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Han X, Zou G, Liu J, Yang C, Du X, Chen G, Sun Z, Zhang X, Sun Y, Zhang W, Jiang X. Mechanisms of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus capitis with the novel mutation C2128T in the 23S rRNA gene in China. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:203. [PMID: 35987607 PMCID: PMC9392311 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics and potential resistance mechanisms of linezolid-resistant (LZR) Staphylococcus capitis isolates from a tertiary hospital in China. Methods S. capitis isolates were obtained from clinical patient specimens; three of the isolates came from blood cultures and one from the hydrothorax. The agar dilution and E-test methods were used to identify antibiotic resistance. The chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance (cfr) gene carrier status of the strains was determined by PCR. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to identify point mutations and L3, L4, and L22 mutations and to study the genetic environment of the cfr gene and the relationships between strains. Results The 4 isolates obtained in this study were all linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus strains. A similar of susceptibility profile pattern was observed in all four S. capitis strains, each of which exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype. A potentially novel mutation, C2128T, was identified, and the cfr genes of S. capitis strains were all positive. Additionally, the same mutations (C2128T and G2600T) were identified in all 23S rRNA sequences of the isolates, whereas mutations were lacking in the L3, L4, and L22 ribosomal proteins. The genetic environments surrounding cfr were identical in all four isolates. A schematic diagram of the phylogenetic tree showed that they were closely related to AYP1020, CR01, and TW2795, and a total of seven drug resistance genes were identified in these strains. Conclusions The study indicated that the resistance of the Staphylococcus capitis strains to linezolid was caused by multiple mechanisms, and a potential novel mutation, C2128T, that may have an impact on bacterial resistance was identified. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02616-9.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design, synthesis of novel oxazolidino-amides/sulfonamides conjugates and their impact on antibacterial activity. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Santini A, Ronchi D, Garbellini M, Piga D, Protti A. Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis: the thin line between bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:833-843. [PMID: 28538105 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1335305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Linezolid inhibits bacterial growth by targeting bacterial ribosomes and by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Lactic acidosis is a rare, but potentially lethal, side effect of linezolid. Areas covered: The pathogenesis of linezolid-induced lactic acidosis is reviewed with special emphasis on aspects relevant to the recognition, prevention and treatment of the syndrome. Expert opinion: Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis reflects the untoward interaction between the drug and mitochondrial ribosomes. The inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis diminishes the respiratory chain enzyme content and thus limits aerobic energy production. As a result, anaerobic glycolysis and lactate generation accelerate independently from tissue hypoxia. In the absence of any confirmatory test, linezolid-induced lactic acidosis should be suspected only after exclusion of other, more common, causes of lactic acidosis such as hypoxemia, anemia or low cardiac output. Normal-to-high whole-body oxygen delivery, high venous oxygen saturation and lack of response to interventions that effectively increase tissue oxygen provision all suggest a primary defect in oxygen use at the mitochondrial level. During prolonged therapy with linezolid, blood drug and lactate levels should be regularly monitored. The current standard-of-care treatment of linezolid-induced lactic acidosis consists of drug withdrawal to reverse mitochondrial intoxication and intercurrent life support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Santini
- a Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- b Centro Dino Ferrari, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,c UOC Neurologia , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Manuela Garbellini
- b Centro Dino Ferrari, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,c UOC Neurologia , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Daniela Piga
- b Centro Dino Ferrari, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,c UOC Neurologia , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandro Protti
- a Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza , Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of Novel Oxazolidinones as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/252187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxazolidinone, either mononuclear or condensed with other heterocyclics, has established its importance in medicinal chemistry. A variety of biological activities have been reported by oxazolidinone derivatives. The present work describes the synthesis of several oxazolidinone derivatives, 3-(2-(7-chloroquinoline-4-ylamino)ethyl)-2-imino-5-(4-chloro/nitro/methoxy benzylidene)oxazolidin-4-one 4(a–c) and 4-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)ethyl)-2(4-chloro/nitro/methoxy-benzylidene)-1,6-diox-4,9-di-azaspiro[4,4]nonane-3,8-dione 5(a–c). Synthesized compounds (1, 3, 4a, 5a, and 5c) were screened against bacterial strains such asS. aureus(MTCC 96) andE. coli(MTCC119) and fungal strainsA. niger(MTCC 1344) andC. albicans(MTCC 871) compared with penicillin for bacteria and fluconazole for fungi as reference drugs by disk diffusion method. All synthesized compounds were identified by the means of IR, NMR, and MS.
