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Chen W, Li Y, Steinhoff M, Zhang W, Buddenkotte J, Buhl T, Zhu R, Yan X, Lu Z, Xiao S, Wang J, Meng J. The PLAUR signaling promotes chronic pruritus. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22368. [PMID: 35596683 PMCID: PMC9323474 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a complex sensation of the skin frequently associated with skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Although Serpin E1 is implicated in chronic itch, its receptor and signaling pathways involved in itch are not known. In this study, the clinical relevance of a putative Serpin E1 receptor PLAUR to chronic itch, and the neuro‐cutaneous Serpin E1‐PLAUR signaling are explored. We found that PLAUR is overexpressed in skin specimens of human lesional AD and lesional psoriasis, and sensory neurons innervating MC903‐induced AD‐like murine skin. Murine PLAUR+ sensory neurons responded to Serpin E1, resulting in enrichment of numerous itch‐ and inflammation‐related genes and their protein release. PLAUR resides in TLR2+ neurons and Serpin E1 stimulus led to transcriptional upregulation of TLR2 and its co‐signaling proteins. Agonists of TLR2 propagated itch‐related gene transcription including BNP, OSM, and PAR2. OSM induced acute itch in mice and promoted G‐CSF and IL‐8 release from human keratinocytes. Serpin E1 inhibitor reduced MC903‐induced itch, epidermal hyperplasia, immunocyte infiltration, and resulted in lower transcription/expression levels of Serpin E1 and OSM. Taken together, the PLAUR‐TLR2‐OSM signaling promotes skin‐nerve communication, cutaneous inflammation, and itch, all feeding into an aggravation of AD and exaggerated itch circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Renkai Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xinrong Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhiping Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jianghui Meng
- Faculty of Science and Health, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Thériault S, Sjaarda J, Chong M, Hess S, Gerstein H, Paré G. Identification of Circulating Proteins Associated With Blood Pressure Using Mendelian Randomization. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002605. [PMID: 31928076 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hypertension remain incompletely understood. Mendelian randomization (MR) allows the evaluation of the causal role of markers by minimizing the risk of biases such as reverse causation and confounding. We aimed to identify novel circulating proteins associated with blood pressure through a comprehensive screen of 227 blood biomarkers using MR. METHODS Genetic determinants of 227 biomarkers were identified in ORIGIN (Outcome Reduction With Initial Glargine Intervention; URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00069784) participants (N=4147) and combined with genetic effects on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure from the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (74 064 individuals) using MR. Results were replicated in the UK Biobank (up to 319 103 individuals) and using another biomarker dataset (N=3301). MR analyses with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes as well as other biomarkers were performed to further evaluate the mechanisms involved. RESULTS Six biomarkers were associated with blood pressure using MR after adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing. Relationships between NT-proBNP (N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure confirmed previous reports. Novel circulating proteins associated with blood pressure were also identified. uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) was related to systolic blood pressure; ADM (adrenomedullin) was related to systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure; IL (interleukin) 16 was related to diastolic blood pressure; cFn (cellular fibronectin) and IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3) were related to pulse pressure. With the exception of IL16 and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.58), these relationships were validated in the UK Biobank (P<0.0001). Further MR analyses with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes showed relationships between NT-proBNP and large-artery atherosclerotic stroke, IGFBP3 and diabetes mellitus as well as cFn and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel biomarkers associated with blood pressure using MR. These markers could prove useful for risk assessment and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Thériault
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (S.T.)
| | - Jennifer Sjaarda
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sibylle Hess
- R&D, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Biomarkers and Clinical Bioanalyses, Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH Frankfurt, Germany (S.H.)
| | - Hertzel Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (S.T., J.S., M.C., H.G., G.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.S., M.C., G.P), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Svenningsen P, Hinrichs GR, Zachar R, Ydegaard R, Jensen BL. Physiology and pathophysiology of the plasminogen system in the kidney. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1415-1423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-A296-299 Prevents Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation After Stroke Through Lipoprotein-Related Receptor-Dependent Increase in cAMP and p38. Stroke 2016; 47:2096-102. [PMID: 27354223 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The sole Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), but its brief therapeutic window and complications of treatment constrain its use. One limitation may be its potential to exacerbate impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke. Vasodilation is maintained by elevations in cAMP. However, cAMP levels fall after stroke because of overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by toxic levels of glutamate, an effect that is exacerbated by tPA. Binding of wild-type (wt) tPA to the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) mediates dilation. We propose that binding of wt-tPA to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor reduces cAMP and impairs vasodilation. We hypothesize that tPA-A(296-299), a variant that is fibrinolytic but cannot bind to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, preferentially binds to LRP and increases cAMP and p38, limiting autoregulation impairment after stroke. METHODS Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in pigs equipped with a closed cranial window, cerebral blood flow determined by microspheres, and cerebrospinal fluid cAMP and p38 determined by ELISA. RESULTS Stroke decreased cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow was reduced further during hypotension, indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation was further impaired by wt-tPA, which was prevented by MK801 and tPA-A(296-299). Protection by tPA-A(296-299) was blocked by anti-LRP Ab, the LRP antagonist receptor-associated protein, and the p38 inhibitor SB 203580, but not by control IgG. Stroke reduced cerebrospinal fluid cAMP, which was reduced further by wt-tPA, but augmented by tPA-A(296-299). Cerebrospinal fluid p38 was unchanged by wt-tPA, increased by tPA-A(296-299), and decreased by anti-LRP Ab and receptor-associated protein. CONCLUSIONS tPA-A(296-299) prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke through an LRP-dependent increase in cAMP and p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.).
| | - John Riley
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
| | - Douglas B Cines
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (W.M.A., J.R.), Pharmacology (W.M.A.), and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.Y., A.A.-R.H., D.B.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Clinical Biochemistry Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel (A.A.-R.H.)
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. PAI-1-derived peptide EEIIMD prevents hypoxia/ischemia-induced aggravation of endothelin- and thromboxane-induced cerebrovasoconstriction. Neurocrit Care 2015; 20:111-8. [PMID: 24248736 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-013-9906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babies are frequently exposed to cerebral hypoxia and ischemia (H/I) during the perinatal period as a result of stroke, problems with delivery or post delivery respiratory management. The sole FDA approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Endogenous tPA is upregulated and potentiates impairment of pial artery dilation in response to hypotension after H/I in pigs. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a family of at least 3 kinases, ERK, p38 and JNK, is also upregulated after H/I, with ERK contributing to impaired vasodilation. This study examined the hypothesis that H/I aggravates the vascular response to two important procontractile mediators released during CNS ischemia, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and thromboxane, which is further enhanced by tPA and ERK MAPK. METHODS Cerebral hypoxia (pO(2) 35 mmHg for 10 min via inhalation of N(2)) followed immediately by ischemia (global intracranial pressure elevation for 20 min) was produced in chloralose anesthetized piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. RESULTS H/I aggravated pial artery vasconstriction induced by ET-1 and the thromboxane mimetic U 46619. Potentiated vasoconstrictor responses were blocked by EEIIMD, an inhibitor of tPA's signaling and vascular activities, but unchanged by its inactive analogue EEIIMR. The cerebrospinal fluid concentration of ERK MAPK determined by ELISA was increased by H/I, potentiated by tPA, but blocked by EEIIMD. The ERK MAPK antagonist U 0126 blocked H/I augmented enhancement of ET-1 and U 46619 vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that H/I aggravates ET-1 and thromboxane mediated cerebral vasoconstriction by upregulating endogenous tPA and ERK MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04, USA,
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Lugano R, Peña E, Casani L, Badimon L, Padró T. UPA promotes lipid-loaded vascular smooth muscle cell migration through LRP-1. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:262-71. [PMID: 23812296 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial event in atherosclerosis and vascular repair. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) infiltrated in the vessel wall become aggregated (agLDL) and internalized by VSMC through the LDL receptor-related protein LRP1, deriving in lipid-loaded cells with reduced motility capacity. The urokinase-plasminogen activator (UPA)/UPA receptor (UPAR) system plays a relevant role in vascular remodelling. Here, we investigated whether UPA-ligand binding is involved in the detrimental effects of lipid loading in VSMC migration. METHODS AND RESULTS Animals fed a high-fat diet had 10-fold higher cholesterol-LDL plasma levels, >60% decrease in aortic UPA-protein expression, and VSMC showed impaired outgrowth from aortic explants. Angiotensin II infusion significantly increased aortic UPA expression and accelerated VSMC migration. Using an in vitro model of wound repair, we showed that agLDL inhibits UPA-mediated VSMC migration. UPA silencing reduced migration in control cells to levels observed in lipid-loaded VSMC. UPA silencing did not affect migration in lipid-loaded VSMC. UPA expression was significantly decreased in agLDL-exposed VSMC. agLDL also induced changes in the subcellular localization of UPA, with a reduction in colocalization with UPAR strongly evident at the front edge of agLDL-treated migrating cells. Rescue experiments showed that UPA acting as UPAR ligand restored migration capacity of agLDL-VSMC to control levels. The effects of UPA/UPAR on migration of lipid-loaded cells occurred through the binding to LRP-1. CONCLUSION UPA-ligand binding regulates VSMC migration, a process that is interfered by LDL. Thus, tissue infiltrated LDL through the abrogation of UPA function reduces VSMC-regulated vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lugano
- Cardiovascular Research Center , CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Av. S. Antoni M. Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Potential role of kringle-integrin interaction in plasmin and uPA actions (a hypothesis). J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:136302. [PMID: 23125522 PMCID: PMC3480031 DOI: 10.1155/2012/136302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the kringle domains of plasmin and angiostatin, the N-terminal four kringles (K1–4) of plasminogen, directly bind to integrins. Angiostatin blocks tumor-mediated angiogenesis and has great therapeutic potential. Angiostatin binding to integrins may be related to the antiinflammatory action of angiostatin. We reported that plasmin induces signals through protease-activated receptor (PAR-1), and plasmin-integrin interaction may be required for enhancing plasmin concentration on the cell surface, and enhances its signaling function. Angiostatin binding to integrin does not seem to induce proliferative signals. One possible mechanism of angiostatin's inhibitory action is that angiostatin suppresses plasmin-induced PAR-1 activation by competing with plasmin for binding to integrins. Interestingly, plasminogen did not interact with αvβ3, suggesting that the αvβ3-binding sites in the kringle domains of plasminogen are cryptic. The kringle domain of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) also binds to integrins. The uPA-integrin interaction enhances uPA concentrations on the cell surface and enhances plasminogen activation on the cell surface. It is likely that integrins bind to the kringle domain, and uPAR binds to the growth factor-like domain (GFD) of uPA simultaneously, making the uPAR-uPA-integrin ternary complex. We present a docking model of the ternary complex.
