1
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Singh S, Lathoria K, Umdor SB, Singh J, Suri V, Sen E. A gain of function mutation in AKT1 increases hexokinase 2 and diminishes oxidative stress in meningioma. Cytokine 2024; 176:156535. [PMID: 38325141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the oncogenic role of missense mutation (AKT1-E17K) of AKT1 gene in meningiomas. Upon investigating the connection between the pro-tumorigenic role of AKT1-E17K and cellular metabolic adaptations, elevated levels of glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) was observed in meningioma patients with AKT1-E17K compared to patients harboring wild-type AKT1. In vitro experiments also suggested higher HK2 levels and its activity in AKT1-E17K cells. Treatment with the conventional drug of choice AZD5363 (a pan AKT inhibitor) enhanced cell death and diminished HK2 levels in AKT1 mutants. Given the role of AKT phosphorylation in eliciting inflammatory responses, we observed increased levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL6, IL8, and TLR4) in AKT1-E17K cells compared to AKT1-WT cells. Treatment with AKT or HK2 inhibitors dampened the heightened levels of inflammatory markers in AKT1-E17K cells. As AKT and HK2 regulates redox homeostasis, diminished ROS generation concomitant with increased levels of NF-E2- related factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were observed in AKT1-E17K cells. Increased sensitivity of AKT1-E17K cells to AZD5363 in the presence of HK2 inhibitor Lonidamine was reversed upon treatment with ROS inhibitor NAC. By affecting metabolism, inflammation, and redox homeostasis AKT1-E17K confers a survival advantage in meningioma cells. Our findings suggest that targeting AKT-HK2 cross-talk to induce ROS-dependent cell death could be exploited as novel therapeutic approach in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kirti Lathoria
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
| | - Sonia B Umdor
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India.
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2
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Liu B, Lu Y, Taledaohan A, Qiao S, Li Q, Wang Y. The Promoting Role of HK II in Tumor Development and the Research Progress of Its Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 29:75. [PMID: 38202657 PMCID: PMC10779805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is a key characteristic of malignant cells that contributes to their high proliferation rates and ability to develop drug resistance. The glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme hexokinase II (HK II) is overexpressed in most tumor cells and significantly affects tumor development. This paper examines the structure of HK II and the specific biological factors that influence its role in tumor development, as well as the potential of HK II inhibitors in antitumor therapy. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the inhibitors of HK II that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ayijiang Taledaohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shi Qiao
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China;
| | - Qingyan Li
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China;
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (A.T.)
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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3
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Chen Y, Xu J, Liu X, Guo L, Yi P, Cheng C. Potential therapies targeting nuclear metabolic regulation in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e421. [PMID: 38034101 PMCID: PMC10685089 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between genetic alterations and metabolic dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a pivotal axis in cancer pathogenesis. Both elements are mutually reinforcing, thereby expediting the ontogeny and progression of malignant neoplasms. Intriguingly, recent findings have highlighted the translocation of metabolites and metabolic enzymes from the cytoplasm into the nuclear compartment, where they appear to be intimately associated with tumor cell proliferation. Despite these advancements, significant gaps persist in our understanding of their specific roles within the nuclear milieu, their modulatory effects on gene transcription and cellular proliferation, and the intricacies of their coordination with the genomic landscape. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to elucidate the regulatory landscape of metabolic signaling within the nuclear domain, namely nuclear metabolic signaling involving metabolites and metabolic enzymes. We explore the roles and molecular mechanisms through which metabolic flux and enzymatic activity impact critical nuclear processes, including epigenetic modulation, DNA damage repair, and gene expression regulation. In conclusion, we underscore the paramount significance of nuclear metabolic signaling in cancer biology and enumerate potential therapeutic targets, associated pharmacological interventions, and implications for clinical applications. Importantly, these emergent findings not only augment our conceptual understanding of tumoral metabolism but also herald the potential for innovative therapeutic paradigms targeting the metabolism-genome transcriptional axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Linlin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation OncologyJames Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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4
