and C18-Cer were significantly higher in the advanced ovarian cancer group than in the control group (1.5-fold, p = 0.021; 1.8-fold, p = 0.036 and 1.5-fold, p = 0.031, respectively). Plasma concentration of C18:1-Cer was significantly higher in erythrocytes of women with advanced serous cancer compared to the control group (p = 0.027). Plasma C16-Cer and C18:1-Cer levels and erythrocyte C18:1-Cer levels were able to distinguish patients with moderate/severe serous ovarian cancer from patients with mild ovarian cancer (AUC: 0.86, 0.898, 0.795, respectively). Plasma concentrations of C16, C18.1 and C18 significantly correlated with FIGO staging (p = 0.001, p = 0.024 and p = 0.005), and grading (p = 0.021, p = 0.021 and p = 0.033).

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma concentrations of C16, C18.1 and C18 correlated with the progression of ovarian cancer (FIGO staging and grading). Plasma levels of C16-Cer and C18:1-Cer and erythrocyte C18:1-Cer levels could be used to distinguish patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer.

Expression of LIGHT/TNFSF14 and Its Receptors, HVEM and LTβR, Correlates with the Severity of Fibrosis in Lacrimal Sacs from Patients with Lacrimal Duct Obstruction

Introduction

Fibrosis is one of the factors contributing to the development of primary acquired lacrimal duct obstruction (LDO). LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibiting inducible expression and competing with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM]), a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes, has recently emerged as a new regulator of connective tissue remodeling and fibrotic response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of LIGHT in the pathogenesis of LDO through: (1) assessment of expression of LIGHT and its two receptors, HVEM and LTβR (lymphotoxin β receptor), and (2) investigation of potential relationships between expression of LIGHT and its receptors and clinical and histopathologic features.

Methods

Lacrimal sacs of 30 patients undergoing endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy because of LDO were assessed intraoperatively and histopathologically with respect to inflammation and fibrosis. Expression of LIGHT, HVEM and LTβR was assessed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies and evaluated semiquantitatively using a four-grade scoring system.

Results

All investigated molecules, LIGHT/TNFSF14, HVEM and LTβR, were expressed in biopsies from all patients. The most prominent expression was seen within inflammatory infiltrates. Expression of LIGH, HVEM and LTβR correlated significantly with the intensity of fibrosis and duration of the disease. In multivariate analysis only LIGHT showed a significant relationship with fibrosis (β coefficient = 0.759, p = 0.02). There was no significant correlation between expression of any molecule and other demographic or clinical features.

Conclusion

We assume that LIGHT along with its receptors may be a factor contributing to fibrosis and synechiae formation in the lacrimal sac. This assumption needs to be proven in a future study in a group of patients who fail to improve after the first operation.

Nanomechanics and Histopathology as Diagnostic Tools to Characterize Freshly Removed Human Brain Tumors

Background

The tissue-mechanics environment plays a crucial role in human brain physiological development and the pathogenesis of different diseases, especially cancer. Assessment of alterations in brain mechanical  properties during cancer progression might provide important information about possible tissue abnormalities with clinical relevance.

Methods

With atomic force microscopy (AFM), the stiffness of freshly removed human brain tumor tissue was determined on various regions of the sample and compared to the stiffness of healthy human brain tissue that was removed during neurosurgery to gain access to tumor mass. An advantage of indentation measurement using AFM is the small volume of tissue required and high resolution at the single-cell level.

Results

Our results showed great heterogeneity of stiffness within metastatic cancer or primary high-grade gliomas compared to healthy tissue. That effect was not clearly visible in lower-grade tumors like meningioma.

Conclusion

Collected data indicate that AFM might serve as a diagnostic tool in the assessment of human brain tissue stiffness in the process of recognizing tumors.

Expression of zinc transporter 8 in thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases

INTRODUCTION

Recent studies have revealed the presence of zinc and the expression of zinc transporter (ZnT) family members in most endocrine cell types. It was demonstrated that ZnT family plays an important role in the synthesis and secretion of many hormones. Moreover, recently ZnT8 was described as a newly islet autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We studied the expression of ZnT8 transporter in thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases. The study was performed in thyroid tissues after thyroidectomy from patients with thyroid non-toxic nodular goitre (NTNG; n = 17, mean age 15.8 ± 2.2 years) and cases with Graves' disease (n = 20, mean age 15.6 ± 2.8). In our study we investigated the expression of ZnT8 in human thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases using immunohistochemistry, Western Blot as well as immunofluorescence analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation which identified ZnT8 protein expression in human thyroid tissues, moreover, confirmed by three different laboratory techniques. Results and Conclusions Expression of ZnT8 transporter was identified by immunohistochemistry in the thyroid tissues from paediatric patients with Graves' disease (on +++) and non-toxic nodular goitre (on ++). ZnT8 transporter expression was found both in thyroid follicular cells (within the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane in follicular cells) and C cells (membrane-cytoplasmic reaction) in fluorescence. Predominant expression of ZnT8 in band 41 kDa in immune than in non-immune thyroid disorders may suggest potential role of ZnT8 as a new thyroid autoanitgen but it requires further study on a larger cohort.

