1
|
Zuo WF, Pang Q, Zhu X, Yang QQ, Zhao Q, He G, Han B, Huang W. Heat shock proteins as hallmarks of cancer: insights from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:81. [PMID: 39232809 PMCID: PMC11375894 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are essential molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in stabilizing protein structures, facilitating the repair or degradation of damaged proteins, and maintaining proteostasis and cellular functions. Extensive research has demonstrated that heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancers and closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The "Hallmarks of Cancer" are the core features of cancer biology that collectively define a series of functional characteristics acquired by cells as they transition from a normal state to a state of tumor growth, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabled replicative immortality, the induction of angiogenesis, and the activation of invasion and metastasis. The pivotal roles of heat shock proteins in modulating the hallmarks of cancer through the activation or inhibition of various signaling pathways has been well documented. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the roles of heat shock proteins in vital biological processes from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer and summarizes the small-molecule inhibitors that target heat shock proteins to regulate various cancer hallmarks. Moreover, we further discuss combination therapy strategies involving heat shock proteins and promising dual-target inhibitors to highlight the potential of targeting heat shock proteins for cancer treatment. In summary, this review highlights how targeting heat shock proteins could regulate the hallmarks of cancer, which will provide valuable information to better elucidate and understand the roles of heat shock proteins in oncology and the mechanisms of cancer occurrence and development and aid in the development of more efficacious and less toxic novel anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Riaud M, Maxwell J, Soria-Bretones I, Dankner M, Li M, Rose AAN. The role of CRAF in cancer progression: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:105-122. [PMID: 38195917 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF, drives tumour progression and drug resistance in many types of cancer. Although BRAF is the most studied RAF protein, partially owing to its high mutation incidence in melanoma, the role of CRAF in tumourigenesis and drug resistance is becoming increasingly clinically relevant. Here, we summarize the main known regulatory mechanisms and gene alterations that contribute to CRAF activity, highlighting the different oncogenic roles of CRAF, and categorize RAF1 (CRAF) mutations according to the effect on kinase activity. Additionally, we emphasize the effect that CRAF alterations may have on drug resistance and how precision therapies could effectively target CRAF-dependent tumours. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that may lead to improved treatments for all types of oncogenic RAF1 alterations in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Riaud
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Maxwell
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabel Soria-Bretones
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Dankner
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meredith Li
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - April A N Rose
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang P, Laster K, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:208. [PMID: 38111008 PMCID: PMC10726672 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. Among the members of the RAF kinase family, CRAF plays an important role in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, as well as in the progression of cancer. Recent research has provided evidence implicating the role of CRAF in the physiological regulation and the resistance to BRAF inhibitors through MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of solely targeting CRAF kinase activity remains controversial. Moreover, the kinase-independent function of CRAF may be essential for lung cancers with KRAS mutations. It is imperative to develop strategies to enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity in tumors driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. The review investigates CRAF alterations observed in cancers and unravels the distinct roles of CRAF in cancers propelled by diverse oncogenes. This review also seeks to summarize CRAF-interacting proteins and delineate CRAF's regulation across various cancer hallmarks. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in pan-RAF inhibitors and their combination with other therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects in patients with RAF/RAS-mutant tumors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of CRAF in cancers and highlighting the latest developments in RAF inhibitor therapies, we endeavor to identify synergistic targets and elucidate resistance pathways, setting the stage for more robust and safer combination strategies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Basic Medicine Sciences Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samakovli D, Roka L, Plitsi PK, Drakakaki G, Haralampidis K, Stravopodis DJ, Hatzopoulos P, Milioni D. BRI1 and BAK1 Canonical Distribution in Plasma Membrane Is HSP90 Dependent. Cells 2022; 11:3341. [PMID: 36359737 PMCID: PMC9656807 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) and its association with the BRI1 ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) are key steps for the initiation of the BR signaling cascade mediating hypocotyl elongation. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is crucial in the regulation of signaling processes and the activation of hormonal receptors. We report that HSP90 is required for the maintenance of the BRI1 receptor at the plasma membrane (PM) and its association with the BAK1 co-receptor during BL-ligand stimulation. HSP90 mediates BR perception and signal transduction through physical interactions with BRI1 and BAK1, while chaperone depletion resulted in lower levels of BRI1 and BAK1 receptors at the PM and affected the spatial partitioning and organization of BRI1/BAK1 heterocomplexes at the PM. The BRI1/BAK1 interaction relies on the HSP90-dependent activation of the kinase domain of BRI1 which leads to the confinement of the spatial dynamics of the membrane resident BRI1 and the attenuation of the downstream signaling. This is evident by the impaired activation and transcriptional activity of BRI1 EMS SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) upon HSP90 depletion. Our findings provide conclusive evidence that further expands the commitment of HSP90 in BR signaling through the HSP90-mediated activation of BRI1 in the control of the BR signaling cascade in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Loukia Roka
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Milioni
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Alonso S, Mesa P, Ovejero LDLP, Aizpurua G, Lechuga CG, Zarzuela E, Santiveri CM, Sanclemente M, Muñoz J, Musteanu M, Campos-Olivas R, Martínez-Torrecuadrada J, Barbacid M, Montoya G. Structure of the RAF1-HSP90-CDC37 complex reveals the basis of RAF1 regulation. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3438-3452.e8. [PMID: 36055235 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
RAF kinases are RAS-activated enzymes that initiate signaling through the MAPK cascade to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Here, we describe the structure of the full-length RAF1 protein in complex with HSP90 and CDC37 obtained by cryoelectron microscopy. The reconstruction reveals a RAF1 kinase with an unfolded N-lobe separated from its C-lobe. The hydrophobic core of the N-lobe is trapped in the HSP90 dimer, while CDC37 wraps around the chaperone and interacts with the N- and C-lobes of the kinase. The structure indicates how CDC37 can discriminate between the different members of the RAF family. Our structural analysis also reveals that the folded RAF1 assembles with 14-3-3 dimers, suggesting that after folding RAF1 follows a similar activation as B-RAF. Finally, disruption of the interaction between CDC37 and the DFG segment of RAF1 unveils potential vulnerabilities in attempting the pharmacological degradation of RAF1 for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Alonso
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mesa
- Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Laura de la Puente Ovejero
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Aizpurua
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carmen G Lechuga
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Eduardo Zarzuela
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Clara M Santiveri
- Spectroscopy and NMR Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanclemente
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mónica Musteanu
- Department Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Spectroscopy and NMR Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez-Torrecuadrada
- Crystallography and Protein Engineering Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Structural Molecular Biology Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Caratti B, Fidan M, Caratti G, Breitenecker K, Engler M, Kazemitash N, Traut R, Wittig R, Casanova E, Ahmadian MR, Tuckermann JP, Moll HP, Cirstea IC. The glucocorticoid receptor associates with RAS complexes to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabm4452. [PMID: 35316097 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abm4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that activate members of the RAS family of GTPases are associated with various cancers and drive tumor growth. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family, has been proposed to interact with and inhibit the activation of components of the PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways downstream of RAS. In the absence of activating ligands, we found that GR was present in cytoplasmic KRAS-containing complexes and inhibited the activation of wild-type and oncogenic KRAS in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human lung cancer A549 cells. The DNA binding domain of GR was involved in the interaction with KRAS, but GR-dependent inhibition of RAS activation did not depend on the nuclear translocation of GR. The addition of ligand released GR-dependent inhibition of RAS, AKT, the MAPK p38, and the MAPKK MEK. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of GR in A549 cells enhanced tumor growth in xenografts in mice. Patient samples of non-small cell lung carcinomas showed lower expression of NR3C1, the gene encoding GR, compared to adjacent normal tissues and lower NR3C1 expression correlated with a worse disease outcome. These results suggest that glucocorticoids prevent the ability of GR to limit tumor growth by inhibiting RAS activation, which has potential implications for the use of glucocorticoids in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozhena Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristina Breitenecker
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Melanie Engler
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Naser Kazemitash
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Traut
