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Tilliole P, Fix S, Godin JD. hnRNPs: roles in neurodevelopment and implication for brain disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1411639. [PMID: 39086926 PMCID: PMC11288931 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1411639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) constitute a family of multifunctional RNA-binding proteins able to process nuclear pre-mRNAs into mature mRNAs and regulate gene expression in multiple ways. They comprise at least 20 different members in mammals, named from A (HNRNP A1) to U (HNRNP U). Many of these proteins are components of the spliceosome complex and can modulate alternative splicing in a tissue-specific manner. Notably, while genes encoding hnRNPs exhibit ubiquitous expression, increasing evidence associate these proteins to various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, microcephaly, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or dementias, highlighting their crucial role in the central nervous system. This review explores the evolution of the hnRNPs family, highlighting the emergence of numerous new members within this family, and sheds light on their implications for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tilliole
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Fix
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliette D. Godin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Rouse WB, Tompkins VS, O’Leary CA, Moss WN. The RNA secondary structure of androgen receptor-FL and V7 transcripts reveals novel regulatory regions. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6596-6613. [PMID: 38554103 PMCID: PMC11194067 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor belonging to the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family. Due to its roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, AR is tightly regulated to maintain proper levels of itself and the many genes it controls. AR dysregulation is a driver of many human diseases including prostate cancer. Though this dysregulation often occurs at the RNA level, there are many unknowns surrounding post-transcriptional regulation of AR mRNA, particularly the role that RNA secondary structure plays. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of AR transcript secondary structure is needed. We address this through the computational and experimental analyses of two key isoforms, full length (AR-FL) and truncated (AR-V7). Here, a combination of in-cell RNA secondary structure probing experiments (targeted DMS-MaPseq) and computational predictions were used to characterize the static structural landscape and conformational dynamics of both isoforms. Additionally, in-cell assays were used to identify functionally relevant structures in the 5' and 3' UTRs of AR-FL. A notable example is a conserved stem loop structure in the 5'UTR of AR-FL that can bind to Poly(RC) Binding Protein 2 (PCBP2). Taken together, our results reveal novel features that regulate AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren B Rouse
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Collin A O’Leary
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Current Address: Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
| | - Walter N Moss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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3
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Ji W, Xu L, Sun X, Xu X, Zhang H, Luo H, Yao B, Zhang W, Su X, Huang H. Exploiting Systematic Engineering of the Expression Cassette as a Powerful Tool to Enhance Heterologous Gene Expression in Trichoderma reesei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5307-5317. [PMID: 38426871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Many endeavors in expressing a heterologous gene in microbial hosts rely on simply placing the gene of interest between a selected pair of promoters and terminator. However, although the expression efficiency could be improved by engineering the host cell, how modifying the expression cassette itself systematically would affect heterologous gene expression remains largely unknown. As the promoter and terminator bear plentiful cis-elements, herein using the Aspergillus niger mannanase with high application value in animal feeds and the eukaryotic filamentous fungus workhorse Trichoderma reesei as a model gene/host, systematic engineering of an expression cassette was investigated to decipher the effect of its mutagenesis on heterologous gene expression. Modifying the promoter, signal peptide, the eukaryotic-specific Kozak sequence, and the 3'-UTR could stepwise improve extracellular mannanase production from 17 U/mL to an ultimate 471 U/mL, representing a 27.7-fold increase in expression. The strategies can be generally applied in improving the production of heterologous proteins in eukaryotic microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Kumar R, Mendonca J, Shetty A, Yang Y, Owoyemi O, Wilson L, Boyapati K, Topiwala D, Thomas N, Nguyen H, Luo J, Paller CJ, Denmeade S, Carducci MA, Kachhap SK. CRM1 regulates androgen receptor stability and impacts DNA repair pathways in prostate cancer, independent of the androgen receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.579966. [PMID: 38405771 PMCID: PMC10888881 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.579966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Among the known nuclear exportins, CRM1 is the most studied prototype. Dysregulation of CRM1 occurs in many cancers, hence, understanding the role of CRM1 in cancer can help in developing synergistic therapeutics. The study investigates how CRM1 affects prostate cancer growth and survival. It examines the role of CRM1 in regulating androgen receptor (AR) and DNA repair in prostate cancer. Our findings reveal that CRM1 influences AR mRNA and protein stability, leading to a loss of AR protein upon CRM1 inhibition. Furthermore, it highlights the involvement of HSP90 alpha, a known AR chaperone, in the CRM1-dependent regulation of AR protein stability. The combination of CRM1 inhibition with an HSP90 inhibitor demonstrates potent effects on decreasing prostate cancer cell growth and survival. The study further explores the influence of CRM1 on DNA repair proteins and proposes a strategy of combining CRM1 inhibitors with DNA repair pathway inhibitors to decrease prostate cancer growth. Overall, the findings suggest that CRM1 plays a crucial role in prostate cancer growth, and a combination of inhibitors targeting CRM1 and DNA repair pathways could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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5
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Bailey MA, Martyr JG, Hargrove AE, Fitzgerald MC. Stability-Based Proteomics for Investigation of Structured RNA-Protein Interactions. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38341805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
RNA-protein interactions are essential to RNA function throughout biology. Identifying the protein interactions associated with a specific RNA, however, is currently hindered by the need for RNA labeling or costly tiling-based approaches. Conventional strategies, which commonly rely on affinity pull-down approaches, are also skewed to the detection of high affinity interactions and frequently miss weaker interactions that may be biologically important. Reported here is the first adaptation of stability-based mass spectrometry methods for the global analysis of RNA-protein interactions. The stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX) and thermal protein profiling (TPP) methods are used to identify the protein targets of three RNA ligands, the MALAT1 triple helix (TH), a viral stem loop (SL), and an unstructured RNA (PolyU), in LNCaP nuclear lysate. The 315 protein hits with RNA-induced conformational and stability changes detected by TPP and/or SPROX were enriched in previously annotated RNA-binding proteins and included new proteins for hypothesis generation. Also demonstrated are the orthogonality of the SPROX and TPP approaches and the utility of the domain-specific information available with SPROX. This work establishes a novel platform for the global discovery and interrogation of RNA-protein interactions that is generalizable to numerous biological contexts and RNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Justin G Martyr
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Amanda E Hargrove
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Michael C Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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6
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Luo Y, Zhang Y, Pang S, Min J, Wang T, Wu D, Lin C, Xiao Z, Xiang Q, Li Q, Ma L. PCBP1 protects bladder cancer cells from mitochondria injury and ferroptosis by inducing LACTB mRNA degradation. Mol Carcinog 2023. [PMID: 37157950 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although Poly C Binding Protein 1 (PCBP1) affects cellular ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, the mechanisms by which PCBP1 regulates bladder cancer (BC) cell functions are unknown. In this study, two BC cell lines (T24 and UMUC3) were treated with different doses of ferroptosis inducer erastin to analyze the effect of PCBP1. Online databases (RPISeq and CatRAPID) were used to predict the possible direct interaction between PCBP1 protein and serine β-lactamase-like protein (LACTB) mRNA, which was further validated via RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. Mitochondria injury and ferroptosis were evaluated using CCK-8 assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, corresponding kits, and JC-1 staining. In vivo experiments were conducted using tumor xenograft models. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect transcript expression levels, while protein levels were analyzed using western blot and immunohistochemistry. PCBP1 expression was significantly upregulated in BC tissues and cell lines. Also, PCBP1 knockdown increased erastin-mediated ferroptosis in T24 and UMUC3 cells, while PCBP1 overexpression decreased erastin-mediated ferroptosis in T24 and UMUC3 cells. Mechanistic results showed that LACTB mRNA is a novel PCBP1-binding transcript. LACTB upregulation promoted erastin-induced ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, LACTB overexpression reversed PCBP1-mediated ferroptosis protection, including decreased ROS and enhanced mitochondrial function, which were further alleviated after phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PISD) overexpression. Moreover, PCBP1 silencing significantly enhanced tumor inhibition effect of sulfasalazine in xenograft mice transplanted with T24 and UMUC3 cells, leading to LACTB upregulation and PISD downregulation. In conclusion, PCBP1 protects BC cells against mitochondria injury and ferroptosis via LACTB/PISD axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Pang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxian Min
- Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dali Wu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Xu W, Wang J, Xu J, Li S, Zhang R, Shen C, Xie M, Zheng B, Gu M. Long non-coding RNA DEPDC1-AS1 promotes proliferation and migration of human gastric cancer cells HGC-27 via the human antigen R-F11R pathway. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221093135. [PMID: 35466755 PMCID: PMC9044790 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221093135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are critical regulators in carcinogenesis. The
novel lncRNA DEPDC1 antisense RNA 1 (DEPDC1-AS1) was
recently associated with poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer and
lung adenocarcinoma. However, its role in regulating the malignant
progression of gastric cancer (GC) and its molecular mechanism are unclear.
