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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Saito M, Yamada T, Kamijo A, Yoshizawa T, Sakamoto T. Recent Progress on Genetically Modified Animal Models for Membrane Skeletal Proteins: The 4.1 and MPP Families. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1942. [PMID: 37895291 PMCID: PMC10606877 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein 4.1 and membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP) families were originally found as components in the erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein complex, which helps maintain the stability of erythrocyte membranes by linking intramembranous proteins and meshwork structures composed of actin and spectrin under the membranes. Recently, it has been recognized that cells and tissues ubiquitously use this membrane skeletal system. Various intramembranous proteins, including adhesion molecules, ion channels, and receptors, have been shown to interact with the 4.1 and MPP families, regulating cellular and tissue dynamics by binding to intracellular signal transduction proteins. In this review, we focus on our previous studies regarding genetically modified animal models, especially on 4.1G, MPP6, and MPP2, to describe their functional roles in the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, the testis, and bone formation. As the membrane skeletal proteins are located at sites that receive signals from outside the cell and transduce signals inside the cell, it is necessary to elucidate their molecular interrelationships, which may broaden the understanding of cell and tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
| | - Tomoki Yamada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane City, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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2
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The membrane palmitoylated protein, MPP6, is involved in myelin formation in the mouse peripheral nervous system. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:385-394. [PMID: 30357511 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A membrane skeletal molecular complex, protein 4.1G-membrane palmitoylated protein 6 (MPP6)-Lin7-cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4), is incorporated in Schwann cells, especially in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLIs), in the mouse peripheral nervous system (PNS). MPP6, Lin7, and CADM4 are transported to SLIs by 4.1G. In this study, we created MPP6-deficient mice and evaluated myelin structure and MPP6 protein complexes. In SLIs in MPP6-deficient nerves, Lin7 was rarely detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, but the localization and amount of CADM4 and 4.1G were not altered. Motor activity was not significantly impaired in a tail-suspension test, but the sciatic nerves of MPP6-deficient mice had thicker myelin in internodes by electron microscopy compared to that of wild-type mice. These results indicate that the MPP6-Lin7 complex regulates myelin formation.
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Ghosh A, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Brenowitz M, Almo SC. Structures of the L27 Domain of Disc Large Homologue 1 Protein Illustrate a Self-Assembly Module. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1293-1305. [PMID: 29261291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Disc large 1 (Dlg1) proteins, members of the MAGUK protein family, are linked to cell polarity via their participation in multiprotein assemblies. At their N-termini, Dlg1 proteins contain a L27 domain. Typically, the L27 domains participate in the formation of obligate hetero-oligomers with the L27 domains from their cognate partners. Among the MAGUKs, Dlg1 proteins exist as homo-oligomers, and the oligomerization is solely dependent on the L27 domain. Here we provide biochemical and structural evidence of homodimerization via the L27 domain of Dlg1 from Drosophila melanogaster. The structure reveals that the core of the dimer is formed by a distinctive six-helix assembly, involving all three conserved helices from each subunit (monomer). The homodimer interface is extended by the C-terminal tail of the L27 domain of Dlg1, which forms a two-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. The structure reconciles and provides a structural context for a large body of available mutational data. From our analyses, we conclude that the observed L27 homodimerization is most likely a feature unique to the Dlg1 orthologs within the MAGUK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnidipta Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Udupi A Ramagopal
- Biological Sciences Division, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research , Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080, India
| | - Jeffrey B Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Michael Brenowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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4