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Combination therapy with glucagon and a novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-derived peptide enhances protection against impaired cerebrovasodilation during hypotension after traumatic brain injury through inhibition of ERK and JNK MAPK. Neurol Res 2012; 34:530-7. [PMID: 22642975 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is impaired by hypotension and glutamate, and TBI-associated release of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) impairs cerebral autoregulation. Glucagon decreases central nervous system glutamate, lessens neuronal cell injury, and improves neurological score in mice after TBI. Glucagon partially protects against impaired cerebrovasodilation during hypotension after TBI in piglets by upregulating cAMP which decreases release of tPA. Pial artery dilation during hypotension is due to release of cAMP-dependent dilator prostaglandins (PG), such as PGE2 and PGI2. TBI impairs PGE2 and PGI2-mediated pial artery dilation, which contributes to disturbed cerebral autoregulation post-insult, by upregulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This study was designed to investigate relationships between tPA, prostaglandins, and MAPK as a mechanism to improve the efficacy of glucagon-mediated preservation of cerebrovasodilation during hypotension after TBI. METHODS Lateral fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) was induced in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. ERK and JNK MAPK concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Cerebrospinal fluid JNK MAPK was increased by FPI, but blunted by glucagon and the novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-derived peptide (PAI-1DP), Ac-RMAPEEIIMDRPFLYVVR-amide. FPI modestly increased, while glucagon and PAI-1DP decreased ERK MAPK. PGE2, PGI2, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and hypotension-induced pial artery dilation was blunted after FPI, partially protected by glucagon, and fully protected by glucagon+PAI-1DP, glucagon+JNK antagonist SP600125 or glucagon+ERK inhibitor U 0126. DISCUSSION Glucagon+PAI-1DP act in concert to protect against impairment of cerebrovasodilation during hypotension after TBI via inhibition of ERK and JNK MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Tucker TA, Williams L, Koenig K, Kothari H, Komissarov AA, Florova G, Mazar AP, Allen TC, Bdeir K, Mohan Rao LV, Idell S. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 regulates collagen 1 expression, proteolysis, and migration in human pleural mesothelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:196-206. [PMID: 22298529 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0071oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) binds and can internalize a diverse group of ligands, including members of the fibrinolytic pathway, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and its receptor, uPAR. In this study, we characterized the role of LRP-1 in uPAR processing, collagen synthesis, proteolysis, and migration in pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs). When PMCs were treated with the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, LRP-1 significantly decreased at the mRNA and protein levels (70 and 90%, respectively; P < 0.05). Consequently, uPA-mediated uPAR internalization was reduced by 80% in the presence of TNF-α or IL-1β (P < 0.05). In parallel studies, LRP-1 neutralization with receptor-associated protein (RAP) significantly reduced uPA-dependent uPAR internalization and increased uPAR stability in PMCs. LRP-1-deficient cells demonstrated increased uPAR t(1/2) versus LRP-1-expressing PMCs. uPA enzymatic activity was also increased in LRP-1-deficient and neutralized cells, and RAP potentiated uPA-dependent migration in PMCs. Collagen expression in PMCs was also induced by uPA, and the effect was potentiated in RAP-treated cells. These studies indicate that TNF-α and IL-1β regulate LRP-1 in PMCs and that LRP-1 thereby contributes to a range of pathophysiologically relevant responses of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torry A Tucker
- The Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Biomedical Research Building, Lab C-5, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Makarova AM, Lebedeva TV, Nassar T, Higazi AAR, Xue J, Carinato ME, Bdeir K, Cines DB, Stepanova V. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) induces pulmonary microvascular endothelial permeability through low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-dependent activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23044-53. [PMID: 21540184 PMCID: PMC3123072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.210195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are elevated in acute lung injury, which is characterized by a loss of endothelial barrier function and the development of pulmonary edema. Two-chain uPA and uPA-PAI-1 complexes (1-20 nM) increased the permeability of monolayers of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) in vitro and lung permeability in vivo. The effects of uPA-PAI-1 were abrogated by the nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (N(D)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Two-chain uPA (1-20 nM) and uPA-PAI-1 induced phosphorylation of endothelial NOS-Ser(1177) in PMVECs, which was followed by generation of NO and the nitrosylation and dissociation of β-catenin from VE-cadherin. uPA-induced phosphorylation of eNOS was decreased by anti-low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP) antibody and an LRP antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP), and when binding to the uPA receptor was blocked by the isolated growth factor-like domain of uPA. uPA-induced phosphorylation of eNOS was also inhibited by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, myristoylated PKI, but was not dependent on PI3K-Akt signaling. LRP blockade and inhibition of PKA prevented uPA- and uPA-PAI-1-induced permeability of PMVEC monolayers in vitro and uPA-induced lung permeability in vivo. These studies identify a novel pathway involved in regulating PMVEC permeability and suggest the utility of uPA-based approaches that attenuate untoward permeability following acute lung injury while preserving its salutary effects on fibrinolysis and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M. Makarova
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tatiana V. Lebedeva
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Taher Nassar
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and
| | - Jing Xue
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Maria E. Carinato
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Khalil Bdeir
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Douglas B. Cines
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Victoria Stepanova
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Nassar T, Yarovoi S, Fanne RA, Waked O, Allen TC, Idell S, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Urokinase plasminogen activator regulates pulmonary arterial contractility and vascular permeability in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1015-21. [PMID: 21617202 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0302oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is elevated in pathological settings such as acute lung injury, where pulmonary arterial contractility and permeability are disrupted. uPA limits the accretion of fibrin after injury. Here we investigated whether uPA also regulates pulmonary arterial contractility and permeability. Contractility was measured using isolated pulmonary arterial rings. Pulmonary blood flow was measured in vivo by Doppler and pulmonary vascular permeability, according to the extravasation of Evans blue. Our data show that uPA regulates the in vitro pulmonary arterial contractility induced by phenylephrine in a dose-dependent manner through two receptor-dependent pathways, and regulates vascular contractility and permeability in vivo. Physiological concentrations of uPA (≤1 nM) stimulate the contractility of pulmonary arterial rings induced by phenylephrine through the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptor. The procontractile effect of uPA is independent of its catalytic activity. At pathophysiological concentrations, uPA (20 nM) inhibits contractility and increases vascular permeability. The inhibition of vascular contractility and increase of vascular permeability is mediated through a two-step process that involves docking to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-1 (NMDA-R1) on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells, and requires catalytic activity. Peptides that specifically inhibit the docking of uPA to NMDA-R, or the uPA variant with a mutated receptor docking site, abolished both the effects of uPA on vascular contractility and permeability, without affecting its catalytic activity. These data show that uPA, at concentrations found under pathological conditions, reduces pulmonary arterial contractility and increases permeability though the activation of NMDA-R1. The selective inhibition of NMDAR-1 activation by uPA can be accomplished without a loss of fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Nassar
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Nassar T, Bdeir K, Yarovoi S, Fanne RA, Murciano JC, Idell S, Allen TC, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. tPA regulates pulmonary vascular activity through NMDA receptors. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L307-14. [PMID: 21571905 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00429.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme used to treat acute coronary artery obstruction. However, tPA has shown limited utility in other disorders caused by thrombotic vascular occlusion, such as pulmonary embolism. We found that tPA caused dose-dependent effects on the contractility of pulmonary arterial rings that may affect its effectiveness as a thrombolytic agent. At low concentrations (1 nM), tPA stimulated pulmonary vascular contraction in response to phenylephrine, whereas at higher concentrations (20 nM) tPA inhibited pulmonary arterial contractility and promoted pulmonary vascular permeability through an interaction between its "docking site" and N-methyl d-aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDA-R1) expressed by pulmonary arteries. A hexapeptide derived from plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 that blocked the docking site of tPA, but not its catalytic activity, inhibited its interaction with NMDA-R1, abolished inhibition of pulmonary artery contractility, attenuated vascular permeability, and facilitated fibrinolysis in a murine model of pulmonary embolism. Similar outcomes were seen using a tPA variant that lacks the docking site but retains catalytic activity. These data suggest that it is feasible to attenuate the deleterious extrafibrinolytic effects of tPA and improve its benefit:risk profile in the management of pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Nassar