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Cui Y, Sun Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cao D, Cao X. The crosstalk among the physical tumor microenvironment and the effects of glucose deprivation on tumors in the past decade. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275543. [PMID: 38020920 PMCID: PMC10646288 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and progression of tumors are inseparable from glucose metabolism. With the development of tumors, the volume increases gradually and the nutritional supply of tumors cannot be fully guaranteed. The tumor microenvironment changes and glucose deficiency becomes the common stress environment of tumors. Here, we discuss the mutual influences between glucose deprivation and other features of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia, immune escape, low pH, and oxidative stress. In the face of a series of stress responses brought by glucose deficiency, different types of tumors have different coping mechanisms. We summarize the tumor studies on glucose deficiency in the last decade and review the genes and pathways that determine the fate of tumors under harsh conditions. It turns out that most of these genes help tumor cells survive in glucose-deprivation conditions. The development of related inhibitors may bring new opportunities for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Cui
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanlin Sun
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyu Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Lesko MA, Chandrashekarappa DG, Jordahl EM, Oppenheimer KG, Bowman RW, Shang C, Durrant JD, Schmidt MC, O’Donnell AF. Changing course: Glucose starvation drives nuclear accumulation of Hexokinase 2 in S. cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010745. [PMID: 37196001 PMCID: PMC10228819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the preferred carbon source for most eukaryotes, and the first step in its metabolism is phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by hexokinases or glucokinases. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes three such enzymes, Hxk1, Hxk2, and Glk1. In yeast and mammals, some isoforms of this enzyme are found in the nucleus, suggesting a possible moonlighting function beyond glucose phosphorylation. In contrast to mammalian hexokinases, yeast Hxk2 has been proposed to shuttle into the nucleus in glucose-replete conditions, where it reportedly moonlights as part of a glucose-repressive transcriptional complex. To achieve its role in glucose repression, Hxk2 reportedly binds the Mig1 transcriptional repressor, is dephosphorylated at serine 15 and requires an N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS). We used high-resolution, quantitative, fluorescent microscopy of live cells to determine the conditions, residues, and regulatory proteins required for Hxk2 nuclear localization. Countering previous yeast studies, we find that Hxk2 is largely excluded from the nucleus under glucose-replete conditions but is retained in the nucleus under glucose-limiting conditions. We find that the Hxk2 N-terminus does not contain an NLS but instead is necessary for nuclear exclusion and regulating multimerization. Amino acid substitutions of the phosphorylated residue, serine 15, disrupt Hxk2 dimerization but have no effect on its glucose-regulated nuclear localization. Alanine substation at nearby lysine 13 affects dimerization and maintenance of nuclear exclusion in glucose-replete conditions. Modeling and simulation provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of this regulation. In contrast to earlier studies, we find that the transcriptional repressor Mig1 and the protein kinase Snf1 have little effect on Hxk2 localization. Instead, the protein kinase Tda1 regulates Hxk2 localization. RNAseq analyses of the yeast transcriptome dispels the idea that Hxk2 moonlights as a transcriptional regulator of glucose repression, demonstrating that Hxk2 has a negligible role in transcriptional regulation in both glucose-replete and limiting conditions. Our studies define a new model of cis- and trans-acting regulators of Hxk2 dimerization and nuclear localization. Based on our data, the nuclear translocation of Hxk2 in yeast occurs in glucose starvation conditions, which aligns well with the nuclear regulation of mammalian orthologs. Our results lay the foundation for future studies of Hxk2 nuclear activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Lesko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dakshayini G. Chandrashekarappa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Jordahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine G. Oppenheimer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ray W. Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chaowei Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allyson F. O’Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Guo D, Meng Y, Jiang X, Lu Z. Hexokinases in cancer and other pathologies. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100077. [PMID: 37192912 PMCID: PMC10120283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is indispensable for cell growth and survival. Hexokinases play pivotal roles in glucose metabolism through canonical functions of hexokinases as well as in immune response, cell stemness, autophagy, and other cellular activities through noncanonical functions. The aberrant regulation of hexokinases contributes to the development and progression of pathologies, including cancer and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Penning TM, Su AL, El-Bayoumy K. Nitroreduction: A Critical Metabolic Pathway for Drugs, Environmental Pollutants, and Explosives. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1747-1765. [PMID: 36044734 PMCID: PMC9703362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitro group containing xenobiotics include drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, carcinogens (e.g., nitroarenes and aristolochic acid) and explosives. The nitro group undergoes a six-electron reduction to form sequentially the nitroso-, N-hydroxylamino- and amino-functional groups. These reactions are catalyzed by nitroreductases which, rather than being enzymes with this sole function, are enzymes hijacked for their propensity to donate electrons to the nitro group either one at a time via a radical mechanism or two at time via the equivalent of a hydride transfer. These enzymes include: NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes (NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase), P450 enzymes, oxidases (aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase) and aldo-keto reductases. The hydroxylamino group once formed can undergo conjugation reactions with acetate or sulfate catalyzed by N-acetyltransferases or sulfotransferases, respectively, leading to the formation of intermediates containing a good leaving group which in turn can generate a nitrenium or carbenium ion for covalent DNA adduct formation. The intermediates in the reduction sequence are also prone to oxidation and produce reactive oxygen species. As a consequence, many nitro-containing xenobiotics can be genotoxic either by forming stable covalent adducts or by oxidatively damaging DNA. This review will focus on the general chemistry of nitroreduction, the enzymes responsible, the reduction of xenobiotic substrates, the regulation of nitroreductases, the ability of nitrocompounds to form DNA adducts and act as mutagens as well as some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
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8
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Lipoprotein Deprivation Reveals a Cholesterol-Dependent Therapeutic Vulnerability in Diffuse Glioma Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163873. [PMID: 36010867 PMCID: PMC9405833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High-grade gliomas are aggressive cancers that arise in children and adults, for which there is an urgent need for more effective drug therapies. Targeting the energy requirements (‘metabolism’) of these cancer cells may offer a new avenue for therapy. Cholesterol is a fatty substance found on the surface of cancer cells. Our research shows that childhood high-grade gliomas require cholesterol for their energy needs. By repurposing a drug called LXR-623 to reduce the levels of cholesterol inside high-grade glioma cancer cells, we could impair the growth of these cells in laboratory conditions. These results provide evidence for future experiments using LXR-623 to test whether this drug is able to increase the survival of mice with similar high-grade gliomas. Abstract Poor outcomes associated with diffuse high-grade gliomas occur in both adults and children, despite substantial progress made in the molecular characterisation of the disease. Targeting the metabolic requirements of cancer cells represents an alternative therapeutic strategy to overcome the redundancy associated with cell signalling. Cholesterol is an integral component of cell membranes and is required by cancer cells to maintain growth and may also drive transformation. Here, we show that removal of exogenous cholesterol in the form of lipoproteins from culture medium was detrimental to the growth of two paediatric diffuse glioma cell lines, KNS42 and SF188, in association with S-phase elongation and a transcriptomic program, indicating dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis. Interrogation of metabolic perturbations under lipoprotein-deficient conditions revealed a reduced abundance of taurine-related metabolites and cholesterol ester species. Pharmacological reduction in intracellular cholesterol via decreased uptake and increased export was simulated using the liver X receptor agonist LXR-623, which reduced cellular viability in both adult and paediatric models of diffuse glioma, although the mechanism appeared to be cholesterol-independent in the latter. These results provide proof-of-principle for further assessment of liver X receptor agonists in paediatric diffuse glioma to complement the currently approved therapeutic regimens and expand the options available to clinicians to treat this highly debilitating disease.