Elevated plasma 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity is correlated with IL-8 levels and associated with an increased risk of death in glial brain tumor patients

INTRODUCTION

In cancer treatment an attempt has been made to pharmacologically regulate the proteasome functions, thus the aim was to test whether 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L) activity has a role in glial brain tumors. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation between proteasome activity and IL-8, CCL2, NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 concentrations, which impact on brain tumors has already been indicated.

METHODS

Plasma 20S proteasome ChT-L activity was assayed using the fluorogenic peptide substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC in the presence of SDS. IL-8, CCL2, NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 concentration was analyzed with the use of ELISA method. Immunohistochemistry for IDH1-R132H was done on 5-microns-thick formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections with the use of antibody specific for the mutant IDH1-R132H protein. Labelled streptavidin biotin kit was used as a detection system.

RESULTS

Brain tumor patients had statistically higher 20S proteasome ChT-L activity (0.649 U/mg) compared to non-tumoral individuals (0.430 U/mg). IDH1 wild-type patients had statistically higher 20S proteasome ChT-L activity (1.025 U/mg) compared to IDH1 mutants (0.549 U/mg). 20S proteasome ChT-L activity in brain tumor patients who died as the consequence of a tumor (0.649) in the following 2 years was statistically higher compared to brain tumor patients who lived (0.430 U/mg). In brain tumor patients the 20S proteasome ChT-L activity positively correlated with IL-8 concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated 20S proteasome ChT-L activity was related to the increased risk of death in glial brain tumor patients. A positive correlation between 20S proteasome ChT-L activity and IL-8 concentration may indicate the molecular mechanisms regulating glial tumor biology. Thus research on proteasomes may be important and should be carried out to verify if this protein complexes may represent a potential therapeutic target to limit brain tumor invasion.

Recombinant Human Plasma Gelsolin Stimulates Phagocytosis while Diminishing Excessive Inflammatory Responses in Mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis

Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) is a highly conserved abundant circulating protein, characterized by diverse immunomodulatory activities including macrophage activation and the ability to neutralize pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the host and pathogen. Using a murine model of Gram-negative sepsis initiated by the peritoneal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen 5, we observed a decrease in the tissue uptake of IRDye^®800CW 2-deoxyglucose, an indicator of inflammation, and a decrease in bacterial growth from ascitic fluid in mice treated with intravenous recombinant human plasma gelsolin (pGSN) compared to the control vehicle. Pretreatment of the murine macrophage line RAW264.7 with pGSN, followed by addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Xen 5, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of macrophages with internalized bacteria. This increased uptake was less pronounced when cells were pretreated with pGSN and then centrifuged to remove unbound pGSN before addition of bacteria to macrophages. These observations suggest that recombinant plasma gelsolin can modulate the inflammatory response while at the same time augmenting host antibacterial activity.

Thyroid carcinoma with atypical metastasis to the pituitary gland and unexpected postmortal diagnosis

SUMMARY

Papillary thyroid gland carcinoma is the most common type of malignancy of the endocrine system. Metastases to the pituitary gland have been described as a complication of papillary thyroid cancer in few reported cases since 1965. We report the case of a 68-year-old female patient with a well-differentiated form of thyroid gland cancer. Despite it being the most common malignant cancer of the endocrine system, with its papillary form being one of the two most frequently diagnosed thyroid cancers, the case we present is extremely rare. Sudden cardiac arrest during ventricular fibrillation occurred during hospitalization. Autopsy of the patient revealed papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, follicular variant, with metastasis to the sella turcica, and concomitant sarcoidosis of heart, lung, and mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Not only does atypical metastasis make our patient's case most remarkable, but also the postmortem diagnosis of sarcoidosis makes her case particularly unusual.

LEARNING POINTS

The goal of presenting this case is to raise awareness of the clinical heterogeneity of papillary cancer and promote early diagnosis of unexpected metastasis and coexisting diseases to improve clinical outcomes. Clinicians must be skeptical. They should not fall into the trap of diagnostic momentum or accept diagnostic labels at face value. Regardless of the potential mechanisms, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of the coexistence of thyroid cancer and sarcoidosis as a differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. This case highlights the importance of the diagnostic and therapeutic planning process and raises awareness of the fact that one uncommon disease could be masked by another extremely rare disorder.