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 513A Stellar-Chance, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. tPA contributes to impairment of ATP and Ca sensitive K channel mediated cerebrovasodilation after hypoxia/ischemia through upregulation of ERK MAPK. Brain Res 2010; 1376:88-93. [PMID: 21182829 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The sole FDA approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA potentiates impairment of pial artery dilation in response to hypotension after hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) in pigs. ATP and Ca sensitive K channels (Katp and Kca) are important regulators of cerebrovascular tone and mediate cerebrovasodilation in response to hypotension. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), a family of at least 3 kinases, ERK, p38 and JNK, is upregulated after H/I, with the ERK isoform contributing to vasodilator impairment. This study examined the effect of H/I on Katp and Kca induced pial artery dilation and the roles of tPA and ERK during/after injury in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. H/I blunted vasodilation induced by the Katp agonists cromakalim, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and the Kca agonist NS 1619; the effect of each was exacerbated by tPA. Pre- or post-injury treatment with EEIIMD, a hexapeptide derived from plasminogen activator-1, and ERK antagonist U 0126 prevented Katp and Kca channel agonist induced vasodilator impairment while the inactive analogue EEIIMR had no effect. ERK was upregulated after H/I, which was potentiated by tPA. These data indicate that H/I impairs K channel mediated cerebrovasodilation. tPA augments loss of K channel function after injury by upregulating ERK. These data suggest that thrombolytic therapy for treatment of CNS ischemic disorders can dysregulate cerebrohemodynamics by impairing cation-mediated control of cerebrovascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA l9l04, USA.
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Yang Y, Friggeri A, Banerjee S, Bdeir K, Cines DB, Liu G, Abraham E. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibits efferocytosis of neutrophils. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1516-23. [PMID: 20656938 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0452oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, also called efferocytosis, plays an essential role in the resolution of inflammation. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in inflammatory conditions, including pneumonia and severe infection, which are often accompanied by the development of acute lung injury. However, the role of uPA in modulating efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils has not been defined. OBJECTIVES To characterize the role of uPA in regulation of efferocytosis and to delineate the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. METHODS In vitro and in vivo phagocytosis, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting assays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages was significantly inhibited by uPA. Mutant uPA lacking the growth factor domain and catalytically inactive uPA had similar inhibitory effects on efferocytosis, as did wild-type uPA. In contrast, absence of the kringle domain abrogated the ability of uPA to diminish efferocytosis. Both the α(V)β₃ integrin and vitronectin seemed to be involved in the inhibition of efferocytosis by uPA. Incubation of macrophages with uPA also diminished activation of the small GTPase Rac-1, which normally occurs during ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils. Under in vivo conditions in the lungs, uPA decreased the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a novel role for uPA in which it is able to diminish the uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages under both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Kiessling JW, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-derived peptide protects against impairment of cerebrovasodilation after photothrombosis through inhibition of JNK MAPK. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R480-5. [PMID: 20538898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00256.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved treatment for acute stroke is recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA). However, rtPA aggravates the impairment of cerebrovasodilation induced by global hypoxia/ischemia; this impairment is attenuated by the preinjury treatment with the plasminogen activator inhibitor derivative EEIIMD. MAPK (a family of kinases, p38, and JNK) is upregulated after cerebral ischemia. In this study, we determined whether the novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-derived peptide, Ac-RMAPEEIIMDRPFLYVVR-amide, (PAI-1-DP) given 30 min before or 2 h after, focal central nervous system injury induced by photothrombosis would preserve responses to cerebrovasodilators and the role of p38 and JNK MAPK in such effects. Cerebrospinal fluid JNK and p38 levels were elevated by photothrombotic injury, an effect potentiated by rtPA. Cerebrovasodilation was blunted by photothrombosis and reversed to vasoconstriction by rtPA but restored to dilation by PAI-1-DP pre- and posttreatment. PAI-1-DP blocked JNK, but preserved p38 MAPK upregulation after photothrombosis. The JNK MAPK antagonist SP600125 prevented, and the p38 antagonist SB203580 potentiated, impaired cerebrovasodilation after photothrombosis. These data indicate that rtPA impairs cerebrovasodilation after injury by activating JNK, while p38 MAPK is protective, and that the novel peptide PAI-1-DP protects by inhibiting activation of JNK by rtPA. JNK MAPK inhibitors, including PAI-1-DP, may offer a novel approach to increase the benefit-to-risk ratio of thrombolytic therapy and enable its use in central nervous system ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Kiessling JW, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. PAI-1-derived peptide EEIIMD prevents impairment of cerebrovasodilation by augmenting p38 MAPK upregulation after cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H76-80. [PMID: 20435843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00185.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Babies are frequently exposed to cerebral hypoxia and ischemia (H/I) during the perinatal period as a result of stroke, problems with delivery, or postdelivery respiratory management. The sole approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue type plasminogen activator. H/I impairs pial artery dilation (PAD) induced by hypercapnia and hypotension, the impairment aggravated by type plasminogen activator and attenuated by the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-derived peptide EEIIMD. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a family of at least three kinases, ERK, p38, and JNK, is upregulated after H/I and ERK contribute to impaired cerebrovasodilation. This study determined the roles of p38 and JNK MAPK in the impairment of dilation post-H/I in pigs equipped with a closed cranial window and the relationship between alterations in MAPK isoforms and EEIIMD-mediated cerebrovascular protection. Cerebrospinal fluid-phosphorylated (activated) p38 MAPK, but not JNK MAPK, was increased after H/I, an effect potentiated by intravenous EEIIMD administered 1 h postinjury. PAD in response to hypercapnia and hypotension was blunted by H/I, but dilation was maintained by EEIIMD. PAD was further impaired by the p38 antagonist SB-203580 but unchanged by the JNK antagonist SP-600125. Isoproterenol-induced PAD was unchanged by H/I, EEIIMD, SB-203580, and SP-600125. These data indicate that postinjury treatment with EEIIMD attenuated impaired cerebrovasodilation post-H/I by upregulating p38 but not JNK. These data suggest that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-based peptides and other approaches to upregulate p38 may offer a novel approach to increase the benefit-to-risk ratio of thrombolytic therapy for diverse central nervous system disorders associated with H/I.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Armstead WM, Ganguly K, Kiessling JW, Riley J, Chen XH, Smith DH, Stein SC, Higazi AAR, Cines DB, Bdeir K, Zaitsev S, Muzykantov VR. Signaling, delivery and age as emerging issues in the benefit/risk ratio outcome of tPA For treatment of CNS ischemic disorders. J Neurochem 2010; 113:303-12. [PMID: 20405577 PMCID: PMC3467975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. While tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke, clinical use of tPA has been constrained to roughly 3% of eligible patients because of the danger of intracranial hemorrhage and a narrow 3 h time window for safe administration. Basic science studies indicate that tPA enhances excitotoxic neuronal cell death. In this review, the beneficial and deleterious effects of tPA in ischemic brain are discussed along with emphasis on development of new approaches toward treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In particular, roles of tPA-induced signaling and a novel delivery system for tPA administration based on tPA coupling to carrier red blood cells will be considered as therapeutic modalities for increasing tPA benefit/risk ratio. The concept of the neurovascular unit will be discussed in the context of dynamic relationships between tPA-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics and histopathologic outcome of CNS ischemia. Additionally, the role of age will be considered since thrombolytic therapy is being increasingly used in the pediatric population, but there are few basic science studies of CNS injury in pediatric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke: critical role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:376-85. [PMID: 20302940 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, mediated through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other mechanisms, is a critical event during ischemic stroke. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke, but the efficacy and safety of its therapeutic application are limited by narrow treatment time windows and side effects. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop combinational therapy that could offset tPA side effects and improve efficacy in clinical practice. Recent experimental studies indicate that tPA has previously unidentified functions in the brain beyond its well-established thrombolytic activity, which might contribute to tPA-related side effects through MMPs (mainly MMP-9) and several signaling pathways involved in LDL receptor-related protein (LRP), activated protein C (APC) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C), and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Therapeutic targeting of MMPs and/or tPA-related signaling pathways might offer promising new approaches to combination therapies for ischemic stroke. This review provides an overview of the relationship between structural components and function of the BBB/neurovascular unit with respect to ischemic stroke. We discuss how MMPs and tPA contribute to BBB disruption during ischemic stroke and highlight recent findings of molecular signaling pathways involved in neurotoxicity of tPA therapy.