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rainer Wittig
- Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology (ILM), University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Herwig P Moll
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ion Cristian Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of KRAS G12C Inhibitors in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Models by Cotargeting the MAPK Pathway or HSP90. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:2721466. [PMID: 34858498 PMCID: PMC8632397 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2721466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background KRASG12C inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in early clinical trials, but drug resistance compromises their long-term benefits. Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of drug resistance and to design appropriate combinatory treatments to improve efficacy. Methods To understand the comprehensive mechanisms of drug resistance, we treated lung cancer cells with KRASG12C inhibitors for different periods and performed transcriptional profiling and signaling analysis to identify critical factors and pathways that drive drug tolerance and resistance. We also evaluated several drug combinations in vitro and in vivo to identify potentially effective therapeutics. Results We found that the feedback activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) may have cooperatively induced intrinsic and adaptive resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors. Notably, continuous KRAS inhibition induced a multidrug-resistant phenotype, implying that upfront combinatory treatment might be required to treat this group of patients. We also demonstrated that concurrently targeting multiple nodes in the RTK/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK axis improved the efficacy of KRASG12C inhibitors, mainly by suppressing the reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, the combined use of HSP90 and KRASG12C inhibitors effectively induced tumor regression in lung adenocarcinoma models in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Together, our findings revealed mechanisms underlying KRASG12C inhibitors resistance and provided novel candidate combinatory strategies to improve their anticancer activity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
EndoBind detects endogenous protein-protein interactions in real time. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1085. [PMID: 34526658 PMCID: PMC8443649 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present two high-throughput compatible methods to detect the interaction of ectopically expressed (RT-Bind) or endogenously tagged (EndoBind) proteins of interest. Both approaches provide temporal evaluation of dimer formation over an extended duration. Using examples of the Nrf2-KEAP1 and the CRAF-KRAS-G12V interaction, we demonstrate that our method allows for the detection of signal for more than 2 days after substrate addition, allowing for continuous monitoring of endogenous protein-protein interactions in real time. Bill et al describe two high-throughput methods to detect protein-protein interactions in cells in real-time using the split-NanoLuciferase-complementation system. They demonstrate the methods can detect exogenously (RT-bind) or endogenously (EndoBind) expressed proteins, respectively.
Collapse
|
10
|
The Neurotrophic Effects and Mechanism of Action for FK1706 in Neurorrhaphy Rat Models and SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2897-2908. [PMID: 34228232 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
FK1706 is a novel non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand with neurotrophic activity and exerts its neurotrophic effect through NGF. The present study aimed to elaborate on the neurotrophic activity and the mechanism of action of FK1706 in end-to-side neurorrhaphy rats and SH-SY5Y cells. In the regenerating nerves of neurorrhaphy rats, FK1706 increased the thickness of myelin sheath and the level of nerve regeneration-related proteins. The mechanism of action of FK1706 on neurite regrowth was elucidated in vitro by incubating SH-SY5Y cells in different conditions (Control, NGF, FK1706, NGF + FK1706, NGF + FK1706 + geldanamycin). Under the conditions where NGF was used, the phosphorylation level of major proteins (Raf-1 and ERK) in the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway related to SH-SY5Y cell proliferation was significantly enhanced following the application of FK1706. The number of viable cells, cell viability and neurite length of SH-SY5Y cells was maximal when NGF and FK1706 were used simultaneously. The binding level of HSP90 and Raf-1 in FK1706 group was the highest. These results indicated that FK1706 could significantly promote nerve regeneration after neurorrhaphy. The putative mechanism of action stated that FK1706 could promote the binding of HSP90 and Raf-1, make Raf-1 continue to be activated, thereby affecting key proteins in the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway related to the neurotrophic effects of NGF to promote the proliferation and neurite regrowth of nerve cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