Proline-Dependent Induction of Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)-The Effect of Celecoxib

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma remains a significant worldwide public health challenge, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of this type of cancer lacks effective medication. Moreover, there are very few specific biomarkers that are useful in early diagnosis or treatment optimisation. Proline metabolism may prove to be of importance in the search for new treatment modalities. Methods: To evaluate the significance of proline metabolism in the development of oral cancer, proline concentration was assessed in oral cancer tissue and normal oral mucosa. The results were compared to the clinical stage and histological grade of the tumours. Moreover, the expression of proteins involved in proline metabolism via proline dehydrogenase/oxidase (PRODH/POX, PPARγ, HIF1-α) was determined. In the next stage of the study, conducted on cell lines of tongue cancer treated with celecoxib, the aforementioned factors involved in proline metabolism were evaluated. Cellular viability and cell proliferation, as well as apoptosis, were also assessed. Results: Our research results indicate that a high intracellular proline concentration and expression of factors involved in its metabolism correlate with the clinical stage and histological grade of oral cancer. Moreover, we are the first researchers to demonstrate that celecoxib can affect proline metabolism, causing an increase in pro-apoptotic factors (PRODH/POX, PPARγ), reducing the expression of HIF-1α and activating apoptosis. Conclusions: Proline metabolism, due to its involvement in the process of apoptosis, can be of great importance in anticancer therapy. It appears that celecoxib, which influences the PRODH/POX pathway, may be a promising therapeutic compound in oral cancer treatment.

Histological evaluation of soft palate tissues in patients with sleep disordered breathing

Introduction Sleep is a physiological state essential for proper functioning of the body. One of the reasons for sleep disorders is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Aim: The aim of this research is histological evaluation of the mucous membrane of the soft palate in patients affected by various forms of OSAS. Material and method: The studied group consisted of patients with sleep-related breathing disorder in the form of primary snoring or OSAS. People with chronic tonsillitis, without a history of sleep-related breathing disorders, were included in the comparative group. Fragments of the mucous membrane of the uvula (study group) and the glossopalatine arch (comparative group) were taken for histological examination during surgery. Using histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, we assessed the presence and severity of inflammation (CD3, CD20, CD68), the structure of nerve fibers (S-100) and the size of blood vessels (CD34) in the examined tissue. Results: Patients with OSAS developed a local inflammatory process in the oropharyngeal tissues (stronger expression of CD3, CD20, CD68 in people with OSAS). The exacerbation of the immunohistochemical reaction with CD3 correlated with the phase of OSAS. We found a higher degree of fibrosis and a higher expression of CD34 and S-100 receptors in subjects with OSAS compared to snoring patients and patients from the comparative group. Discussion: Due to chronic tissue vibration, snoring most likely leads to damage to the nerve fibers in the soft palate, which can intensify episodes of shallow breathing during sleep and increase the occurrences of apnea.

Differentiating dysplasia markers in Barrette sophagus and adenocarcinoma

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This precancerous lesion can transform into low-grade and high-grade dysplasia, which may develop in the EAC. Therefore, the issues of dysplasia detection and monitoring and early diagnostics for the presence of EAC foci are extremely important factors in the surveillance of patients with BE progression. Histopathological examinations are regarded as the gold standard in the BE progression evaluation. They posses a large clinical utility in the identification of dysplasia and cancer risk stratification in patients with the BE. However, this method is a very subjective, and is heavily dependent on the knowledge and experience of the person conducting it. Therefore, it seems to be important to implement in the BE progression diagnostics sensitive and specific biomarkers that could be used as complementary tests. They could improve detection, stratification and monitoring of the progression of BE and the detection of the EAC early stages. Literature data concerning markers distinguishing between different stages of Barrett’s-related dysplasia and cancer is very scarce. In this article there we collected and characterized the most important data. Apart from this, there is a fairly large group of proteins and genes. Their expression levels allow for the detection of changes during the development of the BE progression. No studies have been carried out yet for their usefulness in differentiating between types of BE-related dysplasia and EAC, but we know that some of them could be useful as auxiliary markers differentiating between different stages of dysplasia and EAC. The article discusses those with the greatest potential.

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid Neudesin concentration and Neudesin Quotient as potential circulating biomarkers of a primary brain tumor

Background

Despite the previously suggested role of Neudesin in tumorigenesis and its potential as a novel target for the treatment of cancers, its prognostic value has never been examined. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate Neudesin concentrations in primary brain tumor patients and make a comparison with non-tumoral individuals.

Methods

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum Neudesin concentration was evaluated by means of the ELISA method.