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Yun X, Jiang H, Lai N, Wang J, Shimoda LA. Aquaporin 1-mediated changes in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation involve β-catenin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L889-L898. [PMID: 28798257 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00247.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia induces migration and proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), leading to vascular remodeling and contributing to the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms controlling PASMC growth and motility are incompletely understood, although aquaporin 1 (AQP1) plays an important role. In tumor, kidney, and stem cells, AQP1 has been shown to interact with β-catenin, a dual function protein that activates the transcription of crucial target genes (i.e., c-Myc and cyclin D1) related to cell migration and proliferation. Thus the goal of this study was to examine mechanisms by which AQP1 mediates PASMC migration and proliferation, with a focus on β-catenin. Using primary rat PASMCs from resistance level pulmonary arteries infected with adenoviral constructs containing green fluorescent protein (control; AdGFP), wild-type AQP1 (AdAQP1), or AQP1 with the COOH-terminal tail deleted (AdAQP1M), we demonstrated that increasing AQP1 expression upregulated β-catenin protein levels and the expression (mRNA and protein) of the known β-catenin targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. In contrast, infection with AdAQP1M had no effect on any of these variables. Using silencing approaches to reduce β-catenin levels prevented both hypoxia- and AQP1-induced migration and proliferation of PASMCs, as well as induction of c-Myc and cyclin D1 by AQP1. Thus our results indicate that elevated AQP1 levels upregulate β-catenin protein levels, via a mechanism requiring the AQP1 COOH-terminal tail, enhancing expression of β-catenin targets and promoting PASMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yun
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ning Lai
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Kim HS, Im HN, An DR, Yoon JY, Jang JY, Mobashery S, Hesek D, Lee M, Yoo J, Cui M, Choi S, Kim C, Lee NK, Kim SJ, Kim JY, Bang G, Han BW, Lee BI, Yoon HJ, Suh SW. The Cell Shape-determining Csd6 Protein from Helicobacter pylori Constitutes a New Family of L,D-Carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25103-17. [PMID: 26306031 PMCID: PMC4599014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. Its high motility in the viscous gastric mucosa facilitates colonization of the human stomach and depends on the helical cell shape and the flagella. In H. pylori, Csd6 is one of the cell shape-determining proteins that play key roles in alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides. Csd6 is also involved in deglycosylation of the flagellar protein FlaA. To better understand its function, biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterizations were carried out. We show that Csd6 has a three-domain architecture and exists as a dimer in solution. The N-terminal domain plays a key role in dimerization. The middle catalytic domain resembles those of l,d-transpeptidases, but its pocket-shaped active site is uniquely defined by the four loops I to IV, among which loops I and III show the most distinct variations from the known l,d-transpeptidases. Mass analyses confirm that Csd6 functions only as an l,d-carboxypeptidase and not as an l,d-transpeptidase. The d-Ala-complexed structure suggests possible binding modes of both the substrate and product to the catalytic domain. The C-terminal nuclear transport factor 2-like domain possesses a deep pocket for possible binding of pseudaminic acid, and in silico docking supports its role in deglycosylation of flagellin. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that H. pylori Csd6 and its homologs constitute a new family of l,d-carboxypeptidase. This work provides insights into the function of Csd6 in regulating the helical cell shape and motility of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Sook Kim
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Im
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | - Doo Ri An
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | - Ji Young Yoon
- Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | | | - Shahriar Mobashery
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Dusan Hesek
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Mijoon Lee
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Jakyung Yoo
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Minghua Cui
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- the National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhee Kim
- the Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- the Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jong Kim
- the Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Chonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- the Division of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Geul Bang
- the Division of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Il Lee
- the Biomolecular Function Research Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Se Won Suh
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and
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Zhang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Zhou H, Xie X, Shen Y, Long J. Structure of an L27 domain heterotrimer from cell polarity complex Patj/Pals1/Mals2 reveals mutually independent L27 domain assembly mode. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11132-40. [PMID: 22337881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.321216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of supramolecular complexes in multidomain scaffold proteins is crucial for the control of cell polarity. The scaffold protein of protein associated with Lin-7 1 (Pals1) forms a complex with two other scaffold proteins, Pals-associated tight junction protein (Patj) and mammalian homolog-2 of Lin-7 (Mals2), through its tandem Lin-2 and Lin-7 (L27) domains to regulate apical-basal polarity. Here, we report the crystal structure of a 4-L27 domain-containing heterotrimer derived from the tripartite complex Patj/Pals1/Mals2. The heterotrimer consists of two cognate pairs of heterodimeric L27 domains with similar conformations. Structural analysis and biochemical data further show that the dimers assemble mutually independently. Additionally, such mutually independent assembly of the two heterodimers can be observed in another tripartite complex, Disks large homolog 1 (DLG1)/calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK)/Mals2. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for tandem L27 domain-mediated, supramolecular complex assembly with a mutually independent mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Yang X, Xie X, Chen L, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhao W, Tian R, Zhang R, Tian C, Long J, Shen Y. Structural basis for tandem L27 domain‐mediated polymerization. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.163857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Xingqiao Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Liu Chen
