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Ekim Kocabey A, Schneiter R. Human lipocalins bind and export fatty acids through the secretory pathway of yeast cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1309024. [PMID: 38328584 PMCID: PMC10849133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of fatty acids to their acyl-CoA derivatives is a crucial step for their integration into more complex lipids or their degradation via beta-oxidation. Yeast cells employ five distinct acyl-CoA synthases to facilitate this ATP-dependent activation of acyl chains. Notably, mutant cells that are deficient in two of these fatty acid-activating (FAA) enzymes, namely, Faa1 and Faa4, do not take up free fatty acids but rather export them out of the cell. This unique fatty acid export pathway depends on small, secreted pathogenesis-related yeast proteins (Pry). In this study, we investigate whether the expression of human fatty acid-binding proteins, including Albumin, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and three distinct lipocalins (ApoD, Lcn1, and Obp2a), could promote fatty acid secretion in yeast. To optimize the expression and secretion of these proteins, we systematically examined various signal sequences in both low-copy and high-copy number plasmids. Our findings reveal that directing these fatty-acid binding proteins into the secretory pathway effectively promotes fatty acid secretion from a sensitized quadruple mutant model strain (faa1∆ faa4∆ pry1∆ pry3∆). Furthermore, the level of fatty acid secretion exhibited a positive correlation with the efficiency of protein secretion. Importantly, the expression of all human lipid-binding proteins rescued Pry-dependent fatty acid secretion, resulting in the secretion of both long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These results not only affirm the in vitro binding capabilities of lipocalins to fatty acids but also present a novel avenue for enhancing the secretion of valuable lipidic compounds. Given the growing interest in utilizing yeast as a cellular factory for producing poorly soluble compounds and the potential of lipocalins as platforms for engineering substrate-binding specificity, our model is considered as a powerful tool for promoting the secretion of high-value lipid-based molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Ke X, Pan ZH, Du HF, Shen Y, Shen JD, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Secretory production of 7-dehydrocholesterol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300056. [PMID: 37688450 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) can be directly converted to vitamin D3 by UV irradiation and de novo synthesis of 7-DHC in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been recognized as an attractive substitution to traditional chemical synthesis. Introduction of sterol extracellular transport pathway for the secretory production of 7-DHC is a promising approach to achieve higher titer and simplify the downstream purification processing. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of genes involved in ergosterol pathway were combined reinforced and reengineered in S. cerevisiae. A biphasic fermentation system was introduced and 7-DHC was found to be enriched in oil-phase with an increased titer by 1.5-folds. Quantitative PCR revealed that say1, atf2, pdr5, pry1-3 involved in sterol storage and transport were all significantly induced in sterol overproduced strain. To enhance the secretion capacity, lipid transporters of pathogen-related yeast proteins (Pry), Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2), ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-family, and their homologues were screened. Both individual and synergetic overexpression of Plant pathogenesis Related protein-1 (Pr-1) and Sterol transport1 (St1) largely increased the de novo biosynthesis and secretory productivity of 7-DHC, and the final titer reached 28.2 mg g-1 with a secretion ratio of 41.4%, which was 26.5-folds higher than the original strain. In addition, the cooperation between Pr-1 and St1 in sterol transport was further confirmed by confocal microscopy, molecular docking, and directed site-mutation. CONCLUSION Selective secretion of different sterol intermediates was characterized in sterol over-produced strain and the extracellular export of 7-DHC developed in present study significantly improved the cell biosynthetic capacity, which offered a novel modification idea for 7-DHC de novo biosynthesis by S. cerevisiae cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hao Pan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Du
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Dong Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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3
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Lin YH, Xu MY, Hsu CC, Damei FA, Lee HC, Tsai WL, Hoang CV, Chiang YR, Ma LS. Ustilago maydis PR-1-like protein has evolved two distinct domains for dual virulence activities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5755. [PMID: 37716995 PMCID: PMC10505147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversification of effector function, driven by a co-evolutionary arms race, enables pathogens to establish compatible interactions with hosts. Structurally conserved plant pathogenesis-related PR-1 and PR-1-like (PR-1L) proteins are involved in plant defense and fungal virulence, respectively. It is unclear how fungal PR-1L counters plant defense. Here, we show that Ustilago maydis UmPR-1La and yeast ScPRY1, with conserved phenolic resistance functions, are Ser/Thr-rich region mediated cell-surface localization proteins. However, UmPR-1La has gained specialized activity in sensing phenolics and eliciting hyphal-like formation to guide fungal growth in plants. Additionally, U. maydis hijacks maize cathepsin B-like 3 (CatB3) to release functional CAPE-like peptides by cleaving UmPR-1La's conserved CNYD motif, subverting plant CAPE-primed immunity and promoting fungal virulence. Surprisingly, CatB3 avoids cleavage of plant PR-1s, despite the presence of the same conserved CNYD motif. Our work highlights that UmPR-1La has acquired additional dual roles to suppress plant defense and sustain the infection process of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Xu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | | | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ru Chiang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
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4
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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5
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Han Z, Xiong D, Schneiter R, Tian C. The function of plant PR1 and other members of the CAP protein superfamily in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:651-668. [PMID: 36932700 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct classes (PR1-PR17). The mode of action of most of these PR proteins has been well characterized, except for PR1, which belongs to a widespread superfamily of proteins that share a common CAP domain. Proteins of this family are not only expressed in plants but also in humans and in many different pathogens, including phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. These proteins are associated with a diverse range of physiological functions. However, their precise mode of action has remained elusive. The importance of these proteins in immune defence is illustrated by the fact that PR1 overexpression in plants results in increased resistance against pathogens. However, PR1-like CAP proteins are also produced by pathogens and deletion of these genes results in reduced virulence, suggesting that CAP proteins can exert both defensive and offensive functions. Recent progress has revealed that plant PR1 is proteolytically cleaved to release a C-terminal CAPE1 peptide, which is sufficient to activate an immune response. The release of this signalling peptide is blocked by pathogenic effectors to evade immune defence. Moreover, plant PR1 forms complexes with other PR family members, including PR5, also known as thaumatin, and PR14, a lipid transfer protein, to enhance the host's immune response. Here, we discuss possible functions of PR1 proteins and their interactors, particularly in light of the fact that these proteins can bind lipids, which have important immune signalling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chengming Tian
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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6