Results

The total group of brain tumor patients had statistically lower serum Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.037). The meningeal tumor subgroup also had statistically lower serum Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.012). The Astrocytic brain tumor subgroup had significantly higher CSF Neudesin concentrations compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.046). Neudesin Quotient (CSF concentration divided by serum concentration) in the astrocytic brain tumor subgroup was statistically higher compared to the non-tumoral group (P = 0.023). Males had statistically lower concentrations of the serum Neudesin compared to females (P = 0.047). Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that for women the serum Neudesin concentration was 1.53 times higher than for men. In the model of multivariate linear regression analysis, predictor variables influencing serum Neudesin concentrations included CSF Neudesin concentration and the Neudesin Quotient, if other model parameters are fixed. The developed model explains 82% of the variance in serum Neudesin concentration. Both linear regression models, univariate and multivariate, pointed to fewer factors with a potential to influence the Neudesin Quotient compared to serum Neudesin concentration.

Conclusions

In astrocytic brain tumor patients Neudesin concentrations within the cerebrospinal fluid are higher compared with non-tumoral individuals. Serum Neudesin concentration strongly correlates with its CSF level. In primary brain tumor patients serum Neudesin concentration is clearly gender-dependent. Linear regression models pointed to fewer factors that may influence the Neudesin Quotient value, which suggests it is a better biomarker of astrocytic brain tumors than serum and CSF Neudesin concentrations alone.

Cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression in nasal polyps

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study was undertaken to better understand the role of CysLTs in the development of CRS through 1). assessment of the pattern of expression of CysLT1 receptor in nasal polyps from patients with CRS and 2). correlation of expression of CysLT1 receptor with clinical features. Expression of CysLT1 receptor was evaluated immunohistochemically in nasal polyps from 20 patients with CRS and nasal mucosa from 10 control subject undergoing plastic surgery of the nose. Patients with CRS showed significantly higher expression of CysLT1 receptor as compared with the control group (p&lt;0.05). The expression of CysLT1 receptor in sub-epithelial inflammatory infiltrates tended to be higher in patients with CRS and allergy as compared with patients with CRS but without allergy (p=0.07). In particular, the expression of CysLT1 receptor in sub-epithelial inflammatory infiltrates was significantly greater in 3 patients with CRS and drug allergy as compared with patients with CRS but without drug allergy (p=0.03). Increased expression of CysLT1 receptor in inflamed mucosa of nasal polyps in patients with allergy might suggest particular role of CysLTs in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps in this group of patients.

Low Grade Chondrosarcoma - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment

The article describes epidemiology, clinical features and treatment strategy of chondrosarcoma with special regard to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in low grade chondrosarcomas. Chondrosarcomas account for 3.5-9% of primary bone tumors and approximately 30% of primary bone malignancies. They occur in the 4th to 7th decade of life, slightly more commonly in men. The most common locations are the pelvis, ribs, proximal femur and proximal humerus. Gradually increasing pain is the most common presenting symptom. Diagnosis must be based on clinical, radiological (conventional radiology, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and histopathological features. Treatment of the tumor is based on complete removal according to the principles of oncological asepsis. Lung metastases may develop and are associated with a markedly poorer prognosis.

Review on Retinal Gliosis Illustrated with a Series of Massive Glioses and Focal Nodular Gliosis Cases in Regard to Potential Pitfalls of Ocular Reactive Tumor-like Lesions of this Type

This paper presents a review on retinal gliosis illustrated by series of three cases of patients (a 39-year-old man and a 35-year-old woman with massive retinal gliosis (MRG) and a 51-year-old man with truly focal nodular gliosis of retina) with intraocular tumor-like masses and loss of vision, who recently suffered from painful inflammation of eyeball and who classically had a history of remote ocular trauma, onset of blindness early in lifetime or gradual but progressive loss of sight. The diagnosis of this pathological entity is given for the lesions that are composed of GFAP strongly positive, elongated, fusiform cells consistent with fibrillary astrocytes. As illustrated in cases from our pathological practice, PAS gave positive patchy disseminated reaction in form of cellular densely purplish granules in minority of cells representing glycogen storing. This feature could be consistent with PAS-positive Müller cells that also constitute retinal gliosis as one of cellular components of normal retina that is induced to reactive proliferation. Thus, the paper presents histological background and differential diagnosis of the entity.

Radionegative Low Grade Chondrosarcoma in Distal Third of Femur. Case Study

We present the case of a 43-year-old patient with a radionegative tumor of the distal third of the femur. Work-up following a knee injury without any abnormalities on x-ray was extended to include an MRI study, which revealed an osteolytic lesion in the distal third of the femur. Extended work-up including an open biopsy identified a low-grade chondrosarcoma. Considering the patient's clinical status and the diagnostic findings, tumour resection and placement of a resection knee endoprosthesis appeared to be the best solution. The clinical outcome was good.

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum IL-8, CCL2, and ICAM-1 concentrations in astrocytic brain tumor patients

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was the evaluation of serum and CSF concentrations of CCL2, IL-8, and sICAM-1 in patients with astrocytic tumors as compared to a group of non-tumoral patients.

METHODS

Chemokine concentrations were measured using the ELISA method.