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology China Anhui China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Weijing Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Ran Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Changlin Tian
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology China Anhui China
| | - Jiafu Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
| | - Yuequan Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University Tianjin China
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8
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Yang X, Xie X, Chen L, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhao W, Tian R, Zhang R, Tian C, Long J, Shen Y. Structural basis for tandem L27 domain-mediated polymerization. FASEB J 2010; 24:4806-15. [PMID: 20702775 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of epithelial cell polarity requires the assembly of multiprotein complexes and is crucial during epithelial morphogenesis. Three scaffolding proteins, Dlg1, MPP7, and Mals3, can be assembled to form a complex that functions in the establishment and maintenance of apicobasal polarity in epithelial tissues through their L27 domains. Here we report the crystal structure of a 4-L27-domain complex derived from the human tripartite complex Dlg1-MPP7-Mals3 in combination with paramagnetic relaxation enhancement measurements. The heterotrimer consists of 2 pairs of heterodimeric L27 domains. These 2 dimers are asymmetric due to the large difference between the N- and C-terminal tandem L27 domain of MPP7. Structural analysis combined with biochemical experiments further reveals that the loop αA-αB and helix αB of the C-terminal L27 domain of MPP7 play a critical role in assembling the entire tripartite complex, suggesting a synergistic tandem L27-mediated assembling event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Lynch AM, Hardin J. The assembly and maintenance of epithelial junctions in C. elegans. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:1414-32. [PMID: 19273138 DOI: 10.2741/3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial tissues of the C. elegans embryo provide a "minimalist" system for examining phylogenetically conserved proteins that function in epithelial polarity and cell-cell adhesion in a multicellular organism. In this review, we provide an overview of three major molecular complexes at the apical surface of epithelial cells in the C. elegans embryo: the cadherin-catenin complex, the more basal DLG-1/AJM-1 complex, and the apical membrane domain, which shares similarities with the subapical complex in Drosophila and the PAR/aPKC complex in vertebrates. We discuss how the assembly of these complexes contributes to epithelial polarity and adhesion, proteins that act as effectors and/or regulators of each subdomain, and how these complexes functionally interact during embryonic morphogenesis. Although much remains to be clarified, significant progress has been made in recent years to clarify the role of these protein complexes in epithelial morphogenesis, and suggests that C. elegans will continue to be a fruitful system in which to elucidate functional roles for these proteins in a living embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Lynch
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Lockwood CA, Lynch AM, Hardin J. Dynamic analysis identifies novel roles for DLG-1 subdomains in AJM-1 recruitment and LET-413-dependent apical focusing. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1477-87. [PMID: 18411252 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.017137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are composed of a diverse array of specialized proteins that are necessary for the movement and integrity of epithelia. Scaffolding molecules, such as membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) contain multiple protein-protein interaction domains that integrate these proteins into macromolecular complexes at junctions. We have used structure-function experiments to dissect the role of domains of the Caenorhabditis elegans MAGUK DLG-1, a homolog of Drosophila Discs large and vertebrate SAP97. DLG-1 deletion constructs were analyzed in directed yeast two-hybrid tests as well as in vivo in a dlg-1 null mutant background. Our studies identify novel roles for several key domains. First, the L27 domain of DLG-1 mediates the physical interaction of DLG-1 with its binding partner, AJM-1, as well as DLG-1 multimerization. Second, the PDZ domains of DLG-1 mediate its association with the junction. Third, using dynamic in vivo imaging, we demonstrate that the SH3 domain is required for rapid lateral distribution of DLG-1 via a LET-413/Scribble-dependent pathway. Finally, we found that inclusion of the SH3 domain can ameliorate dlg-1 mutant phenotypes, but full rescue of lethality required the complete C terminus, which includes the GUK and Hook domains, thereby demonstrating the importance of the C-terminus for DLG-1 function. Our results represent the first in vivo analysis of requirements for the L27 domain of a Discs-large/SAP97 protein, identify a crucial LET-413/Scribble regulatory motif and provide insight into how MAGUK subdomains function to maintain epithelial integrity during development.