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Cole ST, Riccardi G. New tuberculosis drugs on the horizon. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:570-6. [PMID: 21821466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern whose control has been exacerbated by HIV and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The demand for new and faster acting TB drugs is thus greater than ever. In the past decade intensive efforts have been made to discover new leads for TB drug development using both target-based and cell-based approaches. Here, we describe the most promising anti-tubercular drug candidates that are in clinical development and introduce some nitro-aromatic compounds that inhibit a new target, DprE1, an essential enzyme involved in a crucial step in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Barbour A, Scaglione F, Derendorf H. Class-dependent relevance of tissue distribution in the interpretation of anti-infective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:431-8. [PMID: 20219329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices useful for predicting antimicrobial clinical efficacy are well established. The most common indices include the time free drug concentration in plasma is above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fT(>MIC)) expressed as a percent of the dosing interval, the ratio of maximum concentration to MIC (C(max)/MIC), and the ratio of the area under the 24-h concentration-time curve to MIC (AUC(0-24)/MIC). A single PK/PD index may correlate well with an entire antimicrobial class. For example, the beta-lactams correlate well with the fT(>MIC). However, other classes may be more complex and a single index cannot be generalised to the class, e.g. the macrolides. The rationale behind which PK/PD index best correlates with efficacy depends on several factors, including the mechanism of action, the microbial kill kinetics, the degree of protein binding and the degree of tissue distribution. Studies have traditionally emphasised the first two factors, whilst the significance of protein binding and tissue distribution is increasingly appreciated. In fact, the latter two factors may partially elucidate why the magnitude of reported target indices are not always as expected. For example, tigecycline and telithromycin are clinically efficacious with average serum concentrations below their MICs over a 24-h period. Therefore, to understand more fully the PK/PD relationship of antibiotics and to better predict the clinical efficacy of antibiotic dosing regimens, assessment of free drug concentrations at the site of action is warranted.
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Barry CE, Blanchard JS. The chemical biology of new drugs in the development for tuberculosis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:456-66. [PMID: 20452813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the worldwide emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), there are serious concerns about the continued ability to contain this disease. We discuss the most promising new drugs in late-stage development that might be useful in treating MDR and XDR forms of the disease. These agents have novel mechanisms of action that are not targeted by the standard drugs used presently to treat susceptible strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Ippolito JA, Kanyo ZF, Wang D, Franceschi FJ, Moore PB, Steitz TA, Duffy EM. Crystal structure of the oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid bound to the 50S ribosomal subunit. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3353-6. [PMID: 18494460 DOI: 10.1021/jm800379d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinone antibacterials target the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. To gain insight into their mechanism of action, the crystal structure of the canonical oxazolidinone, linezolid, has been determined bound to the Haloarcula marismortui 50S subunit. Linezolid binds the 50S A-site, near the catalytic center, which suggests that inhibition involves competition with incoming A-site substrates. These results provide a structural basis for the discovery of improved oxazolidinones active against emerging drug-resistant clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ippolito
- Department of Structure-Based Drug Design, Rib-X Pharmaceuticals Inc, 300 George Street, Suite 301, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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R chi-01, a new family of oxazolidinones that overcome ribosome-based linezolid resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3550-7. [PMID: 18663023 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01193-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New and improved antibiotics are urgently needed to combat the ever-increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we characterized several members of a new oxazolidinone family, R chi-01. This antibiotic family is distinguished by having in vitro and in vivo activity against hospital-acquired, as well as community-acquired, pathogens. We compared the 50S ribosome binding affinity of this family to that of the only marketed oxazolidinone antibiotic, linezolid, using chloramphenicol and puromycin competition binding assays. The competition assays demonstrated that several members of the R chi-01 family displace, more effectively than linezolid, compounds known to bind to the ribosomal A site. We also monitored binding by assessing whether R chi-01 compounds protect U2585 (Escherichia