The conformation-specific Hsp90 inhibition interferes with the oncogenic RAF kinase adaptation and triggers premature cellular senescence, hence, acts as a tumor suppressor mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118943. [PMID: 33359710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer emergence is associated with cellular adaptations to altered signal transduction mechanisms arbitrated by mutated kinases. Since conventional kinase inhibitors can exhibit certain limitations to such kinase adaptations, overcoming kinase adaptation for cancer treatment gains importance. The cancer chaperone, Hsp90, is implicated in the conformational maturation and functional stabilization of mutated gene products. However, its role in kinase adaptations is not explored in detail. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the mechanisms of Hsp90-dependent kinase adaptation and develop a novel antitumor strategy. We chose malignant human lung cancer cells to demonstrate Hsp90-dependent RAF oncogene adaptation. We show that RAF oncogene adaptations were predominant over wild type RAF and are facilitated by conformation-specific Hsp90. Consequently, the conformation-specific Hsp90 inhibitor, 17AAG, interfered with oncogenic RAF stability and function and inhibited cell proliferation. The enforced cytostasis further triggered premature cellular senescence and acted as an efficient and irreversible tumor suppressor mechanism. Our results also display that oncogenic RAF interactions with Hsp90 require the middle-charged region of the chaperone. Our mice xenografts revealed that 17AAG pretreated tumor cells lost their ability to proliferate and metastasize in vivo. In summary, we demonstrated Hsp90-dependent kinase adaptation in tumor cells and the effect of Hsp90 inhibition in triggering premature senescence to interfere with the tumor progression. Our findings are of both biological relevance and clinical importance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanchez-Martin C, Serapian SA, Colombo G, Rasola A. Dynamically Shaping Chaperones. Allosteric Modulators of HSP90 Family as Regulatory Tools of Cell Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1177. [PMID: 32766157 PMCID: PMC7378685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have recently emerged as fundamental regulators of salient biological routines, including metabolic adaptations to environmental changes. Yet, many of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions are still unknown or at least uncertain. This is in part due to the lack of chemical tools that can interact with the chaperones to induce measurable functional perturbations. In this context, the use of small molecules as modulators of protein functions has proven relevant for the investigation of a number of biomolecular systems. Herein, we focus on the functions, interactions and signaling pathways of the HSP90 family of molecular chaperones as possible targets for the discovery of new molecular entities aimed at tuning their activity and interactions. HSP90 and its mitochondrial paralog, TRAP1, regulate the activity of crucial metabolic circuitries, making cells capable of efficiently using available energy sources, with relevant implications both in healthy conditions and in a variety of disease states and especially cancer. The design of small-molecules targeting the chaperone cycle of HSP90 and able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of the protein can provide opportunities to finely dissect their biochemical activities and to obtain lead compounds to develop novel, mechanism-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ras assemblies and signaling at the membrane. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 62:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Streicher JM. The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating pain, opioid signaling, and opioid antinociception. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 111:91-103. [PMID: 31421708 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the central signal transduction regulators of the cell. Via client interactions with hundreds of proteins, including receptors, receptor regulatory kinases, and downstream signaling regulators, Hsp90 has a crucial and wide-ranging impact on signaling in response to numerous drugs with impacts on resultant physiology and behavior. Despite this importance, however, Hsp90 has barely been studied in the context of pain and the opioid receptor system, leaving open the possibility that Hsp90 could be manipulated to improve pain therapeutic outcomes, a current area of massive medical need. In this review, we will highlight the known roles of Hsp90 in directly regulating the initiation and maintenance of the pain state. We will also explore how Hsp90 regulates signaling and antinociceptive responses to opioid analgesic drugs, with a special emphasis on ERK MAPK signaling. Understanding this new and growing area will improve our understanding of how Hsp90 regulates signaling and physiology, and also may provide new ways to treat pain, and perhaps reduce the severe impact of the ongoing opioid addiction and overdose crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rollins JA, Shaffer D, Snow SS, Kapahi P, Rogers AN. Dietary restriction induces posttranscriptional regulation of longevity genes. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201800281. [PMID: 31253655 PMCID: PMC6600014 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) increases life span through adaptive changes in gene expression. To understand more about these changes, we analyzed the transcriptome and translatome of Caenorhabditis elegans subjected to DR. Transcription of muscle regulatory and structural genes increased, whereas increased expression of amino acid metabolism and neuropeptide signaling genes was controlled at the level of translation. Evaluation of posttranscriptional regulation identified putative roles for RNA-binding proteins, RNA editing, miRNA, alternative splicing, and nonsense-mediated decay in response to nutrient limitation. Using RNA interference, we discovered several differentially expressed genes that regulate life span. We also found a compensatory role for translational regulation, which offsets dampened expression of a large subset of transcriptionally down-regulated genes. Furthermore, 3' UTR editing and intron retention increase under DR and correlate with diminished translation, whereas trans-spliced genes are refractory to reduced translation efficiency compared with messages with the native 5' UTR. Finally, we find that smg-6 and smg-7, which are genes governing selection and turnover of nonsense-mediated decay targets, are required for increased life span under DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarod A Rollins
