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Dolan JP, Cosgrove SC, Miller GJ. Biocatalytic Approaches to Building Blocks for Enzymatic and Chemical Glycan Synthesis. JACS AU 2023; 3:47-61. [PMID: 36711082 PMCID: PMC9875253 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While the field of biocatalysis has bloomed over the past 20-30 years, advances in the understanding and improvement of carbohydrate-active enzymes, in particular, the sugar nucleotides involved in glycan building block biosynthesis, have progressed relatively more slowly. This perspective highlights the need for further insight into substrate promiscuity and the use of biocatalysis fundamentals (rational design, directed evolution, immobilization) to expand substrate scopes toward such carbohydrate building block syntheses and/or to improve enzyme stability, kinetics, or turnover. Further, it explores the growing premise of using biocatalysis to provide simple, cost-effective access to stereochemically defined carbohydrate materials, which can undergo late-stage chemical functionalization or automated glycan synthesis/polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Dolan
- School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences & Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian C. Cosgrove
- School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences & Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- School of Chemical and Physical
Sciences & Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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2
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Ito M, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Iwaki J, Kurita T, Okino N. Assays and Utilization of Enzymes Involved in Glycolipid Metabolism in Bacteria and Fungi. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2613:229-256. [PMID: 36587083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial glycosphingolipid (GSL)-degrading enzymes with unique specificity are useful tools for GSL research. On the other hand, some microbial glycolipids, not only GSLs but also steryl glucosides, are closely related to pathogenicity, and, thus, the metabolism of microbial glycolipids is attracting attention as a target for antibiotics. This chapter describes the assays and utilization of microbial enzymes useful for glycolipid research and those involved in pathogenicity or host immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Iwaki
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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3
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Ishibashi Y. Functions and applications of glycolipid-hydrolyzing microbial glycosidases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:974-984. [PMID: 35675217 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids are important components of cell membranes in several organisms. The major glycolipids in mammals are glycosphingolipids (GSLs), which are composed of ceramides. In mammals, GSLs are degraded stepwise from the non-reducing end of the oligosaccharides via exo-type glycosidases. However, endoglycoceramidase (EGCase), an endo-type glycosidase found in actinomycetes, is a unique enzyme that directly acts on the glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides to generate intact oligosaccharides and ceramides. Three molecular species of EGCase, namely EGCase I, EGCase II, and endogalactosylceramidase, have been identified based on their substrate specificity. EGCrP1 and EGCrP2, which are homologs of EGCase in pathogenic fungi, were identified as the first fungal glucosylceramide- and sterylglucoside-hydrolyzing glycosidases, respectively. These enzymes are promising targets for antifungal drugs against pathogenic fungi. This review describes the functions and properties of these microbial glycolipid-degrading enzymes, the molecular basis of their differential substrate specificity, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction drives the preferential insertion of dirhamnolipid into glycosphingolipid enriched membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:739-748. [PMID: 35247812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are among the most important biosurfactants produced by microorganisms, and have been widely investigated because of their multiple biological activities. Their action appears to depend on their structural interference with lipid membranes, therefore several studies have been performed to investigate this aspect. We studied by X-ray scattering, neutron reflectometry and molecular dynamic simulations the insertion of dirhamnolipid (diRL), the most abundant RL, in model cellular membranes made of phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. In our model systems the affinity of diRL to the membrane is highly promoted by the presence of the glycosphingolipids and molecular dynamics simulations unveil that this evidence is related to sugar-sugar attractive interactions at the membrane surface. Our results improve the understanding of the plethora of activities associated with RLs, also opening new perspectives in their selective use for pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. Additionally, they shed light on the still debated role of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions as driving force for molecular contacts at membrane surface.