We herein explored the functions of DEPDC1-AS1 in GC
progression. Methods DEPDC1-AS1 expression and prognosis in GC tissues were
examined by bioinformatics analysis and quantitative reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction. The DEPDC1-AS1 function in GC
cells was explored by the cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay,
Transwell assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP
nick-end labeling, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine-incorporation, and the
xenograft tumor model. The DEPDC1-AS1 and human antigen
(Hu)R interaction was determined by RNA pull-down and RNA
immunoprecipitation. Results DEPDC1-AS1 was overexpressed in GC tissues and cell lines,
and associated with a worse prognosis in GC patients. In
vitro and in vivo assays showed that
DEPDC1-AS1 promoted HGC-27 cell proliferation and
migration. Mechanistically, DEPDC1-AS1 served as a scaffold
by combining with HuR to target the specific mRNA F11R. Conclusion DEPDC1-AS1 plays a crucial role in GC development and
progression and is a potential biomarker for the early detection or
prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Jinfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shenyi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Human Reproductive and Genetic Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Min Xie
- The Central Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Menghui Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
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8
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TR3 Enhances AR Variant Production and Transactivation, Promoting Androgen Independence of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081911. [PMID: 35454821 PMCID: PMC9031921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advanced prostate cancer development is associated with androgen-independent AR signaling. TR3 overexpression alters AR expression, splicing process, and transactivation towards increasing the androgen independence of AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that TR3 is a pivotal factor in the progression of prostate cancer to advanced form. Abstract The pro-oncogenic function of TR3, an orphan nuclear receptor, has been reported in prostate cancer. However, the roles of TR3 in androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling in prostate cancer cells are poorly understood. Database analysis revealed that TR3 expression level is elevated in prostate tumors, and is positively, although weakly, correlated with that of AR. TR3 overexpression increased the production of AR splice variants in addition to general upregulation of AR expression. TR3 interacted with some spliceosomal complex components and AR precursor mRNA, altering the splice junction rates between exons. TR3 also enhanced androgen-independent AR function. Furthermore, TR3 overexpression increased cell proliferation and mobility of AR-positive prostate cancer cells and stimulated tumorigenesis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in mouse xenograft models. This is the first study to report that TR3 is a multifunctional regulator of AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. TR3 alters AR expression, splicing process, and activity in prostate cancer cells, increasing the androgen independence of AR signaling. Therefore, TR3 may play a crucial role in the progression of prostate cancer to an advanced castration-resistant form.
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9
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Guha A, Waris S, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Gorospe M, Kwan T, King PH. The versatile role of HuR in Glioblastoma and its potential as a therapeutic target for a multi-pronged attack. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114082. [PMID: 34923029 PMCID: PMC8916685 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant and aggressive brain tumor with a median survival of ∼15 months. Resistance to treatment arises from the extensive cellular and molecular heterogeneity in the three major components: glioma tumor cells, glioma stem cells, and tumor-associated microglia and macrophages. Within this triad, there is a complex network of intrinsic and secreted factors that promote classic hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, resistance to cell death, proliferation, and immune evasion. A regulatory node connecting these diverse pathways is at the posttranscriptional level as mRNAs encoding many of the key drivers contain adenine- and uridine rich elements (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. Human antigen R (HuR) binds to ARE-bearing mRNAs and is a major positive regulator at this level. This review focuses on basic concepts of ARE-mediated RNA regulation and how targeting HuR with small molecule inhibitors represents a plausible strategy for a multi-pronged therapeutic attack on GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Saboora Waris
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, PIMS, G-8, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Louis B Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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10
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Rossi F, Beltran M, Damizia M, Grelloni C, Colantoni A, Setti A, Di Timoteo G, Dattilo D, Centrón-Broco A, Nicoletti C, Fanciulli M, Lavia P, Bozzoni I. Circular RNA ZNF609/CKAP5 mRNA interaction regulates microtubule dynamics and tumorigenicity. Mol Cell 2022; 82:75-89.e9. [PMID: 34942120 PMCID: PMC8751636 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in eukaryotes and are regulated in many biological processes. Although several studies indicate their activity as microRNA (miRNA) and protein sponges, little is known about their ability to directly control mRNA homeostasis. We show that the widely expressed circZNF609 directly interacts with several mRNAs and increases their stability and/or translation by favoring the recruitment of the RNA-binding protein ELAVL1. Particularly, the interaction with CKAP5 mRNA, which interestingly overlaps the back-splicing junction, enhances CKAP5 translation, regulating microtubule function in cancer cells and sustaining cell-cycle progression. Finally, we show that circZNF609 downregulation increases the sensitivity of several cancer cell lines to different microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs and that locked nucleic acid (LNA) protectors against the pairing region on circZNF609 phenocopy such effects. These data set an example of how the small effects tuned by circZNF609/CKAP5 mRNA interaction might have a potent output in tumor growth and drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Manuel Beltran
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Michela Damizia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology CNR, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Grelloni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Adriano Setti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Gaia Di Timoteo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Dario Dattilo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Alvaro Centrón-Broco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- DAHFMO - Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- UOSD SAFU, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology CNR, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Irene Bozzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy; Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy.
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11
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Likos E, Bhattarai A, Weyman CM, Shukla GC. The androgen receptor messenger RNA: what do we know? RNA Biol 2022; 19:819-828. [PMID: 35704670 PMCID: PMC9225383 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2084839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR), transcriptionally activated by its ligands, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is widely expressed in cells and tissues, influencing normal biology and disease states. The protein product of the AR gene is involved in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including the development and maintenance of the normal prostate gland and of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and immune systems. Androgen signalling, mediated by AR protein, plays a crucial role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), and is presumed to be involved in other cancers including those of the breast, bladder, liver and kidney. Significant research and reviews have focused on AR protein function; however, inadequate research and literature exist to define the function of AR mRNA in normal and cancer cells. The AR mRNA transcript is nearly 11 Kb long and contains a long 3’ untranslated region (UTR), suggesting its biological role in post-transcriptional regulation, consequently affecting the overall functions of both normal and cancer cells. Research has demonstrated that many biological activities, including RNA stability, translation, cellular trafficking and localization, are associated with the 3’ UTRs of mRNAs. In this review, we describe the potential role of the AR 3’ UTR and summarize RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with the AR mRNA to regulate post-transcriptional metabolism. We highlight the importance of AR mRNA as a critical modulator of carcinogenesis and its important role in developing therapy-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eviania Likos
- Department of Biological, Geo. and Evs. Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Asmita Bhattarai
- Department of Biological, Geo. and Evs. Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Crystal M Weyman
- Department of Biological, Geo. and Evs. Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Department of Biological, Geo. and Evs. Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Dynamic Variations of 3'UTR Length Reprogram the mRNA Regulatory Landscape. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111560. [PMID: 34829789 PMCID: PMC8615635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper concerns 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of mRNAs, which are non-coding regulatory platforms that control stability, fate and the correct spatiotemporal translation of mRNAs. Many mRNAs have polymorphic 3′UTR regions. Controlling 3′UTR length and sequence facilitates the regulation of the accessibility of functional effectors (RNA binding proteins, miRNAs or other ncRNAs) to 3′UTR functional boxes and motifs and the establishment of different regulatory landscapes for mRNA function. In this context, shortening of 3′UTRs would loosen miRNA or protein-based mechanisms of mRNA degradation, while 3′UTR lengthening would strengthen accessibility to these effectors. Alterations in the mechanisms regulating 3′UTR length would result in widespread deregulation of gene expression that could eventually lead to diseases likely linked to the loss (or acquisition) of specific miRNA binding sites. Here, we will review the mechanisms that control 3′UTR length dynamics and their alterations in human disorders. We will discuss, from a mechanistic point of view centered on the molecular machineries involved, the generation of 3′UTR variability by the use of alternative polyadenylation and cleavage sites, of mutually exclusive terminal alternative exons (exon skipping) as well as by the process of exonization of Alu cassettes to generate new 3′UTRs with differential functional features.