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
| | - Dan Shaffer
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
| | - Santina S Snow
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Aric N Rogers
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Streicher JM. The Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Regulating Receptor Signal Transduction. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:468-474. [PMID: 30670482 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are a class of stress-inducible proteins that mainly act as molecular protein chaperones. This chaperone activity is diverse, including assisting in nascent protein folding and regulating client protein location and translocation within the cell. The main proteins within the Hsp family, particularly Hsp70 and Hsp90, also have a highly diverse and numerous set of protein clients, which when combined with the high expression levels of Hsp proteins (2%-6% of total protein content) establishes these molecules as "central regulators" of cell protein physiology. Among the client proteins, Hsps regulate numerous signal-transduction and receptor-regulatory kinases, and indeed directly regulate some receptors themselves. This also makes the Hsps, particularly Hsp90, central regulators of signal-transduction machinery, with important impacts on endogenous and drug ligand responses. Among these roles, Hsp90 in particular acts to maintain mature signaling kinases in a metastable conformation permissive for signaling activation. In this review, we will focus on the roles of the Hsps, with a special focus on Hsp90, in regulating receptor signaling and subsequent physiologic responses. We will also explore potential means to manipulate Hsp function to improve receptor-targeted therapies. Overall, Hsps are important regulators of receptor signaling that are receiving increasing interest and exploration, particularly as Hsp90 inhibitors progress toward clinical approval for the treatment of cancer. Understanding the complex interplay of Hsp regulation of receptor signaling may provide important avenues to improve patient treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schneider T, Martinez-Martinez A, Cubillos-Rojas M, Bartrons R, Ventura F, Rosa JL. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1 controls the ERK signaling pathway targeting C-RAF for degradation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31531-31548. [PMID: 30140388 PMCID: PMC6101136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF/MEK/ERK cascade is a conserved intracellular signaling pathway that controls fundamental cellular processes including growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Aberrant regulation of this signaling pathway has long been associated with human cancers. A major point of regulation of this pathway occurs at the level of the serine/threonine protein kinase C-RAF. Here, we show how the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1 regulates ERK signaling. HERC1 knockdown induced cellular proliferation, which is associated with an increase in ERK phosphorylation and in C-RAF protein levels. We demonstrate that overexpression of wild-type C-RAF is sufficient to increase ERK phosphorylation. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors of RAF activity, or with interference RNA, show that the regulation of ERK phosphorylation by HERC1 is RAF-dependent. Immunoprecipitation, pull-down and confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrate an interaction between HERC1 and C-RAF proteins. Mechanistically, HERC1 controls C-RAF stability by regulating its polyubiquitylation in a lysine 48-linked chain. In vitro ubiquitylation assays indicate that C-RAF is a substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1. Altogether, we show how HERC1 can regulate cell proliferation through the activation of ERK signaling by a mechanism that affects C-RAF’s stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Schneider
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Martinez-Martinez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Cubillos-Rojas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartrons
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperone machinery is a key regulator of proteostasis under both physiological and stress conditions in eukaryotic cells. As HSP90 has several hundred protein substrates (or 'clients'), it is involved in many cellular processes beyond protein folding, which include DNA repair, development, the immune response and neurodegenerative disease. A large number of co-chaperones interact with HSP90 and regulate the ATPase-associated conformational changes of the HSP90 dimer that occur during the processing of clients. Recent progress has allowed the interactions of clients with HSP90 and its co-chaperones to be defined. Owing to the importance of HSP90 in the regulation of many cellular proteins, it has become a promising drug target for the treatment of several diseases, which include cancer and diseases associated with protein misfolding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Schopf
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Biebl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|