coli numbering), a nucleotide that influences peptide bond formation and peptide release, from chemical modification by carbodiimide. The R chi-01 oxazolidinones were able to inhibit translation of ribosomes isolated from linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at submicromolar concentrations. This improved binding corresponds to greater antibacterial activity against linezolid-resistant enterococci. Consistent with their ribosomal A-site targeting and greater potency, the R chi-01 compounds promote nonsense suppression and frameshifting to a greater extent than linezolid. Importantly, the gain in potency does not impact prokaryotic specificity as, like linezolid, the members of the R chi-01 family show translation 50% inhibitory concentrations that are at least 100-fold higher for eukaryotic than for prokaryotic ribosomes. This new family of oxazolidinones distinguishes itself from linezolid by having greater intrinsic activity against linezolid-resistant isolates and may therefore offer clinicians an alternative to overcome linezolid resistance. A member of the R chi-01 family of compounds is currently undergoing clinical trials.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
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11
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Zhong M, Strobel SA. Synthesis of isotopically labeled P-site substrates for the ribosomal peptidyl transferase reaction. J Org Chem 2007; 73:603-11. [PMID: 18081346 DOI: 10.1021/jo702070m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Isotopomers of the ribosomal P-site substrate, the trinucleotide peptide conjugate CCA-pcb (Zhong, M.; Strobel, S. A. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 55-58), have been designed and synthesized in 26-35 steps. These include individual isotopic substitution at the alpha-hydrogen, carbonyl carbon, and carbonyl oxygen of the amino acid, the O2' and O3' of the adenosine, and a remote label in the N3 and N4 of both cytidines. These isotopomers were synthesized by coupling cytidylyl-(3',5')-cytidine phosphoramidite isotopomers as the common synthetic intermediates, with isotopically substituted A-Phe-cap-biotin (A-pcb). The isotopic enrichment is higher than 99% for 1-13C (Phe), 2-2H (Phe), and 3,4-15N2 (cytidine), 93% for 2'/3'-18 O (adenosine), and 64% for 1-18 O (Phe). A new synthesis of highly enriched [1-18 O2]phenylalanine has been developed. The synthesis of [3'-18 O]adenosine was improved by Lewis acid aided regioselective ring opening of the epoxide and by an economical SN2-SN2 method with high isotopic enrichment (93%). Such substrates are valuable for studies of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase reaction by complete kinetic isotope effect analysis and of other biological processes catalyzed by nucleic acid related enzymes, including polymerases, reverse transcriptases, ligases, nucleases, and ribozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA
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12
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Leach KL, Swaney SM, Colca JR, McDonald WG, Blinn JR, Thomasco LM, Gadwood RC, Shinabarger D, Xiong L, Mankin AS. The site of action of oxazolidinone antibiotics in living bacteria and in human mitochondria. Mol Cell 2007; 26:393-402. [PMID: 17499045 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are one of the newest classes of antibiotics. They inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with protein synthesis. The mechanism of oxazolidinone action and the precise location of the drug binding site in the ribosome are unknown. We used a panel of photoreactive derivatives to identify the site of action of oxazolidinones in the ribosomes of bacterial and human cells. The in vivo crosslinking data were used to model the position of the oxazolidinone molecule within its binding site in the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Oxazolidinones interact with the A site of the bacterial ribosome where they should interfere with the placement of the aminoacyl-tRNA. In human cells, oxazolidinones were crosslinked to rRNA in the PTC of mitochondrial, but not cytoplasmic, ribosomes. Interaction of oxazolidinones with the mitochondrial ribosomes provides a structural basis for the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis, which is linked to clinical side effects associated with oxazolidinone therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides
- Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- Cytoplasm/drug effects
- Cytoplasm/enzymology
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/enzymology
- Humans
- Linezolid
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Mutation/genetics
- Oxazolidinones/chemistry
- Oxazolidinones/pharmacology
- Peptidyl Transferases/drug effects
- Peptidyl Transferases/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/drug effects
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- Software
- Staining and Labeling
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Leach
- Pfizer Inc., 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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13
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Abstract