RESULTS

Regardless of the parameter tested and the patient group (brain tumor or non-tumoral patients), statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found between concentrations obtained in CSF compared to values obtained in serum for all proteins tested. CSF IL-8 concentrations were significantly elevated in CNS tumor patients as compared to non-tumoral individuals (P = 0.000); serum CCL2 and sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly decreased in CNS tumors in comparison with the comparative group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.026, respectively). Among proteins tested in the serum, a higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) revealed CCL2 compared to sICAM-1 in differentiating subjects with CNS brain tumors from non-tumoral subjects. AUC for CSF IL-8 was higher than for its index (CSF IL-8/serum IL-8).

CONCLUSIONS

For individual biomarkers (IL-8 and CCL2, sICAM-1), measured in CNS brain tumor patients, the appropriate material, respectively CSF or serum, should be chosen and quantitatively tested. Increased cerebrospinal fluid IL-8 with decreased serum CCL2 create a pattern of biomarkers, which may be helpful in the management of CNS astrocytic brain tumors.

Haemangiopericytoma-like tumor of the nasal cavity treated by endoscopy - a case report

Haemangiopericytoma (HPC) is an uncommon, vascular tumor derived from Zimmerman pericytes surrounding blood vessels. HPC constitute around 1% of all tumors of vascular origin and may appear anywhere, 5% of them can be situated in nasal cavity. Tumor location within the head and neck predispose to its benign character and improves prognosis. This case report presents the case of 33-year-old patient with haemangiopericytoma-like tumor of the nasal cavity, presented symptoms of impaired nasal breathing and recurrent epistaxis. Tumor was excised with 0 degree endoscope. The follow-up recurrence-free period was 2 year 6 months and shows this is effective way of treatment. Described in the literature late recurrences and metastases reminds that regular, life-long observation is mandatory.

Osteoid Osteoma - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Difficulties. A. Single-centre Experience

BACKGROUND

Osteoid osteoma is a primary, benign bone tumour. The characteristic clinical symptom is nocturnal pain at the tumour site that decreases or resolves completely with salicylates and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The typical radiological features include a radiolucent area with an osteosclerotic rim. An unusual location or absence of visible abnormalities on conventional radiographs may pose a diagnostic challenge.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We report our clinical experience with osteoid osteoma in 15 patients, with special regard to diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in two cases.

RESULTS

All patients reported the characteristic pattern of nocturnal pain that was reduced or resolved after administration of aspirin or NSAIDs. A typical radiological appearance of osteoid osteoma was observed in 13 patients, with radiological studies showing no changes in two patients, who required extended imaging workup to establish the diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Osteoid osteoma may be a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. 2. Lack of visible abnormalities on conventional radiographs in the presence of typical clinical symptoms does not rule out osteoid osteoma. 3. Bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful methods in the imaging of radiologically silent pathological lesions.

Enhanced expression of hepatocyte growth factor in the healing of experimental acute tympanic membrane perforation

OBJECTIVES

The present study was performed to investigate the expression of hepatocyte (HGF), epidermal (EGF) and vascular endothelial (VEGF) growth factors in the course of healing of experimental tympanic membrane (TM) perforations in rats. The goal was to explain the role of these growth factors in the healing process of TM and to assess the possibility of their future application as healing promoters.

METHODS

Seventy rats were used, of which 10 served as controls and the others had their TM perforated. The experimental animals were divided into six subgroups on the basis of time points (01, 03, 05, 07, 09, 15 day after injury). Videootoscopy and histology were employed to assess the morphology of the healing process. The expressions of HGF, EGF and VEGF were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Tissue localization of HGF was determined by the immunofluorescence method.

RESULTS

HGF was hardly detectable in normal TM; however, a significant increase was noted in its expression starting from the third day after injury throughout the follow-up period, with the highest level on day 05. The analysis of HGF tissue localization with immunofluorescence revealed diffuse staining in the cytoplasm of proliferating epithelial cells. The expression of EGF was elevated on the first day after injury, not reaching statistical significance, and then returned to the level observed in the control TM. No significant differences were noted in the expression of VEGF.

CONCLUSION

High expression of HGF during the healing process of acute TM perforations makes it a promising candidate for further studies oriented towards its possible use in augmentation of TM healing.

Intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery and microvascular density of the nasal mucosa

PURPOSE

To evaluate the correlation between quality of the surgical field, intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the density of microvasculature of the nasal mucosa.

MATERIAL/METHODS

Nasal mucosa of 30 patients, operated for chronic rhinosinusitis, was biopsied to assess expression of CD34 antigen on vascular endothelium. Quality of surgical field was evaluated with Fromm-Boezaart scale at mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 70-80 mmHg. If at this MAP surgical field quality was not satisfactory further reduction of hemodynamic parameters was performed until 'bloodless surgical field' (grade 2 or lower) was achieved. The rate of intraoperative bleeding was calculated from the ratio of total blood loss and the operative time. The extent of the disease was assessed according to computed tomography findings using Lund-Mackay staging system.