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9
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Magalhães RSS, Boechat FC, Brasil AA, Neto JRM, Ribeiro GD, Paranhos LH, Neves de Souza N, Vieira T, Outeiro TF, Neves BC, Eleutherio ECA. Hexokinase 2: The preferential target of trehalose-6-phosphate over hexokinase 1. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1808-1816. [PMID: 35944097 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-related metabolic features are in part maintained by hexokinase 2 upregulation, which leads to high levels of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and is needed to provide energy and biomass to support rapid proliferation. Using a humanized model of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we explored how human hexokinase 2 (HK2) behaves under different nutritional conditions. At high glucose levels, yeast presents aerobic glycolysis through a regulatory mechanism known as catabolic repression, which exerts a metabolic adaptation like the Warburg effect. At high glucose concentrations, HK2 did not translocate into the nucleus and was not able to shift the metabolism toward a highly glycolytic state, in contrast to the effect of yeast hexokinase 2 (Hxk2), which is a crucial protein for the control of aerobic glycolysis in S. cerevisiae. During the stationary phase, when glucose is exhausted, Hxk2 is shuttled out of the nucleus, ceasing catabolic repression. Cells harvested at this condition display low glucose consumption rates. However, glucose-starved cells expressing HK2 had an increased capacity to consume glucose. In those cells, HK2 localized to mitochondria, becoming insensitive to G6P inhibition. We also found that the sugar trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is a human HK2 inhibitor, like yeast Hxk2, but was not able to inhibit human HK1, the isoform that is ubiquitously expressed in almost all mammalian tissues. In contrast to G6P, T6P inhibited HK2 even when HK2 was associated with mitochondria. The binding of HK2 to mitochondria is crucial for cancer survival and proliferation. T6P was able to reduce the cell viability of tumor cells, although its toxicity was not impressive. This was expected as cell absorption of phosphorylated sugars is low, which might be counteracted using nanotechnology. Altogether, these data suggest that T6P may offer a new paradigm for cancer treatment based on specific inhibition of HK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayne S S Magalhães
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Boechat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline A Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José R M Neto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan H Paranhos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Neves de Souza
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane Vieira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca C Neves
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Thomas GE, Egan G, García-Prat L, Botham A, Voisin V, Patel PS, Hoff FW, Chin J, Nachmias B, Kaufmann KB, Khan DH, Hurren R, Wang X, Gronda M, MacLean N, O'Brien C, Singh RP, Jones CL, Harding SM, Raught B, Arruda A, Minden MD, Bader GD, Hakem R, Kornblau S, Dick JE, Schimmer AD. The metabolic enzyme hexokinase 2 localizes to the nucleus in AML and normal haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to maintain stemness. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:872-884. [PMID: 35668135 PMCID: PMC9203277 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolites regulate leukaemic and normal stem cells by affecting epigenetic marks. How mitochondrial enzymes localize to the nucleus to control stem cell function is less understood. We discovered that the mitochondrial metabolic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) localizes to the nucleus in leukaemic and normal haematopoietic stem cells. Overexpression of nuclear HK2 increases leukaemic stem cell properties and decreases differentiation, whereas selective nuclear HK2 knockdown promotes differentiation and decreases stem cell function. Nuclear HK2 localization is phosphorylation-dependent, requires active import and export, and regulates differentiation independently of its enzymatic activity. HK2 interacts with nuclear proteins regulating chromatin openness, increasing chromatin accessibilities at leukaemic stem cell-positive signature and DNA-repair sites. Nuclear HK2 overexpression decreases double-strand breaks and confers chemoresistance, which may contribute to the mechanism by which leukaemic stem cells resist DNA-damaging agents. Thus, we describe a non-canonical mechanism by which mitochondrial enzymes influence stem cell function independently of their metabolic function. Thomas, Egan et al. report that hexokinase 2 localizes to the nucleus of leukaemic and normal haematopoietic cells to maintain stemness by interacting with nuclear proteins and modulating chromatin accessibility independently of its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethu Emily Thomas
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Egan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura García-Prat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Botham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parasvi S Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fieke W Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan Chin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boaz Nachmias
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerstin B Kaufmann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dilshad H Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil MacLean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristiana O'Brien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashim P Singh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney L Jones