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Russo J, Balogh GA, Heulings R, Mailo DA, Moral R, Russo PA, Sheriff F, Vanegas J, Russo IH. Molecular basis of pregnancy-induced breast cancer protection. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 15:306-42. [PMID: 16835503 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200608000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have postulated that the lifetime protective effect of an early pregnancy against breast cancer is due to the complete differentiation of the mammary gland characterized by a specific genomic signature imprinted by the physiological process of pregnancy. In the present work, we show evidence that the breast tissue of postmenopausal parous women has had a shifting of stem cell 1 to stem cell 2 with a genomic signature different from similar structures derived from postmenopausal nulliparous women that have stem cell 1. Those genes that are significantly different are grouped in major categories on the basis of their putative functional significance. Among them are those gene transcripts related to immune surveillance, DNA repair, transcription, chromatin structure/activators/co-activators, growth factor and signal transduction pathway, transport and cell trafficking, cell proliferation, differentiation, cell adhesion, protein synthesis and cell metabolism. From these data, it was concluded that during pregnancy there are significant genomic changes that reflect profound alterations in the basic physiology of the mammary gland that explain the protective effect against carcinogenesis. The implication of this knowledge is that when the genomic signature of protection or refractoriness to carcinogenesis is acquired by the shifting of stem cell 1 to stem cell 2, the hormonal milieu induced by pregnancy or pregnancy-like conditions is no longer required. This is a novel concept that challenges the current knowledge that a chemopreventive agent needs to be given for a long period to suppress a metabolic pathway or abrogate the function of an organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
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12
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Russo J, Balogh G, Mailo D, Russo PA, Heulings R, Russo IH. The genomic signature of breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2007; 174:131-50. [PMID: 17302192 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnancy imprints in the breast permanent genomic changes or a signature that reduces the susceptibility of this organ to cancer. The breast attains its maximum development during pregnancy and lactation. After menopause, the breast regresses in both nulliparous and parous women containing lobular structures designated Lob.1. The Lob 1 found in the breast of nulliparous women and of parous women with breast cancer never went through the process of differentiation, retaining a high concentration of epithelial cells that are targets for carcinogens and therefore susceptible to undergoing neoplastic transformation, these cell are called Stem cells 1, whereas Lob 1 structures found in the breast of early parous postmenopausal women free of mammary pathology, on the other hand, are composed of an epithelial cell population that is refractory to transformation called Stem cells 2. The degree of differentiation acquired through early pregnancy has changed the genomic signature that differentiates the Lob 1 from the early parous women from that of the nulliparous women by shifting the Stem cell 1 to a Stem cell 2, making this the postulated mechanism of protection conferred by early full-term pregnancy. The identification of a putative breast stem cell (Stem cell 1) has reached in the last decade a significant impulse and several markers also reported for other tissues have been found in the mammary epithelial cells of both rodents and humans. The data obtained thus far is supporting the concept that the lifetime protective effect of an early pregnancy against breast cancer is due to the complete differentiation of the mammary gland, which results in the replacement of the Stem cell 1 that is a component of the nulliparous breast epithelium with a new stem cell, called Stem cell 2, which is characterized by a specific genomic signature. The pattern of gene expression of the stem cell 2 could potentially be used as useful intermediate end points for evaluating the degree of mammary gland differentiation and for evaluating preventive agents such as human chorionic gonadotropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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13
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Stetak A, Hoier EF, Croce A, Cassata G, Di Fiore PP, Hajnal A. Cell fate-specific regulation of EGF receptor trafficking during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. EMBO J 2006; 25:2347-57. [PMID: 16688213 PMCID: PMC1478196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