RESULTS

Significant positive correlation (Spearman correlation test; p<0.05) was found between CD34 antigen expression and quality of surgical field at MAP between 70 and 80 mmHg as well as the rate of intraoperative bleeding. More intense reduction of MAP was necessary to achieve 'bloodless surgical field' in patients with high CD34 expression than in those with moderate and low expression. Lund-Mackay score correlated with quality of surgical field but not with the rate of intraoperative bleeding.

CONCLUSION

During ESS, it is microvascular density of the nasal mucosa rather than the extent of the disease that contributes to the intensity of intraoperative bleeding, although both factors negatively influence the quality of surgical field.

HIF-1 expression in retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve axons in glaucoma

Glaucoma is a result of increased intraocular pressure leading to damage to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve axons. The aim of this study was to evaluate HIF-1 expression in optic nerve axons and retinal ganglion cells in 42 eyes enucleated because of complete glaucoma compared to eyes removed because of injury.The immunohistochemical reaction was done and specimens were examined under a light microscope. 57% of cases presented HIF-1 expression in the optic nerve axons, and 52.3% in the retinal ganglion cells. 20 out of 42(47.6%) cases were HIF-1 positive both in the optic nerve axons and in the retinal ganglion cells, and the staining was evident mostly in the nuclear and perinuclear area. Our present results indicate that HIF-1 expression in hypoxic conditions in glaucoma might be a very crucial stage in damage to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve axons, and might be a successful target for the implementation of neuroprotective drugs.

c-erbB-2 protein expression in astrocytic tumors of the brain

Background

Astrocytic tumors are the primary brain tumors, which often progress to glioblastoma, a highly malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system. There is much new data regarding to the formation and progression of these tumors; however, glioblastoma remains one of the most fatal neoplasms in humans.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of c-erbB-2 protein expression in various groups of astrocytic tumors.

Material/Methods

65 cases of astrocytic tumors were divided into 3 groups: diffuse astrocytoma (group I; n=17 cases), anaplastic astrocytoma (group II; n=23 cases) and glioblastoma (group III; n=25 cases). C-erbB-2 protein expression was estimated semiquantitatively on immunohistochemically stained tissue sections using antibodies against c-erbB-2 protein. Statistical analysis was performed in all examined groups.

Results

The c-erbB-2 protein expression was observed in 15 out of 17 cases (88.3%) in group I, 22 out of 25 cases (88%) cases in group II, and in 19 out of 23 cases (82.6%) in group III. There were no statistically significant differences between the examined groups. The strongest c-erbB-2 immunoexpression was observed in low grade astrocytomas (diffuse astrocytomas G2); in the glioblastoma group the c-erbB-2 protein expression was weak and 17.4% of cases were negative.

Conclusions

C-erbB-2 protooncogene alteration is an early phenomenon in glial tumor development and progression.

Custom made tumor-prosthesis as a primary treatment for giant cell tumor of femur--case report

The article presents the case of a 41-year-old patient with a tumor of the distal third of left femur. Following extended radiological diagnostic work-up, MR, and an open biopsy, the diagnosis of a giant cell tumor was made. In view of the patient's clinical status, diagnostic work-up, and considerable tumor size, the decision was made to resect the tumour and use a primary custom-made endoprosthesis. A good clinical outcome was achieved. Even with the extended diagnostic work-up, the determination of tumor malignancy still posed a diagnostic problem.

The influence of doxycycline on articular cartilage in experimental osteoarthrosis induced by iodoacetate

The experiment was performed on 36 Wistar rats. On the first day of the experiment iodoacetate was administered to the left posterior knee joint of the 18 rats which composed Group I. The second group of 18 rats received additionally doxycycline (doxy) through the gastric tube in doses comparable with those of doxycycline used in humans. The experiment lasted 21 days. The animals were sacrificed after 7, 14 and 21 days in groups of 6 rats each. In sections stained with Safranin 0 semiquantitative histochemical intensity tests were performed on articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAG) using a four-point scale (0-3). In the first group examined destructive lesions in the articular cartilage and weak reactivity on GAG were noted at all stages of the experiment. The intensity of GAG staining was higher in the second group after 14 and especially after 21 days, which may suggest a protective action of doxy on articular cartilage.

An evaluation of Ki-67 and PCNA expression in conjunctival and eyelid tumours

The aim of our study was an evaluation of the expression of cell proliferation markers (PCNA and Ki-67) in conjunctival and eyelid papillomas and squamous and basal cell cancers. A series of 9 cases of squamous cell cancer (SCC), 15 cases of basal cell cancer (BCC) and 43 cases of squamous cell papilloma (SCP) were assessed using the immunohistochemical method with monoclonal antibodies. PCNA overexpression was observed in 100% of SCP, in 88.8% of SCC and in 100% of BCC cases. Ki-67 overexpression was seen in 32.5% of cases of SCP, in 22.2% of SCC and in 66.6% of BCC. The results showed that an evaluation of Ki-67 expression is the most valuable cell proliferation marker.