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Salvador Lopez JM, Jezierska S, Ekim Kocabey A, Lee J, Schneiter R, Van Bogaert INA. The oleaginous yeast Starmerella bombicola reveals limitations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for fatty acid transport studies. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6832774. [PMID: 36398741 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the model organism to most yeast researchers, and information obtained from its physiology is generally extrapolated to other yeasts. Studies on fatty acid transport in S. cerevisiae are based on the expression of both native fatty acid export genes as well as heterologous proteins. Starmerella bombicola, on the other hand, is an oleaginous yeast of industrial relevance but its fatty acid transport mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we attempt to use existing knowledge from S. cerevisiae to study fatty acid transport in S. bombicola, but the obtained results differ from those observed in S. cerevisiae. First, we observed that deletion of SbPRY1 in S. bombicola leads to higher fatty acid export, the opposite effect to the one previously observed for the Pry homologues in S. cerevisiae. Second, following reports that human FATP1 could export fatty acids and alcohols in S. cerevisiae, we expressed FATP1 in a fatty acid-accumulating S. bombicola strain. However, FATP1 reduced fatty acid export in S. bombicola, most likely due to its acyl-CoA synthetase activity. These results not only advance knowledge on fatty acid physiology of S. bombicola, but also improve our understanding of S. cerevisiae and its limitations as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylwia Jezierska
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Belgium.,Avecom N.V., Industrieweg 122P 9032 Wondelgem, Belgium
| | | | - Jungho Lee
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
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7
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Zhang Q, Xu J, Zhou X, Liu Z. CAP superfamily proteins from venomous animals: Who we are and what to do? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:691-702. [PMID: 36099994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), antigen 5 (Ag5), and pathogenesis-related (PR-1) superfamily proteins (CAP superfamily proteins) are found in diverse species across the bacterial, fungal, plant, mammalian, and venomous animal kingdoms. Notably, CAP proteins are found in a remarkable range of species across the venomous animal kingdom and are present almost ubiquitously in venoms, even when venoms are produced in very small quantities. Meanwhile, in comparison to mammals, venomous animals are underappreciated and easy to ignore. Overwhelming evidence suggests that CAP proteins derived from venomous animals exhibit diverse activities, including ion channel, inflammatory, proteolysis, and immune regulatory activities. To understand the potential biological functions of CAP proteins in venom more effectively, we need to examine the significance of the evolution of venomous animals in the animal kingdom, for their survival. In this article, we will review the current status of research on CAP proteins in venomous animals, including their isolation, characterization, known biological activities, and sequence alignments. We will also discuss the rapid evolution of CAP proteins with varied subtypes in venomous animals. A treasure trove of information can be obtained by studying the CAP proteins in venomous animals; hence, it is necessary to explore these proteins further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Peptide and small molecule drug R&D plateform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Peptide and small molecule drug R&D plateform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Peptide and small molecule drug R&D plateform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Peptide and small molecule drug R&D plateform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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8
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Al-Askar AA, Ghoneem KM, Hafez EE, Saber WIA. A Case Study in Saudi Arabia: Biodiversity of Maize Seed-Borne Pathogenic Fungi in Relation to Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Characteristics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:829. [PMID: 35336711 PMCID: PMC8954539 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbiodiversity is usually correlated with environmental conditions. This investigation is a case study to cover the lack of knowledge on the correlation of biochemical, physiological, and molecular attributes with the distribution of seed-borne pathogenic fungi of maize under the environmental conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to help forecast any destructive epidemics. Forty-one fungal species belonging to 24 genera were detected using standard moist blotter (SMB), deep freezing blotter (DFB), and agar plate (AP) techniques. SMB was superior in detecting the maximum numbers (36 species) of seed-borne mycoflora. The pathogenicity assay revealed that, among 18 seed-borne fungal pathogens used, 12 isolates caused high percentages of rotted seeds and seedling mortality symptoms, which were identified molecularly using an internal transcribed spacer sequence. Two Curvularia spp. and Sarocladium zeae were reported for the first time in KSA. The strains showed various enzymatic activities and amino acid profiles under different environmental setups. Temperature and humidity were the environmental variables influencing the fungal pathogenicity. The highest pathogenicity was correlated with the presence and concentration of threonine, alanine, glutamic, aspartic acids, and protein. The study concluded with the discovery of four new phytopathogens in KSA and, further, evidenced a marked correlation among the investigated variables. Nevertheless, more studies are encouraged to include additional physiological properties of the phytopathogens, such as toxigenic activity, as well as extend the fungal biodiversity study to other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Ghoneem
- Seed Pathology Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Elsayed E. Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Egypt;
| | - WesamEldin I. A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
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9
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El Atab O, Ekim Kocabey A, Asojo OA, Schneiter R. Prostate secretory protein 94 (PSP94) inhibits sterol-binding and export by the mammalian CAP protein CRISP2 in a calcium-sensitive manner. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101600. [PMID: 35063506 PMCID: PMC8857485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the CAP protein superfamily are present in all kingdoms of life and have been implicated in many different processes, including pathogen defense, immune evasion, sperm maturation, and cancer progression. Most CAP proteins are secreted glycoproteins and share a unique conserved αβα sandwich fold. The precise mode of action of this class of proteins, however, has remained elusive. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has three CAP family members, termed pathogen related in yeast (Pry). We have previously shown that Pry1 and Pry2 export sterols in vivo and that they bind sterols in vitro. This sterol binding and export function of yeast Pry proteins is conserved in the mammalian CRISP proteins and other CAP superfamily members. CRISP3 is an abundant protein of the human seminal plasma and interacts with prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94), another major protein component in the seminal plasma. Here we examine whether the interaction between CRISP proteins and PSP94 affects the sterol binding function of CAP family members. We show that coexpression of PSP94 with CAP proteins in yeast abolished their sterol export function and the interaction between PSP94 and CAP proteins inhibits sterol binding in vitro. In addition, mutations that affect the formation of the PSP94–CRISP2 heteromeric complex restore sterol binding. Of interest, we found the interaction of PSP94 with CRISP2 is sensitive to high calcium concentrations. The observation that PSP94 modulates the sterol binding function of CRISP2 in a calcium-dependent manner has potential implications for the role of PSP94 and CRISP2 in prostate physiology and progression of prostate cancer.