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane M Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Arruda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Razq Hakem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Watzky M, Huard S, Juricek L, Dairou J, Chauvet C, Coumoul X, Letessier A, Miotto B. Hexokinase 2 is a transcriptional target and a positive modulator of AHR signalling. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5545-5564. [PMID: 35609998 PMCID: PMC9178003 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) regulates the expression of numerous genes in response to activation by agonists including xenobiotics. Although it is well appreciated that environmental signals and cell intrinsic features may modulate this transcriptional response, how it is mechanistically achieved remains poorly understood. We show that hexokinase 2 (HK2) a metabolic enzyme fuelling cancer cell growth, is a transcriptional target of AHR as well as a modulator of its activity. Expression of HK2 is positively regulated by AHR upon exposure to agonists both in human cells and in mice lung tissues. Conversely, over-expression of HK2 regulates the abundance of many proteins involved in the regulation of AHR signalling and these changes are linked with altered AHR expression levels and transcriptional activity. HK2 expression also shows a negative correlation with AHR promoter methylation in tumours, and these tumours with high HK2 expression and low AHR methylation are associated with a worse overall survival in patients. In sum, our study provides novel insights into how AHR signalling is regulated which may help our understanding of the context-specific effects of this pathway and may have implications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Watzky
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Solène Huard
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Ludmila Juricek
- METATOX, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, INSERM UMR-S1124, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Université Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS, UMR 8601, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Chauvet
- METATOX, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, INSERM UMR-S1124, F-75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- METATOX, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, INSERM UMR-S1124, F-75006 Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Paris, France
| | - Anne Letessier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France
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12
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Li C, Li J, Lai J, Liu Y. The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of esculin: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2434-2448. [PMID: 35599456 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐xiao Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jing‐chun Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jiang Lai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery Third People's Hospital of Chengdu Chengdu China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
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13
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Hou S, Lei S, Peng H, Weng L, Lv S, Li M, Zhao D. Down-regulating HK2 inhibits proliferation of endometrial stromal cells through a noncanonical pathway involving phosphorylation of STAT1 in endometriosis. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:488-499. [PMID: 35470850 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a benign gynecologic disease that causes chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and infertility and shares several characteristics with malignant tumors, afflicting women of reproductive age. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays an essential role as the first rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolic glycolysis pathway, and its abnormal elevation in tumors is associated with tumor genesis and metastasis. However, the expression and role of HK2 in endometriosis remain unclear. METHODS We sequenced the primary endometrial stromal cells from patients with endometrioma and utilized immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR and western blot to determine the expression of HK2. Then wound healing assays, cell invasion assays, cell proliferation assays were performed to explore the functions of HK2 in endometrial stromal cells. Furthermore, mice models of endometriosis were used to observe the effects of HK2 inhibitors in vivo. Lastly, glycolysis metabolism detection and transcriptome sequencing were carried out in HK2-knockdown endometrial stromal cells to analyze the mechanism of HK2 affecting cell function. RESULTS Endometrial stromal cells of endometrioma displayed active glycolysis metabolism and elevated expression of HK2. Downregulating HK2 reduced the migration, invasion and proliferation capacity of endometrial stromal cells. Knockdown of HK2 induced upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and their phosphorylation to attenuate the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS HK2 is associated with the migration, invasion and proliferation of endometrial stromal cells, which might provide new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shating Lei
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichun Weng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Siji Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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14
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Harnessing oxidative stress for anti-glioma therapy. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105281. [PMID: 35038460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioma cells use intermediate levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) for growth and invasion, and suppressing these reactive molecules thus may compromise processes that are vital for glioma survival. Increased oxidative stress has been identified in glioma cells, in particular in glioma stem-like cells. Studies have shown that these cells harbor potent antioxidant defenses, although endogenous protection against nitrosative stress remains understudied. The enhancement of oxidative or nitrosative stress offers a potential target for triggering glioma cell death, but whether oxidative and nitrosative stresses can be combined for therapeutic effects requires further research. The optimal approach of harnessing oxidative stress for anti-glioma therapy should include the induction of free radical-induced oxidative damage and the suppression of antioxidant defense mechanisms selectively in glioma cells. However, selective induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress in glioma cells remains a therapeutic challenge, and research into selective drug delivery systems is ongoing. Because of multifactorial mechanisms of glioma growth, progression, and invasion, prospective oncological therapies may include not only therapeutic oxidative/nitrosative stress but also inhibition of oncogenic kinases, antioxidant molecules, and programmed cell death mediators.