AgNOR, Ki-67 and PCNA expression in fibroepithelial tumours of the breast in correlation with morphological features

The authors retrospectively reviewed the cytological slides of 44 histopathologically confirmed fibroepithelial lesions of the breast, of which 11 were fibroadenoma (FA), 19 benign phyllodes tumours (PTLGM), 8 borderline (PTBM) and 6 malignant (PTHGM). The 2 FA misdiagnosed as PTLGM in cytological smears were both of cellular type. NORS were quantified in a series of the above cases using the silver-colloid method. Expression of Ki-67 and PCNA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on sections from the corresponding paraffin blocks. The results were compared with morphological parameters. In phyllodes tumours (PT), the AgNOR scores showed a tendency to increase with degrees of malignancy. There was significant correlation between Ag- NOR counts and proliferation rates as determined by Ki-67 and PCNA immunostaining. Ki-67 and PCNA expression correlated with mitotic count, stromal overgrowth, cellularity and atypia in PT. Determination of the AgNOR number per cell revealed an overlap between FA and PTLGM. The proliferating activity determined by immunohistochemistry with Ki-67 and PCNA antibodies did not reveal any significant difference between FA and PTLGM. In summary, Ki-67 and PCNA expression is suggested as a marker of stromal element proliferation. The results obtained confirm the diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing PTLGM from FA of the cellular type using fine needle aspiration cytology.

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in human oral cancer

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the expression of IGF-IR in primary tumours and lymph node metastases of oral cancers and the correlation between expression of IGF-IR and some clinicopathological features. Fifty-seven (57) oral cancers were examined by immunohistochemical studies, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Our study included only oral cancers, classified histopathologically as squamous cell carcinoma (7 cases in G1 grade, 44 (G2) and 6 (G3); 23/pT1 stage, 18/pT2, 7/pT3 and 9/pT4). Positive immunostaining for IGF-IR was noted in 32, out of 57 (56.1%) of oral tumours. We found a tendency (p=0.081) toward an association between IGF-IR expression in the primary tumours and their stage (pT3 and pT4). A comparison between the primary tumours and matching lymph node metastases revealed that 13, out of 20, (65%) cases showed a convergence between primary tumours and matching lymph node metastases with regard to either negative or positive staining.

Bcl-xl and Bak protein expression in human optic nerve axons in eyeballs post-trauma and in the eyes with absolute glaucoma

The aim of our study was an evaluation of Bcl-xl and Bak protein expressions in optic nerve axons in eyeballs after severe injury and absolute glaucoma. We examined a series of 41 eyeballs, which were enucleated, following extensive injury and a series of 19 eyeballs from patients with absolute glaucoma. The immunohistochemical reaction was performed, using antibodies against human Bcl-xl and Bak protein with LSAB and DAB. In the injured eyeballs in Group I, Bcl-xl protein expression was observed in 53.8%, Bak in 38.5%, in Group II, Bcl-xl in 40%, Bak 55%; in Group III, Bcl-xl in 62.5%, Bak in 62.5%. Nine (9), out of 19 (47.4%) cases showed Bcl-xl protein positivity, Bak 15, out of 19 (78.9%). The percentage of cases with Bak protein positivity was statistically higher than that for Bcl-xl (Bak/Bcl-xl p=0.0356). The results showed that there may be a dominance expression of proapoptotic proteins in optic nerve axons in glaucoma.

Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in human optic nerve axons in the eyeballs after severe trauma and in the eyes with absolute glaucoma

The aim of our study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in optic nerve axons after severe eyeball injury and in the eyes with absolute glaucoma. A series of 19 eyeballs, enucleated because of absolute glaucoma and 41 eyeballs, enucleated, following extensive injury, at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Medical University of Bialystok, were taken into our study. The immunohistochemical reaction was performed with Bcl-2 and Bax protein antibodies and by the LSAB technique. DAB was used in order to visualise the reaction. The optic nerve axons in glaucomatous eyeballs showed statistically significant higher Bax protein expressions than those of Bcl-2 proteins. In the optic nerve axons after severe eyeball injury, a non-significantly higher Bcl-2 protein expression was observed.

The role of Bak expression in apoptosis of the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and metastases to lymph nodes (LNMs)

The immunohistochemical method was applied to show Bak expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its metastases to lymph nodes (LNMs). Bak expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods in specimens with oral squamous cell carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemical studies were performed, using goat polyclonal Bak antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) at 1:200 dilution. Our studies revealed over expression (64%) of Bak in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in primary tumours (PTs) and in (75%) LNMs. No statistically significant correlations were observed between Bak immunoreactivity and age, pT and G of the carcinoma in PTs and LNMs. We conclude that expression of Bak may be useful for better characterising and predicting the prognosis of OSCC but cooperative studies are needed to assess its applications in the clinical practice.