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13
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Zhou T, Wang H, Zeng C, Zhao Y. RPocket: an intuitive database of RNA pocket topology information with RNA-ligand data resources. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:428. [PMID: 34496744 PMCID: PMC8424408 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA regulates a variety of biological functions by interacting with other molecules. The ligand often binds in the RNA pocket to trigger structural changes or functions. Thus, it is essential to explore and visualize the RNA pocket to elucidate the structural and recognition mechanism for the RNA-ligand complex formation. Results In this work, we developed one user-friendly bioinformatics tool, RPocket. This database provides geometrical size, centroid, shape, secondary structure element for RNA pocket, RNA-ligand interaction information, and functional sites. We extracted 240 RNA pockets from 94 non-redundant RNA-ligand complex structures. We developed RPDescriptor to calculate the pocket geometrical property quantitatively. The geometrical information was then subjected to RNA-ligand binding analysis by incorporating the sequence, secondary structure, and geometrical combinations. This new approach takes advantage of both the atom-level precision of the structure and the nucleotide-level tertiary interactions. The results show that the higher-level topological pattern indeed improves the tertiary structure prediction. We also proposed a potential mechanism for RNA-ligand complex formation. The electrostatic interactions are responsible for long-range recognition, while the Van der Waals and hydrophobic contacts for short-range binding and optimization. These interaction pairs can be considered as distance constraints to guide complex structural modeling and drug design. Conclusion RPocket database would facilitate RNA-ligand engineering to regulate the complex formation for biological or medical applications. RPocket is available at http://zhaoserver.com.cn/RPocket/RPocket.html. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04349-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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14
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Priyanka P, Sharma M, Das S, Saxena S. The lncRNA HMS recruits RNA-binding protein HuR to stabilize the 3'-UTR of HOXC10 mRNA. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100997. [PMID: 34302808 PMCID: PMC8363838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to drive key cancer pathways but the functions of majority of lncRNAs are unknown making a case for comprehensive functional evaluation of lncRNAs. With an aim to identify lncRNAs dysregulated in human cancers, we analyzed the cancer patient database of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), which revealed an upregulated lncRNA, LINC02381 (renamed HOXC10mRNA stabilizing factor or HMS in this study), whose depletion results in proliferation defects and inhibition of colony formation of human cancer cells. In order to identify the binding targets of HMS, we screened for cis-genes and discovered that HOXC10, an oncogene, is downregulated in the absence of HMS. Depletion of HMS does not affect the HOXC10 promoter activity but inhibits the HOXC10 3′-UTR-linked luciferase reporter activity. Since lncRNAs have been known to associate with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to stabilize mRNA transcripts, we screened for different RBPs and discovered that HuR, an ELAV family protein, stabilizes HOXC10 mRNA. Using RNA pull-down and deletion mapping experiments, we show that HuR physically interacts with the cytosine-rich stretch of HMS and HOXC10 3′-UTR to stabilize HOXC10 mRNA. HOXC10 is overexpressed in many human cancers, and our discovery highlights that lncRNA HMS sustains the HOXC10 mRNA levels to maintain the invasive phenotypes of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Priyanka
- DNA Replication and Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Das
- DNA Replication and Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Saxena
- DNA Replication and Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India; Department of Biotechnology, JNU, New Delhi, India.
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15
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RNA-binding protein DDX3 mediates posttranscriptional regulation of androgen receptor: A mechanism of castration resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28092-28101. [PMID: 33106406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008479117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) driven by androgen receptor (AR) is treated with androgen deprivation; however, therapy failure results in lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). AR-low/negative (ARL/-) CRPC subtypes have recently been characterized and cannot be targeted by hormonal therapies, resulting in poor prognosis. RNA-binding protein (RBP)/helicase DDX3 (DEAD-box helicase 3 X-linked) is a key component of stress granules (SG) and is postulated to affect protein translation. Here, we investigated DDX3-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of AR mRNA (messenger RNA) in CRPC. Using patient samples and preclinical models, we objectively quantified DDX3 and AR expression in ARL/- CRPC. We utilized CRPC models to identify DDX3:AR mRNA complexes by RNA immunoprecipitation, assess the effects of DDX3 gain/loss-of-function on AR expression and signaling, and address clinical implications of targeting DDX3 by assessing sensitivity to AR-signaling inhibitors (ARSI) in CRPC xenografts in vivo. ARL/- CRPC expressed abundant AR mRNA despite diminished levels of AR protein. DDX3 protein was highly expressed in ARL/- CRPC, where it bound to AR mRNA. Consistent with a repressive regulatory role, DDX3 localized to cytoplasmic puncta with SG marker PABP1 in CRPC. While induction of DDX3-nucleated SGs resulted in decreased AR protein expression, inhibiting DDX3 was sufficient to restore 1) AR protein expression, 2) AR signaling, and 3) sensitivity to ARSI in vitro and in vivo. Our findings implicate the RBP protein DDX3 as a mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation for AR in CRPC. Clinically, DDX3 may be targetable for sensitizing ARL/- CRPC to AR-directed therapies.
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16
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Vellky JE, Ricke WA. Development and prevalence of castration-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. Neoplasia 2020; 22:566-575. [PMID: 32980775 PMCID: PMC7522286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs when prostate cancer (CaP) progresses under therapy-induced castrate conditions. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this acquired resistance, many of which are driven by androgen receptor (AR). Recent findings, however, sub-classified CRPC by downregulation/absence of AR in certain subtypes that consequently do not respond to anti-androgen therapies. To highlight the significance of CRPC sub-classification, we reviewed the development and treatment of CRPC, AR downregulation in CRPC, and summarized recent reports on the prevalence of CRPC subtypes. METHODS Using a medline-based literature search, we reviewed mechanisms of CRPC development, current treatment schemes, and assessed the prevalence of AR low/negative subtypes of CRPC. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining on human CRPC specimens to quantify AR expression across CRPC subtypes. RESULTS In the majority of cases, CRPC continues to rely on AR signaling, which can be augmented in castrate-conditions through a variety of mechanisms. However, recently low/negative AR expression patterns were identified in a significant proportion of patient samples from a multitude of independent studies. In these AR low/negative cases, we postulated that AR protein may be downregulated by (1) promoter methylation, (2) transcriptional regulation, (3) post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA or RNA-binding-proteins, or (4) post-translational ubiquitination-mediated degradation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we discussed mechanisms of CRPC development and summarized the overall prevalence of CRPC subtypes; interestingly, AR low/negative CRPC represented a considerable proportion of diagnoses. Because these subtypes cannot be effectively treated with AR-targeted therapeutics, a better understanding of AR low/negative subtypes could lead to better treatment strategies and increased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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17
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Xin W, Zhang M, Yu Y, Li S, Ma C, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zheng X, Zhang L, Zhao X, Pei X, Zhu D. BCAT1 binds the RNA-binding protein ZNF423 to activate autophagy via the IRE1-XBP-1-RIDD axis in hypoxic PASMCs. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:764. [PMID: 32938905 PMCID: PMC7494854 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal functional changes in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells are the main causes of many lung diseases. Among, autophagy plays a crucial role. However, the specific molecular regulatory mechanism of autophagy in PASMCs remains unclear. Here, we first demonstrate that BCAT1 played a key role in the autophagy of hypoxic PASMCs and hypoxic model rats. BCAT1-induced activation and accumulation of the autophagy signaling proteins BECN1 and Atg5 by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Interestingly, we discovered that BCAT1 bound IRE1 on the ER to activate expression of its downstream pathway XBP-1-RIDD axis to activate autophagy. More importantly, we identified an RNA-binding protein, zinc finger protein 423, which promoted autophagy by binding adenylate/uridylate (AU)-rich elements in the BCAT1 mRNA 3′-untranslated region. Overall, our results identify BCAT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of lung diseases and reveal a novel posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism and signaling pathway in hypoxia-induced PASMC autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China.,Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Songlin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, P.R. China
| | - Cui Ma
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China.,College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Junting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yiying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Genetic and Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China.,College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China.,College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Xuzhong Pei
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China
| | - Daling Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China. .,Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, 163319, P.R. China. .,State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Daqing, 163319, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P.R. China.
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18
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Hernández-Aguilar ME, Serrano MK, Pérez F, Aranda-Abreu GE, Sanchez V, Mateos A, Manzo J, Rojas-Durán F, Cruz-Gomez Y, Herrera-Covarrubias D. Quantification of neural and hormonal receptors at the prostate of long-term sexual behaving male rats after lesion of pelvic and hypogastric nerves. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112915. [PMID: 32389668 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate function is regulated by androgens and a neural control via the pelvic and hypogastric nerves. As such, this sexual gland contains receptors for acetylcholine and noradrenaline, although it is unknown whether the expression of these receptors is affected by sexual behavior and even less by denervation of the gland. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of repeated sexual behavior on the expression of noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and androgen receptors at the prostate, and how they are affected by denervation. To achieve this, we used sexually experienced males denervated at the pelvic or hypogastric nerves, or both. The messenger (mRNA) and protein for androgen, noradrenergic, and cholinergic receptors were evaluated. The weight of the gland and the levels of serum testosterone were also measured. We found that: (1) sexual behavior was not affected by denervation; (2) blood testosterone levels increased due to sexual behavior but such increase is prevented by denervation; (3) the weight of the ventral prostate increased with sexual behavior but was not affected by denervation; (4) AR messenger levels increased with sexual behavior but were not altered by denervation; (5) the messenger for noradrenergic and cholinergic receptors decreased after denervation, and those for muscarinic receptors increased, and (6) only AR protein decreased after denervation of both nerves, while those for other receptors remained unchanged. In summary, we show that the three receptors have different regulatory mechanisms, and that only androgen receptors are regulated by both autonomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Hernández-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Centro Tlaxcala en Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma deTlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
| | - María Karina Serrano
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Fabiola Pérez
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | | | - Viridiana Sanchez
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Alejandro Mateos
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Jorge Manzo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México.