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10
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Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for gram-scale diosgenin production. Metab Eng 2022; 70:115-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Lin HY, Pang MY, Feng MG, Ying SH. A peroxisomal sterol carrier protein 2 (Scp2) contributes to lipid trafficking in differentiation and virulence of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 158:103651. [PMID: 34906632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) represents a family of proteins binding a variety of lipids and plays essential roles in cellular physiology. However, its physiological roles are largely unknown in filamentous fungi. In this study, we functionally characterized an orthologous Scp2 gene in the filamentous insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (BbScp2). BbScp2 was verified to be a peroxisomal protein and displayed different affinities to various lipids, with strong affinity to palmitic acid (PA) and ergosterol (ES). No significant binding activity was detected between protein and oleic acid (OA) or linoleic acid (LA). Ablation of BbScp2 did not cause significant effects on fungal growth on various carbon sources, but resulted in a modest reduction in conidial (49%) and blastospore yield (45%). In addition, exogenous lipids could recover the defectives in conidiation of ΔBbScp2 mutant strain. BbScp2 was required for the cytomembrane functionality in germlings, and its loss resulted in a more significant decrease in virulence indicated by cuticle infection assay than intrahemocoel injection assay. Our findings indicate that Scp2 links the lipid trafficking to the asexual differentiation and virulence of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meei-Yuan Pang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Hunziker L, Tarallo M, Gough K, Guo M, Hargreaves C, Loo TS, McDougal RL, Mesarich CH, Bradshaw RE. Apoplastic effector candidates of a foliar forest pathogen trigger cell death in host and non-host plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19958. [PMID: 34620932 PMCID: PMC8497623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests are under threat from pests, pathogens, and changing climate. A major forest pathogen worldwide is the hemibiotroph Dothistroma septosporum, which causes dothistroma needle blight (DNB) of pines. While D. septosporum uses effector proteins to facilitate host infection, it is currently unclear whether any of these effectors are recognised by immune receptors to activate the host immune system. Such information is needed to identify and select disease resistance against D. septosporum in pines. We predicted and investigated apoplastic D. septosporum candidate effectors (DsCEs) using bioinformatics and plant-based experiments. We discovered DsCEs that trigger cell death in the angiosperm Nicotiana spp., indicative of a hypersensitive defence response and suggesting their recognition by immune receptors in non-host plants. In a first for foliar forest pathogens, we developed a novel protein infiltration method to show that tissue-cultured pine shoots can respond with a cell death response to a DsCE, as well as to a reference cell death-inducing protein. The conservation of responses across plant taxa suggests that knowledge of pathogen-angiosperm interactions may also be relevant to pathogen-gymnosperm interactions. These results contribute to our understanding of forest pathogens and may ultimately provide clues to disease immunity in both commercial and natural forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hunziker
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, 6102, Australia
| | - Mariana Tarallo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Keiko Gough
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Melissa Guo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Cathy Hargreaves
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Trevor S Loo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca L McDougal
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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13
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Taylor JT, Wang KD, Horwitz B, Kolomiets M, Kenerley CM. Early Transcriptome Response of Trichoderma virens to Colonization of Maize Roots. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:718557. [PMID: 37744095 PMCID: PMC10512331 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.718557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens is a well-known mycoparasitic fungal symbiont that is valued for its biocontrol capabilities. T. virens initiates a symbiotic relationship with a plant host through the colonization of its roots. To achieve colonization, the fungus must communicate with the host and evade its innate defenses. In this study, we explored the genes involved with the host communication and colonization process through transcriptomic profiling of the wild-type fungus and selected deletion mutants as they colonized maize roots. Transcriptome profiles of the T. virens colonization of maize roots over time revealed that 24 h post inoculation appeared to be a key time for plant-microbe communication, with many key gene categories, including signal transduction mechanisms and carbohydrate transport and metabolism, peaking in expression at this early colonization time point. The transcriptomic profiles of Sm1 and Sir1 deletion mutants in the presence of plants demonstrated that Sir1, rather than Sm1, appears to be the key regulator of the fungal response to maize, with 64% more unique differentially expressed genes compared to Sm1. Additionally, we developed a novel algorithm utilizing gene clustering and coexpression network analyses to select potential colonization-related gene targets for characterization. About 40% of the genes identified by the algorithm would have been missed using previous methods for selecting gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Taylor
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ken-Der Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Charles M. Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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14