By controlling the subcellular localization of growth factor receptors, cells can modulate the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways. During Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development, a ternary complex consisting of the LIN-7, LIN-2 and LIN-10 PDZ domain proteins localizes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the basolateral compartment of the vulval precursor cells (VPCs) to allow efficient receptor activation by the inductive EGF signal from the anchor cell. We have identified EGFR substrate protein-8 (EPS-8) as a novel component of the EGFR localization complex that links receptor trafficking to cell fate specification. EPS-8 expression is upregulated in the primary VPCs, where it creates a positive feedback loop in the EGFR/RAS/MAPK pathway. The membrane-associated guanylate kinase LIN-2 recruits EPS-8 into the receptor localization complex to retain the EGFR on the basolateral plasma membrane, and thus allow maximal receptor activation in the primary cell lineage. Low levels of EPS-8 in the neighboring secondary VPCs result in the rapid degradation of the EGFR, allowing these cells to adopt the secondary cell fate. Extracellular signals thus regulate EGFR trafficking in a cell type-specific manner to control pattern formation during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Stetak
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Assunta Croce
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Alex Hajnal
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 1 635 4854/4866; Fax: +41 1 635 6878; E-mail:
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14
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Petrosky KY, Löhr F, Dötsch V. NMR assignment of the L27 heterodimer from LIN-2 and LIN-7 scaffold proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2006; 36 Suppl 1:15. [PMID: 16721631 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-005-5391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Y Petrosky
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 600-16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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15
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Petrosky KY, Ou HD, Löhr F, Dötsch V, Lim WA. A general model for preferential hetero-oligomerization of LIN-2/7 domains: mechanism underlying directed assembly of supramolecular signaling complexes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38528-36. [PMID: 16147993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LIN-2/7 (L27) domains are protein interaction modules that preferentially hetero-oligomerize, a property critical for their function in directing specific assembly of supramolecular signaling complexes at synapses and other polarized cell-cell junctions. We have solved the solution structure of the heterodimer composed of the L27 domains from LIN-2 and LIN-7. Comparison of this structure with other L27 domain structures has allowed us to formulate a general model for why most L27 domains form an obligate heterodimer complex. L27 domains can be divided in two types (A and B), with each heterodimer comprising an A/B pair. We have identified two keystone positions that play a central role in discrimination. The residues at these positions are energetically acceptable in the context of an A/B heterodimer, but would lead to packing defects or electrostatic repulsion in the context of A/A and B/B homodimers. As predicted by the model, mutations of keystone residues stabilize normally strongly disfavored homodimers. Thus, L27 domains are specifically optimized to avoid homodimeric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Y Petrosky
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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16
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Feng W, Long JF, Zhang M. A unified assembly mode revealed by the structures of tetrameric L27 domain complexes formed by mLin-2/mLin-7 and Patj/Pals1 scaffold proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6861-6. [PMID: 15863617 PMCID: PMC1100767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409346102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially identified in Caenorhabditis elegans Lin-2 and Lin-7, L27 domain is a protein-protein interaction domain capable of organizing scaffold proteins into supramolecular assemblies by formation of heteromeric L27 domain complexes. L27 domain-mediated protein assemblies have been shown to play essential roles in cellular processes including asymmetric cell division, establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, and clustering of receptors and ion channels. The structural basis of L27 domain heteromeric complex assembly is controversial. We determined the high-resolution solution structure of the prototype L27 domain complex formed by mLin-2 and mLin-7 as well as the solution structure of the L27 domain complex formed by Patj and Pals1. The structures suggest that a tetrameric structure composed of two units of heterodimer is a general assembly mode for cognate pairs of L27 domains. Structural analysis of the L27 domain complex structures further showed that the central four-helix bundles mediating tetramer assembly are highly distinct between different pairs of L27 domain complexes. Biochemical studies revealed that the C-terminal alpha-helix responsible for the formation of the central helix bundle is a critical specificity determinant for each L27 domain in choosing its binding partner. Our results provide a unified picture for L27 domain-mediated protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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17