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Massey PG, Tanaka S, Buckler JM, Jiang B, McCourtie A, Qian K, Tom C, Stempien-Otero A, Wen S, Luttrell I, Chitaley K, Dichek DA. Constriction of carotid arteries by urokinase-type plasminogen activator requires catalytic activity and is independent of NH(2)-terminal domains. Thromb Haemost 2010; 102:983-92. [PMID: 19888538 DOI: 10.1160/th09-03-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is expressed at increased levels in stenotic, atherosclerotic human arteries. However, the biological roles of uPA in the artery wall are poorly understood. Previous studies associate uPA with both acute vasoconstriction and chronic vascular remodeling and attribute uPA-mediated vasoconstriction to the kringle - not the catalytic - domain of uPA. We used an in-vivo uPA overexpression model to test the hypothesis that uPA-induced vasoconstriction is a reversible vasomotor process that can be prevented - and uPA fibrinolytic activity preserved - by: 1) removing the growth factor and kringle domains; or 2) anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface. To test this hypothesis we constructed adenoviral vectors that express: wild-type rabbit uPA (AduPA); a uPA mutant lacking the NH(2)-terminal growth-factor and kringle domains (AduPAdel); a mutant lacking catalytic activity (AduPAS-->A), and a cell-surface anchored mutant (AdTMuPA). uPA mutants were expressed and characterised in vitro and in carotid arteries in vivo. uPAS-->A had no plasminogen activator activity. Activity was similar for uPA and uPAdel, whereas AdTMuPA had only cell-associated activity. AduPAS-->A arteries were not constricted. AduPA, AduPAdel, and AdTM-uPA arteries were constricted (approximately 30% smaller lumens; p< or =0.008 vs. AdNull arteries). Papaverine reversed constriction of AduPA arteries. uPA-mediated arterial constriction is a vasomotor process that is mediated by uPA catalytic activity, not by the NH(2)-terminal domains. Anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface does not prevent vasoconstriction. uPA catalytic activity, generated by artery wall cells, may contribute to lumen loss in human arteries. Elimination of uPA vasoconstrictor activity requires concomitant loss of fibrinolytic activity.
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Nassar T, Yarovoi S, Fanne RA, Akkawi S, Jammal M, Allen TC, Idell S, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Regulation of airway contractility by plasminogen activators through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:703-11. [PMID: 20097831 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0257oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive airway disease is mediated by smooth muscle contraction initiated through several agonist-dependent pathways. Activation of type 1 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R1s) by plasminogen activators (PAs) has been linked to control of vascular tone, but their effect on airway smooth muscle contractility has not previously been studied to our knowledge. We observed that NMDA-R1s are expressed by human airway smooth muscle cells and constitutively inhibit the contraction of isolated rat tracheal rings in response to acetylcholine (Ach). Both tissue-type PA (tPA) and urokinase-type PA (uPA) bind to NMDA-R1 and reverse this effect, thereby enhancing Ach-induced tracheal contractility. Tracheal contractility initiated by Ach is reduced in rings isolated from tPA(-/-) and uPA(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. The procontractile effect of uPA or tPA was mimicked and augmented by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-NAME. uPA and tPA further enhanced the contractility of rings denuded of epithelium, an effect that was inhibited by the NMDA-R antagonist, MK-801. Binding of PAs to NMDA-R1 and the subsequent activation of the receptor were inhibited by PA inhibitor type 1, by a PA inhibitor type 1-derived hexapeptide that recognizes the tPA and uPA docking domains, as well as by specific mutations within the docking site of tPA. These studies identify involvement of PAs and NMDA-R1 in airway contractility, and define new loci that could lead to the development of novel interventions for reactive airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 513A Stellar-Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Murciano JC, Higazi AAR, Cines DB, Muzykantov VR. Soluble urokinase receptor conjugated to carrier red blood cells binds latent pro-urokinase and alters its functional profile. J Control Release 2009; 139:190-6. [PMID: 19616049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coupling plasminogen activators to carrier red blood cells (RBC) prolongs their life-time in the circulation and restricts extravascular side effects, thereby allowing their utility for short-term thromboprophylaxis. Unlike constitutively active plasminogen activators, single chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) is activated by plasmin proteolysis or binding to its receptor, uPAR. In this study we conjugated recombinant soluble uPAR (suPAR) to rat RBC, forming RBC/suPAR complex. RBC carrying suPAR circulated in rats similarly to naïve RBC and markedly prolonged the circulation time of suPAR. RBC/suPAR carrying approximately 3x10(4) suPAR molecules per RBC specifically bound up to 2x10(4) molecules of scuPA, retained approximately 75% of scuPA-binding capacity after circulation in rats and markedly altered the functional profile of bound scuPA. RBC carrying directly conjugated scuPA adhered to endothelial cells, while showing no appreciable fibrinolytic activity. In contrast, RBC/suPAR loaded with scuPA did not exhibit increased adhesion to endothelium, while effectively dissolving fibrin clots. This molecular design, capitalizing on unique biological features of the interaction of scuPA with its receptor, provides a promising modality to deliver a pro-drug for prevention of thrombosis.