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5
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Sialyl Glycans in HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:243-271. [PMID: 36175638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing seasonal HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 (common cold), an ongoing zoonotic infection of highly lethal MERS-CoV in humans (MERS disease), and an ongoing pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with high mutability giving some variants causing severe illness and death have been reported to attach to sialyl receptors via their spike (S) glycoproteins and via additional short spikes, hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoproteins, for HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. There is lack of zoonotic viruses that are origins of HCoV-HKU1 and the first recorded pandemic CoV (SARS-CoV-2) for studies. In this chapter, we review current knowledge of the roles of sialyl glycans in infections with these viruses in distinct infection stages. Determination of the similarities and differences in roles of sialyl glycans in infections with these viruses could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and transmission that is essential for combating infections with CoVs that recognize sialyl glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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6
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Structure and inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans sterylglucosidase to develop antifungal agents. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5885. [PMID: 34620873 PMCID: PMC8497620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi exhibit a heavy burden on medical care and new therapies are needed. Here, we develop the fungal specific enzyme sterylglucosidase 1 (Sgl1) as a therapeutic target. Sgl1 converts the immunomodulatory glycolipid ergosterol 3β-D-glucoside to ergosterol and glucose. Previously, we found that genetic deletion of Sgl1 in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) results in ergosterol 3β-D-glucoside accumulation, renders Cn non-pathogenic, and immunizes mice against secondary infections by wild-type Cn, even in condition of CD4+ T cell deficiency. Here, we disclose two distinct chemical classes that inhibit Sgl1 function in vitro and in Cn cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Sgl1 phenocopies a growth defect of the Cn Δsgl1 mutant and prevents dissemination of wild-type Cn to the brain in a mouse model of infection. Crystal structures of Sgl1 alone and with inhibitors explain Sgl1’s substrate specificity and enable the rational design of antifungal agents targeting Sgl1. Sterylglucosidase 1 (Sgl1) is a virulence factor in Cryptococcus neoformans that modulates fungal pathogenesis and host response. Here, the authors characterize Sgl1 structurally, identify Sgl1 inhibitors, and demonstrate Sgl1 inhibition has efficacy in mouse models of infection.
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7
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Chen S, Qin R, Mahal LK. Sweet systems: technologies for glycomic analysis and their integration into systems biology. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:301-320. [PMID: 33820453 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1908953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Found in virtually every organism, glycans are essential molecules that play important roles in almost every aspect of biology. The composition of glycome, the repertoire of glycans in an organism or a biological sample, is often found altered in many diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, metabolic and developmental disorders. Understanding how glycosylation and glycomic changes enriches our knowledge of the mechanisms of disease progression and sheds light on the development of novel therapeutics. However, the inherent diversity of glycan structures imposes challenges on the experimental characterization of glycomes. Advances in high-throughput glycomic technologies enable glycomic analysis in a rapid and comprehensive manner. In this review, we discuss the analytical methods currently used in high-throughput glycomics, including mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography and lectin microarray. Concomitant with the technical advances is the integration of glycomics into systems biology in the recent years. Herein we elaborate on some representative works from this recent trend to underline the important role of glycomics in such integrated approaches to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Kamata K, Mizutani K, Takahashi K, Marchetti R, Silipo A, Addy C, Park SY, Fujii Y, Fujita H, Konuma T, Ikegami T, Ozeki Y, Tame JRH. The structure of SeviL, a GM1b/asialo-GM1 binding R-type lectin from the mussel Mytilisepta virgata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22102. [PMID: 33328520 PMCID: PMC7744527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SeviL is a recently isolated lectin found to bind to the linear saccharides of the ganglioside GM1b (Neu5Ac\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β(1-3)GalNAc\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β(1-4)Gal\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β(1-4)Glc) and its precursor, asialo-GM1 (Gal\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β(1-3)GalNAc\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β(1-4)Glc). The crystal structures of recombinant SeviL have been determined in the presence and absence of ligand. The protein belongs to the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β-trefoil family, but shows only weak sequence similarity to known structures. SeviL forms a dimer in solution, with one binding site per subunit, close to the subunit interface. Molecular details of glycan recognition by SeviL in solution were analysed by ligand- and protein-based NMR techniques as well as ligand binding assays. SeviL shows no interaction with GM1 due to steric hindrance with the sialic acid branch that is absent from GM1b. This unusual specificity makes SeviL of great interest for the detection and control of certain cancer cells, and cells of the immune system, that display asialo-GM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kamata
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizutani
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Christine Addy
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Konuma
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikegami
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of NanoBio Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2, Seto, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Jeremy R H Tame
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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9
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhao X, Gao J, Zhou Y. Degradative GH5 β-1,3-1,4-glucanase PpBglu5A for glucan in Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Vidya C, Gnanesh Kumar B, Chinmayee C, Singh SA. Purification, characterization and specificity of a new GH family 35 galactosidase from Aspergillus awamori. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:885-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Chen L, Chang Q, Yan Q, Yang G, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Structure of an endogalactosylceramidase from Rhodococcus hoagii 103S reveals the molecular basis of its substrate specificity. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:107393. [PMID: 31557527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoglycoceramidases (EGCs) are family 5 glycoside hydrolases that catalyze hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between the oligosaccharide and ceramide moieties of glycosphingolipids. Three orthologs of EGCs, each with distinct substrate specificity, have been identified to date, including EGC-I, EGC-II, and EGALC. Although the structures of EGC-I and EGC-II have been reported, the substrate preference mechanism of EGC enzymes remains unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structure of EGALC from Rhodococcus hoagii 103S at a resolution of 1.20 Å. Distinct from EGC-I and EGC-II, which both have a tunnel-like substrate binding site, the structure of EGALC accommodates substrates in a long groove. Further, the oligosaccharide-binding region of groove could be divided into two small pockets that separately bind to the Gal1 and to the Gal3/Gla3 present in 6-gala series substrates. Structural and sequence comparisons of EGC enzymes revealed that the conformation and length of their Nβ8-Lα1 regions are crucial in determining the architectures of their specific substrate binding sites. Importantly, molecular docking analyses indicate that the substrate specificity of each EGC is mainly derived from the complementarity of its active site groove/tunnel with substrates adopting particular conformations. Our study provide insights for understanding the catalytic mechanism of EGALC, which will help protein engineering for improving the substrate preference and catalytic efficiency of EGC enzymes toward important glycosphingolipid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Quande Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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12
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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13
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Shen YH, Tsai ST, Liew CY, Ni CK. Mass spectrometry-based identification of carbohydrate anomeric configuration to determine the mechanism of glycoside hydrolases. Carbohydr Res 2019; 476:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Ben Bdira F, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Ubbink M, Aerts JMFG. Distinguishing the differences in β-glycosylceramidase folds, dynamics, and actions informs therapeutic uses. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2262-2276. [PMID: 30279220 PMCID: PMC6277158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r086629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes that hydrolyze a specific β-glycosidic bond in glycoconjugate substrates; β-glucosidases degrade glucosylceramide, a ubiquitous glycosphingolipid. GHs are grouped into structurally similar families that themselves can be grouped into clans. GH1, GH5, and GH30 glycosidases belong to clan A hydrolases with a catalytic (β/α)8 TIM barrel domain, whereas GH116 belongs to clan O with a catalytic (α/α)6 domain. In humans, GH abnormalities underlie metabolic diseases. The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (family GH30), deficient in Gaucher disease and implicated in Parkinson disease etiology, and the cytosol-facing membrane-bound glucosylceramidase (family GH116) remove the terminal glucose from the ceramide lipid moiety. Here, we compare enzyme differences in fold, action, dynamics, and catalytic domain stabilization by binding site occupancy. We also explore other glycosidases with reported glycosylceramidase activity, including human cytosolic β-glucosidase, intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, and lysosomal galactosylceramidase. Last, we describe the successful translation of research to practice: recombinant glycosidases and glucosylceramide metabolism modulators are approved drug products (enzyme replacement therapies). Activity-based probes now facilitate the diagnosis of enzyme deficiency and screening for compounds that interact with the catalytic pocket of glycosidases. Future research may deepen the understanding of the functional variety of these enzymes and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredj Ben Bdira
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Carbohydrate active enzyme domains from extreme thermophiles: components of a modular toolbox for lignocellulose degradation. Extremophiles 2017; 22:1-12. [PMID: 29110088 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for the manufacture of biodegradable and renewable bioproducts. However, the complex lignocellulosic polymeric structure of woody tissue is difficult to access without extensive industrial pre-treatment. Enzyme processing of partly depolymerised biomass is an established technology, and there is evidence that high temperature (extremely thermophilic) lignocellulose degrading enzymes [carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes)] may enhance processing efficiency. However, wild-type thermophilic CAZymes will not necessarily be functionally optimal under industrial pre-treatment conditions. With recent advances in synthetic biology, it is now potentially possible to build CAZyme constructs from individual protein domains, tailored to the conditions of specific industrial processes. In this review, we identify a 'toolbox' of thermostable CAZyme domains from extremely thermophilic organisms and highlight recent advances in CAZyme engineering which will allow for the rational design of CAZymes tailored to specific aspects of lignocellulose digestion.
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