| | - Yolanda Cruz-Gomez
- Centro Tlaxcala en Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma deTlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
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19
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Zeng Z, Xu FY, Zheng H, Cheng P, Chen QY, Ye Z, Zhong JX, Deng SJ, Liu ML, Huang K, Li Q, Li W, Hu YH, Wang F, Wang CY, Zhao G. LncRNA-MTA2TR functions as a promoter in pancreatic cancer via driving deacetylation-dependent accumulation of HIF-1α. Theranostics 2019; 9:5298-5314. [PMID: 31410216 PMCID: PMC6691583 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hypoxia has been proved to contribute to aggressive phenotype of cancers, while functional and regulatory mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the contribution of hypoxia on pancreatic cancer (PC) tumorigenesis is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to uncover the regulatory and functional roles for hypoxia-induced lncRNA-MTA2TR (MTA2 transcriptional regulator RNA, AF083120.1) in the regulation of PC tumorigenesis. Methods: A lncRNA microarray confirmed MTA2TR expression in tissues of PC patients. The effects of MTA2TR on proliferation and metastasis of PC cells and xenograft models were determined, and the key mechanisms by which MTA2TR promotes PC were further dissected. Furthermore, the expression and regulation of MTA2TR under hypoxic conditions in PC cells were assessed. We also assessed the correlation between MTA2TR expression and PC patient clinical outcomes. Results: We found that metastasis associated protein 2 (MTA2) transcriptional regulator lncRNA (MTA2TR) was overexpressed in PC patient tissues relative to paired noncancerous tissues. Furthermore, we found that depletion of MTA2TR significantly inhibited PC cell proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrated that MTA2TR transcriptionally upregulates MTA2 expression by recruiting activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) to the promoter area of MTA2. Consequentially, MTA2 can stabilize the HIF-1α protein via deacetylation, which further activates HIF-1α transcriptional activity. Interestingly, our results revealed that MTA2TR is transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions. Our clinical samples further indicated that the overexpression of MTA2TR was correlated with MTA2 upregulation, as well as with reduced overall survival (OS) in PC patients. Conclusions: These results suggest that feedback between MTA2TR and HIF-1α may play a key role in regulating PC tumorigenesis, thus potentially highlighting novel avenues PC treatment.
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20
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Moreno M, Fernández-Algar M, Fernández-Chamorro J, Ramajo J, Martínez-Salas E, Briones C. A Combined ELONA-(RT)qPCR Approach for Characterizing DNA and RNA Aptamers Selected against PCBP-2. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071213. [PMID: 30925703 PMCID: PMC6480920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) technology and DNA sequencing methods have led to the identification of a large number of active nucleic acid molecules after any aptamer selection experiment. As a result, the search for the fittest aptamers has become a laborious and time-consuming task. Herein, we present an optimized approach for the label-free characterization of DNA and RNA aptamers in parallel. The developed method consists in an Enzyme-Linked OligoNucleotide Assay (ELONA) coupled to either real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR, for DNA aptamers) or reverse transcription qPCR (RTqPCR, for RNA aptamers), which allows the detection of aptamer-target interactions in the high femtomolar range. We have applied this methodology to the affinity analysis of DNA and RNA aptamers selected against the poly(C)-binding protein 2 (PCBP-2). In addition, we have used ELONA-(RT)qPCR to quantify the dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 16 high affinity DNA and RNA aptamers. The Kd values of the high affinity DNA aptamers were compared to those derived from colorimetric ELONA performed in parallel. Additionally, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) were used to confirm the binding of representative PCBP-2-specific RNA aptamers in solution. We propose this ELONA-(RT)qPCR approach as a general strategy for aptamer characterization, with a broad applicability in biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Algar
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jorge Ramajo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos Briones
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Wach S, Taubert H, Cronauer M. Role of androgen receptor splice variants, their clinical relevance and treatment options. World J Urol 2019; 38:647-656. [PMID: 30659302 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-02619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this review, we summarize the importance of AR variants with a particular focus on clinically relevant members of this family. METHODS A non-systematic literature review was performed based on Medline and PubMed. RESULTS Endocrine therapy represents the central paradigm for the management of prostate cancer. Eventually, in response to androgen ablation therapy, several resistance mechanisms against the endocrine therapy might develop that can circumvent the therapy approaches. One specific resistance mechanism that has gained increasing attention is the generation of alternatively spliced variants of the androgen receptor, with AR-V7 being the most prominent. More broadly, AR-V7 is one member of a group of alternatively spliced AR variants that share a common feature, the missing ligand-binding domain. These ΔLBD androgen receptor variants have shown the capability to induce androgen receptor-mediated gene transcription even under conditions of androgen deprivation and to drive cancer progression. CONCLUSION The methods used for detecting AR-Vs, at least on the mRNA level, are well-advanced and harbor the potential to be introduced into clinical diagnostics. It is important to note, that the testing, especially of AR-V7 has its limitations in predicting treatment response. More promising is the great number of active clinical trials aimed at reducing the AR-Vs, and using this to re-sensitize CRPC towards endocrine treatment might provide additional treatment options for CRPC patients in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androstadienes/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use
- Benzoquinones/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Chlorohydrins/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Isoindoles/therapeutic use
- Isoxazoles/therapeutic use
- Lactams, Macrocyclic/therapeutic use
- Male
- Niclosamide/therapeutic use
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Resorcinols/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - H Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Multiple functions of HuR in urinary tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:11-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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A cancer-testis non-coding RNA LIN28B-AS1 activates driver gene LIN28B by interacting with IGF2BP1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:1611-1624. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Zhang Y, Pitchiaya S, Cieślik M, Niknafs YS, Tien JCY, Hosono Y, Iyer MK, Yazdani S, Subramaniam S, Shukla SK, Jiang X, Wang L, Liu TY, Uhl M, Gawronski AR, Qiao Y, Xiao L, Dhanasekaran SM, Juckette KM, Kunju LP, Cao X, Patel U, Batish M, Shukla GC, Paulsen MT, Ljungman M, Jiang H, Mehra R, Backofen R, Sahinalp CS, Freier SM, Watt AT, Guo S, Wei JT, Feng FY, Malik R, Chinnaiyan AM. Analysis of the androgen receptor-regulated lncRNA landscape identifies a role for ARLNC1 in prostate cancer progression. Nat Genet 2018; 50:814-824. [PMID: 29808028 PMCID: PMC5980762 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development of the normal prostate as well as prostate cancer. Using an integrative transcriptomic analysis of prostate cancer cell lines and tissues, we identified ARLNC1 (AR-regulated long non-coding RNA 1) as an important long non-coding RNA that is strongly associated with AR signaling in prostate cancer progression. Not only was ARLNC1 induced by AR protein, ARLNC1 stabilized the AR transcript via RNA-RNA interaction. ARLNC1 knockdown suppressed AR expression, global AR signaling, and prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data support a role for ARLNC1 in maintaining a positive feedback loop that potentiates AR signaling during prostate cancer progression, and identifies ARLNC1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajia Zhang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Pathology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcin Cieślik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yashar S Niknafs
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean C-Y Tien
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Hosono
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew K Iyer
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sahr Yazdani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shruthi Subramaniam
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sudhanshu K Shukla
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | - Xia Jiang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tzu-Ying Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Uhl
- Department of Computer Science and Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander R Gawronski
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saravana M Dhanasekaran
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristin M Juckette
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Utsav Patel
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mona Batish
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State Univesity, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michelle T Paulsen
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Department of Computer Science and Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cenk S Sahinalp
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - John T Wei
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Breast Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Malik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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25
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Inflammation-regulated mRNA stability and the progression of vascular inflammatory diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2687-2699. [PMID: 29109302 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a major medical and socioeconomic burden in developed and developing societies, and will increase with an aging and increasingly sedentary society. Vascular disease and atherosclerotic vascular syndromes are essentially inflammatory disorders, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes play essential roles in the ability of resident vascular and inflammatory cells to adapt to environmental stimuli. The regulation of mRNA translocation, stability, and translation are key processes of post-transcriptional regulation that permit these cells to rapidly respond to inflammatory stimuli. For the most part, these processes are controlled by elements in the 3'-UTR of labile, proinflammatory transcripts. Since proinflammatory transcripts almost exclusively contain AU-rich elements (AREs), this represents a tightly regulated and specific mechanism for initiation and maintenance of the proinflammatory phenotype. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recognize cis elements in 3'-UTR, and regulate each of these processes, but there is little literature exploring the concept that RBPs themselves can be directly regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Conceptually, inflammation-responsive RBPs represent an attractive target of rational therapies to combat vascular inflammatory syndromes. Herein we briefly describe the cellular and molecular etiology of atherosclerosis, and summarize our current understanding of RBPs and their specific roles in regulation of inflammatory mRNA stability. We also detail RBPs as targets of current anti-inflammatory modalities and how this may translate into better treatment for vascular inflammatory diseases.