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Armstead WM, Cines DB, Bdeir KH, Bdeir Y, Stein SC, Higazi AAR. uPA modulates the age-dependent effect of brain injury on cerebral hemodynamics through LRP and ERK MAPK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:524-33. [PMID: 19050721 PMCID: PMC3538352 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) contributes to age-dependent early hyperemia after fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) by activating extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), leading to histopathologic changes in the underlying cortex. Both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) uPA and phosphorylation of CSF ERK MAPK was increased at 1 min after FPI in newborn pigs, but was unchanged in juvenile pigs. uPA and phosphorylated ERK MAPK, detectable in sham piglet brain by immunohistochemistry, was markedly elevated and associated with histopathology 4 h after FPI in the newborn but there was minimal staining and histopathology in the juvenile. EEIIMD, a peptide derived from PA inhibitor-1 that does not affect proteolysis, blunted FPI-induced phosphorylation of ERK MAPK. FPI produced pial artery dilation and increased cerebral blood flow at 1 min after insult in the newborn, but not in the juvenile. Antilipoprotein-related protein (LRP) antibody, EEIIMD, a soluble uPA antagonist, and the ERK MAPK antagonist U 0126 inhibited FPI-associated hyperemia. These data indicate that uPA is upregulated after FPI and produces an age-dependent early hyperemia followed by histopathology through an LRP- and ERK MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Kiessling JW, Cines DB, Higazi AAR, Armstead WM. Inhibition of integrin alphavbeta3 prevents urokinase plasminogen activator-mediated impairment of cerebrovasodilation after cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H862-7. [PMID: 19168722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01141.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoxia (10 min) followed immediately by ischemia (20 min) (H/I) impairs cerebrovasodilation in response to hypercapnia and hypotension in the newborn pig; exogenous urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) potentiates this effect, whereas the blockade of endogenous uPA-mediated vasoactivity prevents it completely. This study investigated the role of integrin alpha(V)beta(3) in the uPA-mediated impairment of cerebrovasodilation after H/I in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. Pial artery dilation induced by hypercapnia (Pco(2), 75 mmHg) and hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure, decreased by 45%) was blunted after H/I, reversed to vasconstriction in piglets treated with uPA (10(-7) M), a concentration observed in cerebrospinal fluid after H/I, but reverted to a dilation no different than preinsult in piglets administered an anti-alpha(V)beta(3) antibody (10 ng/ml) in addition to uPA (26 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1, -10 +/- 3, and 22 +/- 3% for hypercapnia before H/I, after H/I, after H/I with uPA, and after H/I with combined uPA and anti-alpha(V)beta(3) antibody, respectively). Responses to isoproterenol were unchanged after H/I and combined uPA and anti-alpha(V)beta(3) antibody. Similar results were obtained for the combined administration of uPA with the alpha(V)beta(3) antagonist Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Val and Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, but not for the inactive analog Arg-Gly-Asp-Glu-Ser acetate. These data show that the activation of the integrin alpha(V)beta(3) contributes to the uPA-mediated impairment of pial artery dilation after H/I. These data suggest that the inhibition of uPA and integrin signaling may preserve cerebrohemodynamic control after H/I.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Willis Kiessling
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA l9l04, USA
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Zhang C, An J, Strickland DK, Yepes M. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediates tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced microglial activation in the ischemic brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:586-94. [PMID: 19147818 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that become activated in response to pathological situations such as cerebral ischemia. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine proteinase that is found in the intravascular space and the CNS. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family found in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The present study investigated whether the interaction between tPA and microglial LRP1 plays a role in cerebral ischemia-induced microglial activation. We found that middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induces microglial activation in both wild-type and plasminogen-deficient (Plg(-/-)) mice. In contrast, MCAO-induced microglial activation is significantly decreased in tPA-deficient (tPA(-/-)) mice and in mice that lack LRP1 in microglial cells (macLRP(-)). We observed a significant increase in microglial activation when tPA(-/-) mice received treatment with murine tPA after MCAO. In contrast, treatment of macLRP(-) mice with tPA did not have an effect on the extent of microglial activation. Finally, both the volume of the ischemic lesion as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase production were significantly decreased in macLRP(-) mice and macLRP(-) microglia. In summary, our results indicate that the interaction between tPA and LRP1 induces microglial activation with the generation of an inflammatory response in the ischemic brain, suggesting a cytokine-like role for tPA in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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uPA impairs cerebrovasodilation after hypoxia/ischemia through LRP and ERK MAPK. Brain Res 2008; 1231:121-31. [PMID: 18656457 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed that soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) prevents impairment of cerebrovasodilation induced by hypercapnia and hypotension after hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) in the newborn pig. In this study, we investigated the role of low-density lipoprotein-related protein (LRP) receptor and the ERK isoform of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in uPA-mediated impairment of vasodilation after H/I in piglets equipped with a closed cranial window. CSF uPA increased from 9+/-2 to 52+/-8 and 140+/-21 ng/ml at 1 and 4 h after H/I, respectively. The LRP antagonist receptor associated protein (RAP) and anti-LRP antibody blunted the increase in CSF uPA at 1 h (17+/-2 ng/ml) but not 4 h post insult. uPA detectable in sham-treated cortex by immunohistochemistry was markedly elevated 4 h after H/I. Phosphorylation (activation) of CSF ERK MAPK was detected at 1 and 4 h post H/I and blocked by RAP. Exogenous uPA administered at 4 h post H/I further stimulated ERK MAPK phosphorylation, which was blocked by RAP. Pre-treatment of piglets with RAP, anti-LRP, and suPAR completely prevented, and the ERK MAPK antagonist U 0126 partially prevented, impaired responses to hypotension and hypercapnia post H/I, but none of these antagonists affected the response to isoproterenol. These data indicate that uPA is upregulated after H/I through an LRP-dependent process and that the released uPA impairs hypercapnic and hypotensive dilation through an LRP- and ERK MAPK dependent pathway. These data suggest that modulation of uPA upregulation and/or uPA-mediated signal transduction may preserve cerebrohemodynamic control after hypoxia/ischemia.
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Stepanova V, Lebedeva T, Kuo A, Yarovoi S, Tkachuk S, Zaitsev S, Bdeir K, Dumler I, Marks MS, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk VA, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Nuclear translocation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Blood 2008; 112:100-10. [PMID: 18337556 PMCID: PMC2435680 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) participates in diverse (patho)physiological processes through intracellular signaling events that affect cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, although the mechanisms by which these occur are only partially understood. Here we report that upon cell binding and internalization, single-chain uPA (scuPA) translocates to the nucleus within minutes. Nuclear translocation does not involve proteolytic activation or degradation of scuPA. Neither the urokinase receptor (uPAR) nor the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) is required for nuclear targeting. Rather, translocation involves the binding of scuPA to the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein nucleolin through a region containing the kringle domain. RNA interference and mutational analysis demonstrate that nucleolin is required for the nuclear transport of scuPA. Furthermore, nucleolin is required for the induction smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) by scuPA. These data reveal a novel pathway by which uPA is rapidly translocated to the nucleus where it might participate in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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28
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Sun Q, Xu Q, Dong X, Cao L, Huang X, Hu Q, Hua ZC. A hybrid protein comprising ATF domain of pro-UK and VAS, an angiogenesis inhibitor, is a potent candidate for targeted cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:942-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Higazi AA, El-Haj M, Melhem A, Horani A, Pappo O, Alvarez CE, Muhanna N, Friedman SL, Safadi R. Immunomodulatory effects of plasminogen activators on hepatic fibrogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:163-73. [PMID: 18279442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activators (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (uPA) are involved in liver repair. We examined the potential immunomodulatory actions of uPA, tPA and uPA-receptor (uPAR) in carbon-tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in wild-type (WT), tPA-/-, uPA-/- and uPAR-/- mice. Carbon-tetrachloride treatment increased fibrosis in four groups but significantly less in three knock-out models. Serum cytokines and intrahepatic T cells elevated significantly following fibrosis process in WT animals but not in the knock-out groups. In culture, uPA increased lymphocyte proliferation significantly in WT and uPA-/- but not uPAR-/- animals. Following uPA exposure in vivo, there was CD8 predominance. To isolate uPA's effect on lymphocytes, WT mice were irradiated sublethally and then reconstituted with WT or uPA-/- lymphocytes. In these animals fibrosis was decreased and T cells were reduced in the uPA-/- recipients. Based on these data we postulate that plasminogen activators affect fibrosis in part by liver-specific activation of CD8 subsets that govern the fibrogenic activity of hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Higazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Zhang X, Polavarapu R, She H, Mao Z, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein mediate cerebral ischemia-induced nuclear factor-kappaB pathway activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1281-90. [PMID: 17717150 PMCID: PMC1988877 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine proteinase found in the intravascular space and the central nervous system. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family found in neurons and astrocytes. Cerebral ischemia induces activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway. The present study investigated the role that the interaction between tPA and LRP plays on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory response. We found that MCAO increased LRP expression primarily in astrocytes and that this effect was significantly decreased in the absence of tPA. The onset of the ischemic insult induced activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in wild-type and plasminogen (Plg(-/-))-deficient mice, and this effect was attenuated after inhibition of LRP or genetic deficiency of tPA. Moreover, administration of tPA to tPA(-/-) mice resulted in activation of the NF-kappaB pathway comparable with that observed in wild-type and Plg(-/-) mice. We also report that inhibition of either tPA activity or LRP or genetic deficiency of tPA resulted in a significant decrease in MCAO-induced nitric oxide production and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that after MCAO the interaction between tPA and LRP results in NF-kappaB activation in astrocytes and induction of inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in the ischemic tissue, suggesting a cytokine-like plasminogen-independent role for tPA during cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Bldg., 615 Michael St., Suite 505J, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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31