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15
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Patrick S, Gowda P, Lathoria K, Suri V, Sen E. YAP1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in IDH1 mutant gliomas. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273515. [PMID: 34651186 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene leads to the production of oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from α-ketoglutarate and is associated with better prognosis in glioma. As Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is an important regulator of tumor progression, its role in glioma expressing IDH1 with an R132H mutation was investigated. Diminished nuclear levels of YAP1 in IDH1 mutant glioma tissues and cell lines were accompanied by decreased levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the functionality of the TEAD2-binding site on the TFAM promoter in mediating its YAP1-dependent expression. YAP1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation and ROS generation were accompanied by decreased telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) levels and increased mitochondrial TERT localization in IDH1 R132H cells. Treatment with the Src kinase inhibitor bosutinib, which prevents extranuclear shuttling of TERT, further elevated ROS in IDH1 R132H cells and triggered apoptosis. Importantly, bosutinib treatment also increased ROS levels and induced apoptosis in IDH1 wild-type cells when YAP1 was concurrently depleted. These findings highlight the involvement of YAP1 in coupling mitochondrial dysfunction with mitochondrial shuttling of TERT to constitute an essential non-canonical function of YAP1 in the regulation of redox homeostasis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Patrick
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Pruthvi Gowda
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Kirti Lathoria
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
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16
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Zhao N, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Chen C, Wang H. Mechanisms of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Biological Characteristics and Aerobic Glycolysis of Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011197. [PMID: 34681857 PMCID: PMC8541290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and aggressive tumor of the central nervous system. The uncontrolled proliferation, cellular heterogeneity, and diffusive capacity of glioma cells contribute to a very poor prognosis of patients with high grade glioma. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells exhibit a higher rate of glucose uptake, which is accompanied with the metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. The metabolic reprogramming of cancer cell supports excessive cell proliferation, which are frequently mediated by the activation of oncogenes or the perturbations of tumor suppressor genes. Recently, a growing body of evidence has started to reveal that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in a wide spectrum of biological processes in glioma, including malignant phenotypes and aerobic glycolysis. However, the mechanisms of diverse lncRNAs in the initiation and progression of gliomas remain to be fully unveiled. In this review, we summarized the diverse roles of lncRNAs in shaping the biological features and aerobic glycolysis of glioma. The thorough understanding of lncRNAs in glioma biology provides opportunities for developing diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies targeting gliomas.