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26
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Tosetti V, Sassone J, Ferri ALM, Taiana M, Bedini G, Nava S, Brenna G, Di Resta C, Pareyson D, Di Giulio AM, Carelli S, Parati EA, Gorio A. Transcriptional role of androgen receptor in the expression of long non-coding RNA Sox2OT in neurogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180579. [PMID: 28704421 PMCID: PMC5507538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex architecture of adult brain derives from tightly regulated migration and differentiation of precursor cells generated during embryonic neurogenesis. Changes at transcriptional level of genes that regulate migration and differentiation may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that is already expressed during early embryonic days. However, AR role in the regulation of gene expression at early embryonic stage is yet to be determinate. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Sox2 overlapping transcript (Sox2OT) plays a crucial role in gene expression control during development but its transcriptional regulation is still to be clearly defined. Here, using Bicalutamide in order to pharmacologically inactivated AR, we investigated whether AR participates in the regulation of the transcription of the lncRNASox2OTat early embryonic stage. We identified a new DNA binding region upstream of Sox2 locus containing three androgen response elements (ARE), and found that AR binds such a sequence in embryonic neural stem cells and in mouse embryonic brain. Our data suggest that through this binding, AR can promote the RNA polymerase II dependent transcription of Sox2OT. Our findings also suggest that AR participates in embryonic neurogenesis through transcriptional control of the long non-coding RNA Sox2OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tosetti
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna L. M. Ferri
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Taiana
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Bedini
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Nava
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Brenna
- Biostatistician Service Clinical Research—Scientific Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Resta
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Neurological Rare Diseases of Adulthood Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Giulio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio A. Parati
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Gorio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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27
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Espinoza-Lewis RA, Yang Q, Liu J, Huang ZP, Hu X, Chen D, Wang DZ. Poly(C)-binding protein 1 (Pcbp1) regulates skeletal muscle differentiation by modulating microRNA processing in myoblasts. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9540-9550. [PMID: 28381556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression during muscle development and disease remains incompletely understood. microRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and function post-transcriptionally. The poly(C)-binding protein1 (Pcbp1, hnRNP-E1, or αCP-1) is an RNA-binding protein that has been reported to bind the 3'-UTRs of target genes to regulate mRNA stability and protein translation. However, Pcbp1's biological function and the general mechanism of action remain largely undetermined. Here, we report that Pcbp1 is a component of the miRNA-processing pathway that regulates miRNA biogenesis. siRNA-based inhibition of Pcbp1 in mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts led to dysregulated cellular proliferation and differentiation. We also found that Pcbp1 null mutant mice exhibit early embryonic lethality, indicating that Pcbp1 is indispensable for embryonic development. Interestingly, hypomorphic Pcbp1 mutant mice displayed defects in muscle growth due to defects in the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle satellite cells, in addition to a slow to fast myofibril switch. Moreover, Pcbp1 modulated the processing of muscle-enriched miR-1, miR-133, and miR-206 by physically interacting with argonaute 2 (AGO2) and other miRNA pathway components. Our study, therefore, uncovers the important function of Pcbp1 in skeletal muscle and the microRNA pathway, signifying its potential as a therapeutic target for muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Espinoza-Lewis
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Qiumei Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 6111130, China
| | - Jianming Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 6111130, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
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28
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Mert U, Sanlioglu AD. Intracellular localization of DR5 and related regulatory pathways as a mechanism of resistance to TRAIL in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:245-255. [PMID: 27510421 PMCID: PMC11107773 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a prominent cytokine capable of inducing apoptosis. It can bind to five different cognate receptors, through which diverse intracellular pathways can be activated. TRAIL's ability to preferentially kill transformed cells makes it a promising potential weapon for targeted tumor therapy. However, recognition of several resistance mechanisms to TRAIL-induced apoptosis has indicated that a thorough understanding of the details of TRAIL biology is still essential before this weapon can be confidently unleashed. Critical to this aim is revealing the functions and regulation mechanisms of TRAIL's potent death receptor DR5. Although expression and signaling mechanisms of DR5 have been extensively studied, other aspects, such as its subcellular localization, non-signaling functions, and regulation of its membrane transport, have only recently attracted attention. Here, we discuss different aspects of TRAIL/DR5 biology, with a particular emphasis on the factors that seem to influence the cell surface expression pattern of DR5, along with factors that lead to its nuclear localization. Disturbance of this balance apparently affects the sensitivity of cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, thus constituting an eligible target for potential new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Mert
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ahter Dilsad Sanlioglu
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
- Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
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29
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Lam YT, Lecce L, Tan JTM, Bursill CA, Handelsman DJ, Ng MKC. Androgen Receptor-Mediated Genomic Androgen Action Augments Ischemia-Induced Neovascularization. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4853-4864. [PMID: 27754785 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that androgens regulate ischemia-induced neovascularization. However, the role of genomic androgen action mediated by androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor, remains poorly understood. Using an AR knockout (KO) mouse strain that contains a transcriptionally inactive AR (ARΔex3KO), we examined the role of AR genomic function in modulating androgen-mediated augmentation of ischemia-induced neovascularization. Castrated wild-type (ARWT) and ARΔex3KO mice were implanted with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or placebo pellets after hindlimb ischemia (HLI). DHT modulation of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, key processes for vascular repair and regeneration, was examined. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging revealed that DHT enhanced blood flow recovery in ARWT mice post-HLI. In ARWT mice, DHT enhanced angiogenesis by down-regulating prolyl hydroxylase 2 and augmenting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels in the ischemic tissues post-HLI. DHT also enhanced the production and mobilization of Sca1+/CXCR4+ progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) and circulating blood, respectively, in ARWT mice. By contrast, DHT-mediated enhancement of blood flow recovery was abrogated in ARΔex3KO mice. DHT modulation of HIF-1α expression was attenuated in ARΔex3KO mice. DHT-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity and DHT-augmented paracrine-mediated endothelial cell tubule formation were attenuated in fibroblasts isolated from ARΔex3KO mice in vitro. Furthermore, DHT-induced augmentation of Sca1+/CXCR4+ progenitor cell production and mobilization was absent in ARΔex3KO mice post-HLI. BM transplantation revealed that ischemia-induced mobilization of circulating progenitor cells was abolished in recipients of ARΔex3KO BM. Together, these results indicate that androgen-mediated augmentation of ischemia-induced neovascularization is dependent on genomic AR transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Ting Lam
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Laura Lecce
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Joanne T M Tan
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Christina A Bursill
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Martin K C Ng
- The Heart Research Institute (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School (Y.T.L., L.L., J.T.M.T., C.A.B., M.K.C.N.), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute (D.J.H.), The University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and Department of Cardiology (M.K.C.N.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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30
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Hwang CK, Wagley Y, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH. Phosphorylation of poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) contributes to stabilization of mu opioid receptor (MOR) mRNA via interaction with AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) and poly A binding protein (PABP). Gene 2016; 598:113-130. [PMID: 27836661 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level is frequently based on cis- and trans-acting factors on target mRNAs. We found a C-rich element (CRE) in mu-opioid receptor (MOR) 3'-untranslated region (UTR) to which poly (rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) binds, resulting in MOR mRNA stabilization. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA EMSA revealed the formation of PCBP1-RNA complexes at the element. Knockdown of PCBP1 decreased MOR mRNA half-life and protein expression. Stimulation by forskolin increased cytoplasmic localization of PCBP1 and PCBP1/MOR 3'-UTR interactions via increased serine phosphorylation that was blocked by protein kinase A (PKA) or (phosphatidyl inositol-3) PI3-kinase inhibitors. The forskolin treatment also enhanced serine- and tyrosine-phosphorylation of AU-rich element binding protein (AUF1), concurrent with its increased binding to the CRE, and led to an increased interaction of poly A binding protein (PABP) with the CRE and poly(A) sites. AUF1 phosphorylation also led to an increased interaction with PCBP1. These findings suggest that a single co-regulator, PCBP1, plays a crucial role in stabilizing MOR mRNA, and is induced by PKA signaling by conforming to AUF1 and PABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kyu Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yadav Wagley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Li-Na Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Horace H Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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31