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Yamaguchi I, Lopez-Guisa JM, Cai X, Collins SJ, Okamura DM, Eddy AA. Endogenous urokinase lacks antifibrotic activity during progressive renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F12-9. [PMID: 17356128 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis is a universal feature of progressive kidney disease. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is thought to participate for several reasons: 1) uPA is produced predominantly in kidney, 2) its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a strong promoter of interstitial fibrosis, whereas its receptor (uPAR) attenuates renal fibrosis, 3) uPA reduces fibrosis in liver and lung, and 4) uPA can activate hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent antifibrotic growth factor. The present study tested the hypothesis that endogenous uPA reduces fibrosis severity by investigating the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in wild-type (WT) and uPA-/- mice. Several outcomes were measured: renal collagen 3-21 days after UUO, macrophage accumulation (F4/80 Western blotting), interstitial myofibroblast density (alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining), and tubular injury (E-cadherin and Ksp-cadherin Western blotting). None of these measures differed significantly between WT and uPA-/- mice. uPA genetic deficiency was not associated with compensatory changes in renal uPAR mRNA levels, PAI-1 protein levels, or tissue plasminogen activator activity levels after UUO. Despite the known ability of uPA to activate latent HGF, immunoblotting failed to detect significant differences in levels of the active HGF alpha-chain and phosphorylated cMET (the activated HGF receptor) between the WT and uPA-/- groups. These findings suggest that the profibrotic actions of PAI-1 are uPA independent and that an alternative pathway must activate HGF in kidney. Finally, these results highlight a significant organ-specific difference in basic fibrogenic pathways, as enhanced uPA activity has been reported to attenuate pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-0371, USA
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32
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Wang XQ, Bdeir K, Yarovoi S, Cines DB, Fang W, Abraham E. Involvement of the urokinase kringle domain in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5550-7. [PMID: 17015742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a major role in fibrinolytic processes and also can potentiate LPS-induced neutrophil activation through interactions with its kringle domain (KD). To investigate the role of the uPA KD in modulating acute inflammatory processes in vivo, we cloned and then developed Abs to the murine uPA KD. Increased pulmonary expression of uPA and the uPA KD was present in the lungs after LPS exposure. Administration of anti-kringle Abs diminished LPS-induced up-regulation of uPA and uPA KD in the lungs, and also decreased the severity of LPS-induced acute lung injury, as determined by development of lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil accumulation, histology, and lung IL-6, MIP-2, and TNF-alpha cytokine levels. These proinflammatory effects of the uPA KD appeared to be mediated through activation of Akt and NF-kappaB. The present studies indicate that the uPA KD plays a major role in the development of TLR4-mediated acute inflammatory processes, including lung injury. Blockade of the uPA KD may prevent the development or ameliorate the severity of acute lung injury induced through TLR4-dependent mechanisms, such as would occur in the setting of Gram-negative pulmonary or systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, and Health Services Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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33
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Hoover-Plow J, Shchurin A, Hart E, Sha J, Hill AE, Singer JB, Nadeau JH. Genetic background determines response to hemostasis and thrombosis. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2006; 6:6. [PMID: 17022820 PMCID: PMC1617083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2326-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Thrombosis is the fatal and disabling consequence of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and A/J, have marked differences in susceptibility to obesity, atherosclerosis, and vessel remodeling. However, it is unclear how these diverse genetic backgrounds influence pathways known to regulate thrombosis and hemostasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate thrombosis and hemostasis in these two inbred strains and determine the phenotypic response of A/J chromosomes in the C57BL/6J background. Methods A/J and C57Bl/6J mice were evaluated for differences in thrombosis and hemostasis. A thrombus was induced in the carotid artery by application of the exposed carotid to ferric chloride and blood flow measured until the vessel occluded. Bleeding and rebleeding times, as surrogate markers for thrombosis and hemostasis, were determined after clipping the tail and placing in warm saline. Twenty-one chromosome substitution strains, A/J chromosomes in a C57BL/6J background, were screened for response to the tail bleeding assay. Results Thrombus occlusion time was markedly decreased in the A/J mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Tail bleeding time was similar in the two strains, but rebleeding time was markedly increased in the A/J mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Coagulation times and tail morphology were similar, but tail collagen content was higher in A/J than C57BL/6J mice. Three chromosome substitution strains, B6-Chr5A/J, B6-Chr11A/J, and B6-Chr17A/J, were identified with increased rebleeding time, a phenotype similar to A/J mice. Mice heterosomic for chromosomes 5 or 17 had rebleeding times similar to C57BL/6J mice, but when these two chromosome substitution strains, B6-Chr5A/J and B6-Chr17A/J, were crossed, the A/J phenotype was restored in these doubly heterosomic progeny. Conclusion These results indicate that susceptibility to arterial thrombosis and haemostasis is remarkably different in C57BL/and A/J mice. Three A/J chromosome substitution strains were identified that expressed a phenotype similar to A/J for rebleeding, the C57Bl/6J background could modify the A/J phenotype, and the combination of two A/J QTL could restore the phenotype. The diverse genetic backgrounds and differences in response to vascular injury induced thrombosis and the tail bleeding assay, suggest the potential for identifying novel genetic determinants of thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hoover-Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aleksey Shchurin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Erika Hart
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jingfeng Sha
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Annie E Hill
- Department of Genetics, Case University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan B Singer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph H Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, Case University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Akkawi S, Nassar T, Tarshis M, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. LRP and alphavbeta3 mediate tPA activation of smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H1351-9. [PMID: 16489109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01042.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) regulates vascular contractility through the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), and this effect is inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). We now report that tPA-mediated vasocontraction also requires the integrin alphavbeta3. tPA-induced contraction of rat aortic rings is inhibited by the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide and by monoclonal anti-alphavbeta3 antibody. tPA induces the formation of a complex between LRP and alphavbeta3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. The three proteins are internalized within 10 min, causing the cells to become refractory to the readdition of tPA. LRP and alphavbeta3 return to the cell surface by 90 min, restoring cell responsiveness to tPA. PAI-1 and the PAI-1-derived hexapeptide EEIIMD abolish the vasocontractile activity of tPA and inhibit the tPA-mediated interaction between LRP and alphavbeta3. tPA induces calcium mobilization from intracellular stores in vascular smooth muscle cells, and this effect is inhibited by PAI-1, RGD, and antibodies to both LRP and alphavbeta3. These data indicate that tPA-mediated vasocontraction involves the coordinated interaction of LRP with alphavbeta3. Delineating the mechanism underlying these interactions and the nature of the signals transduced may provide new tools to regulate vascular tone and other consequences of tPA-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ed Akkawi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, and Interdepartmental Unit, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Armstead WM, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Plasminogen Activators Contribute to Impairment of Hypercapnic and Hypotensive Cerebrovasodilation After Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia in the Newborn Pig. Stroke 2005; 36:2265-9. [PMID: 16141421 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000181078.74698.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Babies are frequently exposed to hypoxia and ischemia during the perinatal period as a result of stroke or problems with delivery or respiratory management post delivery. The only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for acute stroke is the administration of tPA. Nonetheless, basic science studies indicate that tPA exhibits both beneficial and deleterious effects on central nervous system function. Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) impairs dilation to hypercapnia and hypotension in the newborn pig. We investigated the role of exogenous and endogenous plasminogen activators (PA) in piglet hypercapnic and hypotensive dilator impairment after H/I.
Methods—
Responses to dilator stimuli were measured in chloralose-anesthetized piglets equipped with a closed cranial window before and after hypoxia (P
o
2
35 mm Hg) and subsequent global cerebral ischemia. Data (n=6) were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results—
Hypercapnic (P
co
2
75 mm Hg) and hypotensive (mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 45%) pial artery dilation (PAD) was blunted after H/I and reversed to vasoconstriction in animals pretreated with tPA or uPA (10
−7
mol/L; 26±2, 11±1, and −4±1% for hypercapnia before, after H/I, and after H/I with tPA). In animals pretreated with EEIIMD (10
−7
mol/L), a peptide that binds uPA and tPA but does not affect proteolysis or soluble uPA receptor (suPAR, 10
−7
mol/L), which binds but does not affect the proteolytic activity of uPA. PAD induced by hypercapnia and hypotension was attenuated to a lesser extent (25±2 and 17±1% for hypercapnic PAD before and after H/I in EEIIMD-pretreated animals and 21±1 and 18±2% in suPAR-pretreated animals).