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Brône B, Eggermont J. PDZ proteins retain and regulate membrane transporters in polarized epithelial cell membranes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C20-9. [PMID: 15591244 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00368.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane of epithelial cells is subdivided into two physically separated compartments known as the apical and basolateral membranes. To obtain directional transepithelial solute transport, membrane transporters (i.e., ion channels, cotransporters, exchangers, and ion pumps) need to be targeted selectively to either of these membrane domains. In addition, the transport properties of an epithelial cell will be maintained only if these membrane transporters are retained and properly regulated in their specific membrane compartments. Recent reports have indicated that PDZ domain-containing proteins play a dual role in these processes and, in addition, that different apical and basolateral PDZ proteins perform similar tasks in their respective membrane domains. First, although PDZ-based interactions are dispensable for the biosynthetic targeting to the proper membrane domain, the PDZ network ensures that the membrane proteins are efficiently retained at the cell surface. Second, the close spatial positioning of functionally related proteins (e.g., receptors, kinases, channels) into a signal transduction complex (transducisome) allows fast and efficient control of membrane transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Brône
- Laboratory of Physiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O & N, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Stöhr H, Molday LL, Molday RS, Weber BHF, Biedermann B, Reichenbach A, Krämer F. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins MPP4 and MPP5 associate with Veli3 at distinct intercellular junctions of the neurosensory retina. J Comp Neurol 2004; 481:31-41. [PMID: 15558731 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
MPP4 and MPP5 are closely related members of the p55-subfamily of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) known to mediate the assembly of protein complexes at the plasma membrane of cell-cell junctions. Both MPP4 and MPP5 have been implicated in retinal function; however, their specific roles in the cellular mechanisms underlying vision are largely unknown. Here, we generated specific poly- and monoclonal antibodies against the two proteins and show that MPP4 and MPP5 are localized at distinct sites of cell-cell contact in the mouse retina. While MPP4 is a component of the synaptic terminals of photoreceptors, MPP5 exclusively localizes to apical membrane domains of the outer limiting membrane (OLM) junctions. The vertebrate homologs of Caenorhabditis elegans lin-7, Veli1, -2, and -3, have previously been identified as putative binding partners of MPP5. In this study, we show that MPP4 directly interacts with the Veli proteins via L27 heterodimerization in vitro. In addition, two of the three Veli isoforms, Veli1 and -3, are demonstrated to be expressed in the mouse retina. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals extensive colocalization of Veli3 with both MPP4 and MPP5. This association of Veli3 with either MPP4 or MPP5 suggests that the MAGUKs recruit Veli3 and its binding partners to different cellular regions of the retina where they may participate in the organization of specialized intercellular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Stöhr
- Institut für Humangenetik, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Li Y, Karnak D, Demeler B, Margolis B, Lavie A. Structural basis for L27 domain-mediated assembly of signaling and cell polarity complexes. EMBO J 2004; 23:2723-33. [PMID: 15241471 PMCID: PMC514954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L27 is a protein-binding domain that can assemble essential proteins for signaling and cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner. One of these protein complexes is the PATJ/PALS1/Crumbs tripartite complex, which is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. To reveal the structural basis underlining the obligate heterodimerization, we have determined the crystal structure of the PALS1-L27N/PATJ-L27 heterodimer complex. Each L27 domain is composed of three helices. The two L27 domains heterodimerize by building a compact structure consisting of a four-helix bundle formed by the first two helices of each L27 domain and one coiled-coil formed by the third helix of each domain. The large hydrophobic packing interactions contributed by all the helices of both L27 domains predominantly drive the heterodimer formation, which is likely to be a general feature of L27 domains. Combined with mutational studies, we can begin to understand the structural basis for the specificity of L27 binding pairs. Our results provide unique insights into L27 domain heterodimer complex, which is critical for cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Karnak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Wang Q, Hurd TW, Margolis B. Tight Junction Protein Par6 Interacts with an Evolutionarily Conserved Region in the Amino Terminus of PALS1/Stardust. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30715-21. [PMID: 15140881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401930200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are the structures in mammalian epithelial cells that separate the apical and basolateral membranes and may also be important in the establishment of cell polarity. Two evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complexes, Crumbs-PALS1 (Stardust)-PATJ and Cdc42-Par6-Par3-atypical protein kinase C, have been implicated in the assembly of tight junctions and in polarization of Drosophila melanogaster epithelia. These two complexes have been linked physically and functionally by an interaction between PALS1 and Par6. Here we identify an evolutionarily conserved region in the amino terminus of PALS1 as the Par6 binding site and identify valine and aspartic acid residues in this region as essential for interacting with the PDZ domain of Par6. We have also characterized, in more detail, the amino terminus of Drosophila Stardust and demonstrate that the interaction mechanism between Stardust and Drosophila Par6 is evolutionarily conserved. Par6 interferes with PATJ in binding PALS1, and these two interactions do not appear to function synergistically. Taken together, these results define the molecular mechanisms linking two conserved polarity complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-2216, USA