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Ebron JS, Shukla GC. Molecular characterization of a novel androgen receptor transgene responsive to MicroRNA mediated post-transcriptional control exerted via 3'-untranslated region. Prostate 2016; 76:834-44. [PMID: 26988939 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen Receptor (AR) gene is associated with Prostate cancer (PCa) and hence targeting androgen-and AR-signaling axis remains the most promising primary therapeutic option to treat the disease. The AR mRNA has a 6.8 kb long 3'-untranslated region (UTR) which harbors several experimentally validated and numerous predicted miRNA binding sites. AR 3'-UTR is likely to positively or negatively regulate AR expression by interacting with miRNAs and possibly other trans-acting auxiliary factors including 3'-UTR RNA binding proteins. In this context, systematic understanding of the regulatory role of AR 3'-UTR in intrinsic post-transcriptional control of AR gene expression is of significance to understand AR related diseases including PCa. METHODS In this study, we have constructed a heterologous reporter system in which Firefly luciferase and AR expression is experimentally influenced by the presence of AR 3'-UTR and its interactions with ectopically expressing miRNA. RESULTS The expression of AR 3'-UTR containing reporters, including the Firefly luciferase and the AR open reading frame (ORF) were repressed by the overexpression of miR-488* mimics. In addition, the AR expressed from 3'-UTR containing expression vectors was fully functional in its transactivation function as determined by a prostate specific antigen (PSA) reporter assay. Further, by using confocal microscopy we also demonstrate that AR can translocate to the nucleus upon DHT activation confirming the functional ability of AR. CONCLUSIONS AR transgenes with AR 3'-UTR fragments closely resemble the endogenous AR expression than any other previously characterized AR expression constructs. The 3'-UTR containing AR expression system is amiable to post-transcriptional manipulations including miRNA mediated repression of AR expression. This AR reporter system has the potential to be used in determining specificity of AR targeting miRNAs and their role in AR functional regulatory networks. Prostate 76:834-844, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jey Sabith Ebron
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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32
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Melling N, Taskin B, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Minner S, Koop C, Grob T, Graefen M, Heinzer H, Tsourlakis MC, Izbicki J, Wittmer C, Huland H, Simon R, Wilczak W, Sauter G, Steurer S, Schlomm T, Krech T. Cytoplasmic accumulation of ELAVL1 is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence associated with genomic instability in prostate cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:259-72. [PMID: 26764246 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ELAVL1 is an RNA binding protein involved in translation control, which might have a regulatory role in prostate cancer progress. METHODS To evaluate its impact and relationship with key genomic alterations, ELAVL1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 12,427 prostate cancers. RESULTS The analysis revealed a mild to moderate predominantly nuclear immunostaining in normal prostate epithelium and an often higher both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in cancer cells. Weak, moderate, and strong cytoplasmic ELAVL1 staining was found in 43%, 18%, and 3% of 10,478 interpretable tumors. Strong ELAVL1 staining was linked to high Gleason grade, advanced pathological tumor stage, positive nodal status, and PSA recurrence (P < 0.0001 each). A combined analysis of the effect of nuclear and cytoplasmic ELAVL1 expression on PSA recurrence revealed that the association with patient outcome was entirely driven by cytoplasmic staining. ELAVL1 positivity was more frequent in cancers harboring TMPRSS2:ERG fusions found by FISH (78%) or showing immunohistochemical ERG expression (74%) than in cancers without ERG rearrangement (63%) or ERG expression (58%, P < 0.0001 each). Strong cytoplasmic ELAVL1 staining was further linked to presence of PTEN, 5q21, 6q15, and 3p13 deletions (P < 0.0001 each), an observation consistent with cytoplasmic ELAVL1 accumulation in case of genomic instability. The prognostic role of ELAVL1 expression was independent of Gleason grade, T stage, N stage, surgical margin status, and preoperative PSA, irrespective of whether preoperative or postoperative variables were used for modeling. CONCLUSION Our study identifies cytoplasmic accumulation of ELAVL1 as a predictor of adverse clinical behavior of prostate cancer independent of established clinico-pathological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Melling
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Berivan Taskin
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Grob
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Jakob Izbicki
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
- Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Fleyshman D, Cheney P, Ströse A, Mudambi S, Safina A, Commane M, Purmal A, Morgan K, Wang NJ, Gray J, Spellman PT, Issaeva N, Gurova K. ARTIK-52 induces replication-dependent DNA damage and p53 activation exclusively in cells of prostate and breast cancer origin. Cell Cycle 2015; 15:455-70. [PMID: 26694952 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1127478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization, that the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for prostate cancer (PC) even after relapse following androgen deprivation therapy motivated the search for novel types of AR inhibitors. We proposed that targeting AR expression versus its function would work in cells having either wild type or mutant AR as well as be independent of androgen synthesis pathways. Previously, using a phenotypic screen in androgen-independent PC cells we identified a small molecule inhibitor of AR, ARTIK-52. Treatment with ARTIK-52 caused the loss of AR protein and death of AR-positive, but not AR-negative, PC cells. Here we present data that ARTIK-52 induces degradation of AR mRNA through a mechanism that we were unable to establish. However, we found that ARTIK-52 is toxic to breast cancer (BC) cells expressing AR, although they were not sensitive to AR knockdown, suggesting an AR-independent mechanism of toxicity. Using different approaches we detected that ARTIK-52 induces replication-dependent double strand DNA breaks exclusively in cancer cells of prostate and breast origin, while not causing DNA damage, or any toxicity, in normal cells, as well as in non-PC and non-BC tumor cells, independent of their proliferation status. This amazing specificity, combined with such a basic mechanism of toxicity, makes ARTIK-52 a potentially useful tool to discover novel attractive targets for the treatment of BC and PC. Thus, phenotypic screening allowed us to identify a compound, whose properties cannot be predicted based on existing knowledge and moreover, uncover a barely known link between AR and DNA damage response in PC and BC epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fleyshman
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Peter Cheney
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Anda Ströse
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Shaila Mudambi
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alfiya Safina
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Mairead Commane
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Andrei Purmal
- b Department of Chemistry , Cleveland BioLabs , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kelsey Morgan
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Nicholas J Wang
- c Collaborative Life Sciences Building (CLSB), Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Joe Gray
- c Collaborative Life Sciences Building (CLSB), Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Paul T Spellman
- c Collaborative Life Sciences Building (CLSB), Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- d Department of Surgery , Otolaryngology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Katerina Gurova
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Perner S, Cronauer MV, Schrader AJ, Klocker H, Culig Z, Baniahmad A. Adaptive responses of androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35542-55. [PMID: 26325261 PMCID: PMC4742123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is an important age-related disease being the most common cancer malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in Western countries. Initially, PCa progression is androgen receptor (AR)- and androgen-dependent. Eventually advanced PCa reaches the stage of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC), but remains dependent on AR, which indicates the importance of AR activity also for CRPC. Here, we discuss various pathways that influence the AR activity in CRPC, which indicates an adaptation of the AR signaling in PCa to overcome the treatment of PCa. The adaptation pathways include interferences of the normal regulation of the AR protein level, the expression of AR variants, the crosstalk of the AR with cytokine tyrosine kinases, the Src-Akt-, the MAPK-signaling pathways and AR corepressors. Furthermore, we summarize the current treatment options with regard to the underlying molecular basis of the common adaptation processes of AR signaling that may arise after the treatment with AR antagonists, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as well as for CRPC, and point towards novel therapeutic strategies. The understanding of individualized adaptation processes in PCa will lead to individualized treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Perner
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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Scheiba RM, de Opakua AI, Díaz-Quintana A, Cruz-Gallardo I, Martínez-Cruz LA, Martínez-Chantar ML, Blanco FJ, Díaz-Moreno I. The C-terminal RNA binding motif of HuR is a multi-functional domain leading to HuR oligomerization and binding to U-rich RNA targets. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1250-61. [PMID: 25584704 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2014.996069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antigen R (HuR) is a 32 kDa protein with 3 RNA Recognition Motifs (RRMs), which bind to Adenylate and uridylate Rich Elements (AREs) of mRNAs. Whereas the N-terminal and central domains (RRM1 and RRM2) are essential for AREs recognition, little is known on the C-terminal RRM3 beyond its implication in HuR oligomerization and apoptotic signaling. We have developed a detergent-based strategy to produce soluble RRM3 for structural studies. We have found that it adopts the typical RRM fold, does not interact with the RRM1 and RRM2 modules, and forms dimers in solution. Our NMR measurements, combined with Molecular Dynamics simulations and Analytical Ultracentrifugation experiments, show that the protein dimerizes through a helical region that contains the conserved W261 residue. We found that HuR RRM3 binds to 5'-mer U-rich RNA stretches through the solvent exposed side of its β-sheet, located opposite to the dimerization site. Upon mimicking phosphorylation by the S318D replacement, RRM3 mutant shows less ability to recognize RNA due to an electrostatic repulsion effect with the phosphate groups. Our study brings new insights of HuR RRM3 as a domain involved in protein oligomerization and RNA interaction, both functions regulated by 2 surfaces on opposite sides of the RRM domain.