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Vasconcelos AA, José J, Tokimatu PM, Camargo AP, Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPT, do Prado PFV, Fiorin GL, Costa JL, Figueira A, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Baroni RM. Adaptive evolution of Moniliophthora PR-1 proteins towards its pathogenic lifestyle. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:84. [PMID: 33990179 PMCID: PMC8120714 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins belong to the CAP superfamily and have been characterized as markers of induced defense against pathogens. Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are hemibiotrophic fungi that respectively cause the witches' broom disease and frosty pod rot in Theobroma cacao. Interestingly, a large number of plant PR-1-like genes are present in the genomes of both species and many are up-regulated during the biotrophic interaction. In this study, we investigated the evolution of PR-1 proteins from 22 genomes of Moniliophthora isolates and 16 other Agaricales species, performing genomic investigation, phylogenetic reconstruction, positive selection search and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved PR-1 genes (PR-1a, b, d, j), shared by many Agaricales saprotrophic species, that have diversified in new PR-1 genes putatively related to pathogenicity in Moniliophthora (PR-1f, g, h, i), as well as in recent specialization cases within M. perniciosa biotypes (PR-1c, k, l) and M. roreri (PR-1n). PR-1 families in Moniliophthora with higher evolutionary rates exhibit induced expression in the biotrophic interaction and positive selection clues, supporting the hypothesis that these proteins accumulated adaptive changes in response to host-pathogen arms race. Furthermore, although previous work showed that MpPR-1 can detoxify plant antifungal compounds in yeast, we found that in the presence of eugenol M. perniciosa differentially expresses only MpPR-1e, k, d, of which two are not linked to pathogenicity, suggesting that detoxification might not be the main function of most MpPR-1. CONCLUSIONS Based on analyses of genomic and expression data, we provided evidence that the evolution of PR-1 in Moniliophthora was adaptive and potentially related to the emergence of the parasitic lifestyle in this genus. Additionally, we also discuss how fungal PR-1 proteins could have adapted from basal conserved functions to possible roles in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielle A Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Tokimatu
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio P Camargo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P T Thomazella
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula F V do Prado
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Fiorin
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata M Baroni
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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15
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Salvador López JM, Van Bogaert INA. Microbial fatty acid transport proteins and their biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2184-2201. [PMID: 33638355 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism has been widely studied in various organisms. However, fatty acid transport has received less attention, even though it plays vital physiological roles, such as export of toxic free fatty acids or uptake of exogenous fatty acids. Hence, there are important knowledge gaps in how fatty acids cross biological membranes, and many mechanisms and proteins involved in these processes still need to be determined. The lack of information is more predominant in microorganisms, even though the identification of fatty acids transporters in these cells could lead to establishing new drug targets or improvements in microbial cell factories. This review provides a thorough analysis of the current information on fatty acid transporters in microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and microalgae species. Most available information relates to the model organisms Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but transport systems of other species are also discussed. Intracellular trafficking of fatty acids and their transport through organelle membranes in eukaryotic organisms is described as well. Finally, applied studies and engineering efforts using fatty acids transporters are presented to show the applied potential of these transporters and to stress the need for further identification of new transporters and their engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Salvador López
- BioPort Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge N A Van Bogaert
- BioPort Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Zhao Z, Cai F, Gao R, Ding M, Jiang S, Chen P, Pang G, Chenthamara K, Shen Q, Bayram Akcapinar G, Druzhinina IS. At least three families of hyphosphere small secreted cysteine-rich proteins can optimize surface properties to a moderately hydrophilic state suitable for fungal attachment. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5750-5768. [PMID: 33538393 PMCID: PMC8596622 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secretomes of filamentous fungi contain a diversity of small secreted cysteine‐rich proteins (SSCPs) that have a variety of properties ranging from toxicity to surface activity. Some SSCPs are recognized by other organisms as indicators of fungal presence, but their function in fungi is not fully understood. We detected a new family of fungal surface‐active SSCPs (saSSCPs), here named hyphosphere proteins (HFSs). An evolutionary analysis of the HFSs in Pezizomycotina revealed a unique pattern of eight single cysteine residues (C‐CXXXC‐C‐C‐C‐C‐C) and a long evolutionary history of multiple gene duplications and ancient interfungal lateral gene transfers, suggesting their functional significance for fungi with different lifestyles. Interestingly, recombinantly produced saSSCPs from three families (HFSs, hydrophobins and cerato‐platanins) showed convergent surface‐modulating activity on glass and on poly(ethylene‐terephthalate), transforming their surfaces to a moderately hydrophilic state, which significantly favoured subsequent hyphal attachment. The addition of purified saSSCPs to the tomato rhizosphere had mixed effects on hyphal attachment to roots, while all tested saSSCPs had an adverse effect on plant growth in vitro. We propose that the exceptionally high diversity of saSSCPs in Trichoderma and other fungi evolved to efficiently condition various surfaces in the hyphosphere to a fungal‐beneficial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Günseli Bayram Akcapinar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Gaikwad AS, Hu J, Chapple DG, O'Bryan MK. The functions of CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility and disease. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:689-723. [PMID: 32378701 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPS), antigen 5 (Ag5) and pathogenesis-related 1 (Pr-1) (CAP) superfamily of proteins are found across the bacterial, fungal, plant and animal kingdoms. Although many CAP superfamily proteins remain poorly characterized, over the past decade evidence has accumulated, which provides insights into the functional roles of these proteins in various processes, including fertilization, immune defence and subversion, pathogen virulence, venom toxicology and cancer biology. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility, organismal homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. SEARCH METHODS The scientific literature search was undertaken via PubMed database on all articles published prior to November 2019. Search terms were based on following keywords: 'CAP superfamily', 'CRISP', 'Cysteine-rich secretory proteins', 'Antigen 5', 'Pathogenesis-related 1', 'male fertility', 'CAP and CTL domain containing', 'CRISPLD1', 'CRISPLD2', 'bacterial SCP', 'ion channel regulator', 'CatSper', 'PI15', 'PI16', 'CLEC', 'PRY proteins', 'ASP proteins', 'spermatogenesis', 'epididymal maturation', 'capacitation' and 'snake CRISP'. In addition to that, reference lists of primary and review article were reviewed for additional relevant publications. OUTCOMES In this review, we discuss the breadth of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins with regards to their protein structure, biological functions and emerging significance in reproduction, health and disease. We discuss the evolution of CAP superfamily proteins from their otherwise unembellished prokaryotic predecessors into the multi-domain and neofunctionalized members found in eukaryotic organisms today. At least in part because of the rapid evolution of these proteins, many inconsistencies in nomenclature exist within the literature. As such, and in part through the use of a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate CRISP subfamily, we have attempted to clarify this confusion, thus allowing for a comparison of orthologous protein function between species. This framework also allows the prediction of functional relevance between species based on sequence and structural conservation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review generates a picture of critical roles for CAP proteins in ion channel regulation, sterol and lipid binding and protease inhibition, and as ligands involved in the induction of multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Gaikwad
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jinghua Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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18
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El Atab O, Darwiche R, Truax NJ, Schneiter R, Hull KG, Romo D, Asojo OA. Necator americanus Ancylostoma Secreted Protein-2 ( Na-ASP-2) Binds an Ascaroside (ascr#3) in Its Fatty Acid Binding Site. Front Chem 2020; 8:608296. [PMID: 33392151 PMCID: PMC7773830 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.608296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During their infective stages, hookworms release excretory-secretory (E-S) products, small molecules, and proteins to help evade and suppress the host's immune system. Small molecules found in E-S products of mammalian hookworms include nematode derived metabolites like ascarosides, which are composed of the sugar ascarylose linked to a fatty acid side chain. The most abundant proteins found in hookworm E-S products are members of the protein family known as Ancylostoma secreted protein (ASP). In this study, two ascarosides and their fatty acid moieties were synthesized and tested for in vitro binding to Na-ASP-2 using both a ligand competition assay and microscale thermophoresis. The fatty acid moieties of both ascarosides tested and ascr#3, an ascaroside found in rat hookworm E-S products, bind to Na-ASP-2's palmitate binding cavity. These molecules were confirmed to bind to the palmitate but not the sterol binding sites. An ascaroside, oscr#10, which is not found in hookworm E-S products, does not bind to Na-ASP-2. More studies are required to determine the structural basis of ascarosides binding by Na-ASP-2 and to understand the physiological significance of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola El Atab
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathanyal J. Truax
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & The CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth G. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & The CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & The CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Cottier S, Darwiche R, Meyenhofer F, Debelyy MO, Schneiter R. The yeast cell wall protein Pry3 inhibits mating through highly conserved residues within the CAP domain. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio053470. [PMID: 32554483 PMCID: PMC7340583 DOI: 10.1242/bio.053470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the CAP/SCP/TAPS superfamily have been implicated in many different physiological processes, including pathogen defense, sperm maturation and fertilization. The mode of action of this class of proteins, however, remains poorly understood. The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes three CAP superfamily members, Pry1-3. We have previously shown that Pry1 function is required for the secretion of sterols and fatty acids. Here, we analyze the function of Pry3, a GPI-anchored cell wall protein. Overexpression of Pry3 results in strong reduction of mating efficiency, providing for a cell-based readout for CAP protein function. Mating inhibition is a conserved function of the CAP domain and depends on highly conserved surface exposed residues that form part of a putative catalytic metal-ion binding site. Pry3 displays polarized cell surface localization adjacent to bud scars, but is absent from mating projections. When overexpressed, however, the protein leaks onto mating projections, suggesting that mating inhibition is due to mislocalization of the protein. Trapping of the CAP domain within the cell wall through a GPI-anchored nanobody results in a dose-dependent inhibition of mating, suggesting that a membrane proximal CAP domain inhibits a key step in the mating reaction, which is possibly related to the function of CAP domain proteins in mammalian fertilization.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Cottier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Meyenhofer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mykhaylo O Debelyy
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous fashion in different cellular membranes. Only a minority of lipids achieve their final intracellular distribution through transport by vesicles. Instead, the bulk of lipid traffic is mediated by a large group of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), which move small numbers of lipids at a time using hydrophobic cavities that stabilize lipid molecules outside membranes. Although the first LTPs were discovered almost 50 years ago, most progress in understanding these proteins has been made in the past few years, leading to considerable temporal and spatial refinement of our understanding of the function of these lipid transporters. The number of known LTPs has increased, with exciting discoveries of their multimeric assembly. Structural studies of LTPs have progressed from static crystal structures to dynamic structural approaches that show how conformational changes contribute to lipid handling at a sub-millisecond timescale. A major development has been the finding that many intracellular LTPs localize to two organelles at the same time, forming a shuttle, bridge or tube that links donor and acceptor compartments. The understanding of how different lipids achieve their final destination at the molecular level allows a better explanation of the range of defects that occur in diseases associated with lipid transport and distribution, opening up the possibility of developing therapies that specifically target lipid transfer.