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21
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Feng W, Long JF, Fan JS, Suetake T, Zhang M. The tetrameric L27 domain complex as an organization platform for supramolecular assemblies. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004; 11:475-80. [PMID: 15048107 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
L27 domain, initially identified in the Caenorhabditis elegans Lin-2 and Lin-7 proteins, is a protein interaction module that exists in a large family of scaffold proteins. The domain can function as an organization center of large protein assemblies required for establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. We have solved the high-resolution NMR structure of a tetrameric complex of L27 domains containing two SAP97-mLin-2 L27 domain heterodimers. Each L27 domain contains three a-helices. The first two helices of each domain are packed together to form a four-helical bundle in the heterodimer. The third helix of each L27 domain forms another four-helical bundle that assembles the two heterodimers into a tetramer. The structure of the complex provides a mechanistic explanation for L27 domain-mediated polymerization of scaffold proteins, a process that is crucial for the assembly of supramolecular complexes in asymmetric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Hill K, Li Y, Bennett M, McKay M, Zhu X, Shern J, Torre E, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Kahn RA. Munc18 interacting proteins: ADP-ribosylation factor-dependent coat proteins that regulate the traffic of beta-Alzheimer's precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36032-40. [PMID: 12842896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301632200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat proteins cycle between soluble and membrane-bound locations at the time of vesicle biogenesis and act to regulate the assembly of the vesicle coat that determines the specificity in cargo selection and the destination of the vesicle. A transmembrane cargo protein, an Arf GTPase, and a coat protein (e.g. COPs, APs, or GGAs) are minimal components required for budding of vesicles. Munc18 interacting proteins (MINTs) are a family of three proteins implicated in the localization of receptors to the plasma membrane. We show that MINTs bind Arfs directly, co-localize with Arf and the Alzheimer's precursor protein (beta-APP) to regions of the Golgi/trans-Golgi network, and can co-immunoprecipitate clathrin. We demonstrate that MINTs bind Arfs through a region of the PTB domain and the PDZ2 domain, and Arf-MINT interaction is necessary for the increased cellular levels of beta-APP produced by MINT overexpression. Knockdown (small interference RNA) experiments implicate beta-APP as a transmembrane cargo protein that works together with MINTs. We propose that MINTs are a family of Arf-dependent, vesicle-coat proteins that can regulate the traffic of beta-APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-3050, USA
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23
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Karnak D, Lee S, Margolis B. Identification of multiple binding partners for the amino-terminal domain of synapse-associated protein 97. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46730-5. [PMID: 12351654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208781200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiprotein complexes mediate static and dynamic functions to establish and maintain cell polarity in both epithelial cells and neurons. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins are thought to be scaffolding molecules in these processes and bind multiple proteins via their obligate postsynaptic density (PSD)-95/Disc Large/Zona Occludens-1, Src homology 3, and guanylate kinase-like domains. Subsets of MAGUK proteins have additional protein-protein interaction domains. An additional domain we identified in SAP97 called the MAGUK recruitment (MRE) domain binds the LIN-2,7 amino-terminal (L27N) domain of mLIN-2/CASK, a MAGUK known to bind mLIN-7. Here we show that SAP97 binds two other mLIN-7 binding MAGUK proteins. One of these MAGUK proteins, DLG3, coimmunoprecipitates with SAP97 in lysates from rat brain and transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. This interaction requires the MRE domain of SAP97 and surprisingly, both the L27N and L27 carboxyl-terminal (L27C) domains of DLG3. We also demonstrate that SAP97 can interact with the MAGUK protein, DLG2, but not the highly related protein, PALS2. The ability of SAP97 to interact with multiple MAGUK proteins is likely to be important for the targeting of specific protein complexes in polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karnak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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