The ribosome is responsible for protein synthesis, the translation of the genetic code, in all living organisms. Ribosomes are composed of RNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein (ribosomal protein). Soluble protein factors bind to the ribosome and facilitate different phases of translation. Genetic approaches have proved useful for the identification and characterization of the structural and functional roles of specific nucleotides in ribosomal RNA and of specific amino acids in ribosomal proteins and in ribosomal factors. This chapter summarizes examples of mutations identified in ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins, and ribosomal factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Humans
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Peptide Elongation Factors/genetics
- Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics
- Peptide Termination Factors/genetics
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/physiology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/physiology
- Ribosomal Proteins/genetics
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Triman
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
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14
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Narina SV, Sudalai A. Short and practical enantioselective synthesis of linezolid and eperezolid via proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-aminooxylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The ribosome is one of the main antibiotic targets in the cell. Recent years brought important insights into the mode of interaction of antibiotics with the ribosome and mechanisms of antibiotic action. Ribosome crystallography provided a detailed view of the interactions between antibiotics and rRNA. Advances in biochemical techniques let us better understand how the binding of small organic molecules can interfere with functions of an enzyme four orders of magnitude larger than the inhibitor. These and other achievements paved the way for the development of new ribosome-targeting antibiotics, some of which have already entered medical practice. The recent progress, problems and new directions of research of ribosome-targeting antibiotics are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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16
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] CCA-pcb (cytidylyl-(3'5')-cytidylyl-(3'5')-3'(2')-O-(N-(6-D-(+)-biotinoylaminohexanoyl)-L-phenylalanyl)adenosine), a ribosomal P-site substrate, was synthesized by phosphoramidite chemistry in 26 steps with an overall yield of 18%, starting from biotin. The synthesis relies on the judicious selection of orthogonal silyl protecting groups for the 5'-hydroxyls and acid-labile protecting groups (DMTr, AcE, and MeE) at other reactive sites to ensure the intactness of the labile ester. Both 3'-esterification and nucleotide coupling were accomplished by in situ activation with imidazolium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA
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Nagiec EE, Wu L, Swaney SM, Chosay JG, Ross DE, Brieland JK, Leach KL. Oxazolidinones inhibit cellular proliferation via inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3896-902. [PMID: 16127068 PMCID: PMC1195406 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.9.3896-3902.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are a relatively new structural class of antibacterial agents that act by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. The oxazolidinones inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis, as shown by [35S]methionine incorporation into intact rat heart mitochondria. Treatment of K562 human erythroleukemia cells with the oxazolidinone eperezolid resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. The cells remained viable, but an increase in doubling time was observed with eperezolid treatment. Inhibition was reversible, since washing and refeeding of cells in the absence of compound resulted in a resumption of growth. The growth-inhibitory effect of the oxazolidinones did not appear to be cell type specific, and inhibition of CHO and HEK cells also was demonstrated. Treatment of cells resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I levels, consistent with an inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Eperezolid caused no growth inhibition of rho zero (rho0) cells, which contain no mitochondrial DNA; however, the growth of the parent 143B cells was inhibited. These results provide a direct demonstration that the inhibitory effect of eperezolid in mammalian cells is the result of mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Nagiec
- Department of Antibacterial Pharmacology, Pfizer, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Campbell T, Daigle D, Brown E. Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis GTPase YloQ and its role in ribosome function. Biochem J 2005; 389:843-52. [PMID: 15828870 PMCID: PMC1180735 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the cellular phenotype and biochemical activity of a conserved bacterial GTPase of unknown function (YloQ and YjeQ in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively) using a collection of antibiotics of diverse mechanisms and chemical classes. We created a yloQ deletion strain, which exhibited a slow growth phenotype and formed chains of filamentous cells. Additionally, we constructed a conditional mutant in yloQ, where growth was dependent on inducible expression from a complementing copy of the gene. In phenotypic studies, depletion of yloQ sensitized cells to antibiotics that bind at the peptide channel or peptidyl transferase centre, providing the first chemical genetic evidence linking this GTPase to ribosome function. Additional experiments using these small-molecule probes in vitro revealed that aminoglycoside