Conclusions—
These data show that exogenous PA administration potentiates the impairment of hypercapnic and hypotensive PAD that occurs after H/I. Inhibition of endogenous PA may ameliorate the impairment of PAD induced by hypercapnia and hypotension PAD that develops after hypoxic central nervous system injury of diverse etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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36
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Kwak SH, Mitra S, Bdeir K, Strassheim D, Park JS, Kim JY, Idell S, Cines D, Abraham E. The kringle domain of urokinase-type plasminogen activator potentiates LPS-induced neutrophil activation through interaction with {alpha}V{beta}3 integrins. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:937-45. [PMID: 16033814 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0305158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. In addition, uPA has been shown to have proinflammatory properties, particularly in potentiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neutrophil responses. To explore the mechanisms by which uPA exerts these effects, we examined the ability of specific uPA domains to increase cytokine expression in murine and human neutrophils stimulated with LPS. Whereas the addition of intact uPA to neutrophils cultured with LPS increased mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-1beta, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, deletion of the kringle domain (KD) from uPA resulted in loss of these potentiating effects. Addition of purified uPA KD to LPS-stimulated neutrophils increased cytokine expression to a degree comparable with that produced by single-chain uPA. Inclusion of the arginine-glycine-aspartic but not the arginine-glycine-glutamic peptide to neutrophil cultures blocked uPA kringle-induced potentiation of proinflammatory responses, demonstrating that interactions between the KD and integrins were involved. Antibodies to alpha(V) or beta(3) integrins or to the combination of alpha(V)beta(3) prevented uPA kringle-induced enhancement of expression of proinflammatory cytokines and also of adhesion of neutrophils to the uPA KD. These results demonstrate that the KD of uPA, through interaction with alpha(V)beta(3) integrins, potentiates neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Armstead WM, Cines DB, Higazie AAR. Plasminogen activators contribute to age-dependent impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 156:139-46. [PMID: 16099300 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have observed that fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) impaired NMDA induced pial artery dilation in an age-dependent manner. This study was designed to investigate the contribution of plasminogen activators to impaired NMDA dilation after FPI in newborn and juvenile pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. In the newborn pig, NMDA (10(-8), 10(-6) M) induced pial artery dilation was reversed to vasoconstriction following FPI, but pretreatment with the plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1 derived hexapeptide (EEIIMD) (10(-7) M) prevented post injury vasoconstriction (9 +/- 1 and 16 +/- 1, vs. -6 +/- 2 and-11 +/- 3, vs. 5 +/- 1 and 9 +/- 1% for responses to NMDA 10(-8), 10(-6) M prior to FPI, after FPI, and after FPI in EEIIMD pretreated animals, respectively). In contrast, in the juvenile pig, NMDA dilation was only attenuated following FPI and EEIIMD pretreatment partially prevented such inhibition (9 +/- 1 and 16 +/- 1 vs. 2 +/- 1 and 4 +/- 1 vs. 5 +/- 1 and 7 +/- 1% for responses to NMDA prior to FPI, after FPI, and after FPI in EEIIMD pretreated animals, respectively). Additionally, EEIIMD blunted age-dependent pial artery vasoconstriction following FPI. EEIIMD blocked dilation to the plasminogen activator agonists uPA and tPA while responses to SNP and papaverine were unchanged. Pretreatment with suPAR, which blocked dilation to uPA, elicited effects on pial artery diameter and NMDA vascular activity post FPI similar to that observed with EEIIMD. These data show that EEIIMD and suPAR partially prevented FPI induced alterations in NMDA dilation and reductions in pial artery diameter. EEIIMD and suPAR are efficacious and selective inhibitors of plasminogen activator induced dilation. These data suggest that plasminogen activators contribute to age-dependent impairment of NMDA induced dilation following FPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Defawe OD, Kenagy RD, Choi C, Wan SYC, Deroanne C, Nusgens B, Sakalihasan N, Colige A, Clowes AW. MMP-9 regulates both positively and negatively collagen gel contraction: a nonproteolytic function of MMP-9. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 66:402-9. [PMID: 15820209 PMCID: PMC1381982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constrictive remodeling accounts for lumen loss in postangioplasty restenosis. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to prevent constrictive remodeling in vivo. To investigate potential mechanisms for this observation, we investigated the role of MMP-9 in smooth muscle cell (SMC)-mediated collagen gel contraction, an in vitro model of constrictive remodeling. METHODS Fischer rat SMCs were stably transfected with a construct-expressing rat-MMP-9 under the control of a tetracycline (Tet)-off promoter. SMCs were seeded in type I collagen gels (2.4 mg/ml) in the presence or not of tetracycline (1 microg/ml), and gel contraction was defined as the percentage of retraction of the collagen gel. The depletion of MMP-9 was obtained by using siRNA targeting MMP-9 mRNA or a blocking antibody. RESULTS Gel contraction was significantly reduced at all times when MMP-9 was overexpressed (Tet-) as compared with the control condition (Tet+). However, MMP-9 depletion of control (Tet+) SMCs (using siRNA or antibody) also inhibited gel contraction. To resolve the apparent discrepancy and determine if MMP-9 exerts a dose-dependent biphasic effect on gel contraction, conditioned medium and purified rat-MMP-9 were prepared. Gel contraction was significantly increased by addition of 0.8 ng/ml of MMP-9, while high concentrations of MMP-9 (> or =100 ng/ml) inhibited contraction. The addition of BB94 and TIMP-1 did not alter the inhibitory or stimulatory effect of MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MMP-9, independent of its proteolytic function, has a biphasic effect on SMC-mediated collagen gel contraction. Understanding the different roles of MMP-9 should allow the development of better therapeutic strategies for restenotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier D Defawe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Yu G, Rux AH, Ma P, Bdeir K, Sachais BS. Endothelial expression of E-selectin is induced by the platelet-specific chemokine platelet factor 4 through LRP in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. Blood 2004; 105:3545-51. [PMID: 15591119 PMCID: PMC1895024 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has recently gained much attention. Platelet factor 4 (PF4), a platelet-specific chemokine released on platelet activation, has been localized to atherosclerotic lesions, including macrophages and endothelium. In this report, we demonstrate that E-selectin, an adhesion molecule involved in atherogenesis, is up-regulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to PF4. Induction of E-selectin RNA is time and dose dependent. Surface expression of E-selectin, as measured by flow cytometry, is also increased by PF4. PF4 induces E-selectin expression by activation of transcriptional activity. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB is critical for PF4-induced E-selectin expression, as demonstrated by promoter activation studies and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Further, we have identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein as the cell surface receptor mediating this effect. These results demonstrate that PF4 is able to increase expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells and represents another potential mechanism by which platelets may participate in atherosclerotic lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Yu
- University of Pennsylvania, 207 John Morgan, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Armstead WM, Cines DB, Al-Roof Higazi A. Altered NO function contributes to impairment of uPA and tPA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:1204-11. [PMID: 15453990 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) are serine proteases implicated in fibrinolysis, but their role in the regulation of the cerebrovascular response to brain trauma has not been investigated. This study was designed to (1) characterize the cerebrovascular activity of uPA and tPA, (2) investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in uPA and tPA vascular activity, and (3) characterize the effect of fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) on vascular responses to uPA and tPA. The closed cranial window technique in chloralose anesthetized newborn pigs was used to measure pial artery diameter and collect CSF for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of cGMP concentration. Topical uPA (10(-9), 10(-7) M) elicited pial artery dilation that was blunted by the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NNA (10(-6) M) (8 +/- 1% and 13 +/- 1 vs. 3 +/- 1% and 7 +/- 2%, respectively). Vasodilation in response to uPA was associated with an increase in CSF cGMP concentration (645 +/- 20, 865 +/- 39 and 1088 +/- 33 fmol/mL cGMP for control, uPA 10(-9), 10(-7) M, respectively). Similar data were obtained for tPA. Pial artery dilation to uPA was blunted following FPI (7 +/- 1% and 12 +/- 1% vs. 3 +/- 1% and 6 +/- 1%, respectively), while uPA-associated release of cGMP was blocked (677 +/- 45, 909 +/- 53, and 1110 +/- 55 vs. 283 +/- 10, 316 +/- 18, and 333 +/- 26 fmol/mL for control, uPA 10(-9), 10(-7) M before and after FPI, respectively). Similar data were obtained for tPA. These data show that uPA and tPA produce pial artery dilation in an NO-dependent manner. FPI blunted uPA and tPA induced pial artery dilation as well as the associated release of cGMP. These data suggest therefore that altered NO function contributes to the impairment of uPA and tPA cerebrovasodilation after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Departments of Anesthesia and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will discuss the diverse roles of lipoprotein receptors that contribute to the maintenance and integrity of the vascular wall. RECENT FINDINGS Lipoprotein receptors function not only as transporters for cholesterol and other lipids. They also act as sensors and signal transducers through which the endothelium, macrophages and smooth muscle cells communicate with their environment. SUMMARY Traditionally, lipoprotein receptors were thought of merely as transporters of cholesterol and triglycerides to specific target cells, either for the purpose of delivery and redistribution of nutrients, or for the destruction or clearance of modified (oxidized) lipids by macrophages. Only recently have we begun to appreciate that the same receptors engage in a much more sophisticated and multi-faceted interaction with their environment. Inasmuch, they not only act as mere transporters, but as surprisingly versatile and adaptive signal transducers and modulators throughout the vessel wall. These recent findings now begin to reshape our thinking of how such structurally different and evolutionarily unrelated lipoprotein receptors orchestrate the response of the vessel wall to mechanical or metabolic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046, USA.