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17
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Liu H, Qin S, Liu C, Jiang L, Li C, Yang J, Zhang S, Yan Z, Liu X, Yang J, Sun X. m 6A reader IGF2BP2-stabilized CASC9 accelerates glioblastoma aerobic glycolysis by enhancing HK2 mRNA stability. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:292. [PMID: 34645788 PMCID: PMC8514511 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been identified to exert critical roles in human cancer; however, the regulation of m6A modification on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CASC9 (cancer susceptibility 9) is still unclear. Firstly, MeRIP-Seq revealed the m6A profile in the GBM. Moreover, the m6A-related lncRNA CASC9 expression was significantly elevated in the GBM tissue and its ectopic high expression was associated with poor survival, acting as an independent prognostic factor for GBM patients. Functionally, the aerobic glycolysis was promoted in the CASC9 overexpression transfection, which was inhibited in CASC9 knockdown in GBM cells. Mechanistically, m6A reader IGF2BP2 (insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2) could recognize the m6A site of CASC9 and enhance its stability, then CASC9 cooperated with IGF2BP2, forming an IGF2BP2/CASC9 complex, to increase the HK2 (Hexokinase 2) mRNA stability. Our findings reveal that CASC9/IGF2BP2/HK2 axis promotes the aerobic glycolysis of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- Medical Records Room, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Le Jiang
- Office of Academic Research, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiankai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shunyao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongjie Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jipeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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18
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Gowda P, Lathoria K, Umdor SB, Sen E. Brg1 mutation alters oxidative stress responses in glioblastoma. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105189. [PMID: 34543701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences suggest that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex involved in the organization of chromatin architecture via ATP hydrolysis, plays an important role in human cancer. As TCGA gene expression analyses revealed signature of enhanced oxidative stress in GBMs harbouring Brg1mutations, we examined the involvement of ATPase subunit of BRG1 in regulating oxidative stress responses in glioma. BRG1-MUT overexpressing glioma cells exhibit intrinsically higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as compared to BRG1-WT. Elevated ROS generation was concomitant with decreased expression of NF-E2- related factor 2 (NRF2), superoxide dismutases (SOD-1,2) and thioredoxins (TrX-1,2). A similar change in redox regulatory genes and ROS production was observed upon siRNA-mediated knockdown of Brg1. Increased sensitivity to temozolomide was observed upon loss of BRG1-ATPase catalytic domain. These findings highlight the role of ATPase domain of BRG1 in regulating redox homeostasis and sensitivity to oxidative stressors in glioma cells. BRG1 mutation created vulnerability to elevated ROS levels can be therapeutically exploited, with ROS stressors as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of BRG1-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi Gowda
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | - Kirti Lathoria
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | - Sonia B Umdor
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122 052, India.
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19
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Rewiring of lactate-IL-1β auto-regulatory loop with Clock-Bmal1: A feed-forward circuit in glioma. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0044920. [PMID: 34124933 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00449-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
De-synchronized circadian rhythm in tumors is coincident with aberrant inflammation and dysregulated metabolism. As their inter-relationship in cancer etiology is largely unknown, we investigated the link between the three in glioma. Tumor metabolite lactate- mediated increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was concomitant with elevated levels of core circadian regulators Clock and Bmal1. siRNA mediated knockdown of Bmal1 and Clock decreased (i) LDHA and IL-1β levels and (ii) release of lactate and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lactate mediated deacetylation of Bmal1 and its interaction with Clock, regulate IL-1β levels and vice versa. Site-directed mutagenesis and luciferase reporter assay indicated the functionality of E-box sites on LDHA and IL-1β promoters. ChIP-re-ChIP revealed that lactate-IL-1β crosstalk positively affects co-recruitment of Clock-Bmal1 to these E-box sites. Clock-Bmal1 enrichment was accompanied by decreased H3K9me3, and increased H3K9ac and RNA pol II occupancy. Lactate-IL-1β-Clock (LIC) loop positively regulated expression of genes associated with cell cycle, DNA damage and cytoskeletal organization involved in glioma progression. TCGA data analysis suggested the presence of lactate- IL-1β-crosstalk in other cancers. The responsiveness of stomach and cervical cancer cells to lactate inhibition followed the same trend exhibited by glioma cells. In addition, components of LIC loop were found to be correlated with (i) patient survival, (ii) clinically actionable genes, and (iii) anti-cancer drug sensitivity. Our findings provide evidence for a potential cancer-specific axis wiring of IL-1β and LDHA through Clock -Bmal1, the outcome of which is to fuel an IL-1β-lactate autocrine loop that drives pro-inflammatory and oncogenic signals.