antibiotics severely affected a previously characterized ribosome-associated GTPase activity of purified, recombinant YjeQ from E. coli. None of the antibiotics tested competed with YjeQ for binding to 30 or 70 S ribosomes. A closer examination of YloQ depletion revealed that the polyribosome profiles were altered and that decreased expression of YloQ led to the accumulation of ribosomal subunits at the expense of intact 70 S ribosomes. The present study provides the first evidence showing that YloQ/YjeQ may be involved in several areas of cellular metabolism, including cell division and ribosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Antimicrobial Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Denis M. Daigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Antimicrobial Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Eric D. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Antimicrobial Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Griera R, Cantos-Llopart C, Amat M, Bosch J, del Castillo JC, Huguet J. New potential antibacterials: a synthetic route to N-aryloxazolidinone/3-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:529-31. [PMID: 16275066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route to a new structural type of potential antibacterials, with a hybrid 3-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol/N-aryloxazolidinone structure, is reported. The synthesis involves the successive construction of the 3-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline and 4-substituted oxazolidinone moieties, the latter taking advantage of the functionalization at the para position of the aryl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Griera
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Griera R, Cantos-Llopart C, Amat M, Bosch J, del Castillo JC, Huguet J. A synthetic route to a novel type of conformationally constrained N-aryloxazolidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2515-7. [PMID: 15863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-aryloxazolidinone 1, a conformationally constrained analog of linezolid embodying a tricyclic pyrrolo[1,2-a][4,1]benzoxazepine moiety as the N-aryl substituent, is reported. The synthetic route involves the successive construction of the pyrrole, oxazepine, and oxazolidinone rings, with incorporation of the isoxazolylamino moiety in the last synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Griera
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 0802-Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Mukhtar TA, Wright GD. Streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and other inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis. Chem Rev 2005; 105:529-42. [PMID: 15700955 DOI: 10.1021/cr030110z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Mukhtar
- Antimicrobial Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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22
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Xu J, Golshani A, Aoki H, Remme J, Chosay J, Shinabarger DL, Ganoza MC. Protected nucleotide G2608 in 23S rRNA confers resistance to oxazolidinones in E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:471-6. [PMID: 15694371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are a new class of potent antibiotics that are active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens including those resistant to other antibiotics. These drugs specifically inhibit protein biosynthesis whereas DNA and RNA synthesis are not affected. Although biochemical and genetic studies indicate that oxazolidinones target the ribosomal peptidyltransferase center, other investigations suggest that they interact with different regions of ribosomes. Thus, the exact binding site and mechanism of action have remained elusive. Here, we study, by use of base-specific reagents, the effect of the oxazolidinones on the chemical protection footprinting patterns of the 23S rRNA. We report: (i) reproducible protection of G2607 and G2608 of 23S rRNA by a potent oxazolidinone on a ribosome.tRNA.mRNA complex; (ii) no protections were observed on 70S ribosomes devoid of tRNA and mRNA; (iii) EF-G also weakly protected G2607 and G2608; (iv) mutations at G2608 conferred resistance to the oxazolidinones in Escherichia coli cells; and (v) G2607 and G2608 occur near the exit to the peptide tunnel on the 50S subunit. A mechanism for the pleiotropic action of the oxazolidinones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1L6
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23
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Jo YW, Im WB, Rhee JK, Shim MJ, Kim WB, Choi EC. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing pyridine substituted with heteroaromatic ring. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5909-15. [PMID: 15498667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of oxazolidinone derivatives, which morpholino group of linezolid was replaced with heteroaromatic ring substituted pyridine moiety, were newly synthesized, and their substituted effects on in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities were evaluated against four problematic gram-positive strains including drug resistant strains and two gram-negative strains. Most compounds exhibited the enhanced in vitro activities with 4-16-fold and three compounds exerted more than 2-fold increased in vivo efficacies than linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Woo Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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24