[The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bak and Bax proteins in axons of the optic nerve in closed-angle glaucoma]

PURPOSE

The aim of our study was the evaluation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bak and Bax immunoexpression in axons of the optic nerve with absolute glaucoma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was conducted on 19 patients with absolute glaucoma, suffered from severe ophthalmalgia, treated of necessity by enucleation in 1991-2003 in our Department of Ophthalmology. The samples were immuno-stained with antibodies for Bcl-2, Bak, Bax and Bcl-xl protein. The reactions were performed in Labelled Streptavidin Avidin Biotin (LSAB) technique. The evaluation of immuno-staining was calculated as the percentage of cells with positive reaction to the total number of cells encountered in 10 representative fields, by light microscopy using a x 20 objective lens. Scores were based on the following scale: (++), over 50% of the field showing positive immuno-staining, (+) 10-50% with positive immunostaining.

RESULTS

In our study proapoptotic Bak and Bax protein expression was stronger than antiapoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xl protein expression; Bak/Bcl-2 (p = 0.008), Bax/Bcl-2 (p = 0.0007), Bak/Bcl-xl (p = 0.0356), Bax/Bcl-xl (p = 0.0077).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study demonstrate high proapoptotic trends in axons of the optic nerve in the stage of absolute glaucoma.

Proliferating activity in the epithelial and stromal component of fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours of the breast

The aim of the study was an evaluation of PCNA and Ki-67 expression in the epithelial and stromal component of fibroepithelial tumours (FT) of the breast in correlation with morphological parameters. A series of 11 fibroadenomas (FA), including 8 cases of the cellular type (FAC), 19 benign phyllodes tumours (PTLGM), 8 bordeline (PTBM) and 6 malignant phyllodes tumours were assessed, using immunohistochemistry. The expressions of Ki-67 and PCNA in the epithelial component were significantly higher in PTLGM, when compared with FA and PTBM. A significant increase of Ki-67 and PCNA stromal expressions was associated with the progression from PTLGM to PTHGM. Our results show that Ki-67 and PCNA may be useful in the evaluation of stromal proliferation in phyllodes tumours (PT), which play an integral part in the progression from PTLGM through PTBM to PTHGM.

Influence of doxycycline on the epiphyseal plate cartilage of the rats in experimental osteoarthrosis, induced by iodoacetate

In 36 Wistar rats with the iodoacetate-induced experimental osteoarthrosis (OA), effects of doxycycline, given orally, were determined on histochemical reactions of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the epiphyseal plate cartilage. The epiphyseal plate of rats with OA was reduced in height (especially the proliferative zone), cell columns were disorganized, many chondrocytes were irregular and polygonal, their nuclei were pycnotic, the intensity of GAG staining was irregular and predominantly reduced, which can be interpreted as signs of degeneration. A concomitant administration of doxycycline in the second group of rats prevented, to some extent, the negative effects of iodoacetate on chondrocytes and led to a more pronounced intensity of GAG reactions in the matrix of the epiphyseal plate.

C-erb-B2 and Bcl-xl protein expression in Barrett's oesophagus in correlation with morphological parameters

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of c-erb-b2 and Bcl-xl expression in biopsy specimens of Barrett's oesophagus from 44 patients with morphological features. The examined group was subdivided into: negative for dysplasia, indefinite for dysplasia, positive for dysplasia-low grade, and adenocarcinoma with high grade dysplasia. Positive c-erb-B2 staining was found in 34.1% and Bcl-xl protein expression was observed in 96.9% of BE. The results showed increased c-erb-B2 and Bcl-xl protein expressions with progressive grades of dysplasia to adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, an evaluation of c-erb-B2 and Bcl-xl expression can be useful for the histopatologic diagnosis of BE and correct interpretation of dysplasia.

Expression of connexin 43 in breast cancer in comparison with mammary dysplasia and the normal mammary gland

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in tissue development and differentiation and probably in carcinogenesis. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the expression and localisation of Cx43 in 40 cases of mammary dysplasia and 29 cases of breast cancer (without primary chemotherapy). The tissue sections were investigated for Cx43 expression by immunohistochemistry. In the normal mammary gland there was an intercellular, punctate staining pattern, mainly between myoepithelial cells, characteristic of functional gap junctions. In dysplasias there was mainly mixed (cytoplasmic and intercellular) staining and in most cases of breast cancer we observed diffuse or granular, but cytoplasmic, staining of Cx43. Our results demonstrated that expression of Cx43 in dysplasias and breast cancer is changed and GJIC is probably impaired because of disruption of functional gap junction formation especially between breast cancer cells.