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20
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Rodríguez-Saavedra C, Morgado-Martínez LE, Burgos-Palacios A, King-Díaz B, López-Coria M, Sánchez-Nieto S. Moonlighting Proteins: The Case of the Hexokinases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:701975. [PMID: 34235183 PMCID: PMC8256278 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.701975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are defined as proteins with two or more functions that are unrelated and independent to each other, so that inactivation of one of them should not affect the second one and vice versa. Intriguingly, all the glycolytic enzymes are described as moonlighting proteins in some organisms. Hexokinase (HXK) is a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and displays a wide range of functions in different organisms such as fungi, parasites, mammals, and plants. This review discusses HXKs moonlighting functions in depth since they have a profound impact on the responses to nutritional, environmental, and disease challenges. HXKs’ activities can be as diverse as performing metabolic activities, as a gene repressor complexing with other proteins, as protein kinase, as immune receptor and regulating processes like autophagy, programmed cell death or immune system responses. However, most of those functions are particular for some organisms while the most common moonlighting HXK function in several kingdoms is being a glucose sensor. In this review, we also analyze how different regulation mechanisms cause HXK to change its subcellular localization, oligomeric or conformational state, the response to substrate and product concentration, and its interactions with membrane, proteins, or RNA, all of which might impact the HXK moonlighting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Morgado-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Burgos-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz King-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat López-Coria
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Wang Y, Kong W, Wang L, Zhang T, Huang B, Meng J, Yang B, Xie Z, Zhou H. Multiple-Purpose Connectivity Map Analysis Reveals the Benefits of Esculetin to Hyperuricemia and Renal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207695. [PMID: 33080936 PMCID: PMC7589473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum uric acid (SUA) levels in CKD stage 3–4 patients closely correlate with hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) morbidity. New uric acid (UA)-lowering strategies are required to prevent CKD. The multiple-purpose connectivity map (CMAP) was used to discover potential molecules against HUA and renal fibrosis. We used HUA and unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) model mice to verify renoprotective effects of molecules and explore related mechanisms. In vitro experiments were performed in HepG2 and NRK-52E cells induced by UA. Esculetin was the top scoring compound and lowered serum uric acid (SUA) levels with dual functions on UA excretion. Esculetin exerted these effects by inhibiting expression and activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) in liver, and modulating UA transporters in kidney. The mechanism by which esculetin suppressed XO was related to inhibiting the nuclear translocation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). Esculetin was anti-fibrotic in HUA and UUO mice through inhibiting TGF-β1-activated profibrotic signals. The renoprotection effects of esculetin in HUA mice were associated with lower SUA, alleviation of oxidative stress, and inhibition of fibrosis. Esculetin is a candidate urate-lowering drug with renoprotective activity and the ability to inhibit XO, promote excretion of UA, protect oxidative stress injury, and reduce renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Weikaixin Kong
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
| | - Boyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (W.K.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2798 (Z.X. & H.Z.)
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.W.); (L.W.); (B.H.); (J.M.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2798 (Z.X. & H.Z.)
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22
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Cirotti C, Contadini C, Barilà D. SRC Kinase in Glioblastoma News from an Old Acquaintance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061558. [PMID: 32545574 PMCID: PMC7352599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most recalcitrant brain tumors characterized by a tumor microenvironment (TME) that strongly supports GBM growth, aggressiveness, invasiveness, and resistance to therapy. Importantly, a common feature of GBM is the aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and of their downstream signaling cascade, including the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC. SRC is a central downstream intermediate of many RTKs, which triggers the phosphorylation of many substrates, therefore, promoting the regulation of a wide range of different pathways involved in cell survival, adhesion, proliferation, motility, and angiogenesis. In addition to the aforementioned pathways, SRC constitutive activity promotes and sustains inflammation and metabolic reprogramming concurring with TME development, therefore, actively sustaining tumor growth. Here, we aim to provide an updated picture of the molecular pathways that link SRC to these events in GBM. In addition, SRC targeting strategies are discussed in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of SRC inhibitors in GBM management, focusing our attention on their potentialities in combination with conventional therapeutic approaches (i.e., temozolomide) to ameliorate therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cirotti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Contadini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-0170-3168
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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