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Key Words
- AREs, Adenylate and uridylate Rich Elements
- AU, Analytical Ultracentrifugation
- CARM1, Coactivator associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1
- CD, Circular Dichroism
- Cdk1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- Chk2, Checkpoint kinase 2
- ELAV1, Embryonic Lethal Abnormal Vision system human homolog 1
- EMSA, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- FIR, FBP-Interacting Repressor
- FL, Full-Length, HNS, HuR Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Sequence
- HSQC, Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation
- HuR, Human antigen R
- Human antigen R (HuR)
- MD, Molecular Dynamics
- NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- NOE, Nuclear Overhauser Effect
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
- PCA, Principal Component Analysis
- PKCα, Protein Kinase C α
- PKCδ, Protein Kinase C δ
- PMSF, PhenylMethylSulfonyl Fluoride
- PTB, Polypyrimidine Tract Binding protein
- RBPs, RNA Binding Proteins
- RNA binding
- RNA binding protein (RBP)
- RNA recognition motif (RRM)
- RRMs, RNA Recognition Motifs
- SPR, Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Serine Phosphorylation
- WT, Wild-Type
- dimerization
- hnRNP1, heterogeneous nuclear RiboNucleoprotein C protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Scheiba
- a Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis; cicCartuja ; Sevilla , Spain
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Shi Z, Zhao C, Yang Y, Teng H, Guo Y, Ma M, Guo X, Zhou Z, Huo R, Zhou Q. Maternal PCBP1 determines the normal timing of pronucleus formation in mouse eggs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3575-86. [PMID: 25894693 PMCID: PMC11113936 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, pronucleus formation, a landmark event for egg activation and fertilization, is critical for embryonic development. However, the mechanisms underlying pronucleus formation remain unclear. Increasing evidence has shown that the transition from a mature egg to a developing embryo and the early steps of development are driven by the control of maternal cytoplasmic factors. Herein, a two-dimensional-electrophoresis-based proteomic approach was used in metaphase II and parthenogenetically activated mouse eggs to search for maternal proteins involved in egg activation, one of which was poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1). Phosphoprotein staining indicated that PCBP1 displayed dephosphorylation in parthenogenetically activated egg, which possibly boosts its ability to bind to mRNAs. We identified 75 mRNAs expressed in mouse eggs that contained the characteristic PCBP1-binding CU-rich sequence in the 3'-UTR. Among them, we focused on H2a.x mRNA, as it was closely related to pronucleus formation in Xenopus oocytes. Further studies suggested that PCBP1 could bind to H2a.x mRNA and enhance its stability, thus promoting mouse pronucleus formation during parthenogenetic activation of murine eggs, while the inhibition of PCBP1 evidently retarded pronucleus formation. In summary, these data propose that PCBP1 may serve as a novel maternal factor that is required for determining the normal timing of pronucleus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 People’s Republic of China
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Gunzburg MJ, Sivakumaran A, Pendini NR, Yoon JH, Gorospe M, Wilce MCJ, Wilce JA. Cooperative interplay of let-7 mimic and HuR with MYC RNA. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2729-33. [PMID: 26177105 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1069930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both RNA-binding proteins (RBP) and miRNA play important roles in the regulation of mRNA expression, often acting together to regulate a target mRNA. In some cases the RBP and miRNA have been reported to act competitively, but in other instances they function cooperatively. Here, we investigated HuR function as an enhancer of let-7-mediated translational repression of c-Myc despite the separation of their binding sites. Using an in vitro system, we determined that a let-7 mimic, consisting of single-stranded (ss)DNA complementary to the let-7 binding site, enhanced the affinity of HuR for a 122-nt MYC RNA encompassing both binding sites. This finding supports the biophysical principle of cooperative binding by an RBP and miRNA purely through interactions at distal mRNA binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem J Gunzburg
- a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University ; Melbourne , VIC Australia
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Hu Z, Zhang D, Wang D, Sun B, Safoor A, Young CYF, Lou H, Yuan H. Bisbibenzyls, novel proteasome inhibitors, suppress androgen receptor transcriptional activity and expression accompanied by activation of autophagy in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:364-374. [PMID: 26017567 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1049278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bisbibenzyl compounds have gained our interests for their potential antitumor activity in malignant cell-types. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of bisbibenzyl compounds riccardin C (RC), marchantin M (MM), and riccardin D (RD) on androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS After exposure to 10 μM of the compounds for 24 h, cell cycle and cell survival analyses were performed using FACS and MTT assay to confirm the effect of these bisbibenzyls on PCa LNCaP cells. Changes in the AR expression and function, as the result of exposure to the compounds, were investigated using real-time PCR, ELISA, transient transfection, western blotting (WB), immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining (IF). Chemical-induced autophagy was examined by WB, IF, and RNAi. RESULTS RC, MM, and RD reduced the viability of LNCaP cells accompanied with arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that these compounds significantly inhibited AR expression at mRNA and protein levels, leading to the suppression of AR transcriptional activity. Moreover, inhibition of proteasome activity by bisbibenzyls, which in turn caused the induction of autophagy, as noted by induction of LC3B expression, conversion, and accumulation of punctate dots in treated cells. Co-localization of AR/LC3B and AR/Ub suggested that autophagy contributed to the degradation of polyubiquitinated-AR when proteasome activity was suppressed by the bisbibenzyls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Suppression of proteasome activity and induction of autophagy were involved in bisbibenzyl-mediated modulation of AR activities and apoptosis, suggesting their potential in treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Hu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Denglu Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Dawei Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Bin Sun
- b Department of Natural Product Chemistry , Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jinan , China , and
| | - Ayesha Safoor
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Charles Y F Young
- c Department of Urology , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- b Department of Natural Product Chemistry , Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jinan , China , and
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
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Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 regulates transport of ITPR1 mRNA for synaptic plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:698-707. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
POLH (DNA polymerase η), a target of p53 tumour suppressor, plays a key role in TLS (translesion DNA synthesis). Loss of POLH is responsible for the human cancer-prone syndrome XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant). Owing to its critical role in DNA repair and genome stability, POLH expression and activity are regulated by multiple pathways. In the present study, we found that the levels of both POLH transcript and protein were decreased upon knockdown of the transcript encoding PCBP1 [poly(rC)-binding protein 1]. We also found that the half-life of POLH mRNA was markedly decreased upon knockdown of PCBP1. Moreover, we found that PCBP1 directly bound to the POLH 3'-UTR and the PCBP1-binding site in POLH mRNA is an atypical AU-rich element. Finally, we showed that the AU-rich element in POLH 3'-UTR was responsive to PCBP1 and sufficient for PCBP1 to regulate POLH expression. Taken together, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which POLH expression is controlled by PCBP1 via mRNA stability.
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Köhler A, Demir Ü, Kickstein E, Krauss S, Aigner J, Aranda-Orgillés B, Karagiannidis AI, Achmüller C, Bu H, Wunderlich A, Schweiger MR, Schaefer G, Schweiger S, Klocker H, Schneider R. A hormone-dependent feedback-loop controls androgen receptor levels by limiting MID1, a novel translation enhancer and promoter of oncogenic signaling. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:146. [PMID: 24913494 PMCID: PMC4074869 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High androgen receptor (AR) level in primary tumour predicts increased prostate cancer (PCa)-specific mortality. Furthermore, activations of the AR, PI3K, mTOR, NFκB and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways are involved in the fatal development of castration-resistant prostate cancer during androgen ablation therapy. MID1, a negative regulator of the tumor-suppressor PP2A, is known to promote PI3K, mTOR, NFκB and Hh signaling. Here we investigate the interaction of MID1 and AR. METHODS AR and MID1 mRNA and protein levels were measured by qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by PCR and RNA-pull-down followed by Western blot was used to investigate protein-mRNA interaction, chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing for identification of AR chromatin binding sites. AR transcriptional activity and activity of promoter binding sites for AR were analyzed by reporter gene assays. For knockdown or overexpression of proteins of interest prostate cancer cells were transfected with siRNA or expression plasmids, respectively. RESULTS The microtubule-associated MID1 protein complex associates with AR mRNA via purine-rich trinucleotide repeats, expansions of which are known to correlate with ataxia and cancer. The level of MID1 directly correlates with the AR protein level in PCa cells. Overexpression of MID1 results in a several fold increase in AR protein and activity without major changes in mRNA-levels, whereas siRNA-triggered knockdown of MID1 mRNA reduces AR-protein levels significantly. Upregulation of AR protein by MID1 occurs via increased translation as no major changes in AR protein stability could be observed. AR on the other hand, regulates MID1 via several functional AR binding sites in the MID1 gene, and, in the presence of androgens, exerts a negative feedback loop on MID1 transcription. Thus, androgen withdrawal increases MID1 and concomitantly AR-protein levels. In line with this, MID1 is significantly over-expressed in PCa in a stage-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Promotion of AR, in addition to enhancement of the Akt-, NFκB-, and Hh-pathways by sustained MID1-upregulation during androgen deprivation therapy provides a powerful proliferative scenario for PCa progression into castration resistance. Thus MID1 represents a novel, multi-faceted player in PCa and a promising target to treat castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Köhler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ümmühan Demir
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Kickstein
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sybille Krauss
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Present address: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Biomedical Center (BMZ1), Building 344, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna Aigner
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Antonios I Karagiannidis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Achmüller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Huajie Bu
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Wunderlich
- Institute of Vertebrate Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal-Ruth Schweiger
- Institute of Vertebrate Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Schaefer
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Institute for Human Genetics, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, DD1 9SY Dundee, UK
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Farooqi AA, Hou MF, Chen CC, Wang CL, Chang HW. Androgen receptor and gene network: Micromechanics reassemble the signaling machinery of TMPRSS2-ERG positive prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:34. [PMID: 24739220 PMCID: PMC4002202 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a gland tumor in the male reproductive system. It is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Transmembrane protease, serine 2 and v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 homolog (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusions are the common molecular signature of prostate cancer. Although tremendous advances have been made in unraveling various facets of TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer, many research findings must be sequentially collected and re-interpreted. It is important to understand the activation or repression of target genes and proteins in response to various stimuli and the assembly in signal transduction in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells. Accordingly, we divide this multi-component review ofprostate cancer cells into several segments: 1) The role of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in genomic instability and methylated regulation in prostate cancer and normal cells; 2) Signal transduction cascades in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer; 3) Overexpressed genes in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells; 4) miRNA mediated regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) and its associated protein network; 5) Quantitative control of ERG in prostate cancer cells; 6) TMPRSS2-ERG encoded protein targeting; In conclusion, we provide a detailed understanding of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion related information in prostate cancer development to provide a rationale for exploring TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-mediated molecular network machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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43
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Dickey TH, Altschuler SE, Wuttke DS. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins: multiple domains for multiple functions. Structure 2014; 21:1074-84. [PMID: 23823326 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is integral to myriad cellular functions. In eukaryotes, ssDNA is present stably at the ends of chromosomes and at some promoter elements. Furthermore, it is formed transiently by several cellular processes including telomere synthesis, transcription, and DNA replication, recombination, and repair. To coordinate these diverse activities, a variety of proteins have evolved to bind ssDNA in a manner specific to their function. Here, we review the recognition of ssDNA through the analysis of high-resolution structures of proteins in complex with ssDNA. This functionally diverse set of proteins arises from a limited set of structural motifs that can be modified and arranged to achieve distinct activities, including a range of ligand specificities. We also investigate the ways in which these domains interact in the context of large multidomain proteins/complexes. These comparisons reveal the structural features that define the range of functions exhibited by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H Dickey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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44
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Experimental evidence of persistent androgen-receptor-dependency in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15615-35. [PMID: 23896594 PMCID: PMC3759876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the majority of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), product of a gene that is almost exclusively regulated by the androgen receptor (AR), still acts as a serum marker reflecting disease burden, indicating that AR signaling is activated even under castrate level of serum androgen. Accumulated evidence shows that transcriptional ability of AR is activated both in ligand-dependent and -independent manners in CRPC cells. Some androgen-independent sublines derived from originally androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells overexpress the AR and PSA, for which silencing the AR gene suppresses cellular proliferation. The overexpression of the AR confers androgen-independent growth ability on androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Some patient-derived prostate cancer xenograft lines also acquire castration-resistant growth ability secreting PSA. More recent publications have shown that the AR activated in CRPC cells regulates distinct gene sets from that in androgen-dependent status. This concept provides very important insights in the development of novel anti-prostate cancer drugs such as new generation anti-androgens and CYP17 inhibitors.