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Sbardella G, Mai A, Artico M, Loddo R, Setzu MG, La Colla P. Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of novel 3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-2-oxazolidinone analogues of PNU-100480. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1537-41. [PMID: 15006398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing our search program for new antitubercular drugs we decided to explore the potentiality of oxazolidinone moiety by synthesizing novel 3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-2-oxazolidinone analogues of PNU-100480. The new derivatives were tested against atypical mycobacteria as well as against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some of them exhibited a fairly good activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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25
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Jang SY, Ha YH, Ko SW, Lee W, Lee J, Kim S, Kim YW, Lee WK, Ha HJ. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylpiperazinyl oxazolidinones with diversification of the N-substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3881-3. [PMID: 15225689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-arylpiperazin-1-yl-3-phenyloxazolidin-2-one derivatives with diversification of the N-substituents such as methylene O-linked heterocycles, thioamide, dithiocarbamate, thiourea, and thiocarbamate were synthesized and evaluated as antibacterial agents. Their in vitro activities (MIC) were evaluated against MRSA and VRE resistant Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. Most of the compounds were more potent in vitro but less active in vivo than linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jang
- Imagene Co. Ltd, Biotechnology Incubating Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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26
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Abstract
Oxazolidinones are a new group of antibiotics. These synthetic drugs are active against a large spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant pneumococci and anaerobes. Oxazolidinones inhibit protein synthesis by binding at the P site at the ribosomal 50S subunit. Resistance to other protein synthesis inhibitors does not affect oxazolidinone activity, however rare development of oxazolidinone resistance cases, associated with 23S rRNA alterations during treatment have been reported. Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone available, has already taken its place in the clinic for treatment of Gram-positive infections. Pharmacokinetic properties as well as its good penetration and accumulation in the tissue including bone, lung, vegetations, haematoma and cerebrospinal fluid, allow its use for surgical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Bozdogan
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, H083, 500 University Drive, PO Box 850 Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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27
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Beringer M, Adio S, Wintermeyer W, Rodnina M. The G2447A mutation does not affect ionization of a ribosomal group taking part in peptide bond formation. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2003; 9:919-22. [PMID: 12869702 PMCID: PMC1370457 DOI: 10.1261/rna.5600503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2003] [Accepted: 04/26/2003] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptide bond formation on the ribosome is catalyzed by RNA. Kinetic studies using Escherichia coli ribosomes have shown that catalysis (>10(5)-fold overall acceleration) is due to a large part to substrate positioning. However, peptide bond formation is inhibited approximately 100-fold by protonation of a ribosomal group with pKa=7.5, indicating either a contribution of general acid-base catalysis or inhibition by a pH-dependent conformational change within the active site. The function of a general base has been attributed to A2451 of 23S rRNA, and a charge relay system involving G2447 has been postulated to bring about the extensive pKa shift of A2451 implied in the model. Using a rapid kinetic assay, we found that the G2447A mutation, which has essentially no effect on cell growth, lowers the rate of peptide bond formation about 10-fold and does not affect the ionization of the ribosomal group with pKa=7.5 taking part in the reaction. This result does not support the proposed charge relay mechanism involving G2447 and the role of A2451 as general base in the catalysis of peptide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Beringer
- Institute of Physical Biochemistry, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58448 Witten, Germany
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28
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Cui Y, Yang Y, Chen K, Ji R, Zhang S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinone containing sulphonyl group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2311-3. [PMID: 12824024 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of oxazolidinone derivatives carrying sulphonyl group was synthesized and their antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro. Many of such compounds demonstrated potent antibacterial activity. The activity of a novel compound (YC-20) was 2-4-fold more potent than that of linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
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