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21
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Li Q, Ning X, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Guo Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Kou Z. The Integrity of α-β-α Sandwich Conformation Is Essential for a Novel Adjuvant TFPR1 to Maintain Its Adjuvanticity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120869. [PMID: 31842458 PMCID: PMC6995627 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TFPR1 is a novel peptide vaccine adjuvant we recently discovered. To define the structural basis and optimize its application as an adjuvant, we designed three different truncated fragments that have removed dominant B epitopes on TFPR1, and evaluated their capacity to activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their adjuvanticity. Results demonstrated that the integrity of an α-β-α sandwich conformation is essential for TFPR1 to maintain its immunologic activity and adjuvanticity. We obtained a functional truncated fragment TFPR-ta ranging from 40-168 aa of triflin that has similar adjuvanticity as TFPR1 but with 2-log fold lower immunogenicity. These results demonstrated a novel approach to evaluate and improve the activity of protein-based vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhe Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuepeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhihua Kou
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (X.N.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-63858045
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22
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Fabre F, Vignassa M, Urbach S, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Time-resolved dissection of the molecular crosstalk driving Fusarium head blight in wheat provides new insights into host susceptibility determinism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2291-2308. [PMID: 30866080 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant diseases are controlled by a complex molecular dialogue that involves pathogen effectors able to manipulate plant susceptibility factors at the earliest stages of the interaction. By probing the wheat-Fusarium graminearum pathosystem, we profiled the coregulations of the fungal and plant proteins shaping the molecular responses of a 96-hr-long infection's dynamics. Although no symptoms were yet detectable, fungal biomass swiftly increased along with an extremely diverse set of secreted proteins and candidate effectors supposed to target key plant organelles. Some showed to be early accumulated during the interaction or already present in spores, otherwise stored in germinating spores and detectable in an in vitro F. graminearum exudate. Wheat responses were swiftly set up and were evidenced before any visible symptom. Significant wheat protein abundance changes co-occurred along with the accumulation of putative secreted fungal proteins and predicted effectors. Regulated wheat proteins were closely connected to basal cellular processes occurring during spikelet ontogeny, and particular coregulation patterns were evidenced between chloroplast proteins and fungal proteins harbouring a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. The described plant and fungal coordinated responses provide a resourceful set of data and expand our understanding of the wheat-F. graminearum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fabre
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manon Vignassa
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Functional Proteomics Platform (FPP), Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), CNRS UMR 5203 INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, UMR 1095, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Claus S, Jezierska S, Van Bogaert INA. Protein‐facilitated transport of hydrophobic molecules across the yeast plasma membrane. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1508-1527. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Claus
- Biochemical and Microbial Technology Universiteit Gent Belgium
| | | | - Inge N. A. Van Bogaert
- Lab. of Industrial Microbiology and Biocatalysis Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
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24
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Zinc binding regulates amyloid-like aggregation of GAPR-1. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182345. [PMID: 30700571 PMCID: PMC6900432 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the CAP superfamily (Cysteine-rich secretory proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-related 1 proteins) are characterized by the presence of a CAP domain that is defined by four sequence motifs and a highly conserved tertiary structure. A common structure–function relationship for this domain is hitherto unknown. A characteristic of several CAP proteins is their formation of amyloid-like structures in the presence of lipids. Here we investigate the structural modulation of Golgi-Associated plant Pathogenesis Related protein 1 (GAPR-1) by known interactors of the CAP domain, preceding amyloid-like aggregation. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we demonstrate that GAPR-1 binds zinc ions. Zn2+ binding causes a slight but significant conformational change as revealed by CD, tryptophan fluorescence, and trypsin digestion. The Zn2+-induced conformational change was required for the formation of GAPR-1 oligomers and amyloid-like assemblies in the presence of heparin, as shown by ThT fluorescence and TEM. Molecular dynamics simulations show binding of Zn2+ to His54 and His103. Mutation of these two highly conserved residues resulted in strongly diminished amyloid-like aggregation. Finally, we show that proteins from the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) subfamily are also able to form ThT-positive structures in vitro in a heparin- and Zn2+-dependent manner, suggesting that oligomerization regulated by metal ions could be a common structural property of the CAP domain.