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Pluskota E, Soloviev DA, Bdeir K, Cines DB, Plow EF. Integrin αMβ2 Orchestrates and Accelerates Plasminogen Activation and Fibrinolysis by Neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18063-72. [PMID: 14769799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, the pivotal thrombolytic enzyme, is generated on the surface of many cell types, where urokinase receptor (uPAR)-bound urokinase (uPA) activates cell-bound plasminogen (Plg). It has been reported that neutrophils mediate endogenous thrombolysis involving a uPA-dependent mechanism, and we previously demonstrated that both uPAR and integrin alpha(M)beta(2) recognize uPA to control cell migration and adhesion. In the present study, we report that the alpha(M)beta(2) regulates neutrophil-dependent fibrinolysis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated but not resting neutrophils dissolved fibrin clots, and this activity was not only uPA- and Plg-dependent but also alpha(M)beta(2)-dependent. Purified alpha(M)beta(2) directly bound uPA (K(d) = 40 nm) and Plg (K(d) = 1 microm) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. In Plg activation assays, addition of purified alpha(M)beta(2), but not a control protein, to a single chain uPA (sc-uPA)/Plg mixture, decreased the K(m) from 2 to 0.1 microm, thereby augmenting the overall reaction efficiency by 50-fold. The binding of sc-uPA to alpha(M)beta(2) was critical for the alpha(M)beta(2)-mediated enhancement of plasmin (Plm) generation, because this effect was lost when WT-sc-uPA was replaced with a kringle-less mutant (DeltaK-sc-uPA), which does not bind to alpha(M)beta(2). Plm inactivation by alpha(2)-antiplasmin was significantly delayed when Plm was preincubated with purified, soluble alpha(M)beta(2). When Plg was added to PMA-stimulated neutrophils, both uPA and Plg were co-immunoprecipitated with alpha(M)beta(2.) Thus, assembly of Plg and uPA on integrin alpha(M)beta(2) regulates Plm activity and, thereby, plays a crucial role in neutrophil-mediated thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pluskota
- Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Heyman SN, Hanna Z, Nassar T, Shina A, Akkawi S, Goldfarb M, Rosen S, Higazi AAR. The fibrinolytic system attenuates vascular tone: effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and aminocaproic acid on renal microcirculation. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:971-8. [PMID: 14993107 PMCID: PMC1574281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The renal medulla is a major source of plasminogen activators (PA), recently shown to induce vasodilation in vitro. Treatment with PA inhibitors has been associated with renal dysfunction, suggesting compromised renal microvasculature. We investigated the impact of the PA inhibitor epsilon amino-caproic acid (EACA) upon vascular tone in vitro, and studied the effect of both tPA and EACA upon intrarenal hemodynamics in vivo. 2. In vitro experiments were carried out in isolated aortic rings and with cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Studies of renal microcirculation and morphology were conducted in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. 3. In isolated aortic rings, EACA (but not the other inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system PAI-1 or alpha-2 antiplasmin) reduced the half-maximal effective concentration of phenylephrine (PE) required to induce contraction (from 32 nm in control solution to 2 and 0.1 nm at EACA concentrations of 1 and 10 microm, respectively). Using reteplase (retavase) in the same model, we also provide evidence that the vasoactivity of tPA is in part kringle-dependent. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Ca(2+) internalization following PE was enhanced by EACA, and retarded by tPA. 4. In anesthetized rats, EACA (150 mg x kg(-1)) did not affect systemic blood pressure, total renal or cortical blood flow. However, the outer medullary blood flow declined 12+/-2% below the baseline (P<0.03). By contrast, tPA (2 mg x kg(-1)), transiently increased outer medullary blood flow by 8+/-5% (P<0.02). Fibrin microthrombi were not found within the renal microvasculature in EACA-treated animals. 5. In conclusion, both fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic agents modulate medullary renal blood flow with reciprocal effects of vasodilation (PA) and vasoconstriction (EACA). In vitro studies suggest that these hemodynamic responses are related to direct modulation of the vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Mt Scopus, PO Box 24035, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
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Nassar T, Akkawi S, Shina A, Haj-Yehia A, Bdeir K, Tarshis M, Heyman SN, Higazi AAR. In vitro and in vivo effects of tPA and PAI-1 on blood vessel tone. Blood 2004; 103:897-902. [PMID: 14512309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key enzyme in the fibrinolytic cascade. In this paper we report that tPA contains 2 independent epitopes that exert opposite effects on blood vessel tone. Low concentrations of tPA (1 nM) inhibit the phenylephrine (PE)–induced contraction of isolated aorta rings. In contrast, higher concentrations (20 nM) stimulate the contractile effect of PE. The 2 putative vasoactive epitopes of tPA are regulated by the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and by a PAI-1–derived hexapeptide that binds tPA. TNK-tPA, a tPA variant in which the PAI-1 docking site has been mutated, stimulates PE-induced vasoconstriction at all concentrations used. The stimulatory, but not the inhibitory, effect of tPA on the contraction of isolated aorta rings was abolished by anti–low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein/α2-macroglobulin receptor (LRP) antibodies. Administering tPA or TNK-tPA to rats regulates blood pressure and cerebral vascular resistance in a dose-dependent mode. In other in vivo experiments we found that the vasopressor effect of PE is more pronounced in tPA knockout than in wild-type mice. Our findings draw attention to a novel role of tPA and PAI-1 in the regulation of blood vessel tone that may affect the course of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 513A Stellar-Chance, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Takayama Y, Takahashi H, Mizumachi K, Takezawa T. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is required for lactoferrin-enhanced collagen gel contractile activity of human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22112-8. [PMID: 12672816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300894200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts plated on a type I collagen gel can reduce the size of the gel in a way that mimics the reorganization of the collagen matrix that accompanies the wound healing process. We demonstrated previously that lactoferrin (Lf) specifically binds to WI-38 human fibroblasts and enhances their collagen gel contractile activity. The effect of Lf correlated with the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC), suggesting that Lf promotes fibroblast contractile activity by regulating MLC phosphorylation. We found here that the binding of Lf to WI-38 cells was inhibited by recombinant receptor-associated protein (RAP), a universal competitor for ligand binding to LRP (LDL receptor-related protein), and RAP can also promote the collagen gel contractile activity. These observations suggest that LRP is a receptor that mediates the Lf-induced enhancement of collagen gel contractile activity in WI-38 fibroblasts. To confirm the hypothesis, we utilized LRP antisense oligonucleotide, which was modified by morpholino linkage. Suppression of LRP expression abrogated the Lf-induced enhancement the contractile activity in fibroblasts. Treatment of fibroblasts with Lf enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the activation of MLC kinase (MLCK). These effects were attenuated by suppression of LRP expression. These findings suggest that LRP is involved in the Lf-enhanced collagen gel contractile activity of WI-38 fibroblasts by converting the Lf binding signal into the activation of ERK1/2 and MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Takayama
- Functional Biomolecules Laboratory, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901 Japan.
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