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45
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Kajihara T, Tanaka K, Oguro T, Tochigi H, Prechapanich J, Uchino S, Itakura A, Sućurović S, Murakami K, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O. Androgens modulate the morphological characteristics of human endometrial stromal cells decidualized in vitro. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:372-80. [PMID: 23885104 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The activated androgen receptor (AR) in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) regulates genes involved in cytoskeletal organization, cell motility, and cell cycle progression. Androgens also enhance the secretion of prolactin, a widely used marker of decidualized HESCs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the direct effects of androgens on the ultrastructural changes associated with decidual transformation of HESCs. Primary HESC cultures were established and propagated, and confluent cultures were decidualized for 6 days with 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-br-cAMP) and progesterone (P4) in the presence or absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Phase-contrast image analysis demonstrated that DHT increases the shape index of decidualizing cells, which was reversed upon cotreatment with the AR antagonist flutamide. Electron microscopy demonstrated that DHT enhances many of the ultrastructural changes induced by 8-br-cAMP and P4 in HESCs. Decidualizing cells are characterized by an abundant cytoplasm, multiple cell surface projections and, unlike undifferentiated HESCs, form 2 or more cell layers. The DHT further stimulated cytoplasmic expansion, lipid droplet formation, the production of an abundant extracellular matrix, and gap junction formation in decidualized HESCs. The present study demonstrates that androgen signaling has an impact on the morphological and ultrastructural changes associated with the decidual process. Our findings show that androgens promote the development and expansion of cytoplasmic organelles and gap junctions in decidualizing HESCs. These results suggest that androgens in early pregnancy play an important role in promoting the cellular transformation associated with decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kajihara
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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46
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Singh M, Martinez AR, Govindaraju S, Lee BS. HuR inhibits apoptosis by amplifying Akt signaling through a positive feedback loop. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:182-9. [PMID: 22674407 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human antigen R (HuR) is a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression that plays a key role in stabilizing mRNAs during cellular stress, leading to enhanced survival. HuR expression is tightly regulated through multiple transcription and post-transcriptional controls. Although HuR is known to stabilize a subset of mRNAs involved in cell survival, its role in the survival pathway of PI3-kinase/Akt signaling is unclear. Here, we show that in renal proximal tubule cells, HuR performs a central role in cell survival by amplifying Akt signaling in a positive feedback loop. Key to this feedback loop is HuR-mediated stabilization of mRNA encoding Grb10, an adaptor protein whose expression is critical for Akt activation. Stimulation of Akt by interaction with Grb10 then activates NF-κB, which further enhances HuR mRNA and protein expression. This feedback loop is active in unstressed cells, but its effects are increased during stress. Therefore, this study demonstrates a central role for HuR in Akt signaling and reveals a mechanism by which modest changes in HuR levels below or above normal may be amplified, potentially resulting in cell death or cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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47
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Jung J, Lifland AW, Zurla C, Alonas EJ, Santangelo PJ. Quantifying RNA-protein interactions in situ using modified-MTRIPs and proximity ligation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:e12. [PMID: 22952158 PMCID: PMC3592441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The stabilization, translation and degradation of RNA are regulated by interactions between trans-acting factors, such as microRNA and RNA-binding proteins (RBP). In order to investigate the relationships between these events and their significance, a method that detects the localization of these interactions within a single cell, as well as their variability across a cell population, is needed. To visualize and quantify RNA–protein interactions in situ, we developed a proximity ligation assay (PLA) that combined peptide-modified, multiply-labelled tetravalent RNA imaging probes (MTRIPs), targeted to sequences near RBP binding sites, with proximity ligation and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Using this method, we detected and quantified, with single-interaction sensitivity, the localization and frequency of interactions of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) nucleocapsid protein (N) with viral genomic RNA (gRNA). We also described the effects of actinomycin D (actD) on the interactions of HuR with β-actin mRNA and with poly(A)+ mRNA at both native and increased HuR expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeenah Jung
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Bldg, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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48
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Cloke B, Christian M. The role of androgens and the androgen receptor in cycling endometrium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:166-75. [PMID: 21745536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are not only required for male reproductive function, they are also essential for female reproductive physiology. Widely expressed in female reproductive tissues, AR levels fluctuate in a regulated manner in the cycling endometrium. Female androgen production depends on the adrenal glands and expression of key enzymes in the endometrium that facilitate local androgen biosynthesis and conversion. Moreover, levels of circulating androgens, in women of reproductive age, fluctuate in a cycle-dependent manner and a mid-cycle peak is associated with conception. AR and androgen signalling have a decisive role in the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Compelling evidence for androgen signalling in the regulation of endometrial function pertaining to implantation and pregnancy is provided by epidemiological studies demonstrating a strong association between polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure or advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome. Thus, androgen signalling is an essential component of normal endometrial physiology and its perturbation is associated with reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cloke
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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49
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Fabian MR, Sonenberg N. The mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing: a look under the hood of miRISC. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:586-93. [PMID: 22664986 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery almost two decades ago, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to function by post-transcriptionally regulating protein accumulation. Understanding how miRNAs silence targeted mRNAs has been the focus of intensive research. Multiple models have been proposed, with few mechanistic details having been worked out. However, the past few years have witnessed a quantum leap forward in our understanding of the molecular mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing. In this review we describe recent discoveries, with an emphasis on how miRISC post-transcriptionally controls gene expression by inhibiting translation and/or initiating mRNA decay, and how trans-acting factors control miRNA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Fabian
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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50
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Voelker RB, Erkelenz S, Reynoso V, Schaal H, Berglund JA. Frequent gain and loss of intronic splicing regulatory elements during the evolution of vertebrates. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:659-74. [PMID: 22619362 PMCID: PMC3606033 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing regulatory elements (SREs) are sequences bound by proteins that influence splicing of nearby splice sites. Constitutively spliced introns have evolved to utilize many different splicing factors. The evolutionary processes that influenced which splicing factors are used for splicing of individual introns are generally unclear. We demonstrate that in the lineage that gave rise to mammals, many introns lost U-rich sequences and gained G-rich sequences, both of which resemble known SREs. The apparent conversion of U-rich to G-rich SREs suggests that the associated splicing factors are functionally equivalent. In support of this we demonstrated that U-rich and G-rich SREs are both capable of promoting splicing of an SRE-dependent splicing reporter. Furthermore, we demonstrate, using the heterologous MS2 tethering system (bacterial MS2 coat fusion-protein and its RNA stem-loop binding site), that both the U-rich SRE-binding protein (TIA1) and the G-rich SRE-binding protein (HNRNPF) can promote splicing of the same intron. We also observed that gain of G-rich SREs is significantly associated with G/C-rich genomic isochores, suggesting that gain or loss of SREs was driven by the same processes that ultimately resulted in the formation of mammalian genomic isochores. We propose the following model for the gain and loss of mammalian SREs. Ancestral U-rich SREs located in genomic regions that were experiencing high rates of A/T to G/C conversion would have suffered frequent deleterious mutations. However, this same process resulted in increased formation of functionally equivalent G-rich SREs, and acquisition of new G-rich SREs decreased purifying selection on the U-rich SREs, which were then free to decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger B Voelker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, OR, USA
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