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25
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Hu J, Merriner DJ, O'Connor AE, Houston BJ, Furic L, Hedger MP, O'Bryan MK. Epididymal cysteine-rich secretory proteins are required for epididymal sperm maturation and optimal sperm function. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:111-122. [PMID: 29361143 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the role of epididymal cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) in male fertility? SUMMARY ANSWER While epididymal CRISPs are not absolutely required for male fertility, they are required for optimal sperm function. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY CRISPs are members of the CRISP, Antigen 5 and Pathogenesis related protein 1 (CAP) superfamily and are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal CAP domain and a C-terminal CRISP domain. CRISPs are highly enriched in the male reproductive tract of mammals, including in the epididymis. Within humans there is one epididymal CRISP, CRISP1, whereas in mice there are two, CRISP1 and CRISP4. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In order to define the role of CRISPs within the epididymis, Crisp1 and Crisp4 knockout mouse lines were produced then interbred to produce Crisp1 and 4 double knockout (DKO) mice, wherein the expression of all epididymal CRISPs was ablated. Individual and DKO models were then assessed, relative to their own strain-specific wild type littermates for fertility, and sperm output and functional competence at young (10-12 weeks of age) and older ages (22-24 weeks). Crisp1 and 4 DKO and control mice were also compared for their ability to bind to the zona pellucida and achieve fertilization. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Knockout mouse production was achieved using modified embryonic stem cells and standard methods. The knockout of individual genes was confirmed at a mRNA (quantitative PCR) and protein (immunochemistry) level. Fertility was assessed using breeding experiments and a histological assessment of testes and epididymal tissue. Sperm functional competence was assessed using a computer assisted sperm analyser, induction of the acrosome reaction using progesterone followed by staining for acrosome contents, using immunochemical and western blotting to assess the ability of sperm to manifest tyrosine phosphorylation under capacitating conditions and using sperm-zona pellucida binding assays and IVF methods. A minimum of three biological replicates were used per assay and per genotype. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE While epididymal CRISPs are not absolutely required for male fertility, their production results in enhanced sperm function and, depending on context, CRISP1 and CRISP4 act redundantly or autonomously. Specifically, CRISP1 is the most important CRISP in the establishment of normally motile sperm, whereas CRISP4 acts to enhance capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation, and CRISP1 and CRISP4 act together to establish normal acrosome function. Both are required to achieve optimal sperm-egg interaction. The presence of immune infiltrates into the epididymis of older, but not younger, DKO animals also suggests epididymal CRISPs function to produce an immune privileged environment for maturing sperm within the epididymis. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Caution should be displayed in the translation of mouse-derived data into the human wherein the histology of the epididymis is someone what different. The mice used in the study were housed in a specific pathogen-free environment and were thus not exposed to the full range of environmental challenges experienced by wild mice or humans. As such, the role of CRISPs in the maintenance of an immune privileged environment, for example, may be understated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The combined deletion of Crisp1 and Crisp4 in mice is equivalent to the removal of all CRISP expression in humans. As such, these data suggest that mammalian CRISPs, including that in humans, function to enhance sperm function and thus male fertility. These data also suggest that in the presence of an environmental challenge, CRISPs help to maintain an immune privileged environment and thus, protect against immune-mediated male infertility. LARGE SCALE DATA Not applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Victorian Cancer Agency and a scholarship from the Chinese Scholarship Council. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D Jo Merriner
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anne E O'Connor
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brendan J Houston
- The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mark P Hedger
- The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,The School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Jex AR, Gasser RB, Schwarz EM. Transcriptomic Resources for Parasitic Nematodes of Veterinary Importance. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:72-84. [PMID: 30529253 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are important pathogens of animals, causing diseases that impact on agricultural production worldwide. Research on these worms has been constrained by a lack of genetic and genomic tools. Nonetheless, over the past decade this field has made substantial advances, many of which have been led by transcriptomic sequencing. The present review summarises major transcriptomic studies of veterinary parasitic nematodes in recent years, and comments on overarching themes stemming from this work that inform our understanding of parasitism. Finally, we comment on current, state-of-the-art informatic tools for the analysis of complex worm transcriptomes to extract maximum the molecular information from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erich M Schwarz
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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27
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Secreted venom allergen-like proteins of helminths: Conserved modulators of host responses in animals and plants. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007300. [PMID: 30335852 PMCID: PMC6193718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite causing considerable damage to host tissue at the onset of parasitism, invasive helminths establish remarkably persistent infections in both animals and plants. Secretions released by these obligate parasites during host invasion are thought to be crucial for their persistence in infection. Helminth secretions are complex mixtures of molecules, most of which have unknown molecular targets and functions in host cells or tissues. Although the habitats of animal- and plant-parasitic helminths are very distinct, their secretions share the presence of a structurally conserved group of proteins called venom allergen-like proteins (VALs). Helminths abundantly secrete VALs during several stages of parasitism while inflicting extensive damage to host tissue. The tight association between the secretion of VALs and the onset of parasitism has triggered a particular interest in this group of proteins, as improved knowledge on their biological functions may assist in designing novel protection strategies against parasites in humans, livestock, and important food crops.
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28
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Bantel Y, Darwiche R, Rupp S, Schneiter R, Sohn K. Localization and functional characterization of the pathogenesis-related proteins Rbe1p and Rbt4p in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201932. [PMID: 30080909 PMCID: PMC6078311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5 and Pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) protein superfamily are important virulence factors in fungi but remain poorly characterized on molecular level. Here, we investigate the cellular localization and molecular function of Rbe1p and Rbt4p, two CAP family members from the human pathogen Candida albicans. We unexpectedly found that Rbe1p localizes to budding sites of yeast cells in a disulfide bond-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that Rbe1p and Rbt4p bind free cholesterol in vitro and export cholesteryl acetate in vivo. These findings suggest a previously undescribed role for Rbe1p in cell wall-associated processes and a possible connection between the virulence attributes of fungal CAP proteins and sterol binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Bantel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kai Sohn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Darwiche R, El Atab O, Cottier S, Schneiter R. The function of yeastCAPfamily proteins in lipid export, mating, and pathogen defense. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1304-1311. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Darwiche
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ola El Atab
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Cottier
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
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31
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Luo Z, Kelleher AJ, Darwiche R, Hudspeth EM, Shittu OK, Krishnavajhala A, Schneiter R, Lopez JE, Asojo OA. Crystal Structure of Borrelia turicatae protein, BTA121, a differentially regulated gene in the tick-mammalian transmission cycle of relapsing fever spirochetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15310. [PMID: 29127407 PMCID: PMC5681642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis is a neglected disease that is often misdiagnosed. RF species circulating in the United States include Borrelia turicatae, which is transmitted by argasid ticks. Environmental adaptation by RF Borrelia is poorly understood, however our previous studies indicated differential regulation of B. turicatae genes localized on the 150 kb linear megaplasmid during the tick-mammalian transmission cycle, including bta121. This gene is up-regulated by B. turicatae in the tick versus the mammal, and the encoded protein (BTA121) is predicted to be surface localized. The structure of BTA121 was solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) using selenomethionine-derivative protein. The topology of BTA121 is unique with four helical domains organized into two helical bundles. Due to the sequence similarity of several genes on the megaplasmid, BTA121 can serve as a model for their tertiary structures. BTA121 has large interconnected tunnels and cavities that can accommodate ligands, notably long parallel helices, which have a large hydrophobic central pocket. Preliminary in-vitro studies suggest that BTA121 binds lipids, notably palmitate with a similar order of binding affinity as tablysin-15, a known palmitate-binding protein. The reported data will guide mechanistic studies to determine the role of BTA121 in the tick-mammalian transmission cycle of B. turicatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipu Luo
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Alan J Kelleher
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elissa M Hudspeth
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Oluwatosin K Shittu
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Aparna Krishnavajhala
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10, CH 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Job E Lopez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America.
| | - Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, United States of America.
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32
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Tracing the Evolutionary History of the CAP Superfamily of Proteins Using Amino Acid Sequence Homology and Conservation of Splice Sites. J Mol Evol 2017; 85:137-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-017-9813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Darwiche R, El Atab O, Baroni RM, Teixeira PJPL, Mondego JMC, Pereira GAG, Schneiter R. Plant pathogenesis-related proteins of the cacao fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa differ in their lipid-binding specificities. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20558-20569. [PMID: 29042440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causative agent of witches' broom disease, which devastates cacao cultures in South America. This pathogenic fungus infects meristematic tissues and derives nutrients from the plant apoplast during an unusually long-lasting biotrophic stage. To survive, the fungus produces proteins to suppress the plant immune response. Proteins of the PR-1 (pathogenesis-related 1)/CAP superfamily have been implicated in fungal virulence and immune suppression. The genome of M. perniciosa encodes 11 homologues of plant PR-1 proteins, designated MpPR-1 proteins, but their precise mode of action is poorly understood. In this study, we expressed MpPR-1 proteins in a yeast model lacking endogenous CAP proteins. We show that some members of the MpPR-1 family bind and promote secretion of sterols, whereas others bind and promote secretion of fatty acids. Lipid binding by purified MpPR-1 occurs with micromolar affinity and is saturable in vitro Sterol binding by MpPR-1 requires the presence of a flexible loop region containing aromatic amino acids, the caveolin-binding motif. Remarkably, MpPR-1 family members that do not bind sterols can be converted to sterol binders by a single point mutation in the caveolin-binding motif. We discuss the possible implications of the lipid-binding activity of MpPR-1 family members with regard to the mode of action of these proteins during M. perniciosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Darwiche
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ola El Atab
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Renata M Baroni
- the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil, and.,the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge M C Mondego
- the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil, and
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- the Laboratório de Genética e Expressão, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Roger Schneiter
- From the Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland,
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34
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Breen S, Williams SJ, Outram M, Kobe B, Solomon PS. Emerging Insights into the Functions of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:871-879. [PMID: 28743380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The members of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) family are among the most abundantly produced proteins in plants on pathogen attack, and PR-1 gene expression has long been used as a marker for salicylic acid-mediated disease resistance. However, despite considerable interest over several decades, their requirement and role in plant defence remains poorly understood. Recent reports have emerged demonstrating that PR-1 proteins possess sterol-binding activity, harbour an embedded defence signalling peptide, and are targeted by plant pathogens during host infection. These studies have re-energised the field and provided long-awaited insights into a possible PR-1 function. Here we review the current status of PR-1 proteins and discuss how these recent advances shed light on putative roles for these enigmatic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Megan Outram
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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35
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Baroni RM, Luo Z, Darwiche R, Hudspeth EM, Schneiter R, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC, Asojo OA. Crystal Structure of MpPR-1i, a SCP/TAPS protein from Moniliophthora perniciosa, the fungus that causes Witches' Broom Disease of Cacao. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7818. [PMID: 28798297 PMCID: PMC5552782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa causes Witches’ Broom Disease (WBD) of cacao. The structure of MpPR-1i, a protein expressed by M. perniciosa when it infects cacao, are presented. This is the first reported de novo structure determined by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing upon soaking with selenourea. Each monomer has flexible loop regions linking the core alpha-beta-alpha sandwich topology that comprise ~50% of the structure, making it difficult to generate an accurate homology model of the protein. MpPR-1i is monomeric in solution but is packed as a high ~70% solvent content, crystallographic heptamer. The greatest conformational flexibility between monomers is found in loops exposed to the solvent channel that connect the two longest strands. MpPR-1i lacks the conserved CAP tetrad and is incapable of binding divalent cations. MpPR-1i has the ability to bind lipids, which may have roles in its infection of cacao. These lipids likely bind in the palmitate binding cavity as observed in tablysin-15, since MpPR-1i binds palmitate with comparable affinity as tablysin-15. Further studies are required to clarify the possible roles and underlying mechanisms of neutral lipid binding, as well as their effects on the pathogenesis of M. perniciosa so as to develop new interventions for WBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Baroni
- Genomics and Expression Laboratory (LGE), Institute of Biology, CP 6109, 13083-862 UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Agronomic Institute (IAC), CP 28, CEP 13012-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Rabih Darwiche
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elissa M Hudspeth
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Genomics and Expression Laboratory (LGE), Institute of Biology, CP 6109